84,392 results on '"AGRICULTURE"'
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2. We need to act now to ensure global food security, and reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.
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Ringeisen, Bradley R., de Azevedo Souza, Clarice, Njuguna, Elizabeth W., and Ronald, Pamela C.
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GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *FOOD security , *EXTREME weather , *CROP yields , *DROUGHTS - Abstract
To feed a rapidly growing human population in an era of climate change and increasingly uncertain weather—such as drought and flood—humanity will need crops with increased yields, greater resiliency to extreme weather, and more resistance to disease. Appropriately enough in the Century of Biology, that means turning to genetic tools such as CRISPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. We cannot afford another lost year for food and climate action.
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Frison, Emile
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CLIMATE change mitigation , *CLIMATE change adaptation , *GREENHOUSE gases , *CLIMATE change conferences , *FOOD chains , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
In recent years, recognition has grown of the significant role that food systems play in driving climate change, constituting about one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, while also playing a key role in sequestering carbon and adapting to climate changes. The COP28 climate conference signaled a pivotal shift, spotlighting food and agriculture in discourse. However, despite pledges and declarations, concrete plans and targets to address emissions from food chains remain elusive. Urgent action is imperative to transform food systems and avert surpassing critical warming thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Does 'net zero' mean zero cows?
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Lynch, John and Pierrehumbert, Raymond
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CLIMATE change , *ANIMAL herds , *CARBON emissions , *GLOBAL warming , *COWS - Abstract
A significant share of anthropogenic global warming comes from livestock production. There is debate about whether there can be any role for livestock in a climatically sustainable future; the debate is particularly heated for cows and sheep, largely due to the methane they burp out. However, short-lived gases like methane affect climate in a fundamentally different way than long-lived gases like carbon dioxide. Consequently, climate stabilization does not require zeroing-out cattle herds. But this doesn't mean we can eat our beef and have it (a tolerable climate) too—livestock still contribute to global warming. Preventing or limiting future growth in livestock-related emissions can represent a sensible part of the portfolio of responses to the climate crisis, particularly when carbon dioxide emissions are not on track to reach net zero sufficiently quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. BURIED TREASURE.
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GOLEMBIEWSKI, KATE
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WEEDS , *SUNSHINE , *GLASS bottles , *AGRICULTURE , *MUSTARD , *SEED viability - Abstract
Scientists at Michigan State University are participating in one of the world's longest-running experiments to determine how long seeds can retain their ability to grow. The experiment, started by Professor William J. Beal in 1879, involves burying glass bottles filled with seeds and periodically digging them up to see if they sprout. The researchers, who recently retrieved the fifth-to-last bottle, are using modern techniques such as genome and protein analysis to study seed longevity. They are also involving the community in gathering data and hope to answer more questions about seed behavior in the future. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
6. Small but mighty?
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Stokel-Walker, Chris
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URBAN agriculture , *CULTIVARS , *VERTICAL farming , *AGRICULTURE , *ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide - Abstract
It seems my microgreens are, for now, a good way of creating a little more diversity in my diet, probably contributing vital nutrients lost to my poor consumption of regular veg. "If you consider that one US cup of microgreens weighs about 75g, you would need to eat less than two-thirds of a cup of cabbage microgreens to get your daily requirement of vitamin E", says Lester. The microgreens that packed in the most nutrition included red cabbage, coriander, red garnet amaranth and green daikon radish. "[Broadly], we found women enjoyed eating microgreens because they understood and appreciated them, and wanted to have the associated benefits, whereas men and children ate microgreens because they didn't see it as a vegetable", he says. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2023
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7. Wine's True Origins.
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FISCHETTI, MARK
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TABLE grapes , *WINES , *P-waves (Seismology) , *AGRICULTURE , *GRAPE harvesting , *FARMERS - Abstract
A DOMESTICATED GRAPEVINES MIGRATE WITH HUMANS People domesticated vines independently in two regions, the Caucasus and western Asia, starting about 10,500 years ago and transported vines as they relocated over millennia (arrows). A large international group of researchers collected and analyzed 2,503 unique vines from domesticated table and wine grapes and 1,022 wild grapevines. by extracting DNA from the vines and determining the patterns of genetic variations among them, they found some surprises. Wild vines separate into two geographic regions Domesticated wine vines migrate with humans Cultivated vines diversify genetically WILD GRAPES SEPARATE Cold, dry, ice-age climates gradually killed grapevines in the Balkans between 200,00C and 20,000 years ago, leaving western and eastern groups of vines that evolved into distinct genetic lines. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2023
8. Laser-based remote detection of leaf wetness.
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Gaetani, R., Feugier, F. G., and Masenelli, B.
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RAPESEED , *EARLY diagnosis , *PLANT surfaces , *MYCOSES , *AQUATIC plants , *AGRICULTURE , *VITIS vinifera - Abstract
Pesticide-free agricultural strategies need new tools for disease prevention. Better than early detection of disease, detection of conditions favorable to their appearance can be a progress. In the case of fungal diseases, the presence of water on the plant surface is necessary. In order to detect remotely this presence early and at the scale of a crop field, we propose a low-cost solution based on laser reflection. Here, experimental results in a controlled environment are presented on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic leaves (rapeseed Brassica Napus and grapevine Vitis Vinifera, respectively). We first assess the water detection on a leaf surface by recreating the dew formation process. We next evaluate the influence of the scanning measurement and leaf inclination on the detection to get closer to in-field conditions. Results show that this method is very sensitive on both types of leaves. Water detection is possible from a low surface coverage with a high temporal precision at 1 m. In the hydrophobic case, water on a leaf surface leads to an increase of the detected signal up to three times compared to a dry leaf. The corresponding minimum surface coverage detectable at 1 m is evaluated at 1.6% thanks to 2D ray-tracing numerical simulations. In the hydrophilic case, on the contrary, water on a leaf surface leads to a decrease of the detected signal by almost half. For both types, the dew detection delay is contained under 5 min and can be improved. Finally, the presented results pave the way to a field application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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9. Potential of rice straw waste biochar for nitrate removal from agricultural wastewater.
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Edwin, Tivany, Putra, Alqadri Asri, and Olivia, Danti
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RICE straw , *AGRICULTURE , *ADSORPTION kinetics , *SEWAGE , *NITRATES , *BIOCHAR - Abstract
Rice straw waste is mainly produced in the agricultural sector and can be made into biochar. This study investigated adsorption using rice straw biochar with pyrolysis temperature variations for nitrate removal in the batch scale experiment. The pyrolysis temperature variation ranges are 300°C, 450°C, and 600°C. Adsorption capacity and removal efficiency were analyzed at contact times of 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 hours. Nitrate concentration was determined by the spectrophotometric method. The results of the study showed the maximum adsorption capacity of nitrate using biochar with pyrolysis temperatures of 300°C, 450°C, and 600°C, respectively, were 2.58 mg/g at 4 hours contact time, 1.78 mg/g 3 hours contact time, and 2.90 mg/g at 3 hours contact time. The adsorption kinetics which fit to describe the adsorption mechanism in this study is the intra-particle diffusion model. This study shows that rice straw waste can potentially remove nitrate from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Automatic monitoring system for Oyster mushroom towards smart farming implementation.
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Praptodiyono, Supriyanto, Pratama, Candra Bayu, and Muhammad, Fadil
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HUMIDITY control , *TEMPERATURE control , *AGRICULTURE , *PLEUROTUS ostreatus , *WATER pumps , *WATER temperature - Abstract
The temperature and humidity conditions strongly influence the growth of oyster mushrooms in the mushroom location. The ideal temperature for the growth phase of oyster mushrooms ranges from 16 to 30°C with an air humidity of 75-95%. If the temperature and humidity in the mushroom location do not match the ideal value, the growth of the mushrooms will be disrupted, or it will even die. The manual method of watering to control the temperature and humidity of the mushroom location requires more effort and time. During the summer, farmers have difficulty controlling the temperature and humidity of the mushroom location, resulting in lower yields than in the rainy season. In this study, an automatic system based on IoT was designed to assist farmers in monitoring and controlling the temperature and humidity of the mushroom location. This system consists of a DHT22 sensor, an ESP32 microcontroller, and a water pump. The result of this study is that sensor reading data has been successfully sent from the microcontroller to the Blynk application so that farmers can monitor the temperature and humidity conditions of the oyster mushroom location remotely using a smartphone. The microcontroller can also activate the water pump automatically if the temperature and humidity in the mushroom location do not match the desired value. The yield after using the tools made is more than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Long run behaviour of single valued neutrosophic hidden Markov model.
