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The increasing usage of web services and encrypted network communication makes the network analysis of encrypted web traffic of utmost importance. This research evaluates the feasibility of using ML algorithms to classify web services within encrypted TLS flows. The ML algorithms are compared primarily based on classification accuracy. The runtimes of the classifiers are also considered, as classifiers must be able determine labels quickly in order to be used in near realtime network protection devices. Five ML algorithms are initially considered when analyzing only the first 12 packets: Naive Bayes, NBTree, LibSVM, J4.8, and AdaBoost+J4.8. AdaBoost+J4.8 and J4.8 produce the best accuracies and runtimes and are tested on flowlengths of 1-20 packets. J4.8 reaches a peak accuracy of 97.99% at 14 packets. AdaBoost+J4.8 peaks later at 18 packets with 98.41% accuracy. AdaBoost+J4.8 requires 21.55 microseconds to classify a single flow at peak accuracy, while J4.8 requires only 2.37 microseconds to classify at peak accuracy. The quick runtimes and high accuracies of the J4.8 and AdaBoost+J4.8 indicate that these ML algorithms are good choices for near real-time classification of web services within an encrypted TLS flow., The original document contains color images.

This research focuses on identification and description of patterns used in Test and Evaluation (T&E) operations. Patterns are defined as named and well-known problem/solution pairs that can be applied in new contexts, with advice on how to apply it in a novel situations and discussion of its trade-offs, implementations, and variations. They have a well established and used in software engineering, but have only recently been considered for systems engineering. In the Department of Defense (DOD), T&E is required for all acquisitions prior to transitioning into operations. As identified and described in this thesis, each of the patterns fits in one of the three categories: behavioral, creational, and functional. The research has identified eight named patterns to include: primary pattern, objective pattern, cost estimating pattern, scheduling pattern, risk management pattern, work acceptance process pattern, hazard control pattern, and test team pattern. The implementation of patterns by Department of Defense is expected to alleviate some of the common challenges encountered during T&E, provide a consistent higher quality and expectation, as well as efficiently use test infrastructure and personnel resources., The original document contains color images.

Characterization of the excited state argon population in an argon-helium discharge is of crucial importance to the development of a continuous wave Discharge Assisted Noble Gas Laser. Experiments were conducted in the Richard W. Davis Advanced Laser Facility at AFRL on Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, NM. During these tests the capability to maintain a capactively-coupled and inductively-coupled radio-frequency discharge at pressures of 300 Torr was demonstrated. Optical Emission Spectroscopy experiments were conducted in order to examine the population distribution of the p-state in argon. The population distributions for these high-pressure and high-power cases were compared to a low-pressure, low-power pure argon discharge to examine the influence of helium on an argon discharge. Tuneable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy experiments were also performed on the inductively coupled discharge to examine the column density of the s5 and s3 metastable states for different discharge parameters. The absorption data was fit to an approximated Voigt profile from which pressure broadening rates of 18 + or - 8 MHz/Torr and 22 + or - 2 MHz/Torr were calculated for the 801.48 nm p8 yields s5 and 794.82 nm p4 yields s3 transitions, respectively., The original document contains color images.

This thesis explains the design and testing of a water-cooled rotating detonation engine (RDE) run on hydrogen and air. The change in water temperature as it cooled the engine was used to find the steady heat rate into the containing walls of the detonation channel. The engine successfully ran four times for 20 seconds each. The steady-state heat rate was measured to be 2.5% of the propellant lower heating value (LHV) into the outer wall and 7.1% of LHV into the inner wall. Additionally, a quick-response resistance temperature detector (RTD) was used in an uncooled RDE of similar dimension to the cooled RDE to estimate the transient heat flux profile in the detonation channel. The average heat flux into the outer wall near the base of the channel was measured to be four times greater than the average heat flux over the entire cooled wall at steady-state, indicating the heat flux decreases significantly with axial distance. In addition, the large difference in heat absorption between the inner and outer cooled walls indicates that the heat flux into the inner wall is greater than that into the outer wall., The original document contains color images.

In recent years, the Federal Government has attempted to utilize strategic sourcing to reduce acquisitions expenses. Currently accepted best practices for strategic sourcing developed in the private sector fail to account for the diverse and unique set of objectives present in public sector acquisitions. Value Focused Thinking was used to develop a hierarchy of values and objectives for the Air Force Civil Engineer Commodity Council (CECC) strategic sourcing program. This hierarchy represents the full range of program objectives, and was used to develop a value function useful for systematically evaluating service and commodity contract areas for strategic sourcing potential., The original document contains color images.

One of the challenges in a distributed virtual environment stems from the requirement to simultaneously execute the simulations in realtime to support human interaction, in conjunction with maintaining a consistent view of the shared simulated environment. Maintaining a consistent set of simulation state data in the presence of network latency is difficult if individual data items are updated frequently. The principle application of DIS-based simulation environments has been in the domain of training where a consistent view or its correctness is often judged in subjective terms such as the simulation looking and feeling correct. New application areas for these systems are emerging in the analysis and test domains. For these domains, quantifying shared state consistency in terms of overall distributed application architecture is desirable. This research effort will investigate and validate methods to calculate and measure the latency effects that consider the structure of the applications themselves. Additional latencies introduced due to the software architecture may significantly affect the consistency of the simulation. An improved understanding is beneficial to the Air Force where real-time distributed simulations used for the purpose of analyzing the systems they simulate and the support of live test events., The original document contains color images.

