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This speech entitled "A look at the current market situation and the impact of the war in Ukraine" was made during the "Voice of Livestock" program/podcast at the Salon International de l'Elevage (SPACE). Link to the podcast: https://podcasts.ouest-france.fr/broadcast/29353-REGARD-SUR-LA-SITUATION-ACTUELLE-DES-MARCH%C3%89S-ET-L-IMPACT-DE-LA-GUERRE-EN-UKRAINE, Cette intervention ayant pour titre « regard sur la situation actuelle des marchés et l’impact de la guerre en Ukraine » a été réalisée dans le cadre de l’émission/podcast la « voix de l’élevage » du Salon International de l’Elevage (SPACE). Lien vers le podcast : https://podcasts.ouest-france.fr/broadcast/29353-REGARD-SUR-LA-SITUATION-ACTUELLE-DES-MARCH%C3%89S-ET-L-IMPACT-DE-LA-GUERRE-EN-UKRAINE

This conference was organized for the Maison de l'Europe in Nantes as part of a geopolitical cycle. The objective of this conference was to propose an analysis of the place of the European Union face to the global food challenge. This conference was structured in three parts: price volatility, the war in Ukraine and inflation; the dynamics of food supply and demand; world agri-food trade and the place of the EU-27., Cette conférence a été réalisée pour la Maison de l'Europe de Nantes dans le cadre d'un cycle de géopolitique. Cette intervention avait pour objectif de proposer une analyse sur la place de l'Union européenne face au défi alimentaire mondial. Cette conférence a été structurée en trois parties : la volatilité des prix, la guerre en Ukraine et l’inflation ; la dynamique de l’offre et de la demande alimentaire ; le commerce agroalimentaire mondial et la place de l’UE-27.

This hearing by the Senate's Economic Affairs Committee was part of the production of a report entitled "The Competitiveness of the French Farm" (https://www.senat.fr/rap/r21-905/r21-9051.pdf). At the request of the senators who drafted this report (Laurent Duplomb, Pierre Louault and Serge Mérillou), the purpose of this intervention was to propose an analysis of France's foreign trade in the agri-food sector, with a particular focus on five products: cow's milk, chicken, wheat, tomatoes and apples., Cette audition par la Commission des Affaires économiques du Sénat s’inscrit dans le cadre de la production d’un rapport ayant pour titre « La compétitivité de la ferme France » (https://www.senat.fr/rap/r21-905/r21-9051.pdf). A la demande des sénateurs, rédacteurs de ce rapport (Laurent Duplomb, Pierre Louault et Serge Mérillou), cette intervention avait pour objectif de proposer une analyse sur le commerce extérieur de la France dans le domaine agroalimentaire, en ciblant plus particulièrement 5 produits : le lait de vache, le poulet, le blé, les tomates et les pommes.

Стаття в основному пояснює природу та тенденції надходження ПІІ в сільське господарство та підгалузі сільського господарства в Індії двома широкими способами. У першому випадку лінійний тренд досліджувався за допомогою моделі лінійної напівлогарифмічної регресії. У другому випадку природа циклу та циклічний тренд з’ясовувалися шляхом застосування Г.П. Модель фільтра. Лінійний тренд, цикл і циклічний тренд надходження ПІІ в Індію в сільське господарство протягом 2000-01-2017-18, сільськогосподарські послуги протягом 2001-02-2021-22, сільськогосподарське обладнання, чай і кава, харчова промисловість, цукор і добрива відповідно протягом Підраховано 2005-2018 рр. Тим не менш, у документі дуже коротко описано природу глобальних надходжень ПІІ у сільське господарство. У документі зазначено, що лінійні тенденції ПІІ у сільське господарство, сільськогосподарські послуги, харчову промисловість значно зростають, у яких їхній цикл і циклічні тенденції мають значне значення. З іншого боку, лінійні тренди ПІІ в чай і каву та сільськогосподарське машинобудування незначно зменшуються, в яких їхні цикли та циклічні тренди є значними в H.P. Модель фільтра. Проте лінійні тенденції ПІІ у секторах цукру та добрив несуттєво посилюються. Їх циклічність і циклічність виявлені незначними. У другій частині дослідження досліджено зв’язок між валовою доданою вартістю в сільському господарстві та надходженням ПІІ у сільське господарство з 2000-01-2017-18 та сільськогосподарськими послугами протягом 2001-02-2021-22 за допомогою моделі подвійної логарифмічної регресії та виявлено що між ними існує позитивний зв'язок, який вказує на стабільну модель. Документ містив деякі важливі політичні заходи для Індії. The paper basically explains the nature and trends of FDI inflows in agriculture and subsectors of agriculture in India under two broad ways. In the first case, the linear trend was examined utilising linear semi-log regression model. In the second case, the nature of cycle and the cyclical trend were found out by applying H.P. Filter model. The linear trend, cycle and cyclical trend of FDI inflows in India in agriculture during 2000-01-2017-18, agricultural services during 2001-02-2021-22, agricultural machinery, tea and coffee, food processing, sugar and fertilisers respectively during 2005-2018 have been computed. Yet, the paper included the nature of global FDI inflows in agriculture very briefly. The paper observed that the linear trends in FDI in agriculture, agriculture service, food processing have been increasing significantly in which their cycle and cyclical trends are significantly meaningful. On the other hand, the linear trends of FDI in tea and coffee and agricultural machinery have been declining insignificantly in which their cycles and cyclical trends are significant in H.P. Filter model. However, the linear FDI trends in sugar and fertilisers sectors have been stepping up insignificantly. Their cycles and cyclical trends revealed insignificant. In the second part, the paper examined the nexus between the gross value added in agriculture and FDI inflows in agriculture from 2000-01-2017-18 and agricultural service during 2001-02-2021-22 using double-log regression model and found out that there is positive relation between them which indicated a stable model. The paper included some important policy measures for India.

