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International audience; Des imposants tracteurs connectés aux capteurs électroniques presque invisibles, le numérique s’invite de plus en plus dans les fermes, sous diverses formes. Il offre différents services pour améliorer l’efficacité de l’utilisation des ressources et renforcer la résilience des exploitations (santé animale et du sol, protection de la biodiversité, collecte d’informations). Son usage peut aussi contribuer à la création de connaissances et à la gouvernance collective de ces ressources.Une partie des agriculteurs voient toutefois d’un mauvais œil cette incursion croissante du numérique dans leurs champs. Le 9 février 2022, après la parution du volet agricole du plan de relance du gouvernement, la Direction départementale des territoires de la Drôme a été occupée par des collectifs d’agriculteurs contestant les 3 axes énoncés dans le plan par l’ancien ministre de l’Agriculture, Julien Denormandie, pour l’avenir de l’agriculture : le numérique, la robotique et la génétique.Car, si elle est souvent présentée comme une solution face aux enjeux environnementaux – par exemple pour réduire l’usage des intrants – « l’agriculture 4.0 » pourrait aussi rendre le secteur tout autant voire plus polluant qu’auparavant.

L’article présente une réflexion sur la question du temps dans les processus de migration et mise au travail des travailleurs et travailleuses détachés dans l’agriculture intensive. Nous proposons d’analyser le rapport entre les temporalités imposées aux détachés pour répondre aux besoins productifs et leurs conduites temporelles. Il s’agit de comprendre comment les personnes détachées vivent ces temporalités, mais aussi comment elles se les réapproprient et/ou les contournent afin de les articuler aux espaces-temps de la reproduction sociale. Notre recherche s’appuie sur une enquête qualitative menée auprès des ouvriers et ouvrières mis à disposition des exploitants par des agences d’intérim espagnoles dans trois départements du sud de la France (Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse et Gard). L’analyse, structurée autour des parcours migratoires, du système du détachement et des temps sociaux, nous permet (1) de saisir les effets des politiques migratoires sur les parcours des saisonniers dans les temps longs ; (2) de retracer des stratégies de dépassement des temporalités imposées, qui amènent à l’installation et à l’emploi direct ; (3) d’identifier les tentatives de « faire communauté » à travers des initiatives commerciales et récréatives collectives développées dans les temps libres. This paper explores the issue of time in migration and the employment processes of posted workers in intensive agriculture. We propose to analyze the relationship between the temporalities imposed by the posting of workers to meet productive needs and posted workers temporal behavior. This will enable us to understand how they experience these temporalities, but also how they circumvent them in order to articulate the spaces-time of social reproduction. Our research is based on a qualitative survey on posted workers provided by Spanish employment agencies in three departments of the South of France (Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse and Gard). The analysis is structured around migratory paths, posted work system and social times. Thus we are able (1) to understand the effects of migration policies on seasonal workers’ long-term career paths ; (2) to chart strategies for overcoming the time restrictions of posted work mobilty, which lead to settlement and direct employment ; (3) to identify attempts of “community building” through commercial and collective leisure activities developed by migrant workers. El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la dimensión temporal de los procesos de migración y de empleo de trabajadores desplazados en la agricultura intensiva. El texto propone analizar la relación entre las temporalidades impuestas a los trabajadores para satisfacer las necesidades de producción y sus comportamientos temporales. El objetivo es entender cómo estos trabajadores experimentan dichas temporalidades, pero también cómo se las reapropian y/o eluden para articularlas al espacio-tiempo de la reproducción social. Nuestra investigación se basa en una investigación cualitativa realizada con trabajadores y trabajadoras puestos a disposición de los agricultores por empresas de trabajo temporal españolas en tres departamentos del sur de Francia (Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse y Gard). El análisis, estructurado alrededor de los itinerarios migratorios, del sistema de desplazamiento y del tiempo social, permite: (1) captar los efectos a largo plazo de las políticas migratorias en los itinerarios de los temporeros; (2) frente a las temporalidades impuestas, rastrear las estrategias superadoras de los trabajadores, conducentes al establecimiento y al empleo directo; (3) identificar los intentos de “hacer comunidad”, especialmente a través de iniciativas comerciales y recreativas colectivas desarrolladas en el tiempo libre.

International audience; Over the last few years, intensive agriculture has often been denounced as a source of negative effects, particularly at the environmental and health level (overexploitation of natural resources, degradation of their quality, appearance and development of several diseases, etc.). Reducing the excessive use of agricultural inputs for the protection of the environment and the preservation of human and animal health is a social requirement nowadays. Investing in more sustainable agricultural models which make it possible to reduce, or even eliminate the risks, has become urgent. A possible solution may be to resort to agroecological systems. In order to be sustainable, these new systems must be performant at the agronomic, economic, social, and environmental levels. There is a multitude of tools for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems. These tools are inappropriate for organic and agroecological systems, and do not make it possible to measure the agroecological transition performance of farms (Trabelsi et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:139–156, 2016; Trabelsi 2017). This research project aims to design a decision support tool in order to help farms throughout the agroecological transition process, to assess the performance of this transition, and to put forward improvement scenarios. Contrary to other assessment methods, ESSIMAGE (Evaluation and Simulation of Agroecological Systems) is based on both pressure and impact indicators, and takes the specificities of agricultural production systems into account. It is a dynamic tool which not only makes it possible to assess farm performance at the present moment but also to consider the future by putting forward possible alternative improvement scenarios and by simulating their consequences at a later stage. ESSIMAGE is based on the interaction of two elements: agro-environmental, social, and economic indicators, and the GIS (Geographic Information System) software. This tool has been tested as part of a CASDAR “Post-MAET Gimone” (agriculture.gouv.fr/ministere/mobilisation-collective-pour-lagroecologie.) project on the subject of “Collective mobilization for agroecology” by using farm data, most of the farms having been involved in an agro-environmental measure for the progressive reduction of phytosanitary treatments since 2008. It has made it possible to compare the agroecological performances of these farms with an optimal situation, as well as with each other. Considering the research objectives and the approaches discussed, this study is an original step in the development of agricultural management strategies in favor of agroecology.

International audience; This paper explores the issue of time in migration and the employment processes of posted workers in intensive agriculture. We propose to analyze the relationship between the temporalities imposed by the posting of workers to meet productive needs and posted workers temporal behavior. This will enable us to understand how they live these temporalities, but also how they circumvent them in order to articulate the spaces-time of social reproduction. Our research is based on a qualitative survey on posted workers provided by Spanish employment agencies in three departments of the South of France (Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse and Gard). The analysis is structured around migratory paths, posted work system and social times. This has made possible (1) to understand the effects of migration policies on seasonal workers' long-term career paths; (2) to trace strategies for overcoming the time restrictions of posted work mobilty, which lead to settlement and direct employment; (3) to identify attempts of "community building'' through commercial and collective leisure activities developed by migrant workers.; L’article présente une réflexion sur la question du temps dans les processus de migration et mise au travail des travailleurs et travailleuses détachés dans l’agriculture intensive. Nous proposons d’analyser le rapport entre les temporalités imposées aux détachés pour répondre aux besoins productifs et leurs conduites temporelles. Il s'agit de comprendre comment les personnes détachées vivent ces temporalités, mais aussi comment elles se les réapproprient et/ou les contournent afin de les articuler aux espace-temps de la reproduction sociale. Notre recherche s’appuie sur une enquête qualitative menée auprès des ouvriers et ouvrières mis à disposition des exploitants par des agences d’intérim espagnoles dans trois départements du Sud de la France (Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse et Gard). L’analyse, structurée autour des parcours migratoires, du système du détachement et des temps sociaux, nous permet (1) de saisir les effets des politiques migratoires sur les parcours des saisonniers dans les temps longs ; (2) de retracer des stratégies de dépassement des temporalités imposées, qui amènent à l’installation et à l’emploi direct ; (3) d’identifier les tentatives de « faire communauté » à travers des initiatives commerciales et récréatives collectives développées dans les temps hors-travail.

