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In the Javanese village of Kaliloro, share tenancy in rice cultivation, which was widely predicted to disappear with the Green Revolution, has not declined but expanded since the early 1970s. In this article, building on previous debates on share tenancy, we show how sharecropping has survived and expanded in Kaliloro's generally commoditized agrarian economy. Many share tenancy relationships in Kaliloro link wealthier landowners and landless or near‐landless tenants. But many also occur between households of relatively equal status and between parents and their own children. For both landowners and share tenants, their reasons for reliance on sharecropping over hired labour are complex, going beyond simple comparisons of relative labour costs (to landowners) or labour earnings (to share tenants). The landless and near‐landless are well aware of the exploitative nature of share tenancy, but it remains an important component of their pluriactive livelihoods, even in times of rising farm wage rates, mainly to ensure a supply of rice for domestic consumption. For landowners who are too busy, or unable, to manage cultivation themselves, share tenancy remains the most convenient, effective, and risk‐free labour regime, and mechanism of surplus transfer from direct producer to landowner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an ethnographic investigation of Moroccan rural-urban migration, specifically focusing on labour migrants from the village of Matat in the region of Asni in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. The economic, spatial, and structural constraints that bring about migrants' uncertain trajectories, insecurities, and risks are investigated in how they affect the migrants' aspirations, projects, and decisions related to creating and sustaining a family. While the entire region is affected by socio-spatial relegation, Matat occupies a marginalised position even within the area of Asni due to its geographic location, pushing people to search for work far from Asni. This tans local mobility creates a mismatch between different lived realities and zones of aspiration. Moreover, the transition from subsistence farming to commercial and wage labour results in uneven consequences for the different households in the douar (the village). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the contribution of wage income to the overall earnings of agricultural households in India. Utilising data from the 2019 "Land and Livestock Holding of Households and Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households" conducted by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in 2018–19, the study offers an in-depth analysis of the proportion of income derived from wages by farmers across various states and landholding sizes. Additionally, the paper investigates the impact of public employment programmes, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), on rural wages and the income of agricultural households. Findings from the paper point towards increasing landlessness among small and marginal farmers, as they increasingly rely on wages to supplement their livelihood. While a focus on increasing agricultural growth rate by the policymakers may contribute towards farmers' welfare, policies need to be focused towards increase in non-farm employment. Rural employment programmes help to address the issue of chronic unemployment and alleviate rural poverty. Public investments in the form of irrigation facilities and other rural infrastructure are also required to promote sustained agricultural growth and thereby foster well-being among the rural agricultural households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants are vital to agricultural production in the United States, and nearly half the crop workforce is unauthorized. Previous attempts to reform the immigration system have not successfully legalized the farm workforce or caused substantive rise in farmworker incomes. Current proposed legislation would legalize unauthorized farmworkers, streamline the H‐2A agricultural guest worker program, and provide a pathway to citizenship for H‐2A workers while simultaneously requiring agricultural employers to check the immigration status of workers using E‐Verify. This paper discusses proposed farm labor legislation in the context of current farm labor market conditions, outcomes of historical farm labor and immigration policies, and ongoing immigration trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research leverages yearly variations in climate variables, such as rainfall and temperature, across the West Bank from 1999 to 2018 to assess their influence on individuals' decisions to stay in the agricultural sector. The main findings suggest that an increase in rainfall in the previous year is associated with a higher proportion of workers in the agricultural sector, especially in regions where agriculture is the primary economic activity. Temperature variation is also an important factor. An increase in the maximum temperature will generally have a negative effect on the supply of labor in the agricultural sector, while an increase in the minimum temperature may have a positive effect. However, this effect varies across different regions of the West Bank, reflecting the diverse agricultural practices and irrigation methods employed. The study also examines two potential mechanisms through which climate change affects labor decisions: agricultural labor migration to the Israeli labor market and how climate shocks affect agricultural wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractThe recent upsurge in food prices in Sri