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Sudha, S., Lathamaheswari, M., and Broumi, Said
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HIDDEN Markov models , *MARKOV processes , *AGRICULTURAL forecasts , *CROP yields , *AGRICULTURE , *WEATHER , *STOCHASTIC models - Abstract
Crop yield forecasting is the social problem in a current situation of the weather condition. Farmers' livelihoods are critically dependent on a changing environment that they are failing to fathom without access to sophisticated farming techniques and science-based climate and weather data. To deal with this case and to create the attention and awareness to the farmers, this work attempts to seek out the equilibrium condition for the weather to predict and to detect the crop yield forecasting using hidden markov model. Neutrosophic set is that the universal method to deal with indeterminacy. Markov process could be a stochastic model for estimating the equilibrium of any system, whereas in a hidden markov model the current state emits an observation. This work proposes and applies a proposed concept in agricultural field forecasting utilising a hidden markov model with a single valued neutrosophic number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Performance evaluation of solar air heater with and without thermoelectric generator.
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Eswaramoorthy, M.
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SOLAR air heaters , *THERMOELECTRIC generators , *SOLAR radiation , *AGRICULTURAL industries , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Solar air heater (SAH) an economical and eco-friendly thermal system for drying products and have been used in plenty in the agricultural sector. This paper deals with a comparative study on the performance evaluation of SAH with and without thermoelectric generator (TEG) to self powered the system to create forced circulation using self power and external power. Extensive theoretical analyses for agricultural produces were observed. With the inclusion of the TEG module, there was an energy savings and an improving the drying performance with respect to the decrease in moisture content. It is concluded that with TEG gives 32.50% higher solar drying efficiency than without TEG without any additional solar radiation input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Identifying and categorizing Moringa Oleifera leaf disease.
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Renuka, P. and Dhamodaran, M.
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FARM produce , *AGRICULTURE , *HORTICULTURAL products , *PLANT diseases , *MORINGA oleifera , *PLANT diversity , *HORTICULTURE - Abstract
Farming is the strength of everyone's life. Everyone depends on the products of agriculture. But agricultural products are degrading in quality and quantity nowadays. To increase the yield, then the disease has to be identified early, improve knowledge to do better farming. If agricultural products fall in price, the entire economy suffers. when the farmers ultimately suffer a crushing loss and it leads to a financial boom. Identifying disease at an early stage is the only way to improve productivity. This paper introduces the concept of internet of things technology to perceive data and discusses the role of IoT technology in farming infection and bug nuisance control, including rural disease and bug checking system, gathering illness and creepy crawly bother data using sensor hubs, information preparing and mining, etc. It is suggested to use an IoT-based framework for disease and bug irritation control that consists of three layers and three frameworks. A different way to access horticulture data for the farm can be provided by the framework. In this study, a computerised system has been developed to determine whether a plant is healthy or sick. Plant disease does have a real impact on the normal growth of the plants, their production, and their nature as horticultural products. The goal of this research is to create a robotized framework that can detect the presence of disease in plants. Based on the diversity in plant leaf health status, a computerised disease recognition framework is developed using sensors like temperature, moisture, and colour. The characteristics based on temperature, mugginess, and shading criteria are used to identify the proximity of plant disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. Predicting the crop yield in agriculture using gradient boosting algorithm in comparison of naive bayes algorithm.
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Reddy, N. Vishnu Vardhan and Manimegalai, T.
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BOOSTING algorithms , *CROP yields , *AGRICULTURE , *ALGORITHMS , *SAMPLE size (Statistics) - Abstract
To Using Innovative Gradient Boosting over Naive Bayes Algorithm in Agriculture to Predict Crop Yield Rate. Materials and Methods: To accurately predict crop yield, the Naive Bayes algorithm and gradient boosting with a sample size of 20 were iterated ten times. Crop yield prediction is extrapolating future crop yields from historical data. Results and Discussion:Gradient Boosting (98.7%) and Naive Bayes Algorithm (89%) accuracy for Novel Crop Yield Prediction are obtained. The difference between the Gradient Boosting and Naive Bayes algorithms was statistically significant (p=0.039). For each algorithm, 20 samples were iterated, and the G power was determined as the real power, which was set at 80%, with an alpha value of 0.005. Conclusion: The Innovative Gradient Boosting algorithm looks to be substantially more accurate at detecting crop yield than the Naive Bayes approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. Predictive analysis of soil moisture for agricultural applications using two fish algorithm in IOT comparing with fuzzy algorithm.
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Reddy, K. Dinaprasad and Babu, C. Nelson Kennedy
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FUZZY algorithms , *SOIL moisture , *SOIL moisture measurement , *SOIL testing , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
This study aims to examine and debate a recently proposed approach to smart irrigation's soil moisture monitoring. The effectiveness of the innovative soil moisture monitoring is evaluated using a combination of a two fish algorithm and a fuzzy algorithm. In all, 14 samples are utilised to generate the sample sizes for two methods. The mean soil moisture value from the two fish algorithm is 0.5443, which is better than the fuzzy algorithm's 0.5514. Using Novel Two Fish Algorithms, we were able to improve upon the accuracy of fuzzy algorithms for measuring soil moisture by 97.4%. (94.5 percent). Using a 95% confidence range, a statistical analysis of the soil moisture measurements reveals no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Results show that when comparing the two algorithms, the two fish algorithm is superior for soil moisture monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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16. Investigation on water stagnant in agricultural field during rainfall using Pi and fuzzy logic controller in smart irrigation system to avoid crop damage.
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Mahesh, Ridhvi, Vickram, A. S., and Ramya, G.
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FUZZY logic , *RAINFALL , *AGRICULTURE , *AGRICULTURAL productivity , *IRRIGATION - Abstract
This study examines and discusses how to properly monitor water stagnation in agricultural areas in order to boost crop production. This research work is to analyse and discuss the proper monitoring of water stagnation in cultivation land to increase crop production. Materials and methods: Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) algorithm and Proportional and Integral (PI) algorithms are implemented to analyse the accuracy of monitoring the water stagnation in the field. For two groups, the sample size is estimated using Gpower, and 14 samples were employed in this study. Gpower is assumed to be 0.8. There is a 0.003 (p <0.05) significant difference between the two groups. Result: In dry condition, the FLC provides 29.34 % and PI provides 24.3 % accuracy in water stagnation monitoring. In wet conditions the FLC and PI provide 17.5 % and 20.34% of accuracy respectively. In both scenarios, FLC outperforms PI controllers in terms of performance. Conclusion: In light of the findings, the FLC approach performs noticeably better than the PI method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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17. Knowledge base of algorithmic software complex for providing agricultural fields with water resources.
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Seitnazarov, Kuanishbay, Turdishov, Dauletmurat, and Dosimbetov, Alliyar
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SUSTAINABLE agriculture , *WATER supply , *AGRICULTURE , *WATER distribution , *KNOWLEDGE base , *AGRICULTURAL innovations , *AGRICULTURAL technology - Abstract
This article discusses the issue of using expert systems for decision making to considerate many factors, such as soil properties and agroclimatic conditions. Next, an integrated water management system is discussed, which helps to increase productivity, optimize water distribution and ensure the sustainable development of agricultural production. Today, water management in agriculture plays an important role in ensuring productivity and crop stability. To optimize the use of water resources and maximize crop yields, the distribution of surface water is of great importance. The development of a specialized algorithmic software complex makes it possible to effectively manage the processes of water resource distribution and provide unified water supply in various areas. Also, aspects of the development of an algorithmic software complex that helps in the even distribution of agricultural arable land of surface water are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. Methods for increasing the contrast of drone agricultural images.
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Mamatov, Narzullo, Niyozmatova, Nilufar, Jalelova, Malika, Samijonov, Abdurashid, and Tojiboyeva, Shaxzoda
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DRONE aircraft , *CROPS , *AGRICULTURAL industries , *IMAGE processing , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Given the significant time investment required for manual execution and oversight of various agricultural tasks, the adoption of modern technologies emerges as the most efficient solution to address this issue. Nowadays, the interest in the images taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in the field of agriculture is also increasing. In contemporary times, there is a growing fascination with images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) within the agricultural sector. However, in certain instances, the quality of these drone-captured images may not meet the stipulated criteria necessary for performing specific tasks. One of the common problems with images is low image contrast. This situation complicates the identification of objects, distinguishing important elements such as agricultural crops and machinery. This study is devoted to determining the optimal pair of contrast enhancement method or sequence of methods and reference contrast evaluation criteria, and a new approach for automating image processing is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. A review of the potential of magnetic susceptibility methods for monitoring the feasibility of soil fertility for horticultural crops cultivation in Indonesia.
