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Agricultural activities, including the rearing of cattle, hold crucial significance worldwide, including in Turkey, particularly in terms of meat and milk production. This study examines the role of depreciation in cattle farming within the context of agricultural operations. The study initially introduces cattle farming and depreciation concepts, followed by a theoretical and practical analysis of depreciation practices for milk production and breeding animals, considering the Tax Proceudre Law (TPL) and Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS). Examples address common queries encountered in practice. Subsequent sections of the study present a comparison of depreciation procedures for tangible fixed assets (specifically, cattle held for operational use) according to TPL and TAS, illustrated through a table to highlight perspectives, similarities, and differences between the two frameworks. The study's final section presents sample accounting entries based on TPL and TAS for a cattle farming operation, aiming to serve as a reference for practitioners. The Uniform Chart of Accounts (UCA) falls short in accounting for agricultural activities. For instance, there is no appropriate account for addressing valuation differences arising from recording biological assets and subjecting them to fair value adjustments. For this reason, the Draft Chart of Accounts in Accordance with Financial Reporting Standards published by the Public Oversight Authority (POA), which is planned to be implemented in our country in the future, has been utilised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors propose a critical reinterpretation of a case study embedded in the historical period of post-WWII in Southern Italy. This period is characterised by relevant socio-political and economic consequences at a global scale, and it has been scarcely investigated from a business perspective. The authors consider the connections between war damages accounting, adverse collateral events, and agricultural accounting as tools to claim for social changes. The analysis specifically concerns the damages caused to the warehouses of hemp growers in the province of Caserta (Campania region, Italy). This area was known as Terra di Lavoro ('land of work' (authors' translation)) since the Middle Ages to outline the poor conditions of hemp growers. The features of the accounting analysed herein, in the light of neo-institutional theory, show how it was used as a technology for problem-solving and a potential trigger for the agrarian reform of 1950. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Operational Groups (OGs) of the European Innovation Partnership for Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability (EIPAGRI) were introduced by the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy to foster competitive and sustainable farming and forestry. The objective of this paper is to assess the economic and environmental impacts of participating in the EIP-AGRI OGs located in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. Performance of participants in OGs is compared with that of non-participants, who are selected by applying propensity score matching techniques to an Italian farm accountancy data network sample of 3204 farmers observed in the period 2017-2020. Logistic regressions are used to measure both propensity scores and the average treatment effect on the treated, while one-to-many optimal matching without replacement is adopted to form the control group. The resulting sample is composed of 270 observations, of which 45 are treated subjects. Results indicate that the OGs analysed might have contributed to improving fertiliser management and profitability levels in participating farms, but they failed to preserve biodiversity and reduce the consumption of pesticides and other inputs such as water, energy, and fuels. To increase the effectiveness of OGs, policy makers are advised to condition projects on the actual experimentation and implementation of agricultural innovations and apply a performance-based system of indicators for the assessment of the ex-ante and ex-post impacts of farm management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find the concept of profit or even the concept of non-profits in accordance with the character of agriculture itself. The method used is the study of literature and mapping of various research related to agricultural accounting. The results show that fallāh (farmer) has a profit concept that is far from materialistic and capitalistic tendencies. Al falāh is a true advantage that is not trapped in a linear growth mechanism as known the meaning of modern accounting gains Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan menemukan konsep laba atau bahkan konsep di luar laba yang sesuai dengan karakter pertanian itu sendiri. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dan pemetaan berbagai riset terkait akuntansi pertanian. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa fallāh (petani) memiliki konsep laba yang jauh dari kecenderungan materialistis dan kapitalistis. Al falāh adalah keuntungan sejati yang tidak terjebak pada mekanisme pertumbuhan (growth) yang linier bertambah seperti makna keuntungan akuntansi modern.