The Air Logistics Centers (ALC) represent the Air Force's largest Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) Operations. The ALCs strive to become leaner by reducing Work In Progress (WIP) inventory, reducing flow times, and increasing product quality to meet aircraft and engine demand levels. The Toyota Production System (TPS) is considered the best example of lean manufacturing by many. TPS utilizes the ingenuity of Toyota employees to generate Continuous Process Improvement (CPI). Achieving CPI can aid the ALCs in reducing operating capital while providing increased levels of service. The Air Force as a whole has made several attempts to get lean. Implementing lean tools without fully understanding their underlying philosophy has made it difficult to sustain process improvements. This thesis explores the softer, less tangible conditions that predicate successful CPI. A theoretical model was tested at Tinker ALC to identify focus areas for management. The researcher hypothesized that increased levels of the seven conditions tested would be positively correlated with successful CPI. Focusing on creating these conditions may aid in sustaining improvements. There was no evidence to suggest that any of the seven conditions are not positively correlated with CPI, although the degree of that relationship is very low. The data suggest that having Structured Improvement Processes most significantly impacts successful CPI. Anecdotal evidence also suggest that Drive for Improvement and Direction for Improvement also support CPI, although these conclusions were not supported by the data. Air Logistics Center managers should focus on those three conditions to aid successful CPI efforts in the future., The original document contains color images.

At the heart of most modeling issues is a focus on variance reduction. Experimental designs are chosen based on both efficiency and a variety of variance based criteria. In many situations due to cost, time and availability issues it is beneficial to produce metamodels of simulations. Experimental designs for the region of operability are constructed to collect the simulation output required to construct representative metamodels. Independently, the method of control variates is a well established technique often employed to reduce variance in discrete event simulations. This thesis explores the variance reduction benefits that can be obtained by combining optimal experimental designs with control variates in multipopulation simulation experiments when constructing simulation metamodels. A variety of variance measures of effectiveness are used to demonstrate the theoretical benefits obtained by this approach. In addition, a randomly selected data set from within the design region is used to demonstrate the practical application and reduction of predictive variance obtained using this methodology., The original document contains color images.

Previous endeavors in positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) at AFIT have resulted in the design and characterization of a second-generation three-dimensional positron annihilation momentum spectroscopy system (3DPAMSS) which combines two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D ACAR) and coincident Doppler broadening of annihilation radiation (CDBAR) in order to measure electron momentum distributions in samples and thus characterize material defects. The focus of this particular research is to nondestructively measure negative defects in the crystal lattice of copper-doped, silver-doped, and undoped lithium tetraborate by 3DPAMSS spectroscopy using a Na-22 source and two high-purity germanium (HPGe) position-resolvable strip detectors. Lithium tetraborate is a candidate material for novel neutron detectors and characterizing its crystal structure is necessary to fully understand its properties. Several angular deviation and differential energy features are noted, which are translated to potential electron momentum distribution features and crystal defect characteristics., The original document contains color images.

Outsourcing has been utilized as a corporate strategy by U.S. manufacturers for over three decades to minimize manufacturing and production costs, focus on core competencies and achieve sustained competitive advantages in the global market. In recent years, manufacturers have begun evaluating nearshoring, reshoring and insourcing strategies as near-term responses to trigger events such as increased labor costs and decreased product quality. The United States Air Force also established outsourcing as its primary strategy for achieving cost-saving objectives associated with the design, engineering, manufacturing, production and sustainment of its fourth, fifth and sixth generation weapon systems. In order to decrease weapon system costs and consistently achieve congressionally mandated core and 50/50 requirements, the United States Air Force is evaluating opportunities to bring outsourced workload into the depot infrastructure. This research applies grounded theory and case study methodologies to examine the antecedents and barriers of the U.S. manufacturing outsourcing-to-insourcing relocation shift. A structured framework is presented to assist the United States Air Force as a guide for evaluating insourcing opportunities. The framework addresses contract duration, access to critical information, and the factors influencing the insourcing decision., The original document contains color images.

This research was performed to expand AFIT's Radio Frequency Distinct Native Attribute (RF-DNA) fingerprinting process to support IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee communication network applications. Current ZigBee bit-level security measures include use of network keys and MAC lists which can be subverted through interception and spoofing using open-source hacking tools. This work addresses device discrimination using Physical (PHY) waveform alternatives to augment existing bit-level security mechanisms. ZigBee network vulnerability to outsider threats was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to characterize both Authorized Device ID Verification performance (granting network access to authorized users presenting true bit-level credentials) and Rogue Device Rejection performance (denying network access to unauthorized rogue devices presenting false bit-level credentials). Radio Frequency Distinct Native Attribute (RF-DNA) features are extracted from time-domain waveform responses of 2.4 GHz CC2420 ZigBee transceivers to enable humanlike device discrimination. The fingerprints were constructed using a hybrid pool of emissions collected under a range of conditions, including anechoic chamber and an indoor office environment where dynamic multi-path and signal degradation factors were present. The RF-DNA fingerprints were input to a Multiple Discriminant Analysis, Maximum Likelihood (MDA/ML) discrimination process and a 1 vs. many Looks most like? classification assessment made. The hybrid MDA model was also used for 1 vs. 1 Looks how much like? verification assessment. ZigBee Device Classification performance was assessed using both full and reduced dimensional fingerprint sets. Reduced dimensional subsets were selected using Dimensional Reduction Analysis (DRA) by rank ordering 1) pre-classification KS-Test p-values and 2) post-classification GRLVQI feature relevance values. Assessment of Zigbee device ID verification capability., The original document contains color images.

This study examined the fate of malathion, a surrogate compound for VX studies, in bench-scale sequencing batch bioreactors being operated under varied solid retention times (SRTs) to simulate the activated sludge process in wastewater treatment facilities. Results show that a constant influent of the malathion will largely be removed. However, the heterotrophic bacteria undergo a stress response which temporarily inhibits malathion removal, the extent of which increases with increasing SRTs. After this stress response takes place, the activated sludge is able to resume a high degree of malathion removal, even with increased influent concentration; however, this is done so at the expense of acceptable COD removal in the effluent, suggesting malathion may be toxic to the heterotrophic bacteria in activated sludge., The original document contains color images.

Since the inception of the United States Air Force in 1947 it has cycled through many supply chain management organizational structures. Additionally, in the early 1950's the Air Force developed a major supply chain management data exchange operating system. As a result, the current Air Force enterprise supply chain system does a relatively good job getting mission essential aircraft parts into their artisan's hands most of the time. But despite their best efforts, the Air Force has proven to be unsuccessful in predicting mission essential parts needs at times for weapons systems across their enterprise, creating financial and manpower burdens across the wholesale and retail supply chain levels of operation. This research is essentially a first step towards identifying variables to be studied in further detail. Since there is no literature or any pre-ordained list of Department of Defense predictive variables from previous studies, this Delphi study was chosen to flesh out agreement between subject matter experts and provide a compass for future studies. The researcher found that neither of the Delphi panels was able to come to any level of agreement. The researcher provides limitations and recommendations for future research., The original document contains color images.

Flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAV) have been a growing field in the research of micro air vehicles, but little emphasis has been placed on control theory. Research is ongoing on how to power FWMAVs where mass is a major area of concern. However, there is little research on the power requirements for the controllers to manipulate the wings of a FWMAV. A novel control theory, BABM, allows two actuators to produce forces and moments in five of the FWMAV's six DOF. Several FWMAV prototypes were constructed and tested on a six-component balance. Data was collected for varying control parameters and the generated forces were measured. The results mapped control parameters to different degrees of freedom. The force required to generate desirable motion and power required to generate that motion was plotted and evaluated. These results can be used to generate a minimum power controller in the future. The results showed that BABM control required a 26% increase in power in order to increase lift by 22%. The lift increase was accomplished by increasing the amplitude by 10% over the established baseline. The data also showed that varying some parameters actually decreased the power requirements, allowing other parameters to increase which in turn would enable more complex maneuvers. For instance, an asymmetric change in split-cycle shift of + or - 0.25 decreased the power required by 14% and decreased the lift by 25%. Changing the stroke bias to + or - 0.75 had a negligible effect on power but decreased the lift by 27%. Furthermore, the data identified certain parameter combinations which resulted in other forces and moments. These results identified how BABM be used as a control theory for the control of FWMAVs., The original document contains color images.

Current methods of dim object detection for space surveillance make use of a Gaussian log-likelihood-ratio-test-based detector that only considers the probability that a single point in an image resulted from the propagation of a point source through space. This paper proposes the application of a correlating Gaussian log-likelihood-ratio-test-based detector, which makes use of all the pixels in the window, to the arena of dim object detection. The requirements for comparing these detectors using the same threshold of detection are established. The performance of the detectors is compared using images taken by the Space Surveillance Telescope in New Mexico of a geostationary satellite as it goes into and out of eclipse during the vernal equinox March 13-15, 2012. The correlator is determined to offer superior performance based on a comparison of the relative probability of both algorithms to detect objects near the threshold of detection, among other metrics. The additional computational cost of implementation of the correlating detector is analyzed and determined., The original document contains color images.

Single crystal thorium dioxide (ThO2) samples were hydrothermally grown and studied using depth-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) to characterize the surface and bulk electronic states. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were collected to confirm that these crystals were ThO2 in the fluorite structure. Understanding the chemical and structural quality of ThO2 will aid in the fabrication of better neutron detectors as well as in the power production with thorium breeder reactors. Monte Carlo simulations predicted the expected energy-dependent electron interaction depths in the ThO2 crystals. CL was conducted with electron energy range of 1.5 - 12 keV, a current range of 30-62 microA, at pressures of 5 x 10(-7) to 1.2 x 10(-9) Torr, and temperatures of 24 K - 297 K. The initial CL measurements indicated that the as-grown sample exhibited more of an energy dependency than the cleaved sample. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS) was conducted on the samples, which cleaned the surface. Additional CL measurements were conducted on both samples, which showed that the as-grown sample no longer had an energy dependency. With the CL results and peak deconvolutions, it is compelling to believe that the absorption edge is 5.1 eV, which is complemented with the absorption measurement of 5.4 eV., The original document contains color images.

Due to the up-rise of social media, social networking sites have increased in popularity and use over the last few years. During this time, research related to social networks has also escalated. This study presents social network research trends found in ISR, JMIS, and MISQ for a six year period, 2005-2010. The social network-related articles from these premier MIS journals were examined in terms of topical theme and research strategy employed. Furthermore, the most productive authors and affiliations were identified and presented individually, by state, and by region. An additional outcome of this research is the presentation of a preliminary classification system for research topics associated social networking, which may also be generalized to include a wide-array of information technology themes., The original document contains color images.

The concept of distributing one complex task to several smaller, simpler Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as opposed to one complex UAV is the way of the future for a vast number of surveillance and data collection tasks. One objective for this type of application is to be able to maintain an operational picture of the overall environment. Due to high bandwidth costs, centralizing all data may not be possible, necessitating a distributed storage system such as mobile Distributed Hash Table (DHT). A diffculty with this maintenance is that for an Airborne Network (AN), nodes are vehicles and travel at high rates of speed. Since the nodes travel at high speeds they may be out of contact with other nodes and their data becomes unavailable. To address this the DHT must include a data replication strategy to ensure data availability. This research investigates the percentage of data available throughout the network by balancing data replication and network bandwidth. The DHT used is Pastry with data replication using Beehive, running over an 802.11 wireless environment, simulated in Network Simulator 3. Results show that high levels of replication perform well until nodes are too tightly packed inside a given area which results in too much contention for limited bandwidth., The original document contains color images.

Organophosphate compounds are used as pesticides and in chemical warfare agents such as nerve agents. VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) is one of the most toxic and environmentally persistent of these nerve agents. This research examined the fate of malathion, a pesticide and surrogate of VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate), in bench-scale activated sludge (AS) sequencing batch reactors. Sorption kinetics and sorption equilibrium isotherm experiments indicate that sorption to AS biomass was not a statistically important removal mechanism. However, approximately 90% of the initial 4.25 mg L-1 malathion concentration degraded primarily via heterotrophic activity., The original document contains color images.

The goal of this work is to characterize the errors committed by an Image Aided Navigation (IAN) algorithm that has been developed for use as a navigation tool in GPS denied areas. The filter under study was developed by the Air Force Institute of Technology's Advanced Navigation Technology center, and has been the focus of numerous research efforts. Unfortunately, these studies have all been based on single runs or simulations, and such results may not be indicative of the true filter performance. This problem extends to IAN publications in general; no analysis of IAN based upon a sizable real world data collection appears in the literature. This issue is addressed by applying Monte Carlo analysis methods to a 100 run data set collected using a joystick controlled robot outfitted with an inertial unit and stereo cameras. The averaged error magnitudes are found to be within 1 m RMSE. In addition, optimism in the filter computed covariance is verified. Finally, two instances of filter divergence are explored, with the causes being traced to feature matching errors. The results of this work will support future research efforts by providing a baseline measure of filter performance against which prospective enhancements may be compared., The original document contains color images.