Lanka has raised significant concerns, posing a threat to the food and nutritional security of the population. However, the causal factors driving this inflation still need to be better understood. Our study, utilizing Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Models (VECM), investigates the role of supply and demand-side determinants of food inflation. The study identified changes in exchange rate, agricultural wages, fuel prices, money supply, and fertilizer prices as key drivers of food inflation in Sri Lanka. Expansion of the money supply exerted the most substantial influence on food inflation in the long run. At the same time, changes in world market prices were found to be the most influential determinants of food inflation in the short run. Findings underscore the need for a comprehensive strategy that combines supply-side enhancements and demand-side management to control food inflation in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, rural livelihood has been restructured dramatically in the Global South as a result of neoliberal transformations such as the removal of state subsidies for small‐scale farmers, privatization of agricultural state economic enterprises, rising control of global agribusiness firms on agricultural production, expropriation of rural commons and private farmland for mega‐investments in natural resources. Under the Justice and Development Party (AKP) governments, Turkey has been a prime example of these patterns of accumulation and dispossession. Additionally, the country has been facing coal rush policies of the AKP governments with the aim of utilizing domestic coal to overcome the problem of energy supply security. In this paper, I argue that rural change and patterns of proletarianization in the rural extractive regions are inherently gendered and women assume a central role in the production and social reproduction of the classes of extractive labour. Drawing on 3‐year research conducted in the Soma Coal Basin, Western Anatolia, Turkey, the paper examines the transformation of women's (i) petty commodity production as unpaid family farmers, (ii) agricultural wage work and (iii) reproductive work as miners' wives and subsistence farmers as a result of rising private sector coal investments since the mid‐2000s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Gang Canal region of Rajasthan, the cropping pattern changed from a labour intensive crop, cotton, to a mechanized crop, cluster beans. The shift in cropping pattern not only displaced workers from farm wage work but also brought changes in labour hiring contracts with large scale conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece‐rate contracts. Drawing on a primary survey in a village from Gang Canal region, the paper examines the change in the agrarian relations in rural Rajasthan by analysing the emerging development in the rural labour relations. For piece‐rate work in farm wage work in some parts of Rajasthan, the wage rate is unilaterally decided by the landlords and large capitalist farmers and is denoted as the ‘village rate’. The manual workers have negligible bargaining power vis‐à‐vis the village rate. The conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece‐rate contracts has enhanced the duration of working day that involves a rise in the rate of surplus value. Access and availability of low wage labour facilitates the accumulation of capital. With the limited availability of employment in the non‐farm sector (in both public and private sectors), workers are compelled to sell their labour power at wages that do not exceed the level of subsistence. The paper concludes with a brief examination of continuum of coercion and varied degree of unfreedom among worker in the village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences (SJAS) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agricultural subsidy policy can improve the planting enthusiasm of rural households by increasing their income. It is of great significance to assess and summarise the effect of the soybean and cotton target price subsidy policy and to determine future policy direction. Using the national rural fixed-observation point socioeconomic survey data from 2009 to 2017, the study employed the difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate the impact of the target price policy (TPP) on rural household income in China. TPP had no significant impact on the total income of rural households. Specifically, TPP increased the farm income of rural households but simultaneously reduced the wage income and had no significant impact on the other income. Moreover, the impact of TPP on rural household income varied with the planting scale and income level; the effect of TPP was strong among the non-poor or scale operation rural households. TPP implementation affected rural household farm and wage income by affecting farmers' allocation of working time and cost input. Therefore, implementing TPP should consider farmers' participation in non-farm employment, further adjust the subsidy intensity and scope, and combine direct subsidies with the poverty reduction effect in poor areas. The contribution of this article is to explore the implementation effect of target price subsidy policies from the perspective of farmers' income, to deconstruct farmers' income, and explore the mechanism of policy action. This paper provides a theoretical basis and policy inspiration for China to improve and adjust the agricultural subsidy policy, mobilise farmers' enthusiasm to cultivate, and ensure national food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 2000s, some Indian states started allowing private traders to buy directly