The paper analyses the changes in the efficiency and returns to investment in agricultural assets at the sectoral level in Bulgaria after 2007. The methodology incorporates data from the Farm Accounting and Data Network (FADN) at EU level. It assesses key indicators characterizing changes in income, returns and financial position of the agricultural sector in Bulgaria, and analyses the determinants of farm efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have focused attention on the differences between organic and conventional farms in terms of efficiency, and controversial findings have resulted from these applications. One source of controversy concerns the assumption about the frontier(s) adopted for the comparison: a common frontier or two separate frontiers for organic and conventional methods? This paper aims to estimate technical efficiency in Italian grape farming. A stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) was applied to a sample of 531 farms (440 conventional and 91 organic farms) collected from the Farm Accountancy Network Database. Among others, a test for evaluating whether a unique or separate frontier was performed. The findings suggest that organic and conventional farms would lie on a common frontier and that organic farms have greater capacity than conventional farms in using their technical inputs (efficiency amounts to 83.6% and 77.8%, respectively). Several implications derive from these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents changes in fixed assets in agriculture on farms in two selected countries of the European Union, which are Poland and Spain in the period from 2004-2016. Both of these countries were selected on the basis of similar qualitative and quantitative characteristics that are characteristic of agriculture. An additional determinant of the choice of these countries was a similar economic situation before and after accession to the structures of the European Union. The article consists of an introduction, where the essence and significance of fixed assets in agriculture have been presented. Subsequently, the material and methodology of the research were presented. The comparison of fixed assets of both countries was based on statistical data from the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The analysis of the material shows that in the years 2006-2016, the value and number of fixed assets in total in Polish and Spanish farms were gradually increasing. Two significant groups of fixed assets were indicated, namely: agricultural land with plantations (SE446) and buildings (SE450). In Polish farms, depreciation is higher than in Spain, which is related to the greater number of owned buildings. In addition, the value of livestock was almost three times higher in Spain than in Poland in 2004-2016.

In addition to other problems that the agricultural sector faces, these businesses also have an accounting problem. In the later parts of the study the emergence of the problem of agricultural accounting and its solutions are discussed extensively. The accounting problem of the agricultural enterprises was tried to be solved by taking the existence of globalization phenomenon into consideration, and the accounting standards that are developed by international institutions were started to be applied in these enterprises as well. In this study, the consequences of applying the TMS-41 Agricultural Activities Standard by using the existing Uniform Accounting Plan in Turkey to the agricultural production of a livestock farming are evaluated. In this work, the account groups and the accounts in these groups that are recommended to be added to the Uniform Chart of Accounts by academicians were moved beyond suggestion and these account groups were added to the Zenom Program - the professional accounting program. The diary entries of an enterprise producing meat lamb were edited with the Uniform Chart of Accounts and the journal and ledger were established presenting the records related to the biological assets among others. In our opinion, TMS-41 Standard is not an alternative of Uniform Accounting Plan. This circumstance is valid for other Turkish Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards as well. The required action to be taken is to add the accounts in accordance with the standards to the existing account plan and make the necessary changes in the tax laws.

This study, which examines the accounting records made in enterprises operating in agriculture within the scope of TAS 41 standards, is mainly focused on the egg poultry business. Firms operating in the agricultural sector are required to prepare their financial reports within the scope of IFRS in order to be accepted internationally. The study has been handled to include the period-end transactions, based on the in-term and end-of-period records of the laying company. The costing phases of the enterprise were included in the study by following a process including the costs during the period. The enterprise subject to the study is an egg-laying enterprise within the provincial borders of Konya. In this business, which carries out its transactions within the scope of the VUK, the data have been carefully handled and evaluated within the scope of TAS. The operations of the enterprise have been revealed based on TAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the competitiveness of Polish and German farms specialized in field crops. The competitiveness index, as adopted from W. Kleinhanss, was used for that purpose. It represents the relation between farm income and costs of own productive inputs. The competitiveness of farms analyzed was assessed in three periods: 2006-2008, 2010-2012 and 2014-2016, based on agricultural accounting data of the European FADN. The economic size of farms was expressed in ESU in the first period and in thousand EUR of standard output (SO) in the second and third period. The study showed that Polish farms in corresponding economic size classes exhibited a higher competitive capacity. They had a larger utilized agricultural area (UAA), a lower value of assets per hectare of UAA and per AWU and a lower level of production intensity. Also, they were less dependent on all types of subsidies. In Polish