Au XVIIe siècle, Rubens, Vermeer, Rembrandt et bien d'autres utilisaient le bois de chêne de la Baltique, le lin ou le chanvre de Silésie, le pastel de Toulouse, l'indigo des Indes… Chaque oeuvre était " une surface réduite où convergeaient des routes sillonnant le monde entier ", nous dit Benoit Daviron, l'auteur de ce livre. La grandeur de la peinture hollandaise témoigne de la capacité du pays à s'approvisionner en produits de biomasse lointaine, cette matière composée ou issue du vivant. La quête de la biomasse d'un ailleurs lointain écrira l'histoire des trois siècles suivants. Avant que, au XIXe, l'exploitation des énergies fossiles – la biomasse du passé – ne métamorphose les rapports à la biomasse immédiate. C'est une autre histoire, et une économie de l'agriculture plus vaste et plus globale, que Benoit Daviron nous propose. L'agriculture n'y est pas seulement alimentaire, ni la seule à fournir la biomasse. Comment, avant et après les énergies fossiles, les sociétés européennes ont-elles maîtrisé la distance et mobilisé le travail pour satisfaire leurs besoins croissants ? Quelles conséquences pour le reste du monde ? Au fil des périodes, nous découvrons que la capacité à mobiliser énergie et matière, et en particulier le vivant, est le miroir de la richesse et de la puissance du pays leader de son temps. Nous voyons se préciser les contours de l'agriculture dite naguère moderne, et aujourd'hui "conventionnelle" et le rôle central qu'a joué l'industrie chimique dans sa genèse. Cette lecture modifie nos interrogations sur l'avenir. Et, si le prochain leader est asiatique, quel rapport à la biomasse annonce-t-il ? S'appuyant sur une littérature abondante, Benoit Daviron nous présente une synthèse au-delà des frontières disciplinaires, dans laquelle se dessine une histoire longue, communique et politique, de la biomasse. S'il vise prioritairement enseignants, chercheurs et étudiants en agronomie et en économie agricole, ce livre intéressera les historiens et économistes, et aussi un public curieux des questions agricoles et alimentaires, de leurs enjeux passés et à venir.

This paper seeks to explain the emergence of South African inclusive agricultural business models in relation to the land reform policy. We demonstrate that in South Africa such policy instruments linking small-scale and large-scale farmers respond to endogenous dynamics linked to the failure of its land reform policy. We study the land reform policy change induced by its policy instruments. Indeed, introducing the market as the preferred means to implement land reform caused unanticipated side effects, creating constant pressure for change that such inadequate instrument exerted on the set policy objectives during the first phase of policy implementation. After cohabitating uneasily with rather antagonistic policy goals, policy instruments ultimately led to a change in policy objectives, shifting from supporting small-scale black subsistence agriculture to targeting a class of emerging farmers committed to commercial agriculture. Inclusive Business Model's policy instruments were subsequently identified as the best fit to achieve the re-adjusted policy goal.

Cette contribution a pour objectif de montrer que les conflits jouent un rôle essentiel dans les processus de gouvernance territoriale de l’environnement. Elle s’appuie sur l’étude de cas du bassin versant du lac de Tota, plus grand lac de Colombie, aujourd’hui menacé par le développement de plusieurs activités économiques, et en particulier par la culture intensive de la ciboule. Dans un contexte de surexploitation et de pollution de l’eau du lac, on assiste depuis quelques années à l’exacerbation de conflits environnementaux entre des acteurs dont les intérêts divergents s’affirment un peu plus chaque jour : communautés rurales, autorités environnementales, association environnementale (Montecito). Révélateurs des mutations profondes de ce territoire, ces conflits vont contribuer à la prise en compte des problèmes environnementaux et permettre aux différents acteurs d’infléchir des décisions. Toutefois, la mise en place de nouvelles formes de coordination entre ces acteurs reste encore une importante source d’oppositions. En témoigne la concurrence entre deux structures de gouvernance (Mesa de trabajo Permanente et Consejo de Cuenca) qui met en lumière les rapports de pouvoir entre les pouvoirs publics et la société civile. The purpose of this work is to show that conflicts play an essential role in the processes of territorial environmental governance. It is based on the case study of the watershed of Lake Tota, the largest lake in Colombia, which is now threatened by the development of several economic activities, and in particular by the intensive cultivation of spring onion. In a context of overexploitation and pollution of the lake's water, environmental conflicts have been exacerbating in recent years between actors the different interests assert themselves a little more each day: rural communities, environmental authorities, environmental associations (Montecito). Revealing the profound changes in this territory, these conflicts will help to take into account environmental problems and allow the various actors to influence decisions. However, the introduction of new forms of coordination between these actors remains an important source of opposition. This is evidenced by the competition between two governance structures (Mesa de trabajo Permanente and Consejo de Cuenca) which highlights the power relations between public authorities and civil society. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo mostrar que los conflictos juegan un rol esencial en los procesos de gobernanza territorial del ambiente. Se apoya en el estudio de caso de la cuenca hidrográfica del lago de Tota, el más grande de Colombia, actualmente amenazado por el desarrollo de varias actividades económicas, particularmente por el cultivo intensivo de cebolla larga. En un contexto de sobrexplotación y de contaminación del lago, se observa, después de algunos años, la intensificación de conflictos ambientales entre los actores, donde los distintos intereses se afirman un poco más cada día: comunidades rurales, autoridades ambientales, asociación ambiental (Montecito). Se observa que estos conflictos no son eventos únicamente negativos, pues son también una plataforma para tomar la palabra. Revelador de los profundos cambios en este territorio, estos conflictos van a contribuir a la toma en cuenta de problemas ambientales y permitir a los diferentes actores influir en las decisiones. Sin embargo, la introducción de nuevas formas de coordinación entre estos actores sigue siendo una importante fuente de oposición. Esto se pone en relieve en la competencia entre dos estructuras de gobernanza (Mesa de trabajo Permanente y Consejo de Cuenca) que destaca las relaciones de poder entre los poderes públicos y la sociedad civil.

Since the 1960s, research has dealt with agricultural intensification (AI) as a solution to ensure global food security. Recently, sustainable intensification (SI) has increasingly been used to describe those agricultural and farming systems that ensure adequate ecosystem service provision. Studies differ in terms of the application scales and methodologies, thus we aim to summarize the main findings from the literature on how AI and SI are assessed, from the farm to global levels. Our literature review is based on 7865 papers selected from the Web of Science database and analysed using CorText software. A further selection of 105 relevant papers was used for an in-depth full-text analysis on: i) farming systems studied; ii) related ecosystem services; iii) indicators of intensity; and iv) temporal and spatial scales of analysis. Through this two-step analysis we were able to highlight three main research gaps in the AI research indicators. Firstly, the farming systems analysed for assessing AI are often quite simplified or monoculture- oriented, and they do not take the diversity and complex organisation of farming systems into account. Secondly, these studies mainly focus on northern countries or developing countries, whereas there is a gap of knowledge in Mediterranean areas, which are the areas with a high complexity of farming systems and diversity in ecosystem services. Finally, AI is mostly assessed through nitrogen inputs and economic yield, which are used the most both at very local and global levels. Intermediate regional or local levels, which are relevant for policy implementation and local planning, are often neglected.

De nombreux agriculteurs africains pratiquent des formes d’agriculture potentiellement qualifiables de « biologiques ». Pourtant, la capacité de l’agriculture biologique à répondre aux enjeux de la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique est encore mal connue, car il existe peu de références expérimentales disponibles dans cette région. L’élicitation probabiliste est une méthode permettant de rendre compte de manière précise des connaissances d’experts sur une ou plusieurs quantités d’intérêt, et de décrire les niveaux d’incertitude associés. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer comment cette approche permet de pallier le manque de données expérimentales quantitatives sur l’agriculture biologique en Afrique. L’élicitation probabiliste a été appliquée au Sénégal, au Burkina Faso et au Cameroun, en mobilisant 17 experts pour comparer les performances des agricultures biologique et conventionnelle sur la sécurité alimentaire locale en Afrique subsaharienne, en considérant plusieurs indicateurs quantitatifs. Les résultats montrent que les rendements des systèmes biologiques sont inférieurs d’environ 41 % à ceux des systèmes conventionnels, tandis que les prix des produits issus de l’agriculture biologique sont supérieurs de 34 % à ceux des produits issus de l’agriculture conventionnelle. Nos résultats montrent également que le coût en main-d’œuvre, mesuré en nombre d’homme-jours par unité de surface cultivée, est plus élevé dans les systèmes biologiques. Cette étude est la première à montrer l’intérêt de l’élicitation probabiliste des connaissances d’experts pour évaluer des systèmes de culture dans des situations où les données expérimentales sont rares ou peu fiables.