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Fitriani, Fauzan, Muhammad Fatih Amar, Rahmad, Sulistiawaty, Rampe, Meytij Jeanne, Rampe, Henny Lieke, and Tiwow, Vistarani Arini
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MAGNETIC susceptibility , *SOIL fertility , *FARMS , *APPLE orchards , *AGRICULTURE , *HORTICULTURAL crops - Abstract
In recent years, studies on the feasibility of monitoring the fertility of agricultural and plantation soils have been widely discussed. However, using the magnetic rock method, especially the magnetic susceptibility parameter, is still rarely studied. The study of magnetic enhancement in the soil due to human (anthropogenic) activities is discussed by considering its magnetic carrier. However, this article mainly discusses studies on the feasibility of monitoring soil fertility using magnetic susceptibility methods. The fields of red chilies, shallots, tomatoes, potatoes, coffee plantations, rice fields, and apple plantations from several areas in Indonesia were studied. The high magnetic susceptibility indicates the soil contains the minerals hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). These minerals are ferrimagnetic. High Fe levels will reduce the fertility of agricultural land. We also describe χFD (%) 2-10% values in agricultural soils containing super-paramagnetic grains (fine grains). Soils with χFD (%) value of less than 2% still have good soil fertility, while soils with χFD (%) value of 2-10% have decreased soil fertility. Thus, information is obtained that the magnetic susceptibility method can monitor the feasibility of soil fertility for horticultural cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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20. Market survey, perception and acceptance of farmers on SRI-tray technology for rice farming.
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Kharim, Muhammad Nurfaiz Abd. and Wayayok, Aimrun
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RICE farming , *MARKET surveys , *ORGANIC foods , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *RICE , *RICE farmers , *AGRICULTURE , *FARMERS - Abstract
Farm technology plays a crucial role in improving the farming activities for developing countries. Thus, organic-based products are in increasing demand from consumers that concerned about the safety and healthy food. This implies organic-based rice farming with technology is a new way of performing a farm-based operation. This study would like to get insight and responses from rice farmers regarding the current issues and problems of the rice nursery management and nursery planting tray operation. Thus, the study would like to investigate rice farmers' perception and acceptance towards a new rice nursery planting tray that is SRI-Tray within Malaysia and other nearby countries in Southeast Asia. The respondents of the study are 87 farmers and online in-depth interviews are carried out to obtain farmers' responses towards current rice nursery management and SRI-Tray technology. The results from the content analysis reveal factors such as technology perceived benefits, solving the main problems, trialability, and pricing wise are among factors that explain the farmers' perception and acceptance towards new technology for adoption within their farming activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Use of palm kernel shell from agriculture waste as partial replacement for coarse aggregate in hot mix asphalt.
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Sofri, Liyana Ahmad, Zainal, Muhammad Faiz, Ahmad, Muhmammad Munsif, Muhamad, Khairunnisa, and Mansor, Ahmad Faizal
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ASPHALT , *SPECIFIC gravity , *CRUMB rubber , *PALMS , *BITUMEN , *OIL palm , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Palm kernel shell (PKS) is known as a waste material that produced by oil palm factory. In this research, PKS will be used as an alternative to improve the strength and performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA). The bitumen grade of 60/70 PEN and ACW14 had been used in the research. To investigate the strength of PKS in term of designing wearing course, bitumen content of 4% to 6% and different mix design with different percentages content of PKS were provided. The total specimens prepared in this research are 45 specimens. The specific gravity of PKS was lower and showed the high capacity in water absorption compare to the natural aggregate. The increment of percentage for PKS in HMA make the strength in Marshall Specimen became decreases as stated in the result and discussion. Result of optimum bitumen content for PKS 10, PKS 30 and PKS 50 were 4.72%, 4.86% and 4.90% individually. All optimum bitumen content in this research was satisfied with JKR Standard 2008 in term of the design parameter. The specimen of PKS 10, PKS 30 was classified as heavy traffic and PKS 50 was classified as medium traffic. PKS 10 was shown as a good partial replacement for natural aggregate due to the admissibility of parameter, environmental friendly factor and cheapest in costing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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22. Zeolite, mineral fertilizer and humic acid impact on biomass carbon in soil.
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Al-Jubouri, Esraa Assim Kadhim and Al-Taweel, Luma Salih Jabbar
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HUMIC acid , *CARBON in soils , *FERTILIZERS , *BIOMASS , *AGRICULTURE , *ZEOLITES - Abstract
An agricultural study was carried out on one of the farms in the Al-Nouriah district of the Al-Diwaniyah governorate during the autumn season (2021–2022). to investigate the impact of the zeolite, humic acid, and urea on the activity of the enzyme urease for the stages of blooming and full maturity. An investigation with three factorials was conducted. Factors that are compliant with the randomized complete block design The experiment employed the three fertilizer factors listed below: The first factor was zeolite mineral, which has three levels (0, 200, and 400) kg h−1 and is symbolized by the letters Z0, Z1 and Z2; the second was humic acid, which has two levels (0 and 33) litres h−1 and is represented by the letters H0 and H1; and the third was urea, which has three levels (0, 50, and 100) kg N h−1 and is symbolized by the letters U, which stands for ure (U0, U1 and U2). The fertilizer combination resulting from the triple interaction of the study factors (Z1H1U1) achieved the highest mean of biomass carbon in the flowering and complete ripening stages of (264.6 and 170.6) mg C kg soil-1, respectively, compared to the control treatment (Z0H0U0), which recorded the lowest average of biomass carbon Viability was (129.7 and 112.1) mg C kg soil−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. Economic analysis for impact of some monetary policy variables on the value of agricultural output in Iraq using VECM model.
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Madlul, Najlaa S., Mustafa, Munther S., and Rahim, Firas I.
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VALUE (Economics) , *ECONOMIC impact , *MONETARY policy , *AGRICULTURE , *INTEREST rates , *VECTOR error-correction models , *COINTEGRATION - Abstract
The research aims to analysis the impact of some economic policy variables on the value of agricultural resultant in Iraq for the period (2004-2020) using quarterly time series. The independent variables were used (foreign exchange window FC, narrow money supply M1, equilibrium exchange rate CE, interest rate imposed on agricultural loans R, value of agricultural imports M, while the value of agricultural output Y was adopted as the dependent variable. The researcher used the modern methodology to analyze the chains The temporal data from unit root test, Johansson co-integration test and using error correction vector model (VECM), shock measurement using IRF and DC variance components analysis with the introduction of all available standard tests to judge the quality of the model and its free from standard problems, the results indicated that all The variables had significant trace on the value of agricultural resultant, with the exception of the foreign currency sale window variable, where the results showed that it had no significant trace on the value of agricultural resultant because its impact was mention on the value of agricultural resultant, as well as the error correction value of the parameter C1 was negative, significant and smaller than The one, which amounted to (-0.10), mention that the speed is somewhat slow to the equilibrium state of adjusting the system. T is so normal in this model, that is because it excludes the general trend of the variables, and the focus here is on the value of F, which appeared significant 7.69, which mention the significance of the model as a whole. The researcher recommended the necessity of having a strategy to confront the development of the agricultural sector in Iraq by creating a revolution that focuses on the technical and technical aspects and works on the strategy of introducing modern means of production to the agricultural sector. The market mechanism, in addition to working to reduce agricultural imports, which was the largest proportion of dumping the Iraqi market with foreign products, as well research recommends increasing agricultural investments by reducing interest rates imposed on agricultural loans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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24. Effect of seaweed extracts, urea, and integrated nano-fertilizer on the kinetic parameters of urease enzyme in rice-cultivated.
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Al-Juthery, Hassanein Hayyawi and Al-Taweel, Luma Salih Jabbar
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UREASE , *UREA , *AGRICULTURE , *ENZYMES , *PLANT-soil relationships , *MARINE algae , *MARINE plants ,BABYLON (Extinct city) - Abstract
To investigate the impact of adding seaweed extracts, urea, and complete nano-fertilizer on the effectiveness of urease enzyme at the rhizosphere in the flowering and full maturity stages in soil planted with rice, an experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields affiliated to Babylon Governorate / Al-Tali'ah district. The experiment was applied according to an RCBD with three replications in a simple one-way experience. The treatments and their symbols must be mentioned in full according to their sequence. The results of the Duncan test showed the following. The combination of A2NC1 containing half of the integrated nano fertilizer and the whole recommendation of Algae extracts had the highest maximum Speed (Vmax)in the flowering and complete ripening stages of 209.6 and 185.8 µgN-NH4+ g−1 soil 2h-1, respectively compared to the comparison treatment which recorded the lowest Speed of 91,78 µgN-NH4+ g−1 soil 2h−1. In the flowering stage, the combination of A2U consisting of urea with marine algae extracts recorded the lowest value of Michaelis' constant of 4.263 mmol compared to the control treatment, which recorded 13.797 mmol in the flowering stage. In the stage of full maturity, the fertilizer treatment A2, which consisted of applying the recommended marine algae extracts, recorded the lowest value of Michaelis constant of 5.27 mmol compared to the control treatment, which recorded 12.07 mmol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. Response of tagetes patula to some agricultural operation, their effect on growth, flowering and content of volatile oil.