from farmers outside the state-regulated market system. The experience of these states can shed light on the impact of market-oriented reforms and the role of public procurement. Using individual-level National Sample Survey Data on agricultural wages and a new dataset on state-level average real farm income per cultivator for 18 major Indian states between 1987–2012, this paper shows, using both a difference-in-difference and a triple difference framework, that marketing reforms alone did not contribute to higher farm incomes and agricultural wages. However, when these reforms were coupled with public procurement at the minimum support price, farm incomes and agricultural wages significantly improved. Our results suggest that market-reforms and public procurement at minimum support prices were complements which together contributed to raising rural incomes in states like Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What were the effects of a 52 per cent increase in the minimum wage in the agricultural sector in South Africa in 2013? We estimate the short run effects of this policy change on the income, employment, and poverty rate of farmworkers, using individual-level panel data from the Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFS). Before the implementation date, 90 per cent of farmworkers were paid below the new minimum wage level. We find that the wage gain of farmworkers is strongly quadratically related to pre-implementation wages, suggesting lower compliance as the gap between the minimum and the pre-implementation wage increases. We estimate that farmworkers received a median wage increase of 9 per cent as a result of the policy, and we find no evidence of job losses. Overall, farmworkers were 7 per cent less likely to have household income per person below the poverty line. One possible explanation for these outcomes is that endogenous compliance may mitigate against unemployment effects. While the minimum wage literature is large, our paper adds to the small subset of this literature on large increases, partial compliance, and poverty effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the factors driving agricultural wages growth in China from 1981 to 2020. We propose a comprehensive framework that combines input-output analysis and structural decomposition analysis to investigate the drivers of agricultural wages growth from four perspectives: supply, demand, industrial linkages, and agricultural support policies. The findings indicate that changes in consumer demand, investment demand, and labor mobility play significant roles in driving the growth of agricultural wages in China. Additionally, agricultural support policies have contributed to an increase in agricultural wages to some extent. However, changes in industrial linkages negatively affect agricultural wages growth. A notable strength of this study lies in the methodology employed, which ensures a comprehensive and systematic analysis encompassing diverse factors rather than a restricted perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying restrictions to the division of agricultural land parcels can potentially prevent fragmentation and ensure the efficient use of land. To achieve effective regulation indicators that are justified as targets in evaluating the appropriate dimensions of the plots covered by the legislation need to be defined. This article examines the issues involved in determining the size of land plots that are subject to restrictions, based on efficiency criteria and the necessity to ensure the viability of farms per the goals set for their regulation. To evaluate the size of the areas, it is proposed to use the minimum level of the reference income indicator, which determines the viability of the farm. The authors have prepared formulas for calculating guidelines for the size of the subdivided land areas using the average level of wages in the agricultural sector and the amount of income necessary to meet minimum needs as the basis for the reference income. Using these formulas, the corresponding target indicators, differentiated by regions are calculated, and advanced proposals are made for their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural industry plays a significant role in the South African economy, specifically in creating jobs. However, this sector is facing significant challenges owing to economic and social unrest. Within the application of both Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Model (ECM) on time series data from 2010q1 to 2021q4; this paper assessed the effects of food imports, inflation, and real wage on agricultural employment in South Africa. The results from bounds testing indicated that food imports, inflation and real wage stimulate longterm disruptions in agricultural employment. However, short-run results indicated that agricultural employment is only affected by the real wage. Based on these findings, this study suggests a policy that incorporation of both inflation rate and real wages policy to improve employment in the agricultural industry. Additionally, easing the import of food products that are complements to domestic agricultural products should be another strategy to increase the number of people employed in the agricultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the work of early Indian professional economists in the field of labour. They undertook wide-ranging studies of labour in factories, mines, and plantations as well as of the condition of rural and agricultural labour and of urban labour outside of industry. Between 1918 and 1930, a major body of work had emerged on Indian labour, with contributions by both Indian and foreign scholars. This work was mostly based on government data, but, in addition, and with telling effect, some scholars also conducted field investigations and came up with disquieting findings. The latter part of the paper examines the contributions of a British statistician-economist, George Findlay-Shirras, and of an Indian labour economist, Rajani Kanta Das. The former, despite some excellent work, was probably responsible for giving a misleading picture of rising agricultural wages, perhaps to suit the views of the colonial government. R.K. Das, through his extensive work on labour economics, before and during his service with the International Labour Organization (ILO), contributed much to the work of the Royal Commission on Labour (1931), but this went unacknowledged. Also, his work on plantation labour in India earned the ire of a British official in the department of industries and labour probably, for highlighting the negative role played by foreign (British) capital. Given his numerous substantive contributions to Indian labour economics, the paper concludes that R.K. Das should be given due recognition for his pioneering role in the development of labour economics in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first to provide estimates of how minimum wages affect worker flows and employment growth rates in an employment scarce developing country context. We investigate the effects of a large, exogenous increase in agricultural minimum wages in South Africa. We find that changes occurred primarily among non‐seasonal workers. Non‐seasonal agricultural employment growth decreased in the initial periods after the minimum wage hike. This was mainly driven by slower rates of entry. The effect on the rate of entry decreases over time. While farms also responded by shedding non‐seasonal workers at higher rates, this negative effect was limited to 1 year directly after the minimum wage hike. Employment growth recovers 4 years after the policy shock, indicating that firms adjusted relatively quickly despite the large legislated minimum wage increase. Seasonal employment growth and rates of entry and exit of seasonal workers were for the most part unaffected. Descriptive statistics, however, suggest a slight compositional change among seasonal workers: Farms replaced the worst paid seasonal workers with other low‐income workers who were slightly better paid and presumably more productive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges and potential benefits of interdisciplinary dialogue between anthropologists and economists. It reflects on a seminar where anthropologists and economists attempted to bridge the gap between their disciplines and highlights the difficulties in understanding each other's language and concepts. The article then focuses on a specific paper presented at the seminar, which examines the impact of a minimum wage increase on poverty reduction in the agricultural sector in South Africa. The paper finds that the wage increase led to significant increases in wages and household incomes, as well as a decline in poverty, challenging the belief that minimum wage increases result in job losses and increased poverty. The authors attribute the success of the wage increase to alternative enforcement mechanisms and the expectations of workers. The article concludes by suggesting that ethnographic research and anthropological perspectives can contribute to economics research and vice versa, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reviews methodology, survey design, definition, and concepts used in five important data sources available on agricultural wages in India. Major limitations of the data sources are also discussed. The methods of wage data collection used by different data sources have followed different survey designs and methodology. These differences in data sources make it difficult to arrive at a definite conclusion on agricultural wage estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities create new activities, jobs and income for local communities. But they also withdraw land and labour force from the agricultural sector, not saying about other impacts like water pollution, which can modify composition of soils, and lead to reduction of agricultural production and income. In Burundi, mining activities formally began in 2014 and no study on their impacts on agriculture has been made up to now, while agriculture is the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. This study aims to analyse the impacts of those mining activities on household agricultural production and income in the local studied communities. A survey among 210 households, 70 households per hill, and interviews with key informants were implemented in July and August 2022 in Mabayi commune. 140 households concerned experimental hills Gahoma and Ruhororo, where the foreign company "Tanganyika Mining Burundi-TMB" and the local cooperative "Dukorere Hamwe Dusoze Ikivi-DHDI" were carrying out their activities respectively. 