This hearing by the Senate's Economic Affairs Committee was part of a roundtable discussion on the impact of the war in Ukraine on agricultural markets and food sovereignty. Chaired by Sophie Primas, this round table also gave the floor to Sébastien Windsor (President of the Permanent Assembly of Chambers of Agriculture) and Thierry Pouch (Head of the Studies, References and Prospects Department of the APCA). The purpose of this intervention was to propose an analysis of the external trade of the EU-27 and France in the agri-food sector, with particular emphasis on trade relations with Russia and Ukraine. The minutes of this hearing are available here: https://www.senat.fr/compte-rendu-commissions/20220314/ecos.html#toc3 ; the video of the hearing is available here: https://videos.senat.fr/video.2870723_623095a921464.table-ronde-sur-l-impact-de-la-guerre-en-ukraine-sur-les-marches-agricoles-et-la-souverainete-alimen, Cette audition par la Commission des Affaires économiques du Sénat s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une table-ronde portant sur l'impact de la guerre en Ukraine sur les marchés agricoles et la souveraineté alimentaire. Placée sous la Présidence de Sophie Primas, cette table-ronde a également donné la parole à Sébastien Windsor (Président de l'Assemblée permanente des chambres d'agriculture) et à Thierry Pouch (Chef du service Études, références et prospective de l'APCA). Cette intervention avait pour objectif de proposer une analyse sur le commerce extérieur de l’UE-27 et da France dans le domaine agroalimentaire, en insistant notamment sur les relations commerciales entretenues avec la Russie et l’Ukraine. Le compte rendu de cette audition est disponible ici : https://www.senat.fr/compte-rendu-commissions/20220314/ecos.html#toc3 ; la vidéo de l’audition est disponible ici : https://videos.senat.fr/video.2870723_623095a921464.table-ronde-sur-l-impact-de-la-guerre-en-ukraine-sur-les-marches-agricoles-et-la-souverainete-alimen

Bu çalışmanın amacı seçilmiş kriterleri kullanarak Güneydoğu Asya Ülkeleri Birliği’ne (ASEAN) üye ülkelerin tarım sektörleri performanslarını ortaya koymak, tarım politikalarındaki eksik yönleri belirlemek, rekabet avantajlarını araştırmak ve gıda ve beslenme politikalarına yön vermektir. Bu çalışmada Güney ve Doğu Asya Ülkeler Birliği’ne Üye Ülkelerin Tarım Sektörlerinin Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri ile İncelenmesi konusunda kullanılan veriler 1967-2016 yılları arasında Filipinler, Malezya, Tayland, Endonezya, Singapur, Bruney Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar ve Kamboçya olmak üzere 10 ülkenin zaman serisi verileri olan ikincil verilerdir. Adı geçen ülkelere ait kullanılan veriler 6 kriteri içermektedir; (1) havza toplam tarımsal üretim değeri (2) hayvansal ürünler için kendine yeterlilik miktarı kriteri (3) bitkisel ürünler için kendine yeterlilik miktarı kriteri (4) göç oranı (5) tarımdan kaynaklanan sera gazı emisyonları, ve (6) tarım ürünleri dış ticareti değeri bu kriterler olarak çok kriterlerli karar verme yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmektedir. TOPSIS ve ELECTRE yöntemi sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında, ideal çözümler oldukça benzerdir. Bu iki yöntemin analiz edilmesiyle, 1967 yılında ASEAN ülkelerinin kurulmasının başlangıcında tarım sektörleri performansında ise en başarılı ülkenin Tayland olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. 1990 yılında ise Tayland ikinci sıraya geçmiş ve yerine Malezya birinci sırada yer almıştır. 2000 yılından 2016 yılına kadar olan dönemde Tayland ikinci sırada, Malezya ise en başarılı olan ülke tarım sektörleri performansı alanında birinci sırada yer almıştır. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the performance of agricultural sectors in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries using selected criteria, to identify the deficiencies in agricultural policies, to explore competitive advantages and to guide food and nutrition policies. The analyses of this research use the secondary of time series data between year 1967 - 2016 from 10 countries including; Bruney Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam which are members of ASEAN. This research uses the Multiple Criteria Desicion Making methods and the data used for the mentioned countries include the following criteria; (1) Total agricultural production value of the land, (2) Self-sufficiency of animal products criteria, (3) Self-sufficiency of crop products criteria, (4) Rural population rate, (5) Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, and (6) Value of foreign trade in agricultural products. As a result, when the results of the TOPSIS and ELECTRE method were compared, the results were quite similar. Analysis of these two approaches showed that Thailand was the most successful in agricultural sectors performance in 1967 at the beginning of the establishment of ASEAN countries. Meanwhile, in 1990 Thailand was deferred to second place and replaced with Malaysia ranked first. In the period from 2000 to 2016, Thailand was in second place and Malaysia was the most successful in the field of agricultural sectors performance.

Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye’nin en büyük ticaret ortağıdır. AB ile yapılan ticarette de tarım önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Çalışmada Türk tarım sektörünün tarihi gelişimi, AB ile ilişkiler, dış ticaret teorileri ve rekabet teorileri, rekabet gücü, rekabet gücünün belirleyenleri ve ölçüm yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışmada, Türk tarım sektörünün, AB karşısındaki rekabet gücünün, Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler yöntemi ile ölçümü amaçlanmıştır. Balassa ve Vollrath’ın hesaplama yöntemleri kullanılarak 2007-2017 yılları için inceleme yapılmıştır. Veriler Birleşmiş Milletler İstatistik Portalı’ndan elde edilmiş ve SITC Rev 4 sınıflandırması verileri kullanılarak hesaplama yapılmıştır. Tarım sektörünün bütünü ve seçilen 22 alt sektör için karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Türk tarım sektörü, AB karşısında karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahiptir, seçilen alt sektörlerde ise; bazı sektörlerde avantaj, bazı sektörlerde dezavantajlar tespit edilmiştir., The European Union is the biggest trade partner of Turkey. Agriculture has a significant place in this partnership. In this study, the information about the historical development of The Turkish agriculture area, Turkey's relationships with the EU, the theories of the foreign commerce and competition, competitive capacity, determiners of competitiveness and method of measurement of competitiveness were given. The aim of this study is to determine the competitiveness of the Turkish Agriculture Sector against the EU by using the Revealed Comparative Advantages Method. The calculation methods of Balassa and Vollrath were used between 2007 and 2017 to identify this competitiveness. The data were obtained from the United Nations Statistics Portal and required calculations were computed by utilzing the SITC Rev 4 classification data. Comparisons were prepared for the entire agricultural sector and 22 selected sub-sectors. The Turkish Agricultural Sector has a comparative advantage over the EU. However, some of the selected sub-sectors have advantages and others have disadvantages over the EU.

Este trabajo se basó en la problemática presentada en la industria arrocera por falta de transporte de carga seca en épocas de cosecha de arroz en la ciudad de Yopal (Casanare). Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica detallada del sector arrocero en la zona, así como también de otros sectores agrícolas que por su volumen de producción podrían afectar la disponibilidad de transporte, también se revisó el gremio de transporte de carga buscando posibles falencias que nos dieran una guía del problema. Por otro lado, se realizaron unas entrevistas a cargos estratégicos a lo largo de la cadena de abastecimiento de una empresa del sector arrocero para darle más fundamento a lo encontrado en la literatura y así obtener una solución al gremio. Se llego a la conclusión que el problema que se presenta en la zona en esta época del año es por la oferta y la demanda de vehículos y que una de las soluciones es hacer alianzas estratégicas con varias empresas del gremio transportador. This work was based on the problems presented in the rice industry due to the lack of dry cargo transportation during rice harvest seasons in Yopal (Casanare). A detailed bibliographical review of the rice sector in the area was carried out, as well as other agricultural sectors that due to their volume of production could affect the availability of transport, the cargo transport union was also reviewed looking for possible shortcomings that would give us a guide of the problem. On the other hand, interviews were held to strategic positions along the supply chain of a company in the rice sector to give more basis to what was found in the literature and thus obtain a solution to the guild. It was concluded that the problem that arises in the area at this time of the year is a matter of vehicles supply and demand that one of the solutions is to make strategic alliances with several companies of the transporting guild.

Bleu-Blanc-Coeur : A new agriculture approach dedicated to animal health, human health and environnent. Bleu-Blanc-Coeur is an organization created to improve the nutritional and environmental quality of our diet leading to a new responsible agriculture. The basic idea of Bleu-Blanc-Coeur is “to feed people well, we must first take care of our crops and the health of our animals”. The association brings farmers, companies, practitioners, scientists and consumers together. Bleu-Blanc-Coeur manages specification guidelines that impose a double obligation of means and results which describe improved nutritional qualities of food related with feeding and breeding practices. The Bleu-Blanc-Coeur approach is based on a strong scientific background of 320 publications and 5 clinical trials. These scientific data have demonstrated the value of these farming practices for animal and human health and also for the environment. Bleu-Blanc-Coeur is an approach of nutritional and environmental interest recognized by Authorities such as the French Ministries of Agriculture and Health., Bleu-Blanc-Coeur est une association créée pour améliorer la qualité nutritionnelle et environnementale de notre alimentation en apportant une nouvelle approche d’agriculture responsable. L’idée fondatrice de Bleu-Blanc-Coeur veut que : «pour bien nourrir les Hommes, il faut commencer par prendre soin de nos cultures et de la santé de nos animaux ». L’association fédère ainsi des agriculteurs, entreprises, médecins, scientifiques et consommateurs. Bleu-Blanc-Coeur gère des cahiers des charges qui imposent une obligation de résultats décrivant une amélioration des qualités nutritionnelles des denrées alimentaires en lien avec des pratiques d’alimentation et d’élevage encadrées. La démarche repose sur un socle scientifique fort de 320 publications et 5 études cliniques ayant démontré l’intérêt de ces pratiques d’élevage pour la santé animale et humaine et aussi pour l’environnement. Bleu-Blanc-Coeur est une démarche d’intérêt nutritionnel et environnemental reconnue par les Ministères de l’Agriculture et de la Santé., Kerhoas Nathalie. Bleu-Blanc-Cœur : un nouveau modèle agricole basé sur une démarche de filière dédiée à la santé de la Terre, des animaux et des hommes. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 170 n°4, 2017. pp. 157-161.

Improving the productivity of smallholder farms in Sub-Saharan Africa offers the best chance to reduce poverty among this generation of rural poor, by building on the limited resources farming households already possess. It is also the best and shortest path to meet rising food needs. Using examples from farmers' maize and rice fields, and comparisons with Asia, this paper examines why the set of technologies promoted to date have produced localized successes rather than transformational change. The paper explains the limitations of alternative policies that are not centered on small farms. It provides indicative examples of how resource-management technologies can supplement seed-fertilizer technologies to speed an African Green Revolution.

The Government of Uzbekistan (GoU) has recently adopted a policy to mechanize the cotton harvest as part of its drive to modernize the agricultural sector. Under Uzbekistan’s state-order system it is compulsory for many farmers to grow cotton. They are contractually obligated to produce stipulated quantities that are annually set by the government, and must sell these to the GoU at a price fixed by the government. Almost all cotton in Uzbekistan is harvested by hand, even though mechanization existed during the Soviet period. An estimated 2.2–3 millio

Agriculture is among the most risk-prone sectors in the economies of Central Asia. Production shocks from weather, pests and diseases and adverse movements in agricultural product and input prices not only impact farmers and agri-business firms, but can also strain government finances. Some of these risks are small and localized and can be managed by producers. Others are the result of more severe, exogenous shocks outside agriculture that require a broader response. Failure to respond adequately to these more severe risks leads to a perpetual cycle of ‘shock-recovery-shock’ which reinforces poverty traps and compromises long-term growth. A broad-based program to improve livestock productivity is recommended to strengthen the resilience of livestock production systems and rangeland use in Kazakhstan. Proposed interventions include measures to: (i) reverse degradation of water, soil and vegetation cover; (ii) safeguard the long-term viability of rangeland ecosystems, while ensuring sustainable access to grazing land; and (iii) strengthen livestock services (veterinary, animal health, feed and fodder supply, destocking, water and grazing access, and weather and market information). These measures will enable farmers to manage their resources better, to respond to climate and market signals and to protect their resource base in times of drought. The recommendations developed under these three solution areas continue the underlying emphasis on mitigation as the foundation for risk management. They also highlight the mutually reinforcing benefits of measures to improve crop and livestock productivity for both risk management and sector growth.

Agriculture is among the most risk-prone sectors in the economies of Central Asia. Production shocks from weather, pests and diseases and adverse movements in agricultural product and input prices not only impact farmers and agri-business firms, but can also strain government finances. Some of these risks are small and localized and can be managed by producers. Others are the result of more severe, exogenous shocks outside agriculture or outside the country, which require a broader response. Failure to respond adequately to these more severe risks leads to a perpetual cycle of ‘shock-recovery-shock’, which reinforces poverty traps and compromises long-term growth. The agriculture sector’s exposure to production and price risk is increasing. Climate change is increasing production risks in the short to medium-term by increasing the frequency and severity of droughts and floods and in the longer-term by reducing the availability of water for irrigation due to accelerated glacial melt. The modernization and commercialization of agricultural production and processing, which is critical for sector growth, also raises the sector’s exposure to price risk at a time of high volatility on international markets for agricultural commodities. An effective response to these risks requires a broader, more integrated approach to risk management than the current system of ex-ante, public sector activity associated with crop and livestock disease and ad hoc, ex-post emergency responses to local disasters. Measures to strengthen risk mitigation will need to be mainstreamed into sector development and investment programs, additional human and financial resources will need to be allocated to the public institutions responsible for ex-ante and ex-post risk management, and the potential for transfer (insurance) mechanisms will need to be clarified and developed where feasible. Given the limited human and financial resources available for public sector activity, a clear sense of the priorities for agriculture risk management is also required, together with a balanced view of the respective roles of public and private sector stakeholders.