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Al-Hashemi, Fanar Hashum and Abdaljabar, Zohoor Fuaad
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ESSENTIAL oils , *MARIGOLDS , *AGRICULTURE , *SALICYLIC acid , *FLOWERING time , *HERBS - Abstract
The experiment was done in the Lath house of the College of Agriculture/ University of Mosul for a period from March to 15 October during the season 2019 on Tagetes patula. The experiment was carried out using three factors within R.C.B.D design. This experiment was laid out in order to study the effect of nano NPK (12-12-36), Fylloton extract and salicylic acid on the growth of plants, flowers, essential oil compounds during the growing seasons of 2019. The treatment was nano NPK (0, 30, 50, 65) mg.pot−1. Fylloton extract (0, 2) ml.L−1 and salicylic acid (0, 120) ml.L−1. Results showed that these factors had a significant effect on all traits of Tagetes and recorded the highest plant height, number of branches, herb fresh and dry weight, days to first floret opening, flowering time, number of flowers and diameter flowers as well as the active essential oils (Camphor, Sabinene, Terpinene, Linalool, α-Pinene, Tagetone and Nerol) had been increased in the interaction nano2 or nano3 with Fylloton and Salicylic acid. The nano3 a lone (65 mg.pot-1) had been recorded the maximum percentage of active substances (Camphor, Myrcene, Limonene) which reached (7.6, 5.78, 6.29)% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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26. The gap between extension agents' interests and needs towards agricultural extension media.
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Farida, Idha, Sumardjo, S., Fatchiya, Anna, and Tjitropranoto, Prabowo
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AGRICULTURAL extension work , *AGRICULTURE , *AGRICULTURAL implements , *DIGITAL media - Abstract
Agricultural extension media is one of the most important tools in agricultural extension activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze agricultural extension media that are considered important and needed by extension agents, as well as to analyze the level of gap between the level of interest and the need for agricultural extension media. The research location is in West Java Province which is limited by four districts representing the four agricultural ecosystem zones namely Bogor, Sukabumi, Ciamis and Indramayu Regencies. The research sample included 216 field agricultural extension agents from four different regencies. The collected data was then analyzed using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) technique. The findings revealed that agricultural brochures were the conventional media considered important and required by extension agents. WhatsApp is the digital media most important to extension agents, and cyber extension is the media most needed by extension agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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27. The novel design for cooling system of greenhouse.
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Sugondo, Amelia, Handoyo, Ekadewi A., and Henjaya, Guntar
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- *
COOLING systems , *GREENHOUSES , *PLANT-water relationships , *AGRICULTURE , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature , *HUMIDITY - Abstract
Recently, the use of greenhouse is developing. Farming fruits and vegetables using a greenhouse can overcome the unpredictable climate. The plants that need specific air temperature and humidity could grow well inside a greenhouse. As a preliminary study, the effect of circulating water as a thin film at the outer surface of the greenhouse is observed. The water film is intended to cool the greenhouse. In this experiment, there are three models used. The first isthe greenhouse (called GH1) with cooling water flowing at the outer surface of greenhouse periodically. The second is a greenhouse (called GH2) without a cooling system and the third is in the open space or natural farming. A water sprayer is installed in each model to water the plants. It sprays periodically. In each greenhouse, three temperature and humidity loggers are installed to measure the air temperature and humidity. The loggers are installed in the middle of the greenhouses with some different heights from the plants. From the experimental results, the air temperature in the greenhouse GH1 decreased compared to the ambient temperature at position 3, while at GH 2 and open space farm N thetemperature increased at positions 1, 2, and 3. The average relative humidity was 72%, 68 %, and 47% at GH 1, GH 2, and open space farm (N). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. Rethinking civilisation.
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Marshall, Michael
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AGRICULTURAL intensification , *AGRICULTURE , *COMMUNITIES , *URBAN agriculture , *URBAN growth - Abstract
More information about a variety of societies also reveals that people have sometimes abandoned complex hierarchical societies, just as some groups chose to stop farming. Egalitarianism is generally seen as a characteristic of hunter-gatherer societies, with hierarchies emerging as societies become more complex. This is especially true of agriculture: the crop monocultures modern societies tend to rely on provide a reduced diversity of food sources compared with previous societies. Some hunter-gatherer societies enslaved people and surely mistreated them, but modern societies take dehumanisation to new lows. INSETS: SOCIALLY ENTERPRISING;BUILDING UTOPIAS. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2023
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29. End‐user preferences to enhance prospects for varietal acceptance and adoption in potato breeding in Uganda.
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Nantongo, Judith Ssali, Tinyiro, Samuel Edgar, Nakitto, Mariam, Serunkuma, Edwin, Namugga, Prossy, Ayetigbo, Oluwatoyin, Mayanja, Sarah, Moyo, Mukani, Ssali, Reuben, and Mendes, Thiago
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NEAR infrared spectroscopy , *AGRICULTURE , *POTATOES , *FOOD texture , *FOOD science , *TUBERS - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Potato varieties have diverse biophysical characteristics, so it is important for breeders to have the capacity to choose those that meet the preferences of end users, such as mealiness, firmness, and taste, among others. Combining user preferences with descriptive information regarding the sensory characteristics of boiled potatoes can contribute to the improvement of consumer‐driven varieties. This study aimed to factor in the preferences of end users to improve the prospects for varietal acceptance, adoption, and discrimination among genotypes in potato breeding. RESULTS: The priority quality traits (traits that play the most significant roles in acceptance and adoption) of the boiled potatoes were determined by evaluating gender and livelihood using the G+ tool. The G+ tool is designed to assess gender impact on roots, tubers and bananas (RTB) traits by serving as a validation check to reflect on important gender‐based issues in agricultural food systems in order to reduce harm and promote positive impact. Potato genotypes were differentiated by penetration (textural parameters as measured by standard texture probe) and the procedure was repeatable, as there was no significant difference between the cooking replicates at 40 min of cooking. Instrument‐based texture parameters, such as penetration peak force (hardness/firmness) and area (area under the curve, which represents energy needed to penetrate) of boiled potato tubers were significantly associated with sensory attributes such as fracturability and hardness in the mouth. An attempt to differentiate genotypes using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) revealed that the average results observed for the calibration for yellow color (r2 = 0.70), homogeneity of color (r2 = 0.48), moisture in mass (r2 = 0.40), and uniformity of texture (r2 = 0.56) suggested that these parameters could be used for initial breeding screening purposes. CONCLUSIONS: The preferred traits of the boiled potato can be integrated into the potato‐breeding program/product profile. Near‐infrared spectroscopy shows strong potential to predict potato color and the ability of NIRS models to predict some texture attributes is also promising. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. Establishing the linkage between eba's instrumental and sensory descriptive profiles and their correlation with consumer preferences: implications for cassava breeding.
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Emmanuel Alamu, Oladeji, Teeken, Béla, Ayetigbo, Oluwatoyin, Adesokan, Michael, Kayondo, Ismail, Chijioke, Ugo, Madu, Tessy, Okoye, Benjamin, Abolore, Bello, Njoku, Damian, Rabbi, Ismail, Egesi, Chiedozie, Ndjouenkeu, Robert, Bouniol, Alexandre, De Sousa, Kauê, Dufour, Dominique, and Maziya‐Dixon, Busie
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CONSUMER preferences , *CASSAVA , *CONSUMER profiling , *PRINCIPAL components analysis , *AGRICULTURE , *TUBERS - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gari and eba, forms of cassava semolina, are mainly consumed in Nigeria and other West African countries. This study aimed to define the critical quality traits of gari and eba, to measure their heritability, to define medium and high throughput instrumental methods for use by breeders, and to link the traits with consumer preferences. The definition of a food product's profiles, including its biophysical, sensory, and textural qualities, and the identification of the characteristics that determine its acceptability, are important if new genotypes are to be adopted successfully. RESULTS: Eighty cassava genotypes and varieties (three different sets) from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) research farm were used for the study. Participatory processing and consumer testing data on different types of gari and eba products were integrated to prioritize the traits preferred by processors and consumers. The color, sensory, and instrumental textural properties of these products were determined using standard analytical methods, and standard operating protocols (SOPs) developed by the RTBfoods project (Breeding Roots, Tubers, and Banana Products for End‐user Preferences, https://rtbfoods.cirad.fr). There were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between instrumental hardness and sensory hardness and between adhesiveness and sensory moldability. Principal component analysis showed broad discrimination amongst the cassava genotypes and the association of the genotypes concerning the color and textural properties. CONCLUSIONS: The color properties of gari and eba, together with instrumental measures of hardness and cohesiveness, are important quantitative discriminants of cassava genotypes. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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31. Facet-engineering strategy of phosphogypsum for production of mineral slow-release fertilizers with efficient nutrient fixation and delivery.
