Search

[Display omitted] • Green Fenton-like selective oxidation of alcohol driven by the active oxygen species from air. • Highly efficient selective oxidation with low-cost and super-facile reaction operation. • Highly efficient MnCoOx catalysts characterized by uniform MnCo 2 O 4 -Co 3 O 4 oxide pair for selective oxidation of alcohol using air as oxidant. • A facile method with an in - situ heating enhancement for the formation of spinel MnCo 2 O 4 mixed oxide. Mn reinforced Co 3 O 4 catalysts (MnCoOx) were prepared by a facile solid phase mixed foaming method with an in-situ heating enhancement for the formation of spinel phase mixed oxide species, and studied in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol just the air in reactor as oxygen donor. It was found that the MnCoOx catalysts are composed of relatively minimal spinel MnCo 2 O 4 mixed oxide and massive Co 3 O 4 to form MnCo 2 O 4 -Co 3 O 4 oxide pair. The micro-domains of MnCo 2 O 4 -Co 3 O 4 oxide pair present two redox couples of Mn3+/Mn2+ and Co3+/Co2+ instead of the single one of Co3+/Co2+ in Co 3 O 4 , and then dramatically enhance the formation of superoxide radicals (•O2–) species from the O 2 in air, which can efficiently initiate the conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in a Fenton-like processes. With no oxidant other than air in reactor, the interaction between MnCo 2 O 4 and Co 3 O 4 in MnCoOx catalysts leads to a benzyl alcohol conversion up to 98 % with a 100 % benzaldehyde selectivity at atmospheric pressure while single component Co 3 O 4 can only present a benzyl alcohol conversion at 37 %. This embodiment of highly efficient heterogeneous selective oxidation just with air as oxidant provides a probability for developing a low-cost and super-facile radical-induced selective oxidation process for alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a detailed description of a study on the oxidative chlorination of alkanes using visible light and HCl as the chlorine reagent. The researchers found that simple alkanes cannot be chlorinated effectively under the same reaction conditions, but functionalized alkanes with electron-withdrawing groups can undergo chlorination. The study includes experimental procedures, results, and characterization of the compounds using NMR analysis. The document also acknowledges the funding source and provides additional supporting information. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly being used for critically ill patients with cardiopulmonary failure. Air in the ECMO circuit is an emergency, a rare but fatal complication. Case presentation: We introduce a case of a 76-year-old female who suffered from cardiac arrest complicated with severe trauma and was administered veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. In managing the patient with ECMO, air entered the ECMO circuit, which had not come out nor was folded or broken. Although the ECMO flow was quickly re-established, the patient died 6 h after initiating ECMO therapy. Conclusions: In this case report, the reason for the complication is drainage insufficiency. This phenomenon is similar to decompression sickness. Understanding this complication is very helpful for educating the ECMO team for preventing this rare but devastating complication of fatal decompression sickness in patients on ECMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the production of high purity oxygen (90–95%) through experiments in a PSA/VSA unit and develop a mathematical model to describe the dynamic behavior of the process. Different operational parameters and the dead volume were investigated for their impact on process performance. The experiments used a laboratory-scale unit filled with beads of a commercial LiX zeolite to obtain breakthrough and PSA/VSA data for model validation. Equilibrium isotherms of pure oxygen and nitrogen were measured at 288, 298 and 313 K for the pressure range of 0 to 3 bar. Single and multicomponent breakthrough curves were obtained at 298 K. Synthetic air (grade 5.0 purity, excluding argon) with a composition of 20% (± 0.5%) O2 and 80% (± 0.5%) N2 was used in the PSA/VSA experiments. A novel approach was developed using the mathematical model designed to simulate PSA/VSA cycles to account for the dead volume effects commonly found in units of this type. The model was implemented and solved using gPROMS® software. The simulation data matched well with the experimental data, accurately representing histories of concentration, pressure, temperature, and purity variations during the process. The validated model revealed optimal operating conditions for a VSA unit: 7.5 s adsorption time, 1.5 bar adsorption pressure, 0.1 bar desorption pressure, and a flow rate of 1 SLPM, producing a purity of approximately 94% and a recovery of about 20%. Increasing the adsorption duration negatively affected the oxygen purity but positively influenced process recovery and productivity. Adding an equalization stage improved process recovery by 18.9% for PSA and 14.5% for VSA. Additionally, increased dead volume in the column had adverse effects on purity, productivity, and recovery for both PSA and VSA units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Illumination characteristics of flexible ureteroscopes have been evaluated in air, but not in saline, the native operative medium for endourology. The aim was to evaluate light properties of contemporary ureteroscopes in air versus saline, light distribution analysis, and color temperature. Methods: We evaluated the Storz Flex-Xc and Flex-X2s, Olympus V3 and P7, Pusen 7.5F and 9.2F, and OTU WiScope using a 3D printed black target board in-vitro model submerged in saline. A spectrometer was used for lux and color temperature measurements at different opening locations. Results: Illuminance was higher in saline compared to air (5679 vs. 5205 lx with Flex-Xc, p = 0.02). Illuminance in saline differed between ureteroscopes (ANOVA p < 0.001), with highest for the Flex-Xc at 100% brightness setting (5679 lx), followed by Pusen 9.2F (5280 lx), Flex-X2s (4613 lx), P7 (4371 lx), V3 (2374 lx), WiScope (582 lx) and finally Pusen 7.5F (255 lx). The same ranking was found at 50% brightness setting, with the highest ureteroscope illuminance value 34 times that of the scope with lowest illuminance. Most scopes had maximum illuminance off center, with skewness. Three scopes had two light sources, with one light source for all other scopes. Inter-scope comparisons revealed significant differences of color temperature (ANOVA p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study demonstrates the presence of inhomogeneous light spread as well as large differences in illumination properties of ureteroscopes, possibly impacting on the performance of individual scopes in vivo. Additionally, the study suggests that future studies on illumination characteristics of flexible ureteroscopes should ideally be done in saline, and no longer in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the surface the critical qualities of air – airflow, ventilation, particulates etc. – in relation to the well-being of people living in high-rise. Engineering and architectural research has burgeoned in response. However, in focusing on models of airflow, ventilation and particulates as discrete variables, engineering and architectural discourse fails to capture the diverse ways that air enters into and shapes the everyday lived experience of high-rise dwelling. Drawing on research in Sydney's Southwestern suburbs, we reveal high-rise as an assemblage that links apartment dwelling with air, via car-dependent suburbanisation, pollution and climate-change induced temperature extremes in the Anthropocene. In addition to viruses, air teems with carbon, insects, noise and pollutants, while viscerally mediating human encounters with fluctuating temperatures. Multiple relations between people, buildings and air unfold simultaneously, confounding attempts to account for air's elemental milieu through single variables like greenhouse gas or COVID-19. While embedded in relations of power, high-rise assemblages unleash vernacular adaptation that through low-tech and low-cost technologies work to connect suburban high-rise with evolving ecological systems. Recognising the pharmacological quality of air, as both 'poison' and 'cure', we contrast models of high-rise as encapsulated environments with resident (and other) experiments that orient high-rise to the elements, and the interlinked challenges of urban living in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to synthesise and utilise a novel Co3O4@Zn-BTC Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) photocatalyst to decompose toluene in a dynamic stream under visible light. Nano-catalyst was prepared by a simple and facile solvothermal procedure and was characterised via various techniques included of PXRD, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, UV-VIS with DRS, and FT-IR. To optimise the effects of process parameters, namely relative humidity, toluene input concentration and flow rate on toluene degradation efficiency, the process was modelled using response surface methodology based on central composite design (RSM-CCD). RSM-CCD approach developed a quadratic polynomial model with R2 = 0.9989, adjusted R2 = 0.9980 and p-value <0.001. The optimal values of the input variables based on the obtained model were found to be 20 ppm vapour concentration, 30% RH and 15 ml/min. Under this condition, 40% Co3O4@Zn-BTC MOF showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency (64.1%) in toluene mineralisation compared to other photocatalysts (40% > 60% > 20% > 10% Co3O4@Zn-BTC > Zn-BTC). Among the studied variables, humidity (%) had the greatest efficacy on the decomposition efficiency of toluene. These outcomes could be attributed to the assembly of Co3O4 nanoparticles with Zn-BTC to form a heterogeneous structure of Co3O4@Zn-BTC MOF that expands the light absorption in the visible scope. The findings also demonstrated that the 40% Co3O4@Zn-BTC MOF photocatalyst possesses excellent stability in long-term exposure to toluene removal. Also, any by-products at the output of the photocatalytic system were not detected by GC-MS. The study shows promising ability of the MOF in photocatalytic oxidation of toluene and provides valuable information for further practical applications of the system in air purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid development of the anomalous enhancement of separated turbulent Re = 6000 air flow and heat transfer in an in-line single-row package of 31 inclined grooves, 0.2 in dimensionless depth, in a singled-out longitudinal region of the wall of a narrow channel is studied. It is due to the interference of vortex wakes behind the grooves and the acceleration in the channel flow core with the formation of a zone of ultrahigh longitudinal velocity. The wave-shaped parameter characteristics are stabilized in the region of approximately 15th groove, whereupon the oscillation amplitudes are moderately reduced. The return flows in the grooves are enhanced with distance from the entry section, the minimum negative friction diminishing from −2 to −4. The total relative heat removal from the structured region increases at q = const by a factor of approximately 2.75 and by the factor of two at T = const with increase in the relative hydraulic losses by the factor of 1.7, as compared with the case of a plane–parallel channel. The relative heat removal from the surface bounded by the contour of the 20th inclined groove amounts to 3.7 (q = const) with increase in the hydraulic losses by the factor of 2.2. An increase in the local maximum of the longitudinal velocity up to a factor of 1.5, as compared with the mean-mass velocity, can be observable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the provision of a small positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) effect, high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) therapy carries a risk of stomach distension. The present study was conducted to find out the air leak in the gastric antrum leading to gastric distension in adult patients with acute respiratory failure receiving HFNO therapy. Materials and methods: Adult patients with early hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring HFNO therapy were enrolled in this trial. Before initiation of HFNO therapy, baseline gastric volume (GV) and the average number of peristaltic contractions over one minute were measured using ultrasound. Once the patient was stabilized on HFNO therapy, a 2nd, 3rd, and 4th ultrasound scans were acquired at 10, 20, and 30 minutes respectively. Vitals and blood gas values were recorded at the baseline and after 30 min of initiation of HFNO therapy. Patient comfort, duration of HFNO therapy, and outcome were also recorded. Results: The GV at 10, 20, and 30 minutes were significantly larger (p < 0.001) compared to baseline. This increase in GV was associated with a significantly increased number of peristaltic contractions and had a significant positive correlation with the HFNO flow (r = 0.541; p < 0.001). The HFNO therapy was well tolerated by most of the patients and led to a significant improvement in the vitals and blood gas parameters at 30 minutes after initiation of HFNO therapy. Conclusion: In adult patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure, the use of HFNO therapy produces gas leaks into the stomach leading to increased gastric volume. The gastric distension increases the peristaltic contraction and higher flows result in more distension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the teaching of atmosphere for undergraduate geography students. Though many scholars have observed an "atmospheric turn" in the discipline, teaching atmosphere in human geography has received less attention. To this end, the article examines the design and delivery of a "floating workshop" that engaged students in thinking and feeling the meteorological and affective qualities of atmosphere. Practically, the floating workshop involved the preparation, launch and floating of two solar-powered balloon-like sculptures made by the international artistic community Aerocene. In contrast to practices of mapping or remote sensing with aerial devices like kites or drones that are familiar to geographical pedagogy, this creative practice-based workshop foregrounded sensual and affective observations of atmosphere, from the feeling of wind speeds to the transmission of emotions. This shared atmospheric experience and pedagogical experiment linked theory with practice, activated situated learning processes, and generated critical inquiry into the affective, aesthetic and material dimensions of air and atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the role of quarantine stations as sites of creation and disruption of Mediterranean borderlands. It considers the early history of the "new lazaretto," the maritime quarantine station created in Ancona, a city in the Papal States, after Pope Clement XII declared the city a free port in 1732. Big and beautiful, the new lazaretto was built on an artificial island and marked Ancona's cityscape. This essay reconstructs how it functioned as a dynamic border space where concerns about disease transmission were addressed through the deployment of practices of environmental and sensory control. It argues that the new lazaretto embodied a liminal environment that was established at the crossroads of medical, economic, religious, and political entanglements and reflected the geopolitical dynamics of the eastern Mediterranean world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global population expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, there is an urgent need for advanced materials that can address existing and developing environmental issues. Many current synthesis processes are environmentally unfriendly and often lack control over size, shape, and phase of resulting materials. Based on knowledge from biological synthesis and assembly processes, as well as their resulting functions (e.g., photosynthesis, self‐healing, anti‐fouling, etc.), researchers are now beginning to leverage these biological blueprints to advance bio‐inspired pathways for functional materials for water treatment, air purification and sensing. The result has been the development of novel materials that demonstrate enhanced performance and address sustainability. Here, an overview of the progress and potential of bio‐inspired methods toward functional materials for environmental applications is provided. The challenges and opportunities for this rapidly expanding field and aim to provide a valuable resource for researchers and engineers interested in developing sustainable and efficient processes and technologies is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban blue-green space landscape ecology is an important component that supports the urban landscape ecosystem. In this study, a combination model of the grey system theory (GST), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to construct criteria layers from the following four aspects: green space vegetation coverage, ecosystem diversity, air and water quality, social participation, and health. The GST method was employed to screen evaluation indicators, the AHP method was used to calculate the weight