International audience; Through economic and geographical cross-disciplinary approaches based on case studies illustrating the current endogenous and exogenous transformations of the use of common resources in Morocco, the aim of this article is to question the evolution of the notion of commons. Is it still relevant to refer to commons when rural communities have frequently lost the power to govern local natural common-pool resources, such as agricultural water, grasslands, or certain types of forests, to the benefit of the state or the private sector? We question the current role of national public authorities who have supported the rise of a production-driven organization, particularly in the context of the “Green Morocco Plan.” Thus, the preservation of natural resources, collective management systems, and traditional expertise have too often been neglected.; À travers les regards croisés de l’économie et de la géographie, et sur la base de plusieurs études de cas démonstratives des transformations en cours au Maroc des usages des ressources communautaires, à la fois endogènes et en lien avec des impulsions extérieures, l’objectif de cet article est d’interroger l’évolution de la notion de communs dans un contexte de crise de ces derniers. Est-il encore possible de parler de communs dans des situations où les communautés rurales se trouvent le plus souvent dessaisies, au profit de l’État et du secteur privé, des prérogatives qui étaient les leurs en matière de gouvernance locale de ressources collectives telles que l’eau agricole, les pâturages ou certaines forêts ? Cette réflexion nous amène à interroger le rôle actuel des pouvoirs publics marocains, notamment dans le cadre du Plan Maroc Vert, qui appuient l’émergence d’un mode d’organisation à vocation productiviste, négligeant trop souvent la préservation des ressources naturelles, des systèmes de gestion et des savoir-faire traditionnels collectifs.

International audience; L’exode rural est un phénomène global et massif de déplacement de population des campagnes vers les villes, qui exprime la recherche de conditions de vie meilleures. Les facteurs principaux concernent l’augmentation de la population rurale et la pression qui en résulte sur les ressources naturelles d’une part, la croissance de la productivité agricole qui entraîne une diminution du travail nécessaire à la production d’autre part ainsi que le développement industriel puis celui des services qui s’accompagnent d’une croissance des besoins en main d’oeuvre notamment dans les villes.

Unravelling the dynamics of land-use change is key to assess the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of land-based strategies regarding climate or energy. In this prospect, this paper proposes an analytical decomposition of land-use change resulting from a shock in agricultural demand which takes into account indirect effects from price signals. This analytical equation is numerically estimated using a global model of land-use combining biophysics and economics. While being relatively simple, this model captures the main processes of land-use change: change in the intensive and extensive margins, international trade, change in intermediary demand and possible by-products. At the global scale, our results show that yield losses due to the conversion of marginal land amount approximately to half of yield gains due to fertiliser use. At the regional scale, patterns of yield and area responses are depicted by assessing the potentials for intensification (yield gaps) and extensification (areas of extensive pastures) given the future pathways of agricultural demand.

On connaît le plombier polonais. Mais le connait-on vraiment ? Car, plus qu’une véritable nouvelle figure de l’immigration, ledit plombier est un mythe douteux aux relents xénophobes créé par le triste Philippe Val [1], un mythe qui a largement alimenté le débat sur le projet de directive de « libéralisation » des services (dite « Bolkestein »), finalement rejeté. Dix ans plus tard, la prestation de services internationale est une réalité tangible, mais continue de faire débat (électoral). Plus que d’éviers bouchés et de tuyaux qui fuient, il est question ici de fruits et légumes, d’ouvriers latinos et de boîtes d’intérim espagnoles. Petite enquête ouvrière à l’heure de la déréglementation du marché du travail. Fil: Décosse, Frédéric. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Desalvo, María Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

International audience; Intensive agriculture is a major disturbing factor for water quality in Brittany, France. Observations of chemical data from 350 catchments over a 15 year period show that the high variability of hydrochemical dynamics between catchments in relation to geographic characteristics and farming practices, decreases with an increase in the catchment size. A stable signature of nitrate and DOC dynamics does emerge for bigger catchments, and was evidenced statistically.

International audience; Rice is cultivated as staple for over half of the World's population. In Camargue (South of France) rice fields have been established on very young soils developed from historic fluvial deposits of the Rhône River. The comparison of clay mineralogy in a paddy field cultivated for 60 years and in a control shows a significant increase of the clay crystallinity in the paddy field soil, which implies a decrease of their solubility. In the paddy soils, phytoliths, poorly crystallized clays, such as smectite and to a lesser extent kaolinite, are progressively dissolved to supply Si for rice requirements. The sustainability of the crop system requires the clearing of silica exportations.