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Zhang, Jun, Yu, Kun, Yu, Menghan, Dong, Xiongbo, Tariq Sarwar, Muhammad, and Yang, Huaming
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PHOSPHOGYPSUM , *GYPSUM , *FERTILIZERS , *MOLECULAR dynamics , *NUTRIENT uptake , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Selective modulation of the (0 4 1) facets exposure of phosphogypsum (PG) promotes preferential adsorption, internalization and fixation of urea. Urea presents two models fixed in PG lattice, exhibiting excellent thermal stability and water resistance, contributing to high N-use efficiency for plant growth. [Display omitted] • Innovation design of mineral slow-release fertilizers by facet-engineering. • Modulation of (0 4 1) facet occupancy of phosphogypsum facilitates urea fixation. • Promotion of N use efficiency in plants through urea fixation by phosphogypsum. • Revelation of the intricate interplay of urea in phosphogypsum lattice. Phosphogypsum (PG) presents considerable potential for agricultural applications as a secondary primary resource. However, it currently lacks environmentally friendly, economically viable, efficient, and sustainable reuse protocols. This study firstly developed a PG-based mineral slow-release fertilizer (MSRFs) by internalization and fixation of urea within the PG lattice via facet-engineering strategy. The molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the binding energy of urea to the (0 4 1) facet of PG surpassed that of the (0 2 1) and (0 2 0) facets, with urea's desorption energy on the (0 4 1) facet notably higher than on the (0 2 1) and (0 2 0) facets. Guided by these calculations, we selectively exposed the (0 4 1) dominant facet of PG, and then achieving complete urea fixation within the PG lattice to form urea-PG (UPG). UPG exhibited a remarkable 48-fold extension in N release longevity in solution and a 45.77% increase in N use efficiency by plants compared to conventional urea. The facet-engineering of PG enhances the internalization and fixation efficiency of urea for slow N delivery, thereby promoting nutrient uptake for plant growth. Furthermore, we elucidated the intricate interplay between urea and PG at the molecular level, revealing the involvement of hydrogen and ionic bonding. This specific bonding structure imparts exceptional thermal stability and water resistance to the urea within UPG under environmental conditions. This study has the potential to provide insights into the high-value utilization of PG and present innovative ideas for designing efficient MSRFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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32. Evidence of water surface and flow reduction in the main hydrographic basin of the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado biome): the Araguaia river.
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dos Santos Teixeira, Alex, Vieira, Ludgero Cardoso Galli, de Souza, Carla Albuquerque, Bernardi, José Vicente Elias, and Monteiro, Lucas Cabrera
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CERRADOS , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection , *AGRICULTURAL intensification , *BIOMES , *ANTHROPOGENIC effects on nature , *WATERSHEDS - Abstract
Reconciling environmental conservation with growing demands for food, water, and energy is a global challenge. Brazil, a major agricultural producer, grapples with deforestation's environmental costs. The Araguaia River basin, vital for Brazil's economic growth, undergoes significant land use changes. Assessing data from 1987 to 2019, we studied annual water surface variations, considering deforestation, agriculture, livestock farming land, and central pivot irrigation, and historical water flow series from 1980 to 2020 from 21 monitoring stations. We observed notable reductions in flooded areas (angular coefficients from 130 a 2,276 ha/year) and water flow the entire basin (b = − 13.84; t = − 4.8; P < 0.001) and its regions (Upper Araguaia: b = − 3.32; t = − 4.5; P < 0.001; Middle Araguaia: b = − 8.70; t = − 4.8; P < 0.001; Lower Araguaia: b = − 45.49, t = − 4.7; P < 0.001) over recent years. Water flow reductions persist year-round, with a marked decrease during low water periods (F3,8 = 8.82; P = 0,006), aligning with heightened water demand for intensive agriculture. Tributaries and the main channel show similar reduction processes (t = 0.16; g.l. = 19; P = 0.873). Ensuring the basin's ecological flow is imperative for the aquatic ecosystem's minimum requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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33. The urbanisation of controlled environment agriculture: Why does it matter for urban studies?
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Marvin, Simon, Rickards, Lauren, and Rutherford, Jonathan
- Abstract
This paper critically examines why urban studies should be interested in the emergence of controlled environment agriculture. Over the last decade, there has been significant commercial and urban policy interest in controlled environment agriculture systems for producing food in enclosed environments. Furthermore, there has been a significant expansion in research publications on urban controlled environment agriculture, stressing the novel character of these systems and the complex relationships with the conventional concerns of urban agriculture. The paper subjects these claims to critical scrutiny and then reconceptualises urban controlled environment agriculture as an emergent urban infrastructure of artificial, highly productive microclimates and ecosystems for non-human life designed to increase the productive use of 'surplus or under-utilised' urban spaces. We argue that controlled environment agriculture tries to secure food production through three spatial–temporal fixes: (1) the enclosure move – holding food closer by substituting the increasingly hostile outdoors for the controlled indoors in order to optimise yield, quality, efficiency and the 'cleanness' of the food; (2) the urban move – holding food closer to the city by substituting rural agricultural space for urban space to shorten supply chains and thereby help secure food production and improve its green credentials; and (3) combining 1 and 2, the urban interiorisation move – holding food yet closer still by moving food production into city buildings and intricate infrastructural systems, increasing control by securing total environments. In these ways, the paper shows how urban controlled environment agriculture selectively extends existing logics of urban and rural agriculture and identifies the future research challenges for urban studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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34. Celebrating Professor Rajeev K. Varshney's transformative research odyssey from genomics to the field on his induction as Fellow of the Royal Society.
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Garg, Vanika, Barmukh, Rutwik, Chitikineni, Annapurna, Roorkiwal, Manish, Ojiewo, Chris, Bohra, Abhishek, Thudi, Mahendar, Singh, Vikas K., Kudapa, Himabindu, Saxena, Rachit K., Fountain, Jake, Mir, Reyazul Rouf, Bharadwaj, Chellapilla, Chen, Xiaoping, Xin, Liu, and Pandey, Manish K.
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GENOMICS , *AGRICULTURE , *TROPICAL crops , *RESEARCH personnel , *CROP improvement - Abstract
Summary: Professor Rajeev K. Varshney's transformative impact on crop genomics, genetics, and agriculture is the result of his passion, dedication, and unyielding commitment to harnessing the potential of genomics to address the most pressing challenges faced by the global agricultural community. Starting from a small town in India and reaching the global stage, Professor Varshney's academic and professional trajectory has inspired many scientists active in research today. His ground‐breaking work, especially his effort to list orphan tropical crops to genomic resource‐rich entities, has been transformative. Beyond his scientific achievements, Professor Varshney is recognized by his colleagues as an exemplary mentor, fostering the growth of future researchers, building institutional capacity, and strengthening scientific capability. His focus on translational genomics and strengthening seed system in developing countries for the improvement of agriculture has made a tangible impact on farmers' lives. His skills have been best utilized in roles at leading research centres where he has applied his expertise to deliver a new vision for crop improvement. These efforts have now been recognized by the Royal Society with the award of the Fellowship (FRS). As we mark this significant milestone in his career, we not only celebrate Professor Varshney's accomplishments but also his wider contributions that continue to transform the agricultural landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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35. Weaving Wayapa and cognitive behaviour therapy: applying research topic yarning to explore a cultural interface between Western and Indigenous psychology practice in Australia.