The Department of Defense is interested in lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7) crystals for their possible use as a solid state neutron detection material. With large concentrations of 6Li and 10B, it has a high neutron capture cross section. Furthermore, the crystal fluoresces in the presence of ionizing radiation, making it an attractive candidate for a scintillating detection device. However, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge about the material characteristics, particularly with regard to its fluorescent spectrum. Cathodoluminescence measurements were conducted on undoped and doped samples of lithium tetraborate in order to characterize the nature of its fluorescent spectra under different environmental conditions. Measurements were made using a vacuum ultraviolet cathodoluminescence system specifically designed to detect high energy photons emitted in wide band gap materials. The cathodoluminescent spectra from 10 K to room temperature was characterized for six different lithium tetraborate crystals: three undoped crystals and one each doped with silver, copper, and manganese. Thermoluminescence measurements were conducted using a Harshaw Model 3500 Manual TLD Reader. After electron irradiation from the cathodoluminescence experiment, the samples were heated from 50 deg. C to 250 deg. C at a heating rate of 1 deg. C per second. The thermoluminescence measurements provided insight into the carrier trapping ability of the crystals after electron irradiation., The original document contains color images.

Improvised Explosive Device attacks have skyrocketed since the start of the War on Terror. Many troops wounded by these tactics receive long-lasting unseen wounds including Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). TBI sufferers are treated along with other casualties. This has created an increasing, and varying, demand for ongoing post operative recovery care for troops returning from deployments. Diagnosis and treatment for TBI wounded troops is costly. This thesis is motivated by the recognition that budgets are constrained yet quality of care should not be compromised. Additive Holtz?Winters smoothing is used to forecast overall patient care demand, a regression based on queueing theory determines care consultant staffing levels, and reliability theory quantifies the idea of reducing cost by reducing parallel treatment planning. The scope is the Warfighter Rehabilitation Centers and AF Warrior and Survivor Care with data from SMEs, the Brookings Institution, and icasualties.org. This thesis provides a step-by-step methodology and analyzes the actual situation that leadership encountered from 2010-2012., The original document contains color images.

The ultra compact combustor is a high performance gas turbine design concept that portends reduced weight for future weapons platforms. A natural outcome of the design is the continual presence of fuel-rich air in the turbine component of the engine. Because modern cooling schemes for hot section turbine blades involve injecting cool, oxygen-rich air adjacent to the surface, the potential arises for reaction with the unconsumed radicals in the mainstream ow and augmented heat transfer to the blade. This outcome is contrary to the purpose of lm cooling, and can lead to early life-cycle turbine failure. This study examined the e ects of multiple cooling hole geometries on downstream heat transfer. It demonstrated schemes that allow reactions to take place at a stando distance from the wall being cooled and provide e ective downstream cooling. Additionally, the research characterized the time scales involved in the reactions through temperature measurements and imaging., The original document contains color images.

There are a large number of commercially available quad-rotor helicopters available from various manufacturers. All of these systems rely on a low cost MEMS based inertial measurement system for stabilization and navigation. These low cost inertial systems are all subject to rapid error growth in their attitude and position estimates unless bounded by external measurements. This thesis created real-time algorithm to integrate measurements from visual cues with measurements from onboard sensors to estimate the attitude position and velocity of a quad-rotor helicopter in a local navigation frame, a system model for the ARDrone, and a feed-back controller for the vehicle's heading. The ARDrone, by Parrot SA, is a low cost quad-rotor helicopter that comes equipped with a variety of sensors including a forward-looking high-definition camera. The vehicle is capable of using its onboard sensors to adequately constrain the errors for pitch and roll in all environments, however the yaw axis is still subject to drift. This work utilizes a RANSAC based vanishing point detection algorithm to provide a reliable heading reference and integrates the vanishing point based heading measurements with the system's onboard heading measurements through an extended Kalman filter. In addition to estimating the drone's heading, the Kalman filter also estimates the position and velocity of the drone as it moves through its environment. This system was able to provide a heading reference with an error of one degree for the drone and was shown to be capable of transitioning between vanishing points when the vehicle needed to change direction. The system also demonstrated that it was capable of generating an estimate of position and velocity. However because the position error was on the order of one meter, the estimate was not accurate enough for autonomous navigation., The original document contains color images.

Passive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is a sensor network comprised of multiple distributed receivers that detects and localizes targets using the emissions from multiple non-cooperative radio frequency transmitters. This dissertation advances the theory of centralized passive MIMO radar (PMR) detection by proposing two novel generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detectors. The first addresses detection in PMR networks without direct-path signals. The second addresses detection in PMR networks with direct-path signals. The probability distributions of both test statistics are investigated using recent results from random matrix theory. Equivalence is established between PMR networks without direct-path signals and passive source localization (PSL) networks. Comparison of both detectors with a centralized GLRT for active MIMO radar (AMR) detection reveals that PMR may be interpreted as the link between AMR and PSL sensor networks. In particular, under high direct-path-tonoise ratio (DNR) conditions, PMR sensitivity and ambiguity approaches that of AMR. Under low-DNR conditions, PMR sensitivity and ambiguity approaches that of PSL. At intermediate DNRs, PMR sensitivity and ambiguity smoothly varies between that of AMR and PSL. In this way, PMR unifies PSL and AMR within a common theoretical framework. This result provides insight into the fundamental natures of active and passive distributed sensing., The original document contains color images.

Organizations that operate in austere environments at the end of long logistics chains face significant energy challenges which often represent financial and security vulnerabilities. Reducing fuel consumption in these operations causes a proportional fuel reduction throughout the supply system as the need for transportation of fuel is reduced. Accordingly, the total fuel reduction across the supply system should be considered to capture the fully burdened cost savings when conducting economic analysis of energy reduction initiatives. This research examined the energy savings potential of improving the thermal properties of expeditionary shelters, and then evaluated these measures using a fully burdened cost savings technique. Geographic Information Systems, Radiant Time Series cooling load analysis, and fully burdened concepts were applied to develop a model that analyzes the economic effectiveness of various shelter improvements in any climate and location in the world. Specifically, solar flies developed through Solar Integrated Power Shelter System (SIPSS) program for installation on fabric shelters were examined. The model was validated against test data provided by the SIPSS program, and then it was applied to two case studies. Results indicated that the energy savings in transportation associated with point-of-use energy reduction initiatives can represent a substantial portion of the overall fuels savings, which validates the idea that cost savings should be evaluated on a fully-burdened basis. Additionally, the SIPSS solar flies were overwhelming economically justified in most regions studied, but a lack of effectiveness in certain regions validated the need for the developed methodology., The original document contains color images.

The research goal involved developing improved methods for securing Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) devices against unauthorized entry and mitigating the risk of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) attack by detecting malicious software and/or trojan hardware. A Correlation Based Anomaly Detection (CBAD) process was developed to enable 1) software anomaly detection discriminating between various operating conditions to detect malfunctioning or malicious software, firmware, etc., and 2) hardware component discrimination discriminating between various hardware components to detect malfunctioning or counterfeit, trojan, etc., components., The original document contains color images.

A field deployable Tunable Diode Laser Atmospheric Spectroscopy (TDLAS) device has been used to investigate the atmospheric absorption of Diode Pumped Alkali Laser (DPAL) wavelengths at a distance of 2,000 meters in a maritime environment. The spectral regions surrounding the cesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb) DPAL emission lines were examined in order to determine the effects of absorption by the (000)---(003) and (000)---(102) water vapor vibrational bands over a distance of 2 km. This data was compared with data previously collected at shorter path lengths and the scaling of absorbance with various factors was analyzed. Spectral data for the Cs spectral region were analyzed to determine temperature and concentration estimates with statistical errors of between 0.1 and 1.14 deg. C and 11 and 1x10(to the 14th power). Temperature and pressure estimates were within 6% and 25%, respectively, of those reported by the weather station at the test site. The rotational dependence of broadening rates was investigated. By analyzing the widths of two widely spaced rotational lines, it was found that the observed linewidths were approximately 25% higher than those reported in existing spectral databases with a scaling ratio of the observed rates approximately 5% below the ratio of the reported values., The original document contains color images.

Vapor-phase detection of the model organophosphate malathion was achieved using enzymes encapsulated in peptide nanotubes and attached to gold screen-printed electrodes. Malathion was chosen as the model for this experiment because its binding mechanism with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is identical to its more potent counterparts (such as sarin or VX), but it has an extremely low human toxicity, which makes it both practical and easy to use. The peptide nanotubes had horseradish peroxidase encapsulated inside and were coated with both acetylthiocholine (ASCh) and AChE on the outside. ASCh hydrolysis, which produces thiocholine, was catalyzed by the AChE. The thiocholine was then oxidized by the electrodes to produce a signal that could be measured by a cyclic voltammeter. This signal was inhibited in the presence of malathion vapor, with the extent of inhibition proportional to the malathion concentration. A calibration curve was first established in order to determine the concentration of malathion vapor in a given environment using standards of known concentrations of liquid malathion in a gas chromatograph. Once the vapor concentration was established, peptide-nanotube-modified, gold screen-printed electrodes were used to detect organophosphate vapor. The nanotube-modified electrodes were exposed to both AChE and ASCh and inserted into an airtight vial with a known concentration of malathion. Cyclic voltammograms were taken at each step to monitor the changes in activity. This research demonstrates the ability to use nano-modified biosensors for the detection of organophosphate vapor, an important development in countering weaponized organophosphate nerve agents and detecting commercially-used pesticides., The original document contains color images.

The last several decades have resulted in an unfortunate byproduct of space exploration and development: orbital debris. Satellites in Low Earth Orbit have been required to make an ever increasing number of course corrections in order to avoid collisions. Despite efforts to the contrary, collisions continue to occur, each time creating additional debris and increasing the requirement for the remaining satellites to maneuver. Every required maneuver decreases a satellite's service life. The purpose of this study is to develop a minimum thrust profile to maneuver an orbiting satellite out of its projected error ellipse before a collision occurs. For comparison, both the impulsive and continuous thrust cases were considered as well as in-plane versus out-of plane maneuvering. This study made use of the Radau Pseudospectral Method to develop this minimum thrust profile. This method was run in MATLAB(Restricted) using General Pseudospectral Optimal Control Software (GPOPS-II). Once the optimal solution was obtained, Systems Tool Kit(Restricted) was used to simulate the resulting calculated trajectories and confirm avoidance of the error ellipse., The original document contains color images.

Small unmanned aerial systems are being designed to emulate the flapping kinematics of insects and birds which show superior control in slow speed regimes compared to fixed wing or rotorcraft aircraft. The flight of flapping wing vehicles is characterized by aeroelastic effects. Most research has been dedicated towards understanding the aerodynamic side of the aeroelastic response with minimal effort spent towards validating the structural response. A finite element model of a wing from a commercial flapping wing vehicle was created to validate the structural response. Vacuum testing allowed the isolation of the inertial response for a direct comparison to the finite element model. Wing tip displacement amplitude was matched to within 8%. The membrane kinematics of the finite element model were similar to the vacuum test article but overall membrane deflections predicted by the finite element solver were less than observed deflections seen in the vacuum. This research shows that significant focus must be placed on validating the structural side of a flexible structure in order to correctly model the complete aeroelastic response., The original document contains color images.

This thesis provides two new approaches for comparing competing systems. Instead of making comparisons based on long run averages or mean performance, the first paper presents a generalized method for calculating the probability that a single system is the best among all systems in a single trial. Unlike current empirical methods, the generalized method calculates the exact multinomial probability that a single system is best among competing systems. The ability to avoid time consuming empirical estimate techniques could potentially result in significant savings in both time and money when comparing alternate systems. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted comparing the empirical probability estimates of the generalized integral method, calculated using a bootstrapping procedure and density estimation technique, with those of two related estimation techniques, Procedure BEM (Bechhofer, Elmaghraby, and Morse) and Procedure AVC (All Vector Comparisons). All test cases show comparable performance in empirical estimation accuracy of the generalized integral method with that of the current methods analyzed. The second paper proposes the use of a distribution-free ordered comparisons procedure to test whether one population is stochastically larger (or smaller) than the other. This procedure is suggested as a useful alternative to the wellknown Wilcoxon rank sum and Mann-Whitney tests. A Monte Carlo study is conducted, comparing the methods based on simulated power and type I error. All test cases show a marked improvement in performance of the ordered comparisons test versus the Wilcoxon rank sum test, when testing for stochastic dominance. A table of critical values is presented and a large sample approximation is given., The original document contains color images.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely produced and used. Because of their potential toxicity and the possibility of their release into the environment, it is important to understand the factors involved in their transport; particularly how they may move in groundwater, which is a potential pathway to human and environmental receptors. By passing a solution of 15 mg/L AgNPs with an average size of 17 nm through sand-filled glass columns, this study looks at the physical effects of flow rate and media size on transport. Three different sand sizes ( 0.074, 0.21-0.297, and 0.4-2.0mm) were used, as well as two different flow rates (1 and 4 mL min-1). Results showed that flow rate had little effect on the transport of AgNPs. As had been found in previous studies, transport through fine sand ( 0.074 mm) was inhibited, and no AgNPs were observed in the column effluent. In contrast to other studies and conventional filtration theory, however, it was observed that more AgNPs were captured in the coarse sand (0.4-2.0 mm) than the medium sand (0.21-0.297 mm). This deviation from conventional filtration theory was attributed to the more heterogeneous size distribution of the coarse sand compared to the medium sand., The original document contains color images.

The ability to identify a stressed person is becoming an important aspect across different work environments. Especially in higher-stress career fields, such as first responders and air traffic controllers, mental stress can inhibit a person's ability to accomplish their job. A person's efficiency and psychological state in the work environment can be impeded due to poor mental health. Stress can result in harmful effects on the body, both physically and mentally, including depression, lack of sleep, and fatigue, which can lead to reduced work productivity. Research is being conducted to detect stress in workload-intensive environments. This thesis implements an imaging approach that utilizes hyperspectral data across the visible through shortwave infrared electromagnetic spectrum. The data is applied to the feature selection algorithms ReliefF, Support Vector Machine Attribute Evaluator (SVM AE), and Non-Correlated Aided Simulated Annealing Feature Selection-Integrated Distribution Function (NASAFS-IDF) to obtain features that discriminate between the classes, stress and non-stress. This data is classified using naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and decision tree methodologies. The feature set and classifier that produce the highest classification results are calculated using percent accuracy and area under the curve (AUC). The reported results are divided into contact and non-contact (NC) validation sets. The contact validation returned a high accuracy of 96.30% and high AUC of 0.979. Validation on NC models returned a high accuracy of 99.64% and high AUC of 0.998., The original document contains color images.

Previous research has been conducted showing significant benefits on combustion efficiency and stability by creating high centripetally accelerated, also known as g-loaded, combustion environments. Ultra Compact Combustor systems decrease size and weight of the overall engine by burning in a circumferential direction around a hybrid vane row where the high equivalence ratio cavity flow is quick quenched to lean by the core flow. The hybrid vane row integrates the compressor, combustor, and turbine for further length reduction and weight savings. Fuel and air are brought into the cavity and combusted in a high g-loaded environment driven by air injection at an angle tangent to the cavity outer diameter. The Air Force Research Lab and Air Force Institute of Technology have worked previously on compact combustor designs, and a new, high g-loaded, Ultra Compact Combustor has been designed to study flow characteristics in the cavity and core to help understand integration issues with engine systems., The original document contains color images. Supported in part by AFOSR/VA.

This thesis analyzes the strategic consolidation of medical WRM equipment UTC assemblages located within the contiguous United States. Following a 2003 consolidation assessment, the Air Force Medical Logistics Office (AFMLO) consolidated some of the medical UTCs at three Consolidated WRM Storage and Deployment Centers (CSDC) located at Kelly Field Annex, Travis AFB, and Charleston AFB. While many UTCs were consolidated at that time, currently only 17 of the possible 142 equipment UTC assemblages are entirely consolidated at one of those three locations. After adding three additional bases as possible consolidation locations, this study attempts to minimize the cost of full consolidation and discusses the benefits and limitations of consolidation. Using a linear programming model designed to minimize the one-time transportation cost of consolidation, this study calculates the minimal cost based on three separate scenarios: single base, dual base, and multi base consolidation, each with unique constraints and risk factors to consider. In addition to providing the final consolidation location(s) and the transportation cost associated with that solution, the exact movement of each UTC from every base of origin to consolidation destination is generated as well., The original document contains color images.

In this thesis we develop a method to discriminate between adult and child radar signatures. In particular, we examine radar data measured from behind a wall, which introduces radar signal attenuation and multipath effects. To investigate the child/adult discrimination problem in a through-wall, multipath scenario, a previously developed free-space human scattering model was expanded to incorporate multiple paths, and the effects of transmission through, and reflections from, walls and ground. The ground was modeled as a perfectly reflecting surface, while the walls were modeled as homogeneous concrete slabs. Twenty-five reflection paths were identified, involving the direct paths, as well as reflected paths between the ground and an adjacent wall. All paths included two-way transmission through an obstructing wall., The original document contains color images.