Agriculture is among the most risk-prone sectors in the economies of Central Asia. Production shocks from weather, pests and diseases and adverse movements in agricultural product and input prices not only impact farmers and agri-business firms, but can also strain government finances. Some of these risks are small and localized and can be managed by producers. Others are the result of more severe, exogenous shocks outside agriculture or outside the country, which require a broader response. Failure to respond adequately to these more severe risks leads to a perpetual cycle of ‘shock-recovery-shock’, which reinforces poverty traps and compromises long-term growth. The agriculture sector’s exposure to production and price risk is increasing. Climate change is increasing production risks in the short to medium-term by increasing the frequency and severity of droughts and floods and in the longer-term by reducing the availability of water for irrigation due to accelerated glacial melt. The modernization and commercialization of agricultural production and processing, which is critical for sector growth, also raises the sector’s exposure to price risk at a time of high volatility on international markets for agricultural commodities. An effective response to these risks requires a broader, more integrated approach to risk management than the current system of ex-ante, public sector activity associated with crop and livestock disease and ad hoc, ex-post emergency responses to local disasters. Measures to strengthen risk mitigation need to be mainstreamed into sector development and investment programs, additional human and financial resources need to be allocated to the public institutions responsible for ex-ante and ex-post risk management, and the potential for transfer (insurance) mechanisms will need to be clarified and developed where feasible. Given the limited human and financial resources available for public sector activity, a clear sense of the priorities for agriculture risk management is also required, together with a balanced view of the respective roles of public and private sector stakeholders.

In the past decade, Turkey has experienced a notable level of poverty reduction at all levels (extreme poor, poor, and vulnerable). The steady decline in poverty was also resilient to the decline in gross domestic product per capita growth during the crisis. However, although poverty convergence was strong before the financial crisis, there was an absence of regional convergence afterward. This paper analyzes poverty trends, poverty convergence, economic mobility, and the determinants of poverty reduction at the regional level over the period 2006–13. The analysis finds that agricultural growth in the east was an important contributor to Turkey's regional poverty reduction. In additionally, employment growth in the services sectors boosted poverty reduction throughout the entire country. From a fiscal perspective, the amount of per capita central spending is also linked to poverty reduction, although more strongly for regions in the west.

The performance of the Malian economy is largely dependent on the performance of the agricultural sector. The overall good growth in the Malian economy over the last several years is attributed to the agricultural GDP growth. Since 1995, the economy grew at about 5 percent per year until 2010, but a global recession, the military coup and terrorist activity caused a noticeable slowdown in GDP to about 1.2 percent in 2011-2012. The economic growth has resumed at a slow pace since 2013 and is currently estimated around 4.5 percent for 2014-2015. Agricultural development in general and agricultural finance in particular is hampered by a lack of quality data on the sector. Although improving, reliable statistical information is still lacking in Mali. There are often inconsistencies in agricultural data presented in the various reports available in the country. Although data on the main food crops and cotton are readily available, quality information on the high potential value chains, like mango and meat and dairy value chains, is less frequently provided. The lack of quality agricultural statistics makes public planning and analysis difficult and deters private sector investment.

In July 2013, the World Bank Group launched its Strategy, outlining how it will partner more effectively with clients to help them achieve the ambitious goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity through economic growth, inclusion, sustainability and resilience. In April 2014, the World Bank Group Corporate Scorecard was launched for the first time and the World Bank Scorecard revised to monitor the implementation of the strategy. The World Bank Group Scorecard provides view of the results and performance indicators of the three World Bank Group institutions: the World Bank (WB), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This brochure presents the scorecards, updated with the latest data available in fiscal year 2015. The scorecards are structured in three tiers. A tier one and two presents indicators monitoring aspects of growth, inclusiveness, and sustainability and resilience. Tier three captures the progress in implementing the World Bank Group strategy and includes measures of both operational and organizational effectiveness.

This study aims to achieve a better understanding of the agricultural risk and risk management situation in Tanzania with a view to identifying key solutions to reduce current gross domestic product (GDP) growth volatility. For the purpose of this assessment, risk is defined as the probability that an uncertain event will occur that can potentially produce losses to participants along the supply chain. Persistence of unmanaged risks in agriculture is a cause of great economic losses for farmers and other actors along the supply chains (for example, traders, processors, and exporters), affecting export earnings and food security. The agricultural sector risk assessment is a straightforward methodology based on a three-phase sequential process. Phase analyzes the chronological occurrence of inter-seasonal agricultural risks with a view to identify and prioritize the risks that are the drivers of agricultural GDP volatility. This report contains the findings and recommendations of the first phase and includes the identification, analysis, and prioritization of major risks facing the agricultural sector in Tanzania, as well as recommendations regarding key solutions. Chapter one gives introduction and context. Chapter two contains an overview of the agricultural sector and its performance, as well as a discussion of key agro-climatic, weather, and policy restrictions and opportunities. Chapter three includes an assessment of major risks (that is, production, market, and enabling environment risks) facing key export and food crops. Chapter four presents an estimate of historical losses due to realized production risks and a correlation of such losses with production volatility. Chapter five provides insights into the exposure to risks by different stakeholders and their actual capacities, vulnerabilities, and potential to manage agricultural risks. Chapter six presents a risk prioritization by different supply chains and discusses the possible solutions, as well as specific recommendations for the agricultural sector development program (ASDP).

Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has averaged roughly 5 percent per year over the past decade, improving living standards and bolstering human development indicators across the continent. Stronger public institutions, a supportive, private sector focused policy environment, responsible macroeconomic management, and a sustained commitment to structural reforms have greatly expanded opportunities for countries in SSA to participate in global markets. In recent years, many countries in the region have benefited from an increasingly favorable external environment, high commodity prices, and an especially strong demand for natural resources by emerging economies, particularly China. Over the longer term, leveraging Chinese investment to support broad-based growth will require policies designed to boost the competitiveness of sectors in which China s economic rebalancing may create a comparative advantage for SSA. To date, few African countries have been able to benefit from large-scale Chinese investment outside the resource sector. However, as China s growth slows and its economy shifts toward a more consumption-driven model, it is likely that global demand for resource imports will slow as well. Countries with the most heavily concentrated export mix, particularly in the mineral and oil sectors are the most vulnerable to China s economic rebalancing and should be ready to adopt measures to mitigate the impact of negative terms-of-trade shocks. By contrast, as wage rates in China continue to rise and firms refocus their attention on domestic demand, countries in SSA will be well positioned to exploit emerging opportunities for investment in export-oriented manufacturing. Ethiopia provides an instructive example, as its inexpensive yet relatively skilled labor force, coupled with the government s proactive efforts to court Chinese investors, have enabled Ethiopia to attract substantial investments in labor-intensive industries. Infrastructure enhancement, workforce development, and good-governance reforms offer a promising strategy for many countries in the region. Although the establishment of industrial zones has yielded mixed results, several salient success stories warrant careful attention. This report discusses how Africa could take advantage of the untapped opportunities offered by China s progressively intensifying investment and trade ties with SSA. It is hoped that this analysis will enrich the ongoing dialogue between policy makers, private firms, and civil society regarding China s increasingly important role in the growth and development of Sub-Saharan Africa.

This article attempts to determine the long-term productivity and sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs by measuring trends in total factor productivity for production systems in both states since the advent of the green revolution. These measurements over time and across systems have resulted in three major findings. First, there were wide spatial and temporal variations between the two Punjabs. Although output growth and crop yields were much higher in the Indian Punjab, productivity growth was higher by only a small margin. Moreover, the lowest growth in productivity took place during the initial green revolution period and in the wheat-rice system in both states. The time lag between adoption of green revolution technologies and realization of productivity gains is related to learning induced efficiency gains, better utilization of capital investments over time, and problems with the standard methods of productivity measurement that downwardly bias estimate, particularly during the green revolution period. Second, input growth accounted for most of the output growth in both Punjabs during the period under study. Third, intensification, especially in the wheat-rice system, resulted in resource degradation in both Punjabs. Data from Pakistan show that resource degradation reduced overall productivity growth from technical change and from education and infrastructure investment by one-third.

In this article, the authors discuss the impact of trade policy reforms and related policies on land allocation between several crops in an agricultural economy, with a focus on the degree of erosion caused by different crop types. The prediction of land use changes is complicated by the influence of the world market on agricultural exports and the policy distortions at the national level. Likewise, shifts in the agricultural sectors may have economy-wide repercussions through the factor and commodities markets. The authors quantify and evaluate the probable impacts of tariff reduction with an applied general equilibrium model in Sri Lanka. They also analyze the economic and environmental impact of technical progress in the cultivation of tea, a major agricultural export. Both lowering tariffs and enhancing technical progress increase the amount of land allocated to tea, which is environmentally and economically beneficial to Sri Lanka because tea is less erosive than most alternative crops.