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O'Shea, Melissa, Klas, Anna, Hardy, Tracy, Stone, Jem, Frangos, Thaedra, Jacobs, Teya, Mitchell, Fiona, Charles, James, Jones, Sara, Thomas, Jamie, and Ryan, Kelleigh
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CLINICAL psychology , *CULTURAL identity , *SOCIAL psychology , *MENTAL health services , *QUALITATIVE research , *CULTURE , *PSYCHOLOGY , *MEDICAL research , *COMMUNICATION , *COGNITIVE therapy , *THEORY , *AGRICULTURE , *WELL-being , *TRANSCULTURAL medical care - Abstract
Indigenous Psychology within Australia reflects the traditional knowledges of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and their understanding of the cultivation of relational social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB). However, these perspectives are poorly incorporated into dominant "Western" psychological theories and practice, such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). This represents a barrier to the cultural safety of current mental health practice and its decolonisation within Australia. This study brought together CBT Practitioners and Practitioners of an Aboriginal Wellbeing practice ("Wayapa") to engage in a series of yarns (guided focus groups) to share perspectives, insights, and stories on their own and each other's practices. Indigenous qualitative research approaches including Research Topic Yarning were engaged to decolonise the research environment and support dialogue at the cultural interface of the two practices. Through experiencing Wayapa, CBT practitioners reflected on gaps in their own practice, with an enthusiasm for the opportunities that Wayapa provided to decolonise their practice. Wayapa practitioners were able to celebrate the holistic nature of their practice and the possibility for it to inform dominant "Western" psychological theories and practice, such as CBT, and encourage a more connected and culturally safe way of working with First Nations peoples. Creating safe cultural interfaces between "Western" and Indigenous Psychologies, and building awareness of the value of Aboriginal grounded wellbeing models, can help to promote and expand culturally safe practices within Australian psychological practice. What is already known about this topic: The cultural safety and relevance of CBT for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples remains uncertain. There is limited knowledge of Aboriginal wellbeing practices and Indigenous Psychologies amongst non-Indigenous Australian mental health practitioners, including psychologists. Broadened understanding of Aboriginal wellbeing practices such as Wayapa Wurrrk, may contribute to decolonising psychology in Australia. What this topic adds: CBT and Wayapa share common and unique tools and concepts that can support the social emotional wellbeing of all Australians. Wayapa Wurrrk concepts such as earth mindfulness and the centring of Country as a foundation for wellness and social emotional wellbeing represent gaps in current CBT practice. Work at the cultural interface of "Western" and Indigenous Psychology offers a pathway to promote appreciation for, and active utilisation of, Indigenous psychologies including the social emotional wellbeing framework (SEWB). In this article, we recognise both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples as the First Nations of Australia. We acknowledge and pay respect to the knowledge that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are unique, all with their own languages, knowledge systems, beliefs, and histories. We recognise the collective terms they prefer also vary. With respectful consideration to these preferences, typically we will specify Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples when referring to First Nations Peoples in this article. From time to time, we use the term Indigenous. However, we note that for many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, this is not preferred. As such, we have only used this where we are referencing it's use from another source, or it is the established use of the term, such as its use in "Indigenous knowledges". Where referring to individual Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, we have endeavoured to incorporate their preferences, including for example, reference to the Country they are connected to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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36. Introgression from local cultivars is a driver of agricultural adaptation in Argentinian weedy rice.
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Presotto, Alejandro, Hernández, Fernando, Vercellino, Román Boris, Kruger, Raúl Daniel, Fontana, María Laura, Ureta, María Soledad, Crepy, María, Auge, Gabriela, and Caicedo, Ana
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AGRICULTURE , *WEEDS , *CULTIVARS , *HERBICIDE resistance , *RICE , *ACETOLACTATE synthase , *WILD rice - Abstract
Weedy rice, a pervasive and troublesome weed found across the globe, has often evolved through fertilization of rice cultivars with little importance of crop‐weed gene flow. In Argentina, weedy rice has been reported as an important constraint since the early 1970s, and, in the last few years, strains with herbicide‐resistance are suspected to evolve. Despite their importance, the origin and genetic composition of Argentinian weedy rice as well its adaptation to agricultural environments has not been explored so far. To study this, we conducted genotyping‐by‐sequencing on samples of Argentinian weedy and cultivated rice and compared them with published data from weedy, cultivated and wild rice accessions distributed worldwide. In addition, we conducted a phenotypic characterization for weedy‐related traits, a herbicide resistance screening and genotyped accessions for known mutations in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, which confers herbicide resistance. Our results revealed large phenotypic variability in Argentinian weedy rice. Most strains were resistant to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides with a high frequency of the ALS mutation (A122T) present in Argentinian rice cultivars. Argentinian cultivars belonged to the three major genetic groups of rice: japonica, indica and aus while weeds were mostly aus or aus‐indica admixed, resembling weedy rice strains from the Southern Cone region. Phylogenetic analysis supports a single origin for aus‐like South American weeds, likely as seed contaminants from the United States, and then admixture with local indica cultivars. Our findings demonstrate that crop to weed introgression can facilitate rapid adaptation to agriculture environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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37. Effective dispersal patterns in prairie plant species across human‐modified landscapes.
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Hendrickson, Elizabeth C. and Cruzan, Mitchell B.
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PLANT species , *POLLEN dispersal , *SEED dispersal , *AGRICULTURE , *GENE flow , *PLANT dispersal - Abstract
Effective dispersal among plant populations is dependent on vector behaviour, landscape features and availability of adequate habitats. To capture landscape feature effects on dispersal, studies must be conducted at scales reflecting single‐generation dispersal events (mesoscale). Many studies are conducted at large scales where genetic differentiation is due to dispersal occurring over multiple generations, making it difficult to interpret the effects of specific landscape features on vector behaviour. Genetic structure at the mesoscale may be determined by ecological and evolutionary processes, such as the consequences of vector behaviour on patterns of gene flow. We used chloroplast haplotypes and nuclear genome SNP surveys to identify landscape features influencing seed and pollen dispersal at a mesoscale within the Rogue River Valley in southern Oregon. We evaluated biotic and abiotic vector behaviour by contrasting two annual species with differing dispersal mechanisms; Achyrachaena mollis (Asteraceae) is a self‐pollinating and anemochoric species, and Plectritis congesta (Caprifoliaceae) is biotically pollinated with barochoric seeds. Using landscape genetics methods, we identified features of the study region that conduct or restrict dispersal. We found chloroplast haplotypes were indicative of historic patterns of gene flow prior to human modification of landscapes. Seed dispersal of A. mollis was best supported by models of isolation by distance, while seed‐driven gene flow of P. congesta was determined by the distribution of preserved natural spaces and quality habitat. Nuclear genetic structure was driven by both pollen and seed dispersal, and both species responded to contemporary landscape changes, such as urban and agricultural conversion, and habitat availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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38. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling in plants: A plant stress perspective.
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Naz, Misbah, Afzal, Muhammad Rahil, Raza, Muhammad Ammar, Pandey, Saurabh, Qi, Shanshan, Dai, Zhicong, and Du, Daolin
- Abstract
• Ca2+ signals orchestrate spatial-temporal patterns regulating plant growth and stress. • Ca2+ sensors like CaM/CBL decode signatures to actuate divergent programs. • Compartmentalized Ca2+ signaling integrates intra/extracellular cues for stress. • Ca2+ signature dynamics encoded by channels/pumps activate stress genes. • Engineering Ca2+ sensor-effector modules enhances abiotic stress resilience. Calcium ions (Ca2+) serve as ubiquitous signaling molecules and are involved in diverse biological processes, particularly pivotal in plant growth and stress response. When plants sense environmental changes, an initial response involves an intracellular shift in free Ca2+ levels, with the spatiotemporal characteristics influenced by the nature, intensity, and duration of the stimulus. Decoding and relaying these changes into biological processes require the utilization of Ca2+ sensors. Abiotic stresses impact plant physiology and development by causing environmental fluctuations beyond optimal ranges. Abiotic stressors encompass suboptimal temperature, osmotic disturbances, hazardous ions, and nutrient deficiency. Recognizing and transducing signals in response to these stressors involve multiple components and methods due to their complexity. Additionally, plants contend with biotic factors, triggering calcium signaling cascades. However, understanding of gene functions related to managing specific transient calcium signals during particular stresses is limited. This review delves into the emerging conceptual implications of Ca2+ signaling in plant abiotic stress responses at both intracellular and extracellular levels. It also explores the potential influence of Ca2+ signaling on various agricultural stresses in future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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39. Prevalence and incidence rate of clinical lameness in three New Zealand dairy goat farms.
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Jaques, Natasha, Turner, Sally-Anne, Vallee, Emilie, Heuer, Cord, Deeming, Laura, and Lopez-Villalobos, Nicolas
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GOAT farming , *DAIRY farming , *GOATS , *ANIMAL industry , *ANIMAL welfare , *AGRICULTURE , *DAIRY farm management - Abstract
Clinical lameness has an impact on animal welfare and profitability in different livestock industries. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence rate of clinical lameness within New Zealand dairy goat farms. Up to 3246 goats on three dairy goat farms were observed 4–5 times over one year. Data on locomotion scores and animal information were collected between June 2019 and June 2020. A 5-point (0–4) locomotion scoring scale was used, where scores 3 and 4 were classified as clinical lameness. The average herd-level prevalence of clinical lameness for farms A, B, and C were 23, 12, and 10%, respectively. The annual incidence rate of clinical lameness for farms A, B, and C were 104, 56, and 55 cases per 100 goat-years, respectively. Lameness appears to be a significant welfare issue, with incidence varying between farms and between goats. Investigating both farm-level and goat-level factors is required to understand the epidemiology of lameness and design evidence-based control and prevention measures. Further investigation should be undertaken to identify variables affecting the goat's odds of becoming clinically lame. This study sets the foundation for future study of lameness in commercial dairy goat farms nationally and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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40. Responses of the Key Phenological Characteristics and Carbon Flux of Winter Wheat to Climatic Time-Lag Effects and Crop Management on the North China Plain.