This thesis describes the development of a series of models utilizing the commercial finite element suite ABAQUS specifically to apply towards the study of biological tissue. The end goal is to be able to obtain the material properties of the Manducca Sexta, a biological inspiration for flapping wing micro-air vehicles. Two finite element models were used to analyze the results of two prior studies of other researchers. A flat punch elastic model examined boundary effects and confirmed that the point of indentation was far enough removed from the boundary. The hyperelastic spherical indentation experiment examined the effects of coefficient of friction on the indentation. Another algorithm was reproduced to analyze the elastic, power law-hardening properties of a wide range of material properties. A nanoindentation system was used to investigate the modulus of the M. Sexta. Due to instrument limitations, useful data was not able to be collected. An upper bound on the modulus was established on the order of 1 MPa. A uniaxial tension test of the M.Sexta was used to obtain a reported initial modulus of elasticity values of 343 kPa., The original document contains color images.

In these fiscally austere times, researchers have diligently sought methods to detect cost risk in the DOD acquisition programs. Our research effort reflects a culmination of three years of research seeking solutions to the problem of identifying programs with elevated levels of cost risk. Specifically, we applied multivariate classification and multinomial Naive Bayes text classification techniques to develop three cost risk identification models. We find our model considering a 6-month change in the estimate at complete (EAC) of greater than 5% in magnitude, identified 69.5% of the high-risk programs in our dataset with 76.21% accuracy. Next, our model considering a 6-month increase in the EAC of greater than 5% correctly identified 67.90% of the high-risk programs with 79.68% accuracy. Finally, our model considering a 12-month increase in the EAC of greater than 5%, identified 91.69% of the high-risk programs with an accuracy of 78.31%. This research effort acts as a capstone, concentrating the knowledge collected from previous efforts and provides an actionable decision support tool for the DOD acquisition community. We find this research directly supports the goals of more disciplined use of resources and improving efficiency laid out in the OUSD(Comptroller) FY2013 Defense Budget (Department of Defense, 2012a:3.1)., The original document contains color images.

This work furthers an ongoing effort to develop imaging Fourier-transform spectrometry (IFTS) for combustion diagnostics and to validate reactive-flow computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions. An ideal, laminar flame produced by an ethylene-fueled (C2H4) Hencken burner (25.4 x 25.4 mm2 burner) with N2 co-flow was studied using a Telops infrared IFTS featuring an Indium Antimonide (InSb), 1.5 to 5.5 microns, focal-plane array imaging the scene through a Michelson interferometer. Flame equivalency ratios of Phi = 0.81, 0.91, and 1.11 were imaged on a 128 x 200 pixel array with a 0.48 mm per pixel spatial resolution and 0.5 cm-1 spectral resolution. A single-layer radiative transfer model based on the Line-by-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) code and High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) spectral database for high-temperature work (HITEMP) was used to simultaneously retrieve temperature (T) and concentrations of water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from individual pixel spectra between 3100-3500 cm-1 spanning the flame at heights of 5 mm and 10 mm above the burner. CO2 values were not determined as reliably as H2O due to its smooth, unstructured spectral features in this window. At 5 mm height near flame center, spectrally-estimated T's were 2150, 2200, & 2125 K for Phi = 0.81, 0.91, & 1.11 respectively, which are within 5% of previously reported experimental findings. Additionally, T & H2O compared favorably to adiabatic flame temperatures (2175, 2300, 2385 K) and equilibrium concentrations (10.4, 11.4, 12.8%) computed by NASA-Glenn's Chemical Equilibrium with Applications (CEA) program. UNICORN CFD predictions were in excellent agreement with CEA calculations at flame center, and predicted a fall-off in both T and H2O with distance from flame center more slowly than the spectrally-estimated values. This is likely a shortcoming of the homogeneous assumption imposed by the single-layer model. Pixel-to-pixel variations in T and H2O were observed., The original document contains color images.

The detection and elimination of threats to cyber security is essential for system functionality, protection of valuable information, and preventing costly destruction of assets. This thesis presents a Mobile Multi-Agent Flow-Based IDS called MFIREv3 that provides network anomaly detection of intrusions and automated defense. This version of the MFIRE system includes the development and testing of a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) for feature selection that provides agents with the optimal set of features for classifying the state of the network. Feature selection provides separable data points for the selected attacks: Worm, Distributed Denial of Service, Man-in-the-Middle, Scan, and Trojan. This investigation develops three techniques of self-organization for multiple distributed agents in an intrusion detection system: Reputation, Stochastic, and Maximum Cover. These three movement models are tested for effectiveness in locating good agent vantage points within the network to classify the state of the network. MFIREv3 also introduces the design of defensive measures to limit the effects of network attacks. Defensive measures included in this research are rate-limiting and elimination of infected nodes. The results of this research provide an optimistic outlook for flow-based multi-agent systems for cyber security. The impact of this research illustrates how feature selection in cooperation with movement models for multi agent systems provides excellent attack detection and classification., The original document contains color images.

FIST is an emerging and unproven rapid acquisition model that stands for Fast, Inexpensive, Simple, and Tiny. The purpose of this research is to develop an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model based on the FIST concepts, to be applied as a comparative tool against the FIST model. The results indicate that the FIST model is reproducible with the AHP theory and that there are certain program characteristics that denote if a program would benefit from being developed by FIST. However, there are distinct weaknesses to the model that signify not all programs would succeed if FIST was employed during development. Eleven additional FIST activities are recommended for inclusion in the model with key activities comprising of an ambidextrous structured organization, better requirements gathering techniques, and utilizing incremental development., The original document contains color images.

A new method for characterization of unknown targets using passive multispectral polarimetric imagery is presented. Previous work makes use of a pBRDF derived equation for the degree of linear polarization and with the aid of measurements at multiple incident angles estimates refractive index and reflection angle. This work uses known incident and reflection angles along with dispersion equations and polarimetric data at multiple wavelengths to recover the index of refraction. Although imagery is collected with a division of time polarimeter and a spectral filter wheel in iterative, manual steps, the new algorithm could be applied to any set of registered multispectral polarimetric images most notably those produced by a recently introduced division of focal plane multispectral polarimetric sensor. Experimental results are presented showing the novel algorithm's ability to classify and characterize a range of materials., The original document contains color images.