of each indicator, and finally, TOPSIS was applied for weighted ranking to verify the scientific and rationality of the evaluation system. The results indicated the following: (1) out of 36 indicator factors, 10 were not selected through the GST method; (2) the weight ranking of the criteria layer was as follows, from highest to lowest: D 2 ecosystem diversity 0.4816 > D 1 green space vegetation coverage 0.2608 > D 3 air and water quality 0.1864 > D 4 social participation and health 0.0713; and (3) the relative closeness and ranking of different regions in Jinan city were as follows: Da Ming Hu area > Shan Da Lu area > Gu Cheng area > Shang Bu area. This study can help avoid decision-making errors caused by subjective factors and provide new approaches for the assessment of the ecological health of urban blue-green space landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SiC fibers are widely used in composites exposed to high temperature oxidizing environments. The present study compares the oxidation behavior of SiC fibers and the associated changes in tensile strength upon their exposure to dry air and steam for up to 50 hours at temperatures from 950°C to 1350°C. In both cases, the scale thickness and oxide microstructure were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. When the SiC fibers were oxidized in air, a crack-free amorphous oxide layer formed at temperatures up to 1200°C, whereas a cracked, crystallized oxide layer was found at 1350°C. By contrast under steam environment, a crystalline oxide forms at 950°C for oxidation times longer than 30 h. In both environments, the fiber strength decreased with increasing exposure time and temperature, the degradation being faster after oxidation in steam compared to dry air. This appears to relate to residual stress in the oxide scale and a reduction in the cross section of the load-bearing unoxidized SiC. An increase in defect size may also contribute to the loss of strength. The oxide scale follows parabolic growth kinetics in both dry air and in steam from 950°C to 1350°C, except at 1350°C for over 30 hours. The oxidation rate in steam is faster than that in dry air, with activation energies of 79.8±1.4 kJ/mol in steam and 153.6±3.4 kJ/mol in dry air, respectively. This work is relevant to the application of SiC fibers and SiC fiber reinforced composites in air and steam environments at high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There has been a greater focus in recent literature proposing air to be a superior medium to saline in tissue expanders. This study aims to review the literature and assess the quality of data on the efficacy and safety of air as an alternative medium to saline in tissue expanders, in the setting of postmastectomy two-stage reconstruction. Methods A systematic review regarding air inflation of tissue expanders was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The methods followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Three reviewers separately performed data extraction and comprehensive synthesis. Results A total of 427 articles were identified in our search query, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria. Three pertained to inflation with room air, and eight pertained to inflation with CO 2 using the AeroForm device. They were comparable to decreased overall complication rates in the room air/CO 2 cohort compared to saline, although statistical significance was only observed in one of five two-arm studies. Investigating specific complications in the five two-arm studies, significantly lower rates of skin flap necrosis were only observed in two CO 2 -based studies. Studies rarely discussed other safety profile concerns, such as the impacts of air travel, radiation planning, and air extravasation beyond descriptions of select patients within the cohort. Conclusion There is insufficient evidence to suggest improved outcomes with room air inflation of tissue expanders. Further work is needed to fully characterize the benefits and safety profiles of air insufflation before being adopted into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to heavy metals can result in various adverse health effects. Tehran is rated as one of the world's most polluted cities. Green space workers are continuously exposed to such pollutants in this city. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the health risks caused by exposure to heavy metals among green space workers. Eighty-eight workers and office personnel in two regions with different air quality levels were chosen for sampling. Air samples were collected using the NIOSH-7300 method and analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) instrument. The hazard quotient (HQ) and the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) were calculated to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk levels. The results revealed that the rank order of heavy metals was determined as Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, and Cd. Workers were subjected to higher concentrations of Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co than office personnel. Furthermore, the Cd, Co, and Zn exposure levels stood significantly higher in region 6 than in region 14. Non-carcinogenic risk levels for all participants fell within the acceptable range. Moreover, no employee had a carcinogenic risk level within the acceptable range when exposed to Cd. Also, 2.3% of individuals demonstrated Ni's acceptable carcinogenic risk level. Owing unacceptable risk levels, proper interventions are required to minimize occupational exposure to heavy metals. These interventions include optimizing shift schedules, using personal protective equipment, and conducting regular health assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this article we consider how people will live with the automated features of electric vehicles (EVs) in possible futures. We complicate dominant industry and government narratives which: envisage EVs as part of future fully automated systems - involving remote or wireless EV charging, vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home electricity systems; and see these moves as driving a transition to decarbonisation, renewable energy and environmental sustainability and planetary health. We argue instead that the roles of automation in people’s everyday lives with EVs in the present and possible futures are shaped by the particularities of life itself, and the places and localities in which it is experienced. Our research shows that how people live with automation is likely to pivot on everyday values of care and safety, and implies a future life where people remain in control of automated features, rather than signing up for fully automated systems. To understand the future of EV automation therefore, we must look to how people navigate such values and how they apply everyday creativity and innovation in possible, future contingent circumstances. To develop this we draw on our analysis of industry materials, online ethnography, documentary filmmaking and futures workshops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the use of air as a reactive gas in the sputtering deposition of N-doped TiO 2 -based bilayer, gradient, and multilayer thin films for photoelectrochemical evaluations. By merely adjusting the air/Ar flow ratio, crystalline phases, nitrogen doping contents, electrical properties, optical bandgaps, and valence band maximum (VBM) positions of N–TiO 2 films were tailored. The N–TiO 2 /TiN(O) bilayer on the glass substrates exhibited a peak photocurrent density of 776 μA cm−2 at an air/Ar ratio of 1.60, which may be due to suitable bandgap and carrier mobility of the TiO 2 overlayer as the bandgap was affected by the nitrogen content and rutile fraction in the TiO 2 overlayer. To further improve the performance of N–TiO 2 , stepwise and sequential gradient structures with gradient bandgaps and nitrogen contents were produced, which could reach photocurrent densities of 805 ± 4 and 837 ± 3 μA cm−2, respectively. The gradient structures lead to enhanced light absorption efficiency and reduce carrier recombination. The N–TiO 2 /TiN(O) multilayer structures were also designed and revealed the highest photocurrent density of 865 ± 7 μA cm−2. Such evident enhancement is mainly due to the thin conductive while translucent TiN(O) layers between the photoelectrochemical-active N–TiO 2 layers provide multiple low-impedance channels in enhancing carrier transport. [Display omitted] • N–TiO 2 -based bilayer, gradient, and multilayer films were made by air sputtering. • Enhancements of photocurrents were achieved via gradient and multilayer designs. • N–TiO 2 gradient films with N-gradients were produced by varying air/Ar ratios. • Multiple thin translucent TiN(O) films provide low-impedance paths in the multilayer. • Obtained highest photocurrent density was 865 ± 7 μA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epoxidation of olefins by substituting "air" for potentially harmful oxidants was achieved using an oxidation method that integrated a fluorous iron(III) salen catalyst derived from common metals and pivalaldehyde. Several aromatic disubstituted olefins were converted into their corresponding epoxides with high efficiency and quantitative yields. This reaction represents an environmentally friendly oxidation process that utilizes an abundant source of air and employs a readily available metal, iron, in the form of salen complexes, making it an environmentally conscious oxidation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