farms, the organization of production--expressed as the share of cereals in utilized agricultural area--was less sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International literature on agricultural accounting is yet to pay a significant level of attention to the investigation of the roles that accounting can play in the agricultural domain beyond its traditional function of promoting efficiency and rational decision making. Informed by Miller and Power's (2013) analysis of the functions that accounting can have in different socio-institutional contexts, the paper adds to extant literature by studying the roles of accounting in Prince Sambiase's properties, located in Southern Italy, in the mid-eighteenth century. On his lands agricultural and pastoral activities were managed in a semi-feudal setting, combining serfdom and waged labor, barter and monetary exchange, consumption and production. Based on primary and secondary sources, this study focuses on the property lists, inventories, the double-entry bookkeeping system and workers control practices used on Prince Sambiase's estates to document how they were employed as territorializing, adjudicating, mediating and subjectivizing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In a montado farm, commonly found in the South Portugal, human activities benefit from important fluxes of renewable resources. In this study, traditional economic and emergy evaluations are compared to determine their potential contributions to understanding this complex system and applied to a case study of a farm. This allows us to determine how each method values local natural resources and purchased factors of production and services in an empirical context. Results show that the montado farm has a renewable component evaluated at 27% of the total social costs of the system and that the work of natural resources is undervalued in economic budget accounting. Economic evaluation's relative value of purchased factors and services is three and half times higher than their emergy share. We propose that complementing economic budget accounting with emergy accounting provides a benchmark to evaluate the environmental contribution to agricultural and farming systems. In this way, factors external to markets can be evaluated for farming systems, bringing to economic analysis a full evaluation of resources, including the bio-geophysical system's contributions to wealth, enlarging total economic value of resources with a donor perspective enabling a better informed and comprehensive accounting to attain sustainable economic decisions and public policies. Highlights • Emergy and economy differ in valuing the different inputs to the system. • Non-renewable emergy fractions of inputs as guidelines to system improvement. • Emergy helps in estimating the real price of products for local and wider system. • Emergy offers a suitable approach to complex farming systems such as Montado farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic farming has become an important part of Czech agriculture. The aim of this study is an evaluation of the technical efficiency of Czech organic farms and determining the main factors, including subsidies, which affect the technical efficiency of both conventional and organic farms. The Farm Accountancy Data Network Czech Republic (FADN CR) database provides sufficient panel data for this kind of research focusing on types of farming with livestock production. The methodological tool used to achieve the aim of this paper is the parametric stochastic frontier analysis, "True" Random Effects model, supposing farms heterogeneity and time variant determinants of inefficiency. The results of the research verified differences in the technical efficiency of organic and conventional agriculture related both to the different farming methods and to the production conditions. The type of farming and the economic size of farms influence the farms' profitability, economic performance and comparability with conventional farms. The technical efficiency of organic farming is growing over the long term. Farms with growing technical efficiency show a decline in the proportion of operating subsidies to production, irrespective of their classification in quartiles by the technical efficiency estimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to other problems that the agricultural sector faces, these businesses also have an accounting problem. In the later parts of the study the emergence of the problem of agricultural accounting and its solutions are discussed extensively. The accounting problem of the agricultural enterprises was tried to be solved by taking the existence of globalization phenomenon into consideration, and the accounting standards that are developed by international institutions were started to be applied in these enterprises as well. In this study, the consequences of applying the TMS-41 Agricultural Activities Standard by using the existing Uniform Accounting Plan in Turkey to the agricultural production of a livestock farming are evaluated. In this work, the account groups and the accounts in these groups that are recommended to be added to the Uniform Chart of Accounts by academicians were moved beyond suggestion and these account groups were added to the Zenom Program - the professional accounting program. The diary entries of an enterprise producing meat lamb were edited with the Uniform Chart of Accounts and the journal and ledger were established presenting the records related to the biological assets among others. In our opinion, TMS-41 Standard is not an alternative of Uniform Accounting Plan. This circumstance is valid for other Turkish Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards as well. The required action to be taken is to add the accounts in accordance with the standards to the existing account plan and make the necessary changes in the tax laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts pertaining to general market statistics. They include "Saving and Spending Patterns of the Same Rural Families over a 10-year Period, 1933-1942," by Ruth Crawford Freeman and Lita Bane, "1945 Census of Agriculture," and "A Statistics Program for Government, Business and Industry."

In planning production or new plants it is necessary to pre-calculate exactly the required number of operators and their equipment and machine tools. Such data are used also in calculating the efficiency of technical equipment and types of buildings required by new plant. It is seldom possible to use data based on experience gained from the former course of production, for normally the aim of replanning is to alter these conditions. Therefore, data are needed on time requirements at the different work-places. These data have to indicate the influence of any alteration in the workplace. Such standards on time requirements can only be derived from work experiments. As agriculture proves, even standards concerning complicated operations can be fixed in advance and can be varied exactly with the planned project. In general, standards concern smaller parts of an operation, but they can also be summed up to give times for complete operations or even complete production plans when listed in catalogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops an empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information when biological assets are measured at fair value. We use an international sample of firms with biological assets. We find that biological assets influence unpredictability when they are measured at historical cost (HC). In this case, the ability of accounting data to predict future cash flows diminishes as the proportion of biological assets on total assets increases. The valuation at fair value (FV) switches this negative influence of biological assets to a positive one. We find that when they are measured at FV, the prediction accuracy of future cash flows improves as the ratio of biological assets to total assets increases. This evidence is robust to different measures of prediction accuracy, as well as to the improvement of accounting standards, regardless of FV, over time. The evidence is weaker for bearer plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate over the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2020 is mainly focused on making more effective the public expenditure on agriculture. Specific attention is given to the Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) of Pillar I, which is criticized for being unequally distributed and scarcely targeted towards specific and measurable goals. The present paper is aimed to evaluate whether and how the choice of land as a criterion for redistributing and receiving aids affects the ability of the BPS to enhance farm incomes. To this end, the Italian version of the Farm Accountancy Data Network is used. Findings reveal that other parameters, such as work and value added, should be also taken into account in order to improve the effectiveness of BPS in increasing incomes of Italian farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper submitted offers an assessment and comparison of three approaches to agricultural cost inputs short-term forecasting, that have been proposed as possible alternatives to tackle the problem. The data applied have been taken from the Czech Statistical Office and the Farm Accountancy Data Network data sources. The forecasts were prepared using time series analyses based on methods of exponential smoothing and Box-Jenkins methodology of autoregressive integrated process moving averages. The proposed change index numbers for the 2012, 2013 and 2014 years from three approaches were confronted with the real development of costs time series as it was found in the statistical FADN survey results. The main conclusion drawn pointed out that, for the purpose of economic income estimation based on the FADN database, the cost prediction approach based on the same database, i.e., on time series analysis of the FADN panel data, is the most applicable one. However, it is recommended, too, to use other approaches for crops protection products cost and labour cost development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation into the causes or drivers of land cover change in the context of sustainable development is one of the main concerns in land use change studies. However, little has been known about quantifying drivers (proximate causes and underlying forces) of land cover change in southwest Ethiopia. Thus, the study aimed to quantify the main drivers that contribute to explain land cover change in Guraferda, southwest Ethiopia. Data acquired from household survey and focus group discussion and modeling approach were integrated to quantify drivers of land cover changes. Results show that agricultural expansion was the foremost proximate cause of land cover change. Likewise, the dominant underlying driving forces are economic factors, representing 78% of all cases. Hence, the knowledge and understanding the drivers of land cover change as caused by a combination of diverse proximate and underlying forces play an essential role in the implementation of sound land use policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of nitrogen (N) surplus is an ongoing topic in the agri-environmental policies of many countries in the developed world. The introduction of N balance estimation in agricultural sector models is therefore pertinent and requires an interdisciplinary approach. We extended the agent-based agricultural sector model SWISSland with an N farm gate balance estimation to pre-evaluate the introduction of a levy on N inputs, particularly a levy on fertilizer and imported concentrates, on N surplus reduction in the Swiss agriculture. The model was based on the Swiss farm accountancy data network (FADN) for 3,000 farms. The model's ability to represent the N balance was assessed by conducting a structured full factorial sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis revealed the possibility to switch to organic farming and the hectare based payments for ensuring food security as key parameters with the largest influence on the modelled N surplus. The evaluation of N input levy scenarios suggested that an introduction of a tax of 800% of N price will reduce the N surplus by 10% indicating a price elasticity of-0.03. The sensitivity analysis and the results from the levy scenarios suggest that indirect instruments, such as optimizing the direct payments scheme, should be considered rather than direct instruments for an effective N surpluses mitigation in Swiss agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the environmental impact of current apple cultivation practices in Flanders, Belgium. It evaluates integrated production, the most common practice, and it compares this production method with conventional and organic production. The assessment was based on Farm Accountancy Data Network data from 2010 to 2012 for 64 farms in the region and a life cycle approach was used. The findings showed no significant improvement in environmental impacts for integrated farms compared to conventional farms and, even more, the former showed significantly higher average impacts per hectare for the categories ‘acidification’, and ‘non-renewable energy use’ in comparison with the latter. The organic production group showed higher average impacts per kilogram due to lower yields. Secondly, impacts related to the categories ‘acidification’, ‘eutrophication’ and ‘global warming potential’ were monetized based on the shadow price method in order to obtain external costs. Results show that external costs increase the production costs for integrated farming at least with 5%, both when these costs are expressed per kilogram and per hectare. However, the findings show a large variability in impacts and costs per farm. Farm-specific practices have therefore an important influence on the total environmental cost rather than production group-specific practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The farm accounting practice in India is said to be in its infant stage. This paper seeks to examine the rationale for a full-fledged farm accounting practice in the country. Literature reveals a strong relationship between the degrees of commercialization with that of the adoption of accounting practices. Therefore, the study attempts to examine the commercial traits in Indian farms, which genuinely envisage such practices in the sector. Thereafter, the existing practices of accounting in India are discussed by underscoring the measurement and valuation techniques of different farm account heads. Lastly, the study tries to draw attention to certain lacunas in the existing system. These are drawn using the authors' own observations, supported by past research. As outcomes of the study, a considerable commercial appeal is seen in the Indian farm sector. Certain farm accounts heads and their respective treatments are provided to explore the existing system of farm accounting in the country. The drawbacks of present practice are found in terms of recognition, measurement and presentation of financial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess whether and to what extent environmental and productivity affect each other within heterogeneous farms. The analysis concerns the sample of FADN Lombardy farms observed from 2008 to 2013. Using the FADN information on production structures and activities, a productivity index (Total Factor Productivity - TFP) and an environmental indicator (Emission Intensity - EI) are properly reconstructed at the farm level. The nexus between TFP and EI is then investigated by admitting heterogenous behaviour across farm sizes and specializations. Results show that the relationship between TFP and EI is not univocal and suggest that the mitigation of GHG emission can be based on the diffusion of the best practices adopted by high-productivity farms of different size and specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on selected individual data acquired from Farm Accountancy Data Network database the output efficiency of agriculture in Central and Eastern European countries at national level is evaluated. Moreover, the output oriented constant returns to scale Data Envelopment Analysis approach is applied in order of Malmquist productivity index calculation. Analysis includes two output variables and six input variables. The data were provided on request from Farm Accountancy Data Network for ten Central and Eastern European Countries and period 2004-2012 (in case of Bulgaria and Romania 2007-2012). Based on the results, the average Total Factor Productivity growth in Central and Eastern European region over the period 2004-2012 was 1.99%. Moreover, it can be concluded that the Total Factor Productivity growth was mainly the result of Technological Change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crop productivity is the capacity of an area to produce crops; a manifestation of complex interaction of various factors of production that together determine the existing condition of the farm environment. Without proper idea of the present productivity level, effective measures for further improvement cannot be initiated. Geographers and agricultural economists have long been engrossed in measuring agricultural productivity. Here I discuss a new method of measuring crop productivity, i.e. determining crop productivity level of an area with respect to the maximum achievable productivity limit under existing conditions of the farm environment. The method also measures the productivity deficiency level of various crops which makes the selection of liable crops much more sound and logical, and is helpful to formulate both the overall and crop-specific developmental strategies. Standard classes of crop productivity, yield achievement, yield deficit and crop liability levels have been prepared separately based on their index values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Systems / Systèmes Alimentaires is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agricultural sector, from past to present, had assumed very important duties on economic and social development of societies. It became a globally indispensable and strategic sector due to its various attributes such as: direct/indirect contributions to population nourishment, national income, employment, capital transfers, raw material supply for industry, exportation, biological diversity and ecological balance. Since the dawn of humankind, agricultural sector had gone through a variety of phases in terms of production activities and land proprietorship. Agricultural activities that emerged in the period of hunter-gatherer societies have been superseded by today’s specialized and planned agricultural enterprises utilizing information and technology. Agricultural accounting has also experienced a significant change in parallel with those improvements. This study aims to investigate historical development of agricultural accounting and difficulties encountered during its implementation. Research studies indicate that agricultural assets were initially recorded and inventory controls were performed by Sumerians. Until the Middle Ages, agricultural accounting did not experience any development, whereas it still encounters various difficulties eve

Although agriculture is an important part of the world economy, accounting in agriculture still has many shortcomings. The adoption of IAS 41 „Agricuture” has tried to improve this situation and increase the comparability of financial statements of entities in the agricultural sector. Although controversial, IAS 41 is the first step of a consistent transition to fair value assessment in the agricultural sector. The objective of our work is the analysis of IAS 41 and current accounting agricultural situation in Romania. Accounting regulations in Romania are in accordance with European directives and, in many respects, converged with IFRS referential. Provisions of IAS 41, however, are not reflected directly in Romanian regulations. With the increase of forest land transactions and foreign investments in animal farms, it is expected that recognition and measurement of biological assets under IAS 41 to become a necessity.

Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony prezentacji teorii rachunkowości rolniczej opra-cowanej na ziemiach polskich przez XIX-wiecznego myśliciela, praktyka i działacza społecznego Juliusza Au. Stworzył on spójną i ponadczasową teorię rachunkowości, uwzględniającą trzy poziomy poznawcze: 1) poziom ogólny – obejmujący pojęcie, cele oraz metody rachunkowości, 2) poziom proceduralny – określający zasady wyceny aktywów, doboru okresu spra-wozdawczego oraz kalkulacji kosztów wytworzenia, 3) poziom wspomagający – obejmujący organizację rachunkowości, wytyczne dotyczą-ce gromadzenia danych statystycznych oraz przebiegu czynności audytowych. Przedstawiona przez Juliusza Au definicja ceny rynkowej („targowej”) nosi zasadni-cze cechy pojęcia wartości godziwej, charakterystycznej dla współczesnego prawa bilansowego. Był on zwolennikiem stosowania tej wartości jako podstawy wyceny aktywów w gospodarstwie rolnym.

This paper assesses and compares risk in conventional and organic arable farming in The Netherlands with respect to family farm income and underlying price and production variables. To investigate the risk factors the farm accountancy data network was used containing unbalanced panel data from 196 conventional and 29 organic representative Dutch arable farms (for the period 2002 up to and including 2011). Variables with regard to price and production risk were identified using a family farm income analysis scheme. Price risk variables are input and output prices, while yield volatility of different crops is the main production risk variable. To assess risk, an error components implicit detrending method was applied and the resulting detrended standard deviations were compared between conventional and organic farms. Results indicate that the risk at the level of family farm income is higher in organic farming. The underlying variables show higher risk for organic farms in crop yields, crop prices and variable input costs per crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence on household risk balancing behaviour is presented by estimating a fixed effects seemingly unrelated regression model usingSwissFarm Accountancy Data Network data. We find that in response to changes in expected business risks, Swiss farm households not only make strategic farm financial risk decisions (original risk balancing), but also make strategic off-farm decisions (household risk balancing) by altering their share of off-farm income and relative consumption. Small farms appear to make more use of household risk balancing strategies whereas large farms conversely make more use of the original risk balancing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms engaged in agriculture generate revenue from biological assets that manifest in the cultivation of bearer fruits and nuts, the tilling of crops, and the production of livestock and forestry. We investigate whether firms' cost of debt is associated with the measurement method they use to account for their biological assets. We find that the cost of debt is higher for firms using the fair value method of accounting for their biological assets relative to firms using historical cost. However, the positive association between the cost of debt and fair value is driven by firms that transform bearer plants, i.e., living plants that ultimately bear produce for more than one year. We also document that fair value combined with auditor attested IFRS use results in a lower cost of debt for firms transforming other types of biological assets. Our cross-country study focuses on a class of assets previously unexplored, and contributes to the literature that examines the consequences of fair value accounting for financial statement users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika is the property of Society of Economists 'Ekonomika' and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The focus of this paper is on the specific features of fixed biological assets in terms of their measurement, reporting, tax treatment and disclosure. The objective of the article is to analyse the rules for and approaches to accounting of fixed biological assets in compliance with AS 41 Agriculture and IAS 41 Agriculture and hence to outline solutions for creating and disclosing accounting information of improved quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]