The algorithm proposed here is used for heuristic solutions for the Multimodal Multiple Vehicle Routing Problem with Unloading Capacity, Pickup and Dropoff, and Time Windows, solved so as to minimize the number of vehicles used, subject to varying objective function values for each vehicle. The MVRP is simplified and split into a routing problem and a scheduling problem. The routing problem is addressed by Dijkstra's Algorithm. This generates a new network for the second stage of the algorithm. It is assumed that the shortest path is the correct path to use, and shipments each travel unimodally. The scheduling problem is addressed by treating the various paths as though they were machines, with vehicle number being treated approximately as capacity for the machines, and unloading capacity being treated as a second stage in the processing. The problem is analyzed by assigning all shipments which can be assigned elsewhere away from the most expensive mode and then assigning only leftover shipments to the most expensive mode. Multiple resolutions of the scheduling problem result in feasible solutions for less expensive modes, which results in a feasible solution for every mode, and a low cost solution in terms of vehicles used., The original document contains color images.

This thesis explores the viability of using Internet Protocol (IP) address hopping in front of a network as a defensive measure. This research presents a custom gateway-based IP hopping solution called Address Routing Gateway (ARG) that acts as a transparent IP address hopping gateway. This thesis tests the overall stability of ARG, the accuracy of its classifications, the maximum throughput it can support, and the maximum rate at which it can change IPs and still communicate reliably. This research is accomplished on a physical test network with nodes representing the types of hosts found on a typical, corporate-style network. Direct measurement is used to obtain all results for each factor level. Tests demonstrate ARG classifies traffic correctly, with no false negatives and less than a 0.15% false positive rate on average. The test environment conservatively shows this to be true as long as the IP address change interval exceeds two times the network's round-trip latency; real-world deployments may allow for more frequent hopping. Results show ARG capably handles traffic of at least four megabits per second with no impact on packet loss. Fuzz testing validates the stability of ARG itself, although additional packet loss of around 23% appears when under attack., The original document contains color images.

Recent attacks on industrial control systems (ICSs), like the highly publicized Stuxnet malware, have perpetuated a race to the bottom where lower level attacks have a tactical advantage. Programmable logic controller (PLC) firmware, which provides a software-driven interface between system inputs and physically manifested outputs, is readily open to modification at the user level. Current efforts to protect against firmware attacks are hindered by a lack of prerequisite research regarding details of attack development and implementation. In order to obtain a more complete understanding of the threats posed by PLC firmware counterfeiting and the feasibility of such attacks, this research explores the vulnerability of common controllers to intentional firmware modifications. After presenting a general analysis process that takes advantage of various techniques and methodologies applied to similar scenarios, this work derives the firmware update validation method used for the Allen-Bradley ControlLogix PLC. A proof of concept demonstrates how to alter a legitimate firmware update and successfully upload it to a ControlLogix L61. Possible mitigation strategies discussed include digitally signed and encrypted firmware as well as preemptive and post-mortem analysis methods to provide protection. Results of this effort facilitate future research in PLC firmware security through direct example of firmware counterfeiting., The original document contains color images.

Numerous disruptive technologies are being hampered by the insufficient modern methods of cooling electrically neutral atoms and molecules. Microchip-based magnetic deceleration provides a cooling mechanism to slow most neutral atoms and molecules within the cost and size requirements of a real-world device. Simulations of a novel deceleration technique show 90% removal of kinetic energy from an atomic beam. An experiment is built which creates a time-dependent, decelerating magnetic eld to slow an atomic beam. An atomic beam is magnetically guided 800 microns above the surface of a microchip at pressures of 10(-9) Torr. A 60 independent wire microchip is fabricated, controlling 200 A currents through 150 micron wide wires with a 90% success rate. Flaws are identified and future e orts to correct them are discussed., The original document contains color images.

Adversaries employ malware against victims of cyber espionage with the intent of gaining unauthorized access to information. To that end, malware authors intentionally attempt to evade defensive countermeasures based on static methods. This thesis analyzes a dynamic analysis methodology for malware triage that applies at the enterprise scale. This study captures behavior reports from 64,987 samples of malware randomly selected from a large collection and 25,591 clean executable files from operating system install media. Function call information in sequences of behavior generate feature vectors from behavior reports from the les. The results of 64 experiment combinations indicate that using more informed behavior features yields better performing models with this data set. The decision tree classifier attained a max performance of 0.999 area under the ROC curve and 99.4% accuracy using argument information with function sequence lengths from 11-14. This methodology contributes to strategic cyber situation awareness by fusion with fast malware detection methods, such as static analysis, to change the game of malware triage in favor of cyber defense. This method of triage reduces the number of false alarms from automatic analysis that allows a 97% workload reduction over using a static method alone., The original document contains color images.

Like almost all real life problems, Strategic planning is a good example of a problem with more than one objective. One of the most important steps of strategic planning is to generate and evaluate the courses of actions (COA) which can fulfill the mission and vision of the organization. This is a critical process since it is impractical to start the executed COA over. In this research, value-focused thinking (VFT) is used as a decision analysis tool to assess COAs. A general model is created to select the best COA for strategic planning such as air force operation planning. To validate the model, notional courses of actions are developed, ranked, and evaluated to include using sensitivity analysis., The original document contains color images.

Expeditionary Air Force Civil Engineer support to recent operations in southwest Asia created a unique organizational learning environment, particularly related supporting the general engineering requirements of geographically separated units in a manpower-constrained contingency environment. One of the direct results of this organizational learning was the hub-and-spoke expeditionary engineer unit featuring elements of both RED HORSE and Prime BEEF capabilities operating with theater-wide visibility of infrastructure requirements. This study acquired insights from literature and a purposeful sample of subject matter experts about operational advantages this hub-and-spoke unit offered compared to those offered by strictly legacy organizational models. The research used a Delphi method of expert opinion elicitation to which of these may be applicable in future contingency environments with caveats, constraints, and conditions that CE force planners should consider for hub-and-spoke organizations. The expert panel demonstrated consensus on 20 advantages and associated success factors, including resource cross-leveling flexibility, optimized organizational proximity to key support functions like logistics and contracting, centralized engineering functions, and better-defined command relationships in Joint environments., The original document contains color images.