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Yang, Jin, Wang, Haifeng, Wu, Shaoqin, Wu, Xianzhong, and Wu, Jiujiang
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CROP management , *AGRICULTURE , *CARBON offsetting , *CARBON sequestration , *CARBON cycle , *WINTER wheat - Abstract
Evaluation of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of agroecosystems may help to assess regional carbon cycles and ensure carbon neutrality. However, farmland NEE is influenced by climate change, phenological period, and crop management. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the time-lag effects of climate change on the phenology and NEE of winter wheat, as well as the influence of crop management. We found that the impact of climate change on the phenology of winter wheat exhibits a time lag of 1 to 2 months, with notable spatial and temporal heterogeneity. When accounting for time-lag effects, the correlation between climate change and both phenology and NEE significantly strengthens, with the lagged impact on NEE primarily mediated through changes in phenology. Specifically, climate change accelerates the green-up and heading dates but delays the maturity date, while crop management extends the phenological period. Our findings indicated that during the green-up stage, NEE is mainly influenced by temperature changes resulting from climate change. During the heading stage, it is predominantly affected by crop management, and during the maturity stage, it is impacted by both factors, with crop management having a more significant effect. Overall, the accelerated green-up stage and delayed heading and maturity stages contribute to enhanced carbon sequestration. This research provides new insights into carbon exchanges in agricultural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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41. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Foliar Fertilizer Application on the Physiological Characteristics and Yield of High-Quality Japonica Rice.
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Song, Yunsheng, Dong, Minghui, Chen, Fei, Hu, Yajie, Zhu, Yongliang, Gu, Junrong, Chen, Peifeng, Xie, Yulin, Yuan, Caiyong, Qiao, Zhongying, Yu, Yajie, Cao, Penghui, Shi, Linlin, Wang, Yuxuan, and Zhang, Mengxin
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FERTILIZER application , *SUSTAINABLE agriculture , *AGRICULTURE , *RICE , *RICE quality , *UREA as fertilizer , *NITROGEN fertilizers - Abstract
High-quality japonica rice, distinguished by its unique flavor and enriched nutritional value, has attracted significant attention across Asia. The over-application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, however, is a growing concern, threatening both the rice quality and the environmental sustainability of its production. This situation calls for a reevaluation and modification of traditional agricultural practices. Our study investigates the effects of reduced N fertilizer use, complemented by foliar fertilizer application, on the physiological attributes and yield of high-quality japonica rice. The aim is to achieve efficient N use and enhanced crop productivity. The experiment employed 'Sujing 1180', a high-quality japonica rice cultivar, utilizing urea as the N source and a comprehensive macronutrient-rich water-soluble fertilizer for foliar application. Five treatments were established: conventional N application (270 kg ha− 1, N100), 10% N reduction (N90), 10% N reduction with foliar application (N90 + FF), 20% N reduction (N80), and 20% N reduction with foliar application (N80 + FF). These treatments were meticulously examined throughout various growth stages. Photosynthetic parameter analysis indicated that N90 + FF significantly boosted the net photosynthetic rate during the heading stage. N80 + FF maintained higher stomatal conductance at the maturity stage, suggesting that foliar fertilizer is effective in enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal conductance. In terms of N metabolism, N90 + FF notably increased the accumulation of nitrate N during the jointing stage, surpassing other treatments. While N90 and N80 showed reductions in both nitrate and ammonium N levels compared to N100, N90 + FF was particularly effective in elevating nitrate and ammonium N as well as free amino acid concentrations. Regarding N fertilizer efficiency, N90 + FF surpassed N100 across several critical parameters, specifically total N absorption, N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and N physiological efficiency. Significantly, N90 + FF showed marked improvements in both N agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity. In examining yield and its components, the N90 + FF treatment achieved a higher yield of 9872.48 kg ha− 1, surpassing the 9383.75 kg ha− 1 of N100. N90 + FF had better results in seed-setting rate and average grain number per panicle, with its 1000-grain weight similar to that of N100. The N90 and N80 treatments, however, were less effective in terms of yield and its components. The integrated study findings demonstrate that a strategy incorporating moderate N reduction and foliar fertilizer application markedly optimizes rice photosynthesis, augments N metabolism, and enhances utilization efficiency, leading to increased yields. These insights are valuable for advancing precision agriculture, enhancing japonica rice production efficiency, and promoting sustainable farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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42. Compromised health: Examining growth and health in a late antique Roman infant and child cemetery.
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Malis, Sierra W., Wilson, Jordan A., Zuckerman, Molly Kathleen, Osterholtz, Anna J., Paige, Julianne, Miller, Shane, Paraman, Lujana, and Soren, David
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INFANTS , *PHYSIOLOGICAL stress , *AGRICULTURE , *INFANT development , *DENTAL maturity , *CHILD development - Abstract
Objectives: Combining research from infant and child development, public health, anthropology, and history, this research examines the relationship between growth, growth disruption, and skeletal indicators of chronic and/or episodic physiological stress (stress) among juvenile individuals (n = 60) interred at the late antique infant and child cemetery at Poggio Gramignano (PG) (ca. 5th century CE), associated with a rural agricultural community. Materials and methods: Growth disruption—evidenced by decreased long bone length compared to dental age—and stress experience—evidenced by skeletal stress indicators—within these individuals are compared to those within juveniles from a comparative sample (n = 66) from two urban Roman‐era cemeteries, Villa Rustica (VR) (0–250 CE) and Tragurium City Necropolis (TCN) (0–700 CE). Results: Results indicate that individuals from PG had significantly smaller femoral lengths‐for‐age than those from VR and TCN; however, the frequency of skeletal stress indicators was higher among juveniles from VR and TCN. Discussion: These differences in growth and stress experience are likely related to the different biosocial and ecological environments present in these two regions. For the community at PG, internal and external violent conflicts, as well as social, political, and economic turmoil, and subsistence shortages, endemic and epidemic infectious disease, nutritional deficiencies, and inherited or acquired anemia may have synergized to create chronically and/or episodically deleterious conditions for its juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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43. 'Social Relations and Agrarian Labour': Exploring the Dynamics of Relations Between Former Farm Workers and A1 Beneficiaries in Zimbabwe's A1 Settlements.
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Marewo, Malvern Kudakwashe
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AGRICULTURAL laborers , *LAND reform , *BENEFICIARIES , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
This article examines the evolving nature of social and agrarian relations between A1 villagised beneficiaries of the Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe (FTLRP) and former farm workers. Using a case study from Zvimba District, Mashonaland West, I investigate how after FTLRP farm workers are accessing land and a host of livelihoods through social relations with the A1 beneficiaries. The article argues that after FTLRP, farm workers have established social relations with beneficiaries of FTLRP, which have enabled them to access land, agricultural inputs, and other socioeconomic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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44. Determination of Factors Affecting the Adoption of Integrated Farming System in Dryland Areas of Southern India by Using Supervised Learning Techniques.
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Kandasamy, Sathya Uma Lakshmi, Singh, Piyush Kumar, and Swain, Dillip Kumar
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INTEGRATED agricultural systems , *DRY farming , *SUPERVISED learning , *FARMERS' attitudes , *AGRICULTURE , *ORGANIC fertilizers - Abstract
Smallholders of dryland ecosystems continue to live below the poverty line while facing significant economic and social deprivation with decreasing landholding. Most dryland farmers perform conventional disintegrated farming practices due to a lack of knowledge and resource inefficiency. This study investigates the possibility of an Integrated Farming System (IFS) to address the current dryland farming issues and explore various factors affecting its adoption among the farming community. This study aims to apply and compare supervised learning techniques to assess the primary drivers affecting the adoption of the IFS in rural southern India. The study shows that organic fertilizer production, farmers' age, and involvement in the extension activity are the major factors affecting the adoption of IFS among dryland farmers. The study supports that small and marginal farmers have a high possibility of realizing the higher benefit from IFS. The study recommends that these components be given proper policy consideration in designing and implementing an effective farming system in dryland areas to improve farmers' income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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45. Determinants of Livelihood Diversification of Farm Households in Rural India: Evidence From National Sample Survey.
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Kumari, Ruma and Ramana Murthy, R. V.