Global agriculture will face multiple challenges over the coming decades. It must produce more food to feed an increasingly affluent and growing world population that will demand a more diverse diet, contribute to overall development and poverty alleviation in many developing countries, confront increased competition for alternative uses of finite land and water resources, adapt to climate change, and contribute to preserving biodiversity and restoring fragile ecosystems. Climate change will bring higher average temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme events, multiplying the threats to sustainable food security. Addressing these challenges requires co-ordinated responses from the public and private sectors and civil society that will need to be adapted to the specific circumstances of different types of farmers in countries at all levels of development. The recommendations provided are broadly of two types: specific actions that can contribute in some way to improving productivity growth or sustainable resource use (whether building on existing initiatives or suggesting new activities) and more general proposals that may not be actionable as presented but that serve to highlight areas for priority attention. This report also invites G20 countries to engage in a medium, to long-term, analysis-based peer review of policies fostering sustainable productivity growth, which would identify specific constraints and opportunities, beginning with their own food and agriculture sectors. In addition to possible benefits to participating countries, a peer review process could contribute to the identification of best policies and best policy packages to achieve the widely held aim of sustainably improving productivity of the global food and agriculture system. While such an initiative is proposed to and for G20 countries, it could have much wider application to interested countries.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the challenges and the practical successes that a selected number of countries are experiencing in moving towards 'climate-smart' agriculture while also meeting the food requirements of a growing population, broader economic development and green growth objectives. It complements papers prepared in 2010 on technologies and policy instruments, research, and farmers' perspectives. The paper is also intended to provide a broad country perspective to two additional papers produced for a meeting of African Ministers of Agriculture which took place in Johannesburg in September 2011. The main conclusion is that a number of countries have made impressive progress in integrating 'climate-smart agriculture' into broader development and growth programs. Several countries are supporting policy measures and programs to conserve soil and moisture while enhancing productivity and competitiveness, and are addressing the particular concerns of drought-prone semi-arid areas. They are improving agricultural water management and watershed management, and addressing sea-surges, salinity and coastal flooding. Some countries are also including climate-smart agriculture as a core element in broader green growth agendas. The private sector has a key role to play in climate-smart agriculture, especially where the enabling environment has been favorable. Achieving climate-smart agriculture needs an integrated approach, tackling productivity and food security, risk and resilience, and low carbon growth together, but integration and institutional coordination remains a challenge in many countries.

The approach taken in this report reflects the view of the collaborating international organizations that price volatility and its effects on food security is a complex issue with many dimensions, agricultural and non-agricultural, short and long-term, with highly differentiated impacts on consumers and producers in developed and developing countries. The report begins with a discussion of volatility and of the ways in which volatility affects countries, businesses, consumers and farmers. Lessons learned from recent experiences are briefly reviewed as well as the factors determining likely levels of volatility in future. This report offers suggestions for a systematic and internationally coordinated response building on the lessons learned as a result of the 2007-2008crisis. It is important to distinguish between policy options designed to prevent or reduce price volatility and those designed to mitigate its consequences. Both types of intervention are explored in detail. Scope is identified for actions at individual, national, regional and international level. Some would help to avert a threat; others are in the nature of contingency plans to improve readiness, while still others address long-term issues of resilience. Finally, the report explores mechanisms of international cooperation to implement this report's recommendations and to monitor progress.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the World Bank Group's (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [IBRD], International Development Association [IDA], and International Finance Corporation [IFC]) effectiveness in promoting growth in agricultural productivity in Azerbaijan, and to derive lessons that may be relevant for the World Bank Group's future engagement in Azerbaijani agriculture. The study covers the World Bank's entire agricultural lending and analytical portfolio, and the full period of the Bank's involvement with Azerbaijan's rural sector, commencing in 1997 when the first agricultural project was launched, to 2010. The report begins (section one) with an overview of agriculture's role in Azerbaijan's economy, the strategic need for increased agricultural growth and the technical, economic and policy constraints impeding growth. Section two reviews the Bank's lending program and analytical work, and considers the appropriate balance between lending and analytical activities. Section three assesses the Bank's impact on agricultural productivity, and section four considers how environmental management, social welfare and agricultural growth can be mutually complementary. Section five and six reviews cross-cutting aspects of the Bank's work in Azerbaijan's agriculture sector, including the Bank's effectiveness as an innovator and as a partner with the government in agricultural reform. And section seven assesses the impact of the Bank's own institutional structure and practices on its operational effectiveness promoting agricultural productivity. Concluding the report, Section 8 highlights the main areas where the Bank could have had greater impact on the country's agricultural productivity, and the lessons thereby emerging for the Bank's agricultural role in Azerbaijan in future years.

This report is the final product of a country case study prepared in the framework of the comparative analysis of organization and performance of cotton sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, a study published by the World Bank in 2008. The objective of the overall study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the links between sector structure and observed performance outcomes on a sample of nine of the major cotton exporting countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, and draw lessons from each country's experience that can provide useful guidance to policy-makers, industry stakeholders, and interested donors agencies in the design of future cotton sector reform programs. This paper describes and reviews the situation of the cotton sector of Cote d'Ivoire, as well as the reforms that the sector has undergone since the mid-1990s.

For decades, earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic welfare and inhibit agricultural trade and economic growth. They almost certainly add to inequality and poverty in developing countries, since three-quarters of the world's billion poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. During the past two decades, however, numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while some high-income countries also have begun reducing market-distorting aspects of their farm policies. The author surveys the changing extent of policy distortions to prices faced by developing-country farmers over the past half century, and provides a summary of new empirical estimates from a global economy-wide model that yield estimates of how much could be gained by removing the interventions remaining as of 2004. The author concludes by pointing to the scope and prospects for further pro-poor policy reform in both developing and high-income countries.