.In this study, we assessed the impact of satellite-based Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Air Temperature (AT) on covid-19. First, we spatio-temporally kriged the LST and applied bias correction. The epidemic shape, timing, and size were compared after and before adjusting for the predictors. Given the non-linear behavior of a pandemic, a semi-parametric regression model was used. In addition, the interaction effect between the predictors and season was assessed. Before adjusting for the predictors, the peak happened at the end of hot season. After adjusting, it was attenuated and slightly moved forward. Moreover, the Attributable Fraction (AF) and Peak to Trough Relative (PTR) were % 23 (95% CI; 15, 32) and 1.62 (95%CI; 1.34, 1.97), respectively. We found that temperature might have changed the seasonal variation of covid-19. However, given the large uncertainty after adjusting for the variables, it was hard to provide conclusive evidence in the region we studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is significant to develop a green ammonia preparation method for decreasing carbon emission. This work demonstrates a zero-carbon method for preparing ammonia feedstock consisting of a ratio of H 2 :N 2 ≥ 3:1 by direct electrolysis of air and steam as fuel gas through solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). Through adjusting the working current and proportion of air/steam, the ratio of H 2 and N 2 can be achieved to more than 4:1, and the fuel is pure enough to be used for synthesizing ammonia. The production rate of ammonia feedstock reaches 1.79 × 10−6 mol/ (cm2·s), and the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) reaches 69.30 %. A stable 100 h electrolysis operation is carried out to generate H 2 /N 2 required for ammonia production. This work provides a new efficient method for the synthesis of green ammonia. • One-step method to produce feedstock for green ammonia is developed. • H 2 :N 2 ≥ 3:1 is achieved by direct electrolysis of air/steam through solid oxide cells. • The ammonia production rate reached to 1.79 × 10−6 mol/ (cm2·s). • A stable operation is observed for 100 h as required for ammonia production. • Partial Ni oxidation near the fuel inlet is the main cause of cell degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomalous heat transfer enhancement in turbulent separated air flow over a long groove of moderate depth made in a plate inclined at an angle of 45° to the freestream is revealed both experimentally and numerically. The region under investigation includes a rectangle heated to 100°C by saturated water vapor. The Reynolds number varied from 103 to 3 × 104. Using the gradient heatmetry the twofold increase, as compared with the case of a flat plate, of the heat transfer coefficient on the groove bottom is established at the Reynolds number Re = 3 × 104. The relative Nusselt number in different regions of the groove is determined both in the physical experiment and in the RANS calculations with the application of multiblock computational technologies and the SST model in the VP2/3 software package. The results are in good agreement in the turbulent flow regime at Re = (5, 10, and 30) × 103. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: SARS-CoV-2 continues to impact human health globally, with airborne transmission being a significant mode of transmission. In addition to tools like vaccination and testing, countermeasures that reduce viral spread in indoor settings are critical. This study aims to assess the efficacy of UV-C light, utilizing the Violett sterilization device, as a countermeasure against airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the highly susceptible Golden Syrian hamster model. Methods: Two cohorts of naïve hamsters were subjected to airborne transmission from experimentally infected hamsters; one cohort was exposed to air treated with UV-C sterilization, while the other cohort was exposed to untreated air. Results: Treatment of air with UV-C light prevented the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the experimentally exposed hamster to naïve hamsters. Notably, this protection was sustained over a multi-day exposure period during peak viral shedding by hamsters. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UV-C light to mitigate against airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission. As variants continue to emerge, UV-C light holds promise as a tool for reducing infections in diverse indoor settings, ranging from healthcare facilities to households. This study reinforces the urgency of implementing innovative methods to reduce airborne disease transmission and safeguard public health against emerging biological threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Given the concern about the presence of microplastics in the air and settled dust, and the lack of a standard approach for their detection, it is necessary to investigate the methods and techniques used to study this type of pollution in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review the methods and techniques used for sampling, quantification, and characterization of microplastics in the air and settled dust in indoor and outdoor environments in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, the keywords Microplastic*, Air*, Atmosphere*, Dust, Indoor, Outdoor, Iran, and their corresponding Persian equivalents were searched until Dec 1, 2023, in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases. Obtained articles from the databases were analyzed in order to find the eligible ones. Results: Overall, 175 articles were found in the initial search, and after removing the duplicates and nonrelevant, 13 eligible articles were included in the study. In most of the studies, the samples were digested with H2 O2, and the microplastics were mainly analyzed using a variety of microscopes and µRaman spectroscopy. The abundance of microplastics in the indoor environment was much higher than in the outdoor environment. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there is the required equipment for the sampling and analysis of microplastics in air and settled dust in Iran, and these pollutants have been detected in both indoor and outdoor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of descent spacecrafts safety is closely related to the correct assessment of heat fluxes to their surface. This work is devoted to an experimental study of radiative heat fluxes that play an important role during the entry of a spacecraft into the Earth's atmosphere at superorbital velocity. The radiation properties of high-temperature air were measured in the detonation driven shock tube DDST-M at the gas pressure 0.25 Torr ahead of the shock wave in the shock wave velocity range from 7.7 to 11.4 km/s. The applied registration method fixates the time-integrated distribution of the radiation intensity of the shock heated air passing by the measuring cross section. The measurements were carried out in the spectral range from 190 to 1100 nm. Simultaneously, the evolution of the radiation power at certain wavelengths that are selected using monochromators was recorded. Time spectrograms at certain wave lengths make it possible to determine the effective process time that can be used to recalculate the measured integral radiation intensity to the radiation power that traditionally measures by 3-D spectroscopy method. A new spectral model is presented that performs a line-by-line calculation of the emission and absorption spectra of atoms and molecules. The experimental results are compared with the calculated data obtained using the spectral model, as well as data from other measurements. • Heat fluxes to spacecrafts surface. • New experimental data on the radiation of shock-heated air in in the spectral range from 190 to 1100 nm. • A new spectral model that performs a line-by-line calculation of the emission and absorption spectra of atoms and molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, municipalities deposit their urban solid waste (USW) in uncontrolled sites or sanitary landfills (SL); therefore, there is a need to improve their conditions and know the existing impact on air, water and soil. The elemental characterization of the leachate, soil and water was carried out, a sample of well water near the SL (1.5 km) and leachate was characterized physicochemically and microbiologically. Air quality and weather conditions were analyzed. The leachate has a high organic load, nitrogenous matter and chlorides, and a low BOD5/COD biodegradability index of 0. The concentration of air pollutants is within the permissible limits because it is an open area and the wind speed favors their dispersion. In the soil there are concentrations of retained metals that prevent their migration to groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The occurrence of COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international alarm was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020. The identified transmission path is due to direct close contact or via respirational droplets. There is uncertainty about other ways, such as transmission of surfaces, air, and other sources. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines to investigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus in environmental surfaces, water, wastewater, and air. Materials and Methods: In this study, we performed a systematic literature search in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Web of Science (ISI) databases in August 2022. The investigation on electronic databases resulted in a total of 2049 articles. A total of 249 potentially relevant were identified for full-text evaluation. Meanwhile, 30 articles were included in the synthesis. Results: According to four included studies, negative detection of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water is established. A laboratory study has shown that viable SARS-CoV-2 could be found in aerosols for about 3 h. Also, the virus can be found on dry surfaces, depending on the material of the surface, for 8 to 72 h. Our results showed it is possible to exciting SARS-CoVs in air, environmental surface, and wastewater. Conclusion: These results can help healthy policymakers make suitable assessments of main prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the two-dimensional modeling of the hydrodynamic instability of a detonation wave, which results in the formation of an oscillating cellular structure on the wave front. This cellular structure of the wave, unstable due to its origin, demonstrates the constant statistically averaged characteristics of the cell size. The suppression of detonation propagation in synthesis gas mixtures with air using a combustible inhibitor is studied numerically. Contrary to the majority of inhibitors being either inert substances, which do not take part in the chemical reaction, or take part in chemical reaction but do not contribute to energy release, the suggested inhibitor is also a fuel, which enters into an exothermic reaction with oxygen. The unsaturated hydrocarbon propylene additive is used as an inhibitor. The dependence of the effect of the inhibitor content on the mitigation of detonation for various conditions of detonation initiation is researched. The results make it possible to determine a critical percentage of inhibitor which prevents the occurrence of detonation and the critical percentage of inhibitor which destroys a developed detonation wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Monika Maron's Flugasche (1981)—the first novel from the GDR to deal with environmental issues—the poisoned atmosphere in the city of B. functions as an affective centre, around which emotions, actions and reactions of the main protagonist as well as of the other characters revolve. The journalist Josefa Nadler falls into the sphere of the environmental catastrophe and is overwhelmed by the atmospheric power of this meaningful situation. The corporeal experience of being exposed to subtle environmental violence, which has devastating consequences for the city of B. and debilitating effects on its inhabitants, evokes feelings such as fear, anger, shame and compassion. Moreover, it develops into a driving force for thoughts, decisions, commitment and resistance against the unfair air distribution, accompanied by a sense of powerlessness. The aim of the article is a re‐reading of the novel with a central focus on the largely non‐representational, affective and meteorological elemental spacetimes, which can not only be felt or bodily experienced but also designed or engineered in order to produce a certain time‐bound structure of feeling, for example, an oppressive climate of fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we reported a practical and metal‐free synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroindolizines using N‐alkyl pyridinium salts and electron‐deficient alkenes with ambient air as a sole oxidant. Interestingly, a halogen bond donor (penta‐fluoroiodobenzene 20 mol %) was successfully applied to promote this partial oxidation by slowing down the undesired decomposition processes, probably because of the formation of a halogen‐bonded adduct. Moreover, the C1 position of 2,3‐dihydroindolizines was utilized as a good nucleophile for nucleophilic aromatic substitution with 4‐iodo‐1‐methylpyridin‐1‐ium trifluoromethanesulfonate as electrophile and provided a new‐type dipyridinium compound effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of UO2 and UN by atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen hemioxide, which is a hard-to-localize greenhouse gas, was investigated by thermal analysis. For oxidation, mixtures of N2O–N2 and O2–N2 were used with a 20% volume fraction of the oxidizing agent. For UO2 and UN, the phase composition of the final oxidation product in air and in N2O is the same―U3O8. In both cases, N2O behaves as a milder oxidizing agent compared to atmospheric oxygen. Oxidation of UO2 and UN in an N2O flow starts at a temperature 180 and 70°C higher than in air, respectively. The oxidation of UN in an N2O flow proceeds in three stages. At the first stage, the reaction products are UO2 and U2N3; UO2 is the product of the second stage; and at the third stage U3O8 is produced. No pronounced staging is observed in the UO2 oxidation process. The possibility of utilizing nitrogen hemioxide when it is used in the course of voloxidation (oxidation) of spent nuclear fuel is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under water laser ablation is a surface texturization method used to form micrometer-sized surface structures. Plasma confinement and cavitation bubble evolution play a critical role during the ablation process and their influence on material removal is strongly tied to liquid layer thickness. To influence the effects of these processes, such that material removal is at its maximum, an optimal layer thickness was found for various laser parameters. Specifically, for nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of stainless steel, however, the relation between layer thickness and volume removal is still unknown. Here, we show the relation between water layer thickness and removed material volume for a nanosecond pulsed laser. Results reveal that volume removal is at its maximum for a 1 mm water layer and drops by a factor of 2 when the layer thickness is increased to 2 mm. A further increase of layer thickness to 3 up to 10 mm shows a negligible effect on volume removal and removed volume amounts are shown to be similar to those obtained in ambient air in this water layer thickness range. This trend echo's results obtained for nanosecond pulsed silicon ablation. The obtained results identify processing conditions which allow for faster and therefore more cost efficient texturization of stainless steel surfaces in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glow of a nanosecond diffuse discharge between two tips with high spatial resolution has been studied. At atmospheric air pressure, as well as at pressures of 300, 100, and 30 Torr, a large number of thin luminous tracks, starting from the region of bright spots on the electrodes, have been discovered. It is shown that the shape of the tracks changes from straight lines to winding ones, and the direction of their movement in some cases changes to the opposite. It is shown that, under conditions of the formation of thin luminous tracks, the bands of