70 other households concerned a reference hill Buhoro. Employees of "TMB" were nationals and mostly foreigners, while members/employees of "DHDI" were all nationals. According to results of the survey, it appears that at Gahoma hill, average agricultural production was reduced by 673 kg/household/year and average agricultural income decreased by 29,760 FBu/household/month compared to the reference hill, due to "TMB" company's activities. At Ruhororo hill, average agricultural production increased by 17 kg/household/year and average agricultural income increased by 58,350 FBu/household/month compared to the reference hill, due to "DHDI" cooperative's activities. Thus, impacts are contrasted from one mining hill to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to estimate income diversification and investigate demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional factors that determine the smallholder farmer's diversification of income in the Sodo Zuria district, southern Ethiopia. Cross-sectional data were collected from 353 randomly selected households. The Simpson Index of Diversity was used to summarize income diversification, and the Tobit econometric model was implemented to explore the factors affecting the income diversification of smallholder farmers. Accordingly, the mean earnings diversification among smallholder farmers was estimated at 0.56. The primary household income sources are livestock rearing, crop production, mixed farming, nonlabor income, agricultural wages, and nonagricultural wage employment. We found household age, family size, livestock ownership, use of agricultural inputs, access to credit, and participation in training activities significant factors determining smallholder farmers' income diversification in the research area. Lack of initial capital and market access were the principal challenges to diversifying income sources. Therefore, decision-makers should work on the indicated predictors to improve income diversification activities in the study area; particularly, it is required to focus on effective credit provision systems by using modern technologies, improving agricultural input supply, and equipping farmers with better knowledge and skills on income diversification through short-term training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the specifics of the use of labor resources in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The problems associated with ensuring the proper level of efficiency in the use of labor resources at agricultural enterprises of Ukraine have been identified, the demographic aging of the rural population is particularly important. The state of use of labor resources at agricultural enterprises was analyzed using the example of the Volyn region. The dynamics of the specific weight of employees of agricultural enterprises and the dynamics of personnel turnover indicators were determined. An econometric model of the dependence of personnel wages on the efficiency of agricultural production has been developed. The problems of ensuring proper working conditions for the personnel of agricultural enterprises of the Volyn region and the dynamics of compensation payments were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Equidad y Desarrollo is the property of Equidad y Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses data compiled by John Lossing Buck from his rural China survey conducted between 1929 and 1933 to analyze the impact of weather calamities and conflict on agricultural productivity, farm wages and nutrition intake. Our results support the conditions required for a Nutritional Poverty Trap (NPT) to be present, while anecdotal evidence points to the potential presence of a nutritional poverty trap for large segments of China's agricultural economy. We find a lagged effect of climate shock on nutrition, but find no evidence that the many conflicts of the day affected nutrition. This is more likely due to the avoidance of conflict zones by surveyors, but may also support the notion that the effects from conflicts were local and short-lived due to the resilience of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of E‐Verify adoption on the total number of farm workers, total acres of operated farmland, and farm wages. This article finds that states with a high E‐Verify enforcement level experiences a decrease in the total number of farm workers and the total acres of operated farmland, suggesting that farms reduced their production scales after E‐Verify. However, this study finds no E‐Verify impact on farm weekly wages. This result could be a result of crop mix shift. States that adopt more stringent immigration policies should prepare the farm sector for a variety of negative shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using detailed monthly household panel data from rural India, I analyze sectoral wage gaps for men and women. I show that the wage gap across the non‐farm and farm sectors is much higher for women than for men. Relative to men, women also work less time in non‐farm wage employment than in farm wage employment. Taken together, these findings suggest that constraints are preventing women from reallocating their time to more remunerative wage employment opportunities. Women are less likely to work outside of their own village in the non‐farm sector, yet the wage gap is driven by higher caste and married women. These results are consistent with a lack of local non‐farm employment opportunities interacting with barriers to labor mobility for women but not men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of changes in housing demand on H‐2A employment within commuting zones from 2001 to 2017. Agricultural employers who demonstrate that no workers in the domestic labor market are willing or able to perform a seasonal or temporary farm job can apply for certification to hire guest workers through the H‐2A visa program. H‐2A employment grew more than 450% between 2001 and 2019 from 45,000 to 258,000. This is one of the first papers to econometrically examine causal factors that contributed to the growth of H‐2A employment. We find that a 1% increase in housing demand leads to a 0.40%–0.97% increase in H‐2A employment. We also show suggestive evidence that changes in housing demand affect H‐2A employment through shifts in the demand for workers in nonfarm industries that pull workers from the agricultural sector. Consistent with previous literature, we show that positive housing demand shocks lead to increased employment in construction and other nontradable sectors that traditionally hire immigrant workers. We also find positive effects of housing demand on local farm wages, consistent with an inward shift in the local farm labor supply during housing booms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A considerable body of research on inequality in India has focused on consumption inequality. This article compares inequality in consumption expenditure and income, using two waves of the India Human Development Survey. We find that while income inequality increased marginally, expenditure inequality remained stable. The article also undertakes the decomposition of income inequality by sources and finds that wage and agricultural incomes contribute most to inequality in rural areas whereas wage and business incomes are the major contributors in urban areas. Wages and government transfers arse found to be inequality-decreasing sources of income, and agricultural income is found to be inequality-increasing. While government transfers benefit low-income households, there is potential for increasing their efficacy and for attaining a more egalitarian distribution of income by better targeting. Further, we examine how expenditure and income are associated with the ownership of household assets. Our findings suggest that low consumption is a better indicator of material well-being than low income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It seeks to know the conditions of formalization of agricultural wage earners in the emerging labor market of socioproductive transformations, in which the wage earning of most of its workers is one of the characteristics of the process of productive transformations for food production he applied methodology It is through multivariate analysis in the Continuous Household Surveys, during the period 2010 - 2015 - 2019 since they incorporate rural territories and it is the period of greatest growth in agrifood production. he main results indicate growth in labor formality among agricultural wage earners in Uruguay, with differential and constant behaviors. Differentials in the productive sector, at the beginning forestry wage earners and in the last years of the period livestock wage earners but constant in the payment of low wages, wage earners with low formal qualifications, working mostly in small and medium-sized companies and with reduced weekly work hours among those per day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chenchus are a hunting and gathering society in the Nallamala forest of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India. However, due to the setting up of the Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve in the Nallamala Forest, the Chenchus have had limited access to the entry and the use of the forest resources, which they have relied upon for sustenance. The forest was declared protected, and entry was strictly prohibited, especially in the core areas, while forest fringes were partially allowed for resource extraction. Due to this, there was a decreased dependency on the forest and its resources and the practice of their traditional livelihood was hampered. As a result, they looked for alternative economic opportunities for sustenance, viz., daily and agricultural wage labour, selling of Minor Forest Products and engaging in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 or MGNREGA launched by the Government of India in 2006. During the height of the pandemic, the government announced a national lockdown to stop the spread of the virus among people. As a result, the alternate economic opportunities dwindled, and the Chenchus lost their source of income, faced untold difficulties and struggled to survive. They then returned to their traditional livelihood activities, hunted small game in the forest fringes, and gathered plant-based material. This and help rendered by various agencies enabled the Chenchus to survive the lockdown period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether higher unskilled agricultural wages attributed to a labor market intervention incentivize farm owners to adopt labor-saving agricultural technology. Using a regression discontinuity design centered on the rollout of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee in 2006 and detailed agricultural census data, I find 10–25 percentage point shifts away from labor-intensive technologies toward labor-saving ones due to the program. These shifts are driven by India's smallest farmers and the use of basic technologies that directly replace unskilled labor. Unintended impacts such as these have the potential to shape rural landscapes over time in unexpected ways. Future policies aimed at the poorest segments of the rural population can complement labor market interventions with a renewed focus on high-quality infrastructure and preparation of unskilled workers for higher-value jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a measure of farm size as a share‐weighted sum of farm sizes, called the Share Weighted Size Index (SWSI), which introduces new evidence of farm consolidation from 1959 to 2017. Our Share Weighted Size Index provides more reasonable estimates of the entire farm size distribution than simple averages and is useful for comparing farm size across crops at one point in time or for comparing farm sizes for a given crop over time. Although previous measures have relied on confidential or hard‐to‐access farm‐level records, the Share Weighted Size Index is derived exclusively from publicly available Census of Agriculture data. Unlike average farm size, the Share Weighted Size Index reveals consistent evidence of rising farm size, the importance of returns to scale for most commodities, and the rising importance of specialization on a small number of crops within farms. Contrary to past studies that argued rising off‐farm wages increase farm size, we find evidence that proximity to off‐farm opportunities results in smaller farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of land rental markets in livelihood choices using data from 792 farming households in rural Vietnam. First, we cluster households according to livelihood strategies and estimate the determinants of the respective decision. In a second step, we analyze the contribution of rented land in linking smallholders to output markets. Our results suggest that rented land can provide smallholders with an opportunity to increase their agricultural activities and avoid resorting to less remunerative activities such as agricultural wage labor. Moreover, rented crop area increases the probability of market participation as well as the quantity of sales. Our results point to the need for a further liberalization of land rental markets specifically targeted at households that have been excluded from more remunerative livelihood strategies previously. Supporting these households to have access to the assets required to cultivate the additional area is thus recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the poverty implications of heat stress‐related labor capacity losses based on simulations using a global general equilibrium economic model. Compared with past studies, we use a more precise measurement of heat stress, assign labor capacity losses to specific labor types by sector, and employ an economic model that contains highly disaggregated economic sectors and regions. This model allows us to determine global and regional economic impacts that account for international dependencies. We focus attention on seven West African countries for which we determine the implied changes in real incomes of households near the poverty line. For these countries, we use household microsimulations to determine potential impacts on the poverty headcount. In our results, poverty impacts are heterogeneous across countries and earning sources‐based household strata. A key channel behind this heterogeneity is how loss of labor productivity affects the relative returns to factors of production. We find that unskilled agricultural wages could increase, as loss of productivity in the face of inelastic food demand induces increased labor demand in order to dampen agricultural output losses. In our experiments, even neglecting potential increases in mortality and morbidity, poverty increases range from 2.3% in Cameroon to up to 7.2%–9.2% in Ghana and Nigeria. In one of the seven countries considered, Guinea, poverty sees little change due to the mitigating effects of rising labor wages. Plain Language Summary: With global warming, laborers will experience increasing heat stress and reduced capacity. This will cause economic losses, especially in sectors with high exposure in hot, humid regions. The uneven distributional implications of this, especially on lower‐middle income countries, are of special interest. Here, we assess the poverty implications of heat stress on labor globally but with an emphasis on seven West African countries. To estimate poverty impacts in West Africa, we construct global projections of future heat stress and associated labor capacity losses. Surveys of workers provide work intensity and outdoor exposure rates, allowing us to determine which type of workers in which sectors would be affected most. Using a global economic model, we assess the resulting impacts on production, GDP, prices, wages, and incomes. In turn, income changes determine poverty changes. Using recent survey data from seven West African countries, we determine how many households are pushed into poverty under a +3°C global warming scenario. Neglecting potential increases in mortality and morbidity rates, poverty increases in six countries by between 2.3% and 9.2%, while in one country, Guinea, there is little change. In Guinea, agricultural workers can see their wages increase due to increased demand aimed at mitigating food production losses. Key Points: In a global equilibrium economic model analysis, heat‐induced labor losses cause significant poverty impacts in West African countriesAgricultural unskilled labor can see increased wage rates as demands for this type of labor increase in order to dampen food output lossesImpoverished households' earning sources are key in determining the extent to which a country's poverty headcount is affected [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor households in rural Bangladesh often face concurring idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks, which have adverse impacts on their income and consumption. In this study, we investigate the transmission channels, coping responses, and economic consequences of different shocks including idiosyncratic adverse health events and aggregate agricultural productivity shocks. We use a balanced panel data of 5,655 rural households - interviewed every year between 2010 and 2013 - in northern Bangladesh. We estimate the effects of adverse health shocks on the consumption levels of poor households in a multi-shock framework. We take advantage of the panel data and use fixed effect models to control for unobserved household-level confounders and potential endogeneity. We further examine effects of shocks to agricultural wages on consumption using rainfall as an instrument. We further carry out a number