International audience; Mechanisms to standardize sustainable agricultural practices first emerged in the early 2000s with the goal of establishing responsible rules of corporate behaviour. Based on voluntary commitments by firms, these mechanisms are usually structured around a particular agricultural product and bring together the global value chain’s various actors (producers, buyers, processors, retailers), as well as NGOs, banks, and sometimes governments, to define and monitor sustainable production practices. They aim to regulate the environmental and social impacts of agriculture, especially large-scale industrial agriculture. And yet, some authors have noted the difficulty of ‘internalizing’ the negative effects and costs that international trade makes invisible, due to a ‘distance’ effect. By basing itself on the work of Thomas Princen (1997), this chapter explores the ability of standardization mechanisms to make visible again the effects that are ‘obscured’ by distance and the strategic action of firms and governments. Distance is understood here in terms of different dimensions: geographical, but also (and particularly) pertaining to contractual asymmetries; a limited cognitive ability of interpretation in an exchange between ‘foreign’ people and places; or a large number of intermediaries. From an empirical analysis of standardization mechanisms and a literature review, we show that sustainability standards have brushed aside part of the social and environmental criticism raised in a wider public debate, much like they exclude certain concerns raised by the affected people themselves. Characterized as a form of ‘government by the stakeholders’, such mechanisms in fact lead to the depoliticization of the debate and therefore to the exclusion of certain political perspectives and expressions of the common good. Moreover, they deliberately ignore some relationships that people have with their environment, thus making invisible part of the damage. Thus, these sustainability standards simply do not take some of negative impacts of the exports of biomass by industrial agriculture into account. These mechanisms have so far excluded or dismissed the constructions of sustainability whose aim was precisely to reduce the various dimensions of distance.

Recent developments in the global agriculture have been char¬acterized by the emergence of the concept of ecological inten¬sification, as a means to decrease the use of inputs and their impacts on the environment, while increasing and/or stabiliz¬ing crops and livestock yields. In the meantime, research stud¬ies have emphasized the ability of crops integration with live¬stock farming systems to adapt themselves to numerous stresses (economic, climate, etc.) in comparison to specialized systems with only crops or livestock. In the oasis, such integration has been traditionally achieved, as it has allowed for centuries the resilience of the cropping activities, in an environment charac¬terized by numerous constraints, particularly frequent water shortages. However, this resilience has nowadays become chal¬lenged by increased stresses, above all climate change and its consequences and also social changes, with growing demands of the local population for better livelihoods. Therefore, in this study, the focus was on the ability of livestock to contribute to the ecological intensification of the farming systems adopted in the oasis. A sample of twelve (12) farms located in the oasis of the Drâa valley was selected and it was representing four types of livestock systems (i.e. 3 farms per system). A follow-up of farms was adopted to characterize inputs uses, water vol¬umes and their origins (rainfall, surface irrigation and ground¬water) and incomes from crops. The same methods were used for livestock production. In addition, work needs for crops and livestock were also measured, by determining the contribution of off-farm work uses. The results showed the importance of crop/livestock association in all the systems, in order to implement a sustainable farming activity. The intensification of livestock sys¬tems (retrieved in farms with prominent off-farm feed uses, i.e. D'man breed flocks and dairy cattle) showed the best incomes from crops, and that was mostly remarkable for date palms, which benefitted from the surplus irrigation of the underlying alfalfa, as well as manure from the herds. In the contexts where agriculture intensification was not feasible (due to water, land or capital scarcity), livestock remained the main source of incomes, adding value to vast pastoral areas (as in the area of M'hamid EL Ghizlane) and to crop by-products (mainly date wastes). Al¬together, the results imply the need of further research devoted to the performances of the farming systems in the oasis, and the use efficiency of scarce inputs, such as water, land and work.

Les ressources en pollen peuvent devenir une contrainte pour l'abeille domestique dans les agrosystèmes céréaliers et influencent ainsi le développement des colonies. Cette étude réalisée dans l’ouest de la France vise à déterminer l’importance du coquelicot dans ce type de paysage et plus particulièrement durant la période de disette alimentaire. Un inventaire de la distribution des coquelicots a été effectué sur la zone d’étude afin d’évaluer les ressources disponibles pour les abeilles. Un dispositif de surveillance sur les pelotes de pollen d’abeilles a permis d’obtenir des données palynologiques qui une fois analysées fournissent la quantité réelle de ressources en coquelicot exploitée. La disponibilité en ressource a ensuite été mise en lien avec les données palynologiques, afin de déterminer si l’abeille domestique exploite préférentiellement ou non les fleurs de coquelicot. Les résultats ont montré que le coquelicot n’était pas préférentiellement butiné par les abeilles mais que celui-ci avait un rôle important dans la survie des colonies car les abeilles domestiques rapportent plus de pollen de coquelicot durant la période de disette alimentaire., Pollen resources can become a constraint for the honeybee in cereal farming agrosystems and thus influence the development of colonies. This study in the west of France aims to determine the importance of the poppy in this type of landscape and more particularly during the period of food shortage. An inventory of poppies distribution was carried out on the study area to assess the available resources for honeybees. A monitoring process was performed on bee pollen collectes to obtain palynological data which, once analyzed, provide the real amount of poppy resources exploited. Resource availability was then linked to palynological data to determine whether or not the honeybee preferentially exploited poppy flowers. The results showed that the poppy was not preferentially foraged by the honeybees but that it had an important role in the survival of the colonies throught more pollen intake during the period of food shortage.

In Vietnam, the dairy sector has emerged since the 2000s, in response to the rapid growth of the demand for dairy products. After having supported small-scale dairy production farms, the national policies since 2008 (the “2020 Livestock Development Strategy” in 2008, and the “Livestock sector Restructuring Action Plan towards greater Added Value and Sustainable Development” in 2014) highlighted the government's priorities for large-scale and industrial farms. Those recent programs focused on reducing the import dependency to meet the increasing domestic demand and improving price competitiveness vis-à-vis imported dairy products. However, in the context of a rapid transition of the economy and of the ecosystems, smallholder and family farms are still the mainstay of the agricultural sector and continue to play an important role in sustainable development. The present study raises the question of the viability, sustainability and inclusiveness of different dairy farming models, taking into account the land constraint (farmland availability: 0.8 ha per farm, 0.12 ha per capita), labor abundance, especially in agriculture (50% of the total active population) as well as the environmental challenges related to animal products value chains. This thesis aims to contribute to the current policy debates in Vietnam in order to know whether the future dairy sector should be based on family farming or on large-scale production. The first section is dedicated to the analysis of the structural and agrarian transformation in relation to the ongoing dynamics of the livestock and dairy sector more weighted on the larger commercial farms. To better understand the market dynamics, the second section characterizes the governance of the dairy value chain in the largest milk-shed in the Red River Delta (Ba Vi district, Ha Noi). Based on interviews with 70 actors involved in local dairy value chain, the thesis underlines factors shaping a mixed relational-captive governance and the close connection between the local authorities and firms that might threaten the inclusion of smallholder dairy farmers in the chain. In the third section, we report on a participatory scenario planning exercise conducted with stakeholders of the dairy sector (one scenario planning seminar at district level, two seminars at the national level) to discuss about future policy orientations. In support to this participatory scenario planning, a quantitative simulation was done. 4 potential plausible scenarios for the Vietnamese dairy sector until 2030 were drawn up. In all scenarios, Vietnam still has to import large quantities of milk products and animal feed raw materials from abroad, but the 4 proposed scenarios differ on policy implications upon labor absorption, land availability and efficiency, and environmental impact. In particular, a “Dual System” scenario is discussed to accommodate different farm models (private mega-farms, specialized family farms and mixed crops-livestock farms) in view of balancing supply and demand as well as adapting to the puzzles of local land, labor and environment. Taking into account the co-existence and cohabitation of the different farms, appropriate policy actions are needed to ensure the sustainable and inclusive development of the dairy sector.

International audience; Leaf area index and Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation are important land biophysical parameters that enable monitoring and quantitative assessment of vegetation state. Remote sensing data from space can be used to estimate these parameters at regional and national scale. High temporal satellite imagery is usually required to capture main parameters of crop growth. In this paper, we assess efficiency of using satellite images at high spatial and temporal resolution acquired within the SPOT-5 Take 5 initiative for mapping biophysical parameters.