the second positive nitrogen system dominate in the emission spectrum of diffuse plasma with a sharply inhomogeneous electric field and nanosecond duration of the voltage pulse. Using an ICCD camera, it has been shown that no emission of the tracks is detected during the first tens of nanoseconds against the background of wide streamers and a diffuse discharge. A hypothesis has been put forward to explain the appearance of numerous tracks during air breakdown in a nonuniform electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To describe longitudinal changes in patients with non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR) by utilizing different diagnostic modalities/tests. Methods: The index study is a retrospective longitudinal review of sixteen eyes of eight patients from a tertiary care eye hospital diagnosed with npAIR. Multiple diagnostic modalities such as wide-angle fundus photography (WAFP), WA fundus autofluorescence (WAFAF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), Goldmann visual field (GVF) perimetry, microperimetry (MP), electrophysiologic testing, and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) were reviewed and analyzed. Results: At the baseline visits, anomalies were detected by multimodal diagnostic tests on all patients. Subjects were followed up for a median duration of 11.5 [3.0–18.7] months. Structural changes at the baseline were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on WAFP and WAFAF and 13 of 16 (81.2%) eyes on SD-OCT. Eight of the ten (80%) eyes that underwent AOSLO imaging depicted structural changes. Functional changes were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on GVF, 15 of 16 (93.7%) eyes on MP, and 11 of 16 (68.7%) eyes on full-field electroretinogram (ff-ERG). Multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) tests were performed in 14 eyes, of which 12 (85.7%) and 14 (100%) of the eyes demonstrated functional abnormalities, respectively, at baseline. Compared to all the other structural diagnostic tools, AOSLO had a better ability to demonstrate deterioration in retinal microstructures occurring at follow-ups. Functional deterioration at follow-up was detected on GVF in 8 of 10 (80%) eyes, mf-ERG in 4 of 8 (50%) eyes, and MP in 7 of 16 (43.7%) eyes. The ff-ERG and VEP were stable in the majority of cases at follow-up. Conclusions: The utilization of multimodal imaging/tests in the diagnosing and monitoring of npAIR patients can aid in identifying anomalous changes over time. Analysis of both the anatomical and functional aspects by these devices can be supportive of detecting the changes early in such patients. AOSLO shows promise as it enables the capture of high-resolution images demonstrating quantifiable changes to retinal microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbopumps in reusable and low-cost liquid rocket engines require compact and simple hydrostatic (i.e., externally pressurized) bearings to support large static and dynamic loads at high shaft speeds with no bearing DN (diameter in millimeters times rpm) life limitation. Hydrostatic bearings are one of the key mechanical components for cryogenic turbopumps to improve their reliability and reusability. Hydrostatic bearings offer significantly enhanced durability with very low friction and wear while providing accurate rotor positioning as well as large load and static stiffness characteristics even working with low-viscosity liquids. This work measures static load characteristics of hydrostatic journal bearings in air (25 °C), water (from 25 °C to 70 °C), and liquid nitrogen (-197 °C). Air, water, and liquid nitrogen are used as test fluids for the test bearing to evaluate the effects of fluid properties and temperatures on the bearing performance. A complete set of applied static load, bearing eccentricity, and bearing supply pressure for each test fluid (i.e., air, water, and liquid nitrogen) is presented for the test hydrostatic bearing. Measurements show that the applied static load on the test bearing significantly affects the recorded journal eccentricity ratio, bearing flow rate, and bearing static stiffnesses. Predictions are in good agreement with measurements. The predictable performance of hydrostatic journal bearings in air, water, and liquid nitrogen can further their application in various cryogenic turbopumps for liquid rocket engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Red deer farming in New Zealand has increased in intensity, increasing the emissions to water and air. Outdoor wintering systems pose a significant threat to water quality through sediment loss and nitrate leaching. Changing wintering systems to bring animals indoors shifts emphasis to greenhouse-gas emissions. Aims: To investigate the relative potential emissions to water and air when red deer are wintered outdoors on forage crops or indoors on supplements. Methods: The impacts of wintering red deer on forage or indoors were calculated for five farms, involving 32 herds containing 2167 deer over 2 years, in southern New Zealand. Animal classes included weaners, hinds and stags. Potential losses to water included sediment, nitrogen and phosphorous, while losses to air included methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia. Losses to air were calculated using current New Zealand greenhouse-gas inventory calculations and revised calculations recognising published forage, soil and bedding emissions factors not yet included in the inventory. Key results: Calculated outdoor winter feed intake was 9.5% greater than indoor measured feed intake. The average herd size of 115 deer wintered indoors for an average of 87 days would have needed 1.8 ha of winter forage crop. Potential losses of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated to be 5362, 106 and 5.2 kg per herd respectively, if wintered on crop. Total greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions calculated using current inventory emission factors were higher if deer grazed a forage crop than when wintered indoors (2.58 vs 2.41 kg CO2-e/head/day respectively). When revised emission factors were used, indoor wintering produced greater GHG emissions than did wintering outdoors (2.61 vs 2.28 kg CO2-e/head/day respectively). Implications: Variability may occur both in contaminant loss to water and emissions to air. Trade-offs between the two need to be recognised in decision-making. As the science of GHG develops, the relative ranking of different systems may change. Changing wintering systems for farmed deer from outdoors to bring animals indoors shifts emphasis from water-quality impacts to greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. Impacts of wintering red deer on forage or indoors were calculated for five farms, involving 32 herds containing 2167 deer over 2 years, in southern New Zealand. Total GHG emissions were higher if deer grazed a forage crop than when wintered indoors, although being lower when emission factors were revised to reflect lower GHG losses when grazing brassicas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of carbon dioxide flow in the territory of section No. 5 of the Eurasian Carbon Polygon (Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan). The gas analyzer Sniffer4D V2.0 (manufactured in Shenzhen, China) with an installed CO2 sensor, quadrocopter DJI MATRICE 300 RTK (manufactured in Shenzhen, China) were used as control devices. The studies were carried out on a clear autumn day in conditions of green vegetation and on a frosty November day with snow cover. Statistical characteristics of experimental data arrays are calculated. Studies of the influence of temperature, humidity of atmospheric air on the current value of CO2 have been carried out. Graphs of the distribution of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmospheric air of section No. 5 on autumn and winter days were obtained. It has been established that when building a model of CO2 in the air, the parameters of the process of deposition by green vegetation should be considered. It was found that in winter, an increase in air humidity contributes to a decrease in gas concentration. At an ambient temperature of 21 °C, an increase in humidity leads to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Supplemental oxygen (SO) potentiates opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) in experiments on healthy volunteers. Our objective was to examine the relationship between SO and OIRD in patients on surgical units. Methods: This post-hoc analysis utilized a portion of the observational PRediction of Opioid-induced respiratory Depression In patients monitored by capnoGraphY (PRODIGY) trial dataset (202 patients, two trial sites), which involved blinded continuous pulse oximetry and capnography monitoring of postsurgical patients on surgical units. OIRD incidence was determined for patients receiving room air (RA), intermittent SO, or continuous SO. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, with a Poisson distribution, a log-link function and time of exposure as offset, were used to compare the incidence of OIRD when patients were receiving SO vs RA. Results: Within the analysis cohort, 74 patients were always on RA, 88 on intermittent and 40 on continuous SO. Compared with when on RA, when receiving SO patients had a higher risk for all OIRD episodes (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–5.1), apnea episodes (IRR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5–5.2), and bradypnea episodes (IRR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.9). Patients with high or intermediate PRODIGY scores had higher IRRs of OIRD episodes when receiving SO, compared with RA (IRR 4.5, 95% CI 2.2–9.6 and IRR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9, for high and intermediate scores, respectively). Conclusions: Despite oxygen desaturation events not differing between SO and RA, SO may clinically promote OIRD. Clinicians should be aware that postoperative patients receiving SO therapy remain at increased risk for apnea and bradypnea. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02811302, registered June 23, 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of environment gas and working pressure of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy from ZnO: Al composite target (AZO) enhanced by an external magnetic field on the magnetized characteristics and emission spectra of plasma were investigated. The plasma was induced by a Q-switched nanosecond Nd: YAG laser at a constant pulse laser energy of 300 mJ at different pressures of 0.08, 0.2, 0.4, and 760 Torr in air and argon gas. The atomic and ionic emission lines increased in intensity directly with the working pressure. The plasma temperature (Te) and electron number density (ne) were determined at the different environmental conditions according to the intensity-ration method, and Stark broadening effect, respectively. Both ne and Te increased with increasing pressure and with the presence of magnetic field as a result of confining effect. The line profile appeared with high broadening at atmospheric pressure compared with vacuumed plasma. The Larmur radius and confinement factor β increased with working pressure. From another hand, using Ar instead of air caused slightly reduced ne at low pressure, while Te has the opposite behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integral and temporal spectral characteristics of shock-heated air are measured in the shock wave velocity range from 7.35 to 10.4 km/s at the pressure ahead of the shock front p0 = 0.25 Torr. The experiments are carried out on the DDST-M shock-wave setup of the Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University. The radiation wave range λ = 600–1100 nm is studied; it corresponds to the visible and near infrared spectral ranges, where the main contribution to the radiation is made by the atomic lines of nitrogen and oxygen. The integral-in-time radiation spectrograms obtained in the experiments are analyzed. The distinctive features of the time oscillograms are defined for the most typical atomic lines of the spectrum. The measurement data are compared with the experimental data of other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of measuring the luminescence of ambient air and solutions of an organic compound during their irradiation with a high-current pulsed electron beam with an average energy of Ee = 170 keV and a duration of 2 ns, generated by the RADAN-303 accelerator, are presented. It is shown that, under such exposure, the transformation of dissolved bisphenol A occurs, which is accompanied by an increase in the absorption coefficient of the solution in the wavelength range of more than 300 nm and, as a consequence, a decrease in the intensity of air luminescence bands with an increase in the number of irradiation pulses. The results showed the degradation of the BPA solution to complete decomposition under the action of an electron beam treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetophenone is a reagent used in various consumer products, including fragrance chemicals in toys and childcare products. Contact with acetophenone-containing materials can harm human health, and therefore acetophenone migration levels should be controlled. A new procedure for the quantification of acetophenone migrated to air and water from toys and school supplies using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection is proposed. The optimal combination of acetophenone response and its relative standard deviations was achieved for air samples after 10-min extraction at 25°C and for water samples after the addition of 3.5 g of salt, agitation/preincubation at 500 rpm for 5 min at 60°C, and 20-min extraction by polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fiber. The developed procedure provided linear calibration with R2 > 0.996 at 1–50 µg/m3 in air and 1–20 µg/L in water, and low limits of detection and quantification of acetophenone in the air (0.01, 0.04 µg/m3) and water (0.01, 0.03 µg/L). Spike recoveries of acetophenone were 109–116% for air and 90–111% for water. Acetophenone concentrations migrated from toys and school supplies into the air ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 µg/m3, except for eraser type II (9.7 µg/m3) which exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by 3.2 times. Acetophenone concentrations migrated to water were 1.3–3.5 µg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of extended air‐drying time on the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of universal adhesives to enamel. Materials and Methods: The distal and mesial specimens from third molars were wet‐ground and randomly assigned to three groups according to adhesives tested (n = 60): Clearfil Bond Universal, Gluma Bond Universal, and G‐Premio Bond. The adhesives were applied in etch‐and‐rinse or self‐etch modes, followed by air‐drying for 5, 15, or 25 s. Composite buildups were constructed and subjected to the MSBS test after 24‐h or thermocycling. MSBS results were evaluated using a four‐way ANOVA. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the degree of solvent evaporation were further evaluated. Results: At 24‐h, MSBS of G‐Premio Bond significantly improved with the 25 s air‐drying in both of the etching modes when compared to the 5 s air‐drying. After thermocycling, the extended air‐drying did not produce a significant difference on the MSBS, regardless of the application strategy. Extended air‐drying (25 s) evaporated almost all of the volatile part of Gluma Bond Universal and G‐Premio Bond. Conclusions: Extended air‐drying times increased solvent evaporation but did not contribute to the bonding effectiveness of the adhesives, regardless of the etching mode. Clinical Significance: Air‐drying applications for more than 5 s had no significant effect on enamel bonding performance of universal adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of shock and detonation waves propagating in gaseous two-fuel CH 4 / H 2 /air mixtures and heterogeneous three-fuel CH 4 / H 2 /air/coal mixtures with the mean bulk density of the coal dust suspension equal to 95 - 560 g/m 3 and with a particle size of 0 - 200 μ m is performed. The experiments are conducted in a vertical shock tube with a length of 6.75 m and a diameter of 70 mm. The detonation parameters measured in the experiments are compared with the calculated equilibrium thermodynamic values. It is found that the detonation wave parameters are mainly affected by methane and hydrogen rather than by the coal dust suspension. Decaying shock waves are as dangerous as detonation waves because blast wave reflections can initiate detonation. An increase in the hydrogen fraction in the mixture decreases the energy of initiation of CH 4 / H 2 /air and CH 4 / H 2 /air/coal mixtures, resulting in a greater hazard for the generation of shock and detonation waves in these mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrates, this study evaluated a new process for extracting copper using iodized solutions and sulfuric acid diluted in seawater without pressure or high temperatures. The work involved a leaching test carried out under various conditions by varying the concentrations of chloride ions, H2SO4, and an evenly distributed oxygen supply in an aeration system. It was demonstrated that Cl− ion addition