of robustness checks to understand how sensitive our models are to different alternate specifications. Results indicate that households smooth their consumption after experiencing adverse health shocks, with and without the parallel incidence of other types of shocks. Consumption smoothing occurs despite households experiencing a significant decrease of wage income, which appears to be driven by an increase in informal loans from money lenders and households' social networks. To evaluate the effect of a different type of income shock on consumption, we use rainfall as an exogenous instrument for agricultural income. Results indicate that while higher rainfall leads to a significant increase in agricultural income, it does not translate to higher food expenditure for households. Together, these findings offer suggestive evidence that, in this setting, households appear to smooth food consumption in the face of income shocks. Poor households rely on formal and informal, potentially costly channels and exploit existing social networks to insure themselves against adverse shocks. The findings highlight the importance of developing a better framework to evaluate and implement more equitable social safety net policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using panel data from National Rural Fixed Point Survey and a supplementary survey about rural ICT projects, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of ICTs on rural households' income and income disparity in China. The results show that ICTs promotes the growth of total income and wage income of rural households, and has an inhibitory effect on agricultural income, but this inhibitory effect gradually disappears in the process of rural ICT development. The positive effect of ICTs on rural households' total income is enduring. The heterogeneous analysis further indicates that the income-increasing effect of ICTs is more pronounced for higher-income and higher-educated farmers, which exacerbates the income disparity in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este documento, se analizan los principales determinantes de la rentabilidad de las empresas pertenecientes al sector agrícola del Ecuador durante el período 2007-2017. Se presentan datos que indican que la productividad tiene un efecto positivo sobre la rentabilidad de las empresas que componen el sector agrícola, lo que sugiere que estas presentan una mayor ventaja competitiva, reflejada en mayores niveles de utilidades. Sin embargo, el stock de capital, la valoración del terreno, la inversión extranjera directa, la exportación y la antigüedad son variables que tienen un efecto negativo sobre la rentabilidad. Asimismo, cuando existen mejoras en el PIB per cápita, la rentabilidad de las empresas del sector agrícola se ve afectada positivamente debido a un aumento de la demanda agregada de productos alimenticios, que estimula el desempeño del sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Researches is the property of Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the impact of the 2008 Legal Arizona Workers Act on farm wage, production mix, farm capital use, and agricultural innovation using the synthetic control method. The findings indicate that the law significantly reduced farm worker population in Arizona. Farm wage is not affected by the decreased supply of farm labor because farms in Arizona reduced labor‐intensive crop production. The agricultural sector does not increase the use of farm capital and experiences a decrease in profits. Moreover, this study finds no impact on agricultural patents and research funding in Arizona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to identify the challenges and opportunities facing rural women to achieve economic empowerment in light of the president’s initiative to develop Egyptian rural villages of a decent life. The study was conducted in Assiut, Suhag, and Minya governorates according to the governorates of the first phase implementing the initiative of a decent life. The sample, selected according to the sample fraction, which is 10% of the total size in each village sample size was 886 respondents distributed as a proportion and as follows in Minya Governorate 678 respondents, Assiut Governorate 111respondents, and Suhag Governorate 97,Data were collected using a personal interview questionnaire, and frequencies and percentages were used. The most important results of the analysis are as follows; future opportunities through economic security by building a house in a decent life in Minya, Assiut, and Suhag governorates, and small projects, the opportunity to save time for work and increase income, and develop skills through training. (17%) and (3%) of the respondents indicated that they are available in the study governorates of Minya, Assiut, and (100%) of the respondents indicated that they are not available in the Suhag governorate. And about the challenges facing rural women to empowerment, the cultural challenge through some customs that prevent women from developing themselves, which was clarified by (81%), (92%) and (61%) of the respondents in Minya, Assiut, and Suhag governorates, and the challenge of controlling resources and productive assets. (80%), (57%), and (78%) of the respondents indicated the difficulty of owning agricultural land, and about the challenge of unpaid work, (72%), (45%) and (65%) of the respondents indicated that it is A challenge that exists in the study community, and aboutchallenges of the gender wage gap, it was clear by (100%), (16%) and (56%) of the respondents that the unequal wages for agricultural work are present in the villages of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]