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AGRICULTURE , *HOUSEHOLDS , *FARM income , *FARMS , *INCOME , *RURAL poor - Abstract
The lives of rural households are predominantly based on agriculture and its allied activities. However, there are signs of an agricultural crisis resulting in dependence on alternative sources of income. This paper analyzes the factors that influence the decision of farm households to participate in non-farm activities for alternative income. The official data for two years on the Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households are explored and a pooled probit regression model is run to examine the determinants of income diversification. Our findings reveal that farm income and irrigated land negatively influence diversification. However, diversification of those having lower access to farm holdings, socioeconomic deprivation, and improved access to education, informal credit, and crop insurance point out positive participation in non-farm enterprises. In addition, the population belonging to hilly and coastal plain regions and the age group 30–64 years are more likely to diversify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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46. Mechanisms of seed persistence in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.).
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Holloway, Thomas, Pérez, Marta, Chandler, Jake O., Venceslai, Nahema, Garcia, Lucio, Cohn, Jonathan, Schilling, Kelly, Seville, Anne, Leubner‐Metzger, Gerhard, and Nakabayashi, Kazumi
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SEED dormancy , *AGRICULTURE , *WEED seeds , *PLANT regulators , *WEED control , *NUCLEOTIDE sequencing , *SEEDS , *ABSCISIC acid - Abstract
Seed dormancy is the key factor determining weed emergence in agricultural fields and there is growing interest in weed seeds as a target for weed management. A foremost limitation to this approach is the lack of molecular insight into the mechanisms regulating dormancy in weed seeds. Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass) seeds were collected from a wheat field in the UK. At low temperatures, dormant (D) and after‐ripened (AR) seeds germinate similarly and at warm temperatures dormancy is enforced. RNAseq analysis at both temperatures for D and AR seeds demonstrated distinct mechanisms, involving abscisic acid and gibberellin signalling, are involved in after‐ripening and cold‐induced dormancy release. Exogenous application of selected plant growth regulators provided further insight into the phytohormone processes involved in seed dormancy in blackgrass. An untargeted analysis of the transcriptome revealed dormancy‐related processes beyond the regulation of germination, such as seed defence processes, which may have potential as targets for weed seedbank management. Our findings suggest that dormancy breaking can occur via multiple independent but connected hormone‐mediated mechanisms and provide a case study for the use of next‐generation sequencing to uncover the mechanisms involved in seed dormancy in weed and non‐model species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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47. Current and future glyphosate use in European agriculture.
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Neve, Paul, Matzrafi, Maor, Ulber, Lena, Baraibar, Bàrbara, Beffa, Roland, Belvaux, Xavier, Farré, Joel Torra, Mennan, Hüsrev, Ringselle, Björn, Salonen, Jukka, Soukup, Josef, Andert, Sabine, Duecker, Rebecka, Gonzalez, Emilio, Hamouzová, Katerina, Karpinski, Isabella, Travlos, Ilias S., Vidotto, Francesco, and Kudsk, Per
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AGRICULTURAL conservation , *HERBICIDE resistance , *GLYPHOSATE , *WEED control , *TILLAGE , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
There has been a longstanding and contentious debate about the future of glyphosate use in the European Union (EU). In November 2023, the European Commission approved the renewal of the use registration for glyphosate for a further 10 years. Nevertheless, the EU Farm to Fork strategy calls for a 50% reduction in pesticide use by 2030. In November 2022, the European Weed Research Society organised a 2 day workshop to identify critical glyphosate uses in current EU cropping systems and to review the availability of glyphosate alternatives. Workshop participants identified four current, critical uses in EU cropping systems; control and management of perennial weeds, weed control in conservation agriculture, vegetation management in tree and vine crops and herbicide resistance management. There are few herbicide alternatives that provide effective, economic, broad‐spectrum control of weeds, particularly perennial weeds. Mechanical weed control, and in particular, soil cultivation is the most obvious glyphosate alternative. However, this is not possible in conservation agriculture systems and, in general, increased soil cultivation has negative impacts for soil health. Emerging technologies for precision weed control can enable more targeted use of glyphosate, greatly reducing use rates. These technologies also facilitate the use and development of alternative targeted physical weed control (e.g. tillage, lasers, electricity), reducing the energy and environmental costs of these approaches. In tree crops, the use of organic and inorganic mulches can reduce the need for glyphosate use. In general, reduced use of glyphosate will require an even greater focus on integrated weed management to reduce weed establishment in agroecosystems, increase weed management diversity and limit the use of alternative resistance‐prone herbicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The occurrence of cyst nematodes in agricultural fields of Southern Manitoba.
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Madani, Mehrdad, Tenuta, Mario, and Castillo, Pablo
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SOYBEAN cyst nematode , *CYST nematodes , *AGRICULTURE , *SOYBEAN diseases & pests , *DNA analysis , *DIAGNOSTIC use of polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
In southern Manitoba, Canada, a survey was carried out in 2012 and 2013 to determine the presence of Heteroderidae cyst-forming plant-parasitic nematodes, with a focus on the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines). A total of 48 fields having grown soybean were sampled. A modified Fenwick elutriation-flotation technique was used to extract cysts with a 75% cyst recovery efficiency. Cyst population density averaged 0.9 cysts kg−1 soil, with a total of 65 cysts recovered. Preliminary screening of cysts, based on general body shape and vulval cone top structure, showed the presence of cysts belong to circumfenestrate, and ambifenestrate groups of cyst-forming nematodes. Limited morphological data was accessible due to poor quality or insufficient cysts for analysis; however, generated DNA sequences for nuclear rDNA ITS and D2-D3 expansion region of the 28S rRNA were obtained for four samples and matched sequences in GenBank for the cyst nematodes Cactodera milleri, C. torreyanae, C. weissi, C. estonica and unknown Cactodera species. Only one of the ambifenestrate cysts with a cone top structure of Heterodera species yielded DNA for analysis and its identification was ambiguous for soybean cyst nematode (SCN). None of the cysts were positive through SCN diagnostic PCR. Cactodera is not a pest of soybean or other crops in Manitoba. These cyst nematodes are likely to be naturally associated with weeds and grasses in the sampled fields or may be introduced from neighbouring states of the USA. Further annual surveys are needed and recommended in the near future to encompass more soybean fields and corroborate the absence of the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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49. Gender gaps in the adoption of climate‐smart agricultural practices: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa.
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Hailemariam, Abebe, Kalsi, Jaslin, and Mavisakalyan, Astghik
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GENDER inequality , *AGRICULTURE , *RANGE management , *WATER harvesting , *PEST control , *PEST control industry - Abstract
In this paper we examine whether there are significant gender differences in the adoption of climate‐smart agricultural (CSA) practices in sub‐Saharan Africa. Using individual‐level data from four sites in Kenya, Uganda and Senegal, our empirical analysis provides robust evidence that men have a higher likelihood of adopting high‐return CSA practices including modern chemical fertiliser, improved high‐yielding varieties and drought/pest tolerant livestock practices. In contrast, women tend to have a higher likelihood of adopting low‐risk and low‐return traditional CSA practices such as water harvesting, crop covering, rangeland management and pest management. Our subsample analysis shows significant heterogeneity in the gender gap across countries. The results of the decomposition of the observed gender gap show that personal values and norms, access to weather and production information and farm characteristics are important factors that explain the gender differential in the likelihood of CSA adoption. Our findings imply that equalising access to key resources such as plots of land, information and decision making power will be crucial to close the gender gap in the adoption of CSA practices. This is particularly important given the differential impacts of climate change between men and women in sub‐Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Properties and valuable applications of superabsorbent polymers: a comprehensive review.
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Damiri, Fouad, Salave, Sagar, Vitore, Jyotsna, Bachra, Yahya, Jadhav, Rutika, Kommineni, Nagavendra, Karouach, Fadoua, Paiva-Santos, Ana Cláudia, Varma, Rajender S., and Berrada, Mohammed
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SUPERABSORBENT polymers , *HYGIENE products , *HEAVY metals , *NANOMEDICINE , *NANOFILTRATION , *HYDROGELS - Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are a class of cross-coupled hydrophilic networks that have an extraordinary capacity to absorb and retain water. It is primarily because of the additional ionic cross-linking of SAPs, their porous wavy structure, a large number of hydrophilic functionalities, the high elasticity of the chains, and the enlarged free volumes between the polymeric chains, that all contribute to the enhancement of the swelling capability of superabsorbent hydrogels. These exceptional attributes have endowed them to be an alternative to conventional hydrogels in various applications. In view of the importance of this class of absorbent material and their diverse appliances, this review deliberates the experimental methods for characterizing superabsorbent polymers, including the officially accepted industrial measurements of their unique attributes, namely, swelling among others. In addition, the review highlights recent advances in the field of superabsorbent polymers encompassing nanofiltration, heat resistance, and absorbency, drug delivery, disposable hygiene products, nanomedicines, and the removal of heavy metals from wastewater and agriculture domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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