could promote the chalcopyrite-leaching process. The leaching efficiency of copper reached 70% after 96 h. However, a chloride ion dosage excess can have the opposite effect on extraction, reducing copper recovery. XRD and SEM-EDS results showed that cuprous chloride (CuCl) was formed at high dosages (>0.5 M); meanwhile, at a lower dosage, elemental sulfur (S) was formed in the presence of sulfuric acid solution and seawater medium. In contrast, in an aerated system, surface roughness markedly increased due to continuous oxidation on the surface of the ore. This change in morphology and the high value of the redox potential, given by the aerated system and the acidic environment, allowed copper recovery of up to 70% after 96 h. The results showed that an aerated system is the most effective factor in chalcopyrite concentrate leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport characteristics of water, air, and oxygen are unclear in drip irrigation systems with micro-nano bubble water, limiting its application in the field of agriculture. This study improved the method of collecting and measuring water and air flowing from an emitter on a drip irrigation system with micro-nano bubble water. The flow rate of water and air was calculated for the emitter at the beginning, middle, and end of the drip tubing. In addition, the dissolved oxygen concentration of the same emitter samples was measured. Then the transport characteristics of water, air, and dissolved oxygen along the drip tubing were analyzed. The uniformity of water, air, and dissolved oxygen for the whole pipe system was calculated. The influence of air intake rate (set by micro nano bubble machine) and system operating pressure on the transport characteristics and uniformity of water, air, and dissolved oxygen was analyzed. The results showed that the micro-nano bubbles had no significant effects on the water flow rate and uniformity (P<0.05), with the average water flow rate and uniformity remaining not less than 1.97 L/h (rated flow of 2.0 L/h) and 96.02%, respectively. The influence of air intake rate and operation pressure on the average air flow rate reached a significant level (P<0.05), as well as the interaction between other factors and operation pressure, while the influence of emitter position on the average outflow flow rate did not reach a significant level (P<0.05).Within a moderate operating pressure range (0.10-0.18 MPa), the average airflow rate and uniformity ranged from 0.13-0.23 L/h and 85.50%-92.41%, respectively, increasing and decreasing with the air intake rate increasing. At high or low operating pressures (0.22, 0.06 MPa), individual emitters in the middle of the drip pipe had abnormally high air flow rates, greatly reducing the air flow uniformity while increasing the average air flow rate of the drip irrigation system. The dissolved oxygen concentration of the drip irrigation system with the micro-nano bubble water was greatly higher than that of tap water. Its mean value increased a little bit along the drip tubing. And there was a single-peak variation trend with the increase in the air intake rate. The drip emitter position, air intake rate, operation pressure, and the interaction between the latter two had significant effects on the mean value of dissolved oxygen concentration for the whole pipe system(P<0.05). When an air intake rate of 1.5 L/min was combined with an operation pressure of 0.14 MPa, the average dissolved oxygen of the drip irrigation system reached the highest of 14.45 mg/L. Taking into account the transport effects of water flow, airflow, and dissolved oxygen, the optimal operating parameters for a drip irrigation system with micro-nano bubble water were determined to be an air intake rate of 1.5 L/min and an operation pressure of 0.14 MPa. The suitable operation pressure range was 0.10- 0.18 MPa and the air intake rate range was 1.5-2.4 L/min according to the airflow uniformity>85% and the average dissolved oxygen>12 mg/L. This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific operation of drip irrigation systems with micro-nano bubble water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we introduce a new method for intraoperative control of air leak using a free pericardial fat pad covering to lung damage with sutureless fixation. We covered the damaged lung tissue with a free pericardial fat pad with a polyglycol acid sheet and fibrin glue fixation. This method provides a good air leak controlling effect with the use of a free pericardial fat pad and relatively short operative time with sutureless fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We performed air and surface sampling in patients with COVID-19 on respiratory support. • Higher viral load on the day of sampling was associated with positive air samples. • High-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation are not riskier than nasal cannula. • Fixed items and linen items are prone to environmental contamination. We compared the risk of environmental contamination among patients with COVID-19 who received high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and conventional oxygen therapy (COT) via nasal cannula for respiratory failure. Air was sampled from the hospital isolation rooms with 12 air changes/hr where 26 patients with COVID-19 received HFNC (up to 60 l/min, n = 6), NIV (n = 6), or COT (up to 5 l/min of oxygen, n = 14). Surface samples were collected from 16 patients during air sampling. Viral RNA was detected at comparable frequency in air samples collected from patients receiving HFNC (3/54, 5.6%), NIV (1/54, 1.9%), and COT (4/117, 3.4%) (P = 0.579). Similarly, the risk of surface contamination was comparable among patients receiving HFNC (3/46, 6.5%), NIV (14/72, 19.4%), and COT (8/59, 13.6%) (P = 0.143). An increment in the cyclic thresholds of the upper respiratory specimen prior to air sampling was associated with a reduced SARS-CoV-2 detection risk in air (odds ratio 0.83 [95% confidence interval 0.69-0.96], P = 0.027) by univariate logistic regression. No increased risk of environmental contamination in the isolation rooms was observed in the use of HFNC and NIV vs COT among patients with COVID-19 with respiratory failure. Higher viral load in the respiratory samples was associated with positive air samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Toluene, is usually present in gasoline, thinner, and other petroleum products and is one of the volatile organic compounds that causes air pollution and adverse health effects. The aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of toluene removal from the air by photocatalytic method using foam glass coated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, a glass chamber was used as a closed space. A quartz tube filled by glass foam coated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles was used as air filter. The air filter was placed inside the chamber and an air suction pump was connected to it and a UV lamp was installed next to the air filter. Toluene was injected into the chamber. The contaminated air was passed through the filter and circulated in the chamber. Air samples were taken from the chamber and concentration of toluene was analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. Results: Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed that the average diameter of pores in glass foam was 6 nm and the specific surface area of foam glass was 36 m² /g. The SEM images confirmed coating of titanium dioxide on the surface of glass foam. Toluene removal without UV irradiation was 46%, 40%, and 37%, for 18.5, 37, and 55.5 mg/m3, respectively in 2 hour contact time, but in the presence of UV radiation the toluene removal was 100%, 95%, and 90%, respectively in contact time of 80 min. The kinetics of toluene decomposition was pseudo first order. Conclusion: Glass foam can be used as a photocatalyst stabilization base to remove BTEX from the air. This is a suitable method in removing volatile organic compounds from the air in closed spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although transmitted mainly through direct (sexual) contact, mpox virus (MPXV) can be detected in ambient air. We explored the use of air sampling for diagnosis or (genomic) surveillance of mpox in a sexual health clinic. For six out of six patients who were infected with MPXV, all four of our ambient air PCR tests were positive. For 14 uninfected patients, PCR was positive in three ambient air samples, albeit with higher cycle threshold (Ct) values. Genomic sequencing of samples from two positive patients showed matching sequences between air and clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]