European agriculture has been characterized by a shift in structure towards larger farms with less labour employed. Within the current article we investigate the case of Flanders, a region in Belgium, and try to define what the sectoral shifts of labour and land have been in the past. Thereby we try to analyze and quantify structural change in Flemish agriculture, and to make projections for the future. The research was based on a Markov analysis of secondary census data, complemented by primary data obtained through a survey. In general it seems that structural change in Flemish agriculture follows the general trend of farms getting bigger, more specialized and employing more people per farm. This h

The world development report 2010 estimates that an additional $200 billion per year of climate-related financing is needed in developing countries between now and 2030 to keep global average temperature rise within 2 degrees Celsius. Developing countries face increased financing challenges over coming decades as they seek to pursue economic development along a lower emission trajectory. The goal of this paper is twofold: i) to provide greater information and clarity on these three mitigation-related climate financing instruments available for the World Bank Group (WBG) and their application in the context of specific projects and national policy frameworks; and ii) to draw lessons for the broader development community on how resources from different climate financing instruments can be combined for expanded impact, increased leverage, and enhanced efficiency. This paper represents an initial contribution to this field and will be followed by papers focusing on guarantees for low-carbon growth support for the private sector and the challenges of financing climate resilience and adaptation.

Reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions affecting agriculture in developing countries, particularly by cuts to agricultural export taxes and by some reductions in government assistance to agriculture in high-income countries, but international trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. This paper summarizes a series of empirical studies that focus on the effects of the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade for poverty and inequality, especially in developing countries. To obtain different insights into the various impacts, two global studies are undertaken using the World Bank's Linkage model, one multi-country study uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, and ten country case studies are also included, each using a national economy-wide model. The Linkage model results suggest that liberalization will reduce international inequality, largely by boosting farm incomes and raising real wages for unskilled workers in developing countries, and will reduce the number of poor people worldwide by 3 percent. The analysis based on the GTAP model for a sample of 15 countries, and the ten stand-alone national case studies, all point to larger reductions in poverty, especially if only the non-poor are subjected to increased income taxation to compensate for the loss of trade tax revenue.

A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Indonesia of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that global reform of trade policy in all commodities is a significant potential source of poverty reduction for Indonesia. The poor rural and urban have a strong interest in global trade policy reform. If Indonesia were to liberalize unilaterally, poverty incidence also will decline but the effect is small. If liberalization is confined to agricultural products, the effects are similar but the declines in poverty incidence within Indonesia are much smaller.

Although Mozambique has considerable agricultural potential, rural poverty remains extremely high. This paper examines the extent to which global and domestic price distortions affect agricultural production and national poverty. The author develops a computable general equilibrium (CGE) and micro-simulation model of Mozambique that is linked to the results of a global model. This framework is used to examine the effects of eliminating global and national price distortions. Model results indicate that agriculture is adversely affected by current trade distortions due to policies in the rest of the world. While a removal of all merchandise trade distortions will reduce import prices, it will also raise agricultural production and reduce poverty. By contrast, removing only agricultural price distortions abroad will have little effect on Mozambique's agricultural sector. Model results indicate that Mozambique's own distortions are also biased against agriculture, with producers of processed agricultural products enjoying high protection levels. Removing these distortions causes a significant expansion of agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a reduction in both poverty and inequality. The findings therefore suggest that removing own-country and rest-of-world distortions will have positive implications for agriculture and for the overall economy in Mozambique, and in particular it will reduce its poverty and inequality.

This paper assesses the potential impacts of the removal of agricultural and other trade distortions using a newly developed dataset and methodological approach for evaluating the global poverty and inequality effects of policy reforms. It finds that liberalization of agriculture will increase global extreme poverty (US$1 a day) slightly and by almost 1 percent if other goods trade is also liberalized; but the number of people living on less than $2 a day will fall by almost 1 percent. Beneath these small aggregate changes, most countries witness a substantial reduction in poverty while South Asia where half of the world's poor reside will experience an increase in extreme (but not moderate) poverty incidence due to high rates of protection afforded to its unskilled labor-intensive agricultural sectors. The distributional changes also are projected to be mild, but again exhibit a strong regional pattern: inequality falls in Latin America, which is characterized by high initial inequality, and rises in South Asia, has relatively low income inequality.

This paper examines the poverty impacts of global merchandise trade reform by looking at a wide range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Overall, the authors find that trade reform tends to reduce poverty primarily through the inclusion of agricultural components. The majority of developing country sample experiences small poverty increases from non-agricultural reforms. The authors explore the relative poverty-friendliness of agricultural trade reforms in detail, examining the differential impacts on real after-tax factor returns of agricultural versus non-agricultural reforms. This analysis is extended to the distribution of households by looking at stratum-specific poverty changes. The author's findings indicate that the more favorable impacts of agricultural reforms are driven by increased returns to peasant farm households' labor as well as higher returns for unskilled wage labor. Finally, the authors examine the commodity-specific poverty impacts of trade reform for this sample of countries. The authors find that liberalization of food grains and other processed foods represent the largest contributions to poverty reduction. More specifically, it is tariff reform in these commodity markets that dominates the poverty increasing impacts of wealthy country subsidy removal.