The limitations of conventional farming systems become apparent when confronted with the challenges of sustainability. Conventional agricultural practices tend to degrade soil fertility and result in environmental damage and health risks through their various activities, including tillage, water use and management, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides, thus making these practices no longer acceptable from the economic and social points of view. CIRAD and its partners are therefore working on an agroecological transition founded on new ecological intensification practices that primarily consist of the elimination of tillage to help revive the soil’s biological activity, use of cover crops to boost nutrient recycling and the organic-mineral management of crops, maintenance of a permanent cover to improve water efficiency and to control erosion, and the recourse to biological control (functional biodiversity and cropping practices) of pests to limit the damage caused by them. Implementing these practices implies reviewing cropping system design methods and processes to better integrate the dimensions of actors, space, and time. It is indeed essential to involve or engage producers and other local actors in a more comprehensive manner, take different levels into account (cropping systems, production systems, markets, global changes, land use, etc.) as well as the temporal aspects of this agroecological transition, promote trajectories of progressive adaptation, and envisage modalities of providing support to actors. This process can give rise to technical solutions that can help enhance the sustainability of agricultural production systems.

Dans les années 1970, la province andalouse d’Almería connaît un développement agricole sans précédent ayant entraîné une forte croissance économique locale. Depuis la fin des années 1980, cette région est devenue, pour de nombreux migrants, le lieu de leur première incorporation dans le marché du travail ainsi qu’une plate-forme vers la régularisation. Le secteur agricole d’Almería repose, en effet, sur une main-d’œuvre étrangère composée en partie de clandestins, phénomène que les politiques espagnoles de contrôle et de gestion des migrations tentent d’endiguer. À partir notamment des changements induits par la mise en place, en 2001, des « contrats en origine », cet article interroge, plus largement, les croisements et interdépendances entre les nouveaux modèles agricoles, les nouveaux processus migratoires et les politiques d’immigration. Between control and tolerance: the vulnerability of agricultural migrants in AlmeríaIn the 1970s, Almería experienced unprecedented growth in agriculture and, as a consequence, strong local development. Since the late 1980s, this Andalusian province has, for many migrants, become a springboard for entering the labor market and becoming documented workers. Agriculture there relies on a supply of foreign labor, partly made up of undocumented workers – a trend that Spanish policies for controlling and managing immigration have tried to curb. Given the changes due to the "contracts in origin" introduced in 2001, questions arise about the interrelations between new agricultural models, new migratory processes and immigration policies.

L’inefficacité, reconnue officiellement, de la politique espagnole des quotas d’entrée et de régularisation des travailleurs étrangers donne lieu, depuis 2000, à la mise en place, dans l’agriculture, de « contrats en origine », dont nous décrivons ici les termes et les modalités d’application. La procédure, qui associe toutes les parties intéressées (administration, syndicats d’employeurs et de travailleurs) aux autorités des pays de départ (Afrique du Nord, pays de l’Est), prévoit l’introduction, anonyme puis nominative, de saisonniers étrangers – des femmes en l’occurrence – d’origines très diverses, faisant l’objet d’une contractualisation préalable. Dans l’expérimentation de ce système, le secteur de la fraise dans la province de Huelva fait figure de modèle au niveau national. On étudiera les tenants et les aboutissants de cette expérience spécifique, conçue pour empêcher les travailleurs temporaires de se fixer en Espagne. "Contracts in origin" in intensive strawberry farming in HuelvaThe officially recognized ineffectiveness of the Spanish policy of quotas on the number of foreigners allowed to enter the country and receive work permits has, since 2000, led to using "contracts in origin" in agriculture. The clauses and enforcement of these contracts are described. This process brings all interested parties (the administration, employer associations and labor unions) into contact with authorities in the countries of departure in north Africa and eastern Europe. It allows for the entrance, anonymous and then nominal, of foreign seasonal workers (women in the case under study) from various countries under preestablished contracts. Strawberry farming in Huelva Province has served as a national model for experiments with this system. The various aspects are studied of this experiment, which has been designed to keep temporary workers from settling in Spain.

Metadata only record Two agricultural intensification policies currently have a foothold in Southern Africa: intensification by plough-based, animal integrated practices and intensification by conservation agricultural practices including natural resource management. The former ideology originated from colonialism while the latter is currently promoted by nongovernmental organizations and development agencies. However, analysis on farmer knowledge relating to both of these practices reveals a predisposition towards extensification, or the farming on more land and using more resources to increase yields, instead of intensification. Other factors include limited cash, elevated risks, fluctuations in labor availability, and high input prices. Interestingly, the authors cite reliance on purely technical fixes, the disregarding of local or placed-based knowledge, and ultimately the lack of innovation on the side of researchers, development agencies, and policy-makers as the true reasons why Africa farmers are "failing to yield."