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To investigate vascular endothelium damage in rats exposed to hypoxic and cold and the effect of salidroside in protecting against this damage. A rat isolated aortic ring hypoxia/cold model was established to simulate exposure to hypoxic and cold. The levels of endothelial cell injury markers were measured by ELISA. TEM was performed to observe the ultrastructure of vascular ring endothelial cells. In vitro assays were performed to verify the effect of salidroside on endothelial cells. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were performed to analyze endothelial cell survival and apoptosis, respectively. Ca2+ concentrations were measured by Flow cytometry, and the expressions of NOS/NO pathway-related proteins were measured by WB. Endothelial cell damage, mitochondrial swelling, autophagy, and apoptosis were increased in the hypoxia group and hypoxia/hypothermia group. All of these effects were inhibited by salidroside. Moreover, exposure to cold combined with hypoxia reduced the NO levels, Ca2+ concentrations and NOS/NO pathway-related protein expression in the hypoxia group and hypoxia/hypothermia group. Salidroside treatment reversed these changes. Salidroside protected against endothelial cell injury induced by cold and hypoxia through reduction of Ca2+-CaM-CAMKII-dependent eNOS/NO activation, thereby preventing mitochondrial damage, reducing ROS levels, and inhibiting apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstractβ-D-xylosidase, an important glycoside hydrolase, hydrolyzes xylo-oligosaccharides to yield xylose and biotransforms specific saponins by cleaving β-xylose at the non-reducing end. It is extensively employed in renewable resources, including fuels, food, and pharmaceuticals, as a xylanolytic enzyme. In this study, a 1197 bp β-xylosidase gene (BaXyl5B) derived from Bifidobacterium adolescentis was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21. Following purification, the recombinant β-xylosidase exhibited a distinct band on SDS-PAGE; its molecular weight was determined to be 46.4 kDa. The optimal activity of BaXyl5B was observed at a pH of 6.0 and a temperature of 30 °C. Purified BaXyl5B demonstrated multifunctional activities involving p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (pNPβXyl), p-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinopyranoside (pNPαArap), and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPβGlc). A significant finding of this study was that BaXyl5B exhibited high selectivity towards ginsenoside Rb3, which could hydrolyze xylose at the C-20 position of Rb3 to yield Rd and F2. Overall, this research explored a novel β-xylosidase, BaXyl5B, that could serve as a valuable biocatalyst for converting ginsenosides and synthesizing active glycosides and aglycones, making it a promising enzyme for further exploration and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalized mesoporous materials have become a promising carrier for enzyme immobilization. In this study, Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA-15) was modified by N-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy (R). R-SBA-15 was employed to purify and immobilize recombinant β-glucosidase from Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans (BgpA) in one step for the first time. Optimum pH of the constructed R-SBA-15@BgpA were 7.0, and it has 20 ℃ higher optimal temperature than free enzyme. Relative activity of R-SBA-15@BgpA still retained > 70% at 42 ℃ after 8-h incubation. The investigation on organic reagent resistance revealed that the immobilized enzyme can maintain strong stability in 15% DMSO. In leaching test and evaluation of storage stability, only trace amount of protein was detected in buffer of the immobilized enzyme after storage at 4 ℃ for 33 days, and the immobilized BgpA still maintained > 50% relative activity. It also demonstrated good reusability, with 76.1% relative activity remaining after fourteen successive enzymatic hydrolyses of epimedin A to sagittatoside A. The newly proposed strategy is an effective approach for the purification and immobilization of BgpA concurrently. In addition, R-SBA-15@BgpA was demonstrated to have high efficiency and stability in this application, suggesting its great feasibility and potential to produce bioactive compounds such as secondary glycosides or aglycones from natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatidine is an aglycone of α-tomatine, a glycoalkaloid present in tomato plants, and has muscle atrophy inhibitory effect and anticancer activity. Tomatidine-Rich Tomato Leaf Extract powder (TRTLE) contains 60% tomatidine, which is converted to tomatidine by acid hydrolysis after extracting α-tomatine from tomato leaves. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of TRTLE by conducting a series of toxicity studies in mice and bacteria to support its safe food use. Single-dose and 90-day repeated-dose toxicity study were conducted in 6-week-old ICR male and female mice to calculate the LD50 and non-toxic dose (NOAEL) of TRTLE. In the single-dose toxicity study, a single oral dose of 667, 2,000, and 5,000 mg TRTLE/kg body weight (bw) was administered, and in the 90-day repeated-dose toxicity study, 133 mg TRTLE/kg bw was administered orally daily. In addition, the Ames test was performed with Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli to determine the genotoxic activity. The single-dose toxicity study indicated the LD50 was 833 mg TRTLE/kg bw (tomatidine equivalent: 500 mg/kg bw). In the 90-day repeated-dose toxicity study, no abnormalities due to TRTLE were observed in each laboratory test, including general symptoms, body weight changes, hematology, urinalysis, and histopathological examination. In the Ames test, TRTLE was confirmed not to be mutagenic with or without metabolic activation. Based on these data, the NOAEL in mice was determined to be 133 mg TRTLE/kg bw (tomatidine equivalent: 80 mg/kg bw). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoid aglycones are secondary plant metabolites that exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiplatelet effects. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their inhibitory effect on platelet activation remain poorly understood. In this study, we applied flow cytometry to analyze the effects of six flavonoid aglycones (luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, eriodictyol, kaempferol, and apigenin) on platelet activation, phosphatidylserine externalization, formation of reactive oxygen species, and intracellular esterase activity. We found that these compounds significantly inhibit thrombin-induced platelet activation and decrease formation of reactive oxygen species in activated platelets. The tested aglycones did not affect platelet viability, apoptosis induction, or procoagulant platelet formation. Notably, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, and apigenin increased thrombin-induced thromboxane synthase activity, which was analyzed by a spectrofluorimetric method. Our results obtained from Western blot analysis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the antiplatelet properties of the studied phytochemicals are mediated by activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, we established by using Förster resonance energy transfer that the molecular mechanisms are, at least partly, associated with the inhibition of phosphodiesterases 2 and/or 5. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of flavonoid aglycones for clinical application as antiplatelet agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convergent synthesis α-(1→3)-, α-(1→5), β-(1→2)-linked hexaarabinofuranoside related to the terminal fragment of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria as a glycoside with 4-(3-azidopropoxy)phenyl aglycone was accomplished. 4-(3-Azidopropoxy)phenyl aglycone belongs to the class of Janus aglycones, which can be used as both a temporary protective group for the anomeric position of the carbohydrate and a (pre)spacer for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates. The key step of the synthesis is the formation of 1,2-trans glycosidic linkage with the use of Ara-β-(1→2)-Ara p-tolylthioarabinofuranoside bearing five triisopropylsilyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) extracts contain diverse constituents such as saponins. These saponins, which act as a defense against herbivores and pathogens also show promise in treating human conditions such as heart failure, pain, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and inflammation. Some of these effects are mediated by activating AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). Therefore, comprehensive screening for activating constituents in a CR extract is highly desirable. Employing machine learning (ML) techniques such as Deep Neural Networks (DNN), Logistic Regression Classification (LRC), and Random Forest Classification (RFC) with molecular fingerprint MACCS descriptors, 95 CR constituents were classified. Calibration involved 50 randomly chosen positive and negative controls. LRC achieved the highest overall test accuracy (90.2%), but DNN and RFC surpassed it in precision, sensitivity, specificity, and ROC AUC. All CR constituents were predicted as activators, except for three non-triterpene compounds. The validity of these classifications was supported by good calibration, with misclassifications ranging from 3% to 17% across the various models. High sensitivity (84.5–87.2%) and specificity (84.1–91.4%) suggest suitability for screening. The results demonstrate the potential of triterpene saponins and aglycones in activating AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), providing the rationale for further clinical exploration of CR extracts in metabolic pathway-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to analyse, whether malting technique (consisting of seed hydration, germination and drying) can be used to modify concentration of various isoflavonoids in soybean seeds. Seeds of three soybean varieties were germinated by different lengths of time (from 24 to 120 h) and dried by two different methods, typically used to produce so-called 'light' and 'caramel' malts. It was determined, that malting decreases concentration of 7-O-β-D-glucosides such as daidzin, genisitin and glycitin, while at the same time increasing concentration of aglycones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein). Increasing time of the germination period increased concentration of aglycones. 'Caramel' type malts were characterised with higher concentration of most of the isoflavonoids (daidzin, daidzein, genistin, genistein and glycitein) than 'light' type malts. Results of this study suggest that soybean malts can be an interesting substrate in the production of various food products with increased aglycone content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of flavonols for the treatment of certain health conditions has highlighted their importance as an alternative to conventional therapeutic drugs. In this study, fifteen (15) flavonol aglycones (no sugar moiety) were investigated against ABC transporter sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) which regulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β‐cells to maintain glucose homeostasis. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to examine the molecular interactions of SUR1 with selected flavonols. The binding free energies of the ligand–receptor complexes were also investigated. Important residual interactions involving the SER595, SER599, ILE423, GLN427, ALA422, ASN426, and TRP430 amino acid residues were revealed using hydrogen bonding analysis. These residues contribute to the organization for distinct folding and selectivity at the ligand–receptor interface. Selected flavonols had reasonable binding free energies with SUR1 demonstrating their potential to be considered candidates for anti–diabetic drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saponins, both steroidal and triterpenoid, exhibit distinct bioactivities. However, they are not commonly found together in natural sources; instead, sources tend to be rich in one type or another and mainly in the form of saponins rather than the sapogenin aglycones. Developing co-extracts containing both saponin or sapogenin types would be a strategy to harness their respective bioactivities, yielding multibioactive extracts. Therefore, this study evaluates the bioactivity (hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities) of co-extracts from fenugreek seeds (steroidal-rich saponins) and quinoa husk (triterpenoid-rich saponins), co-extracted at varying proportions, alongside their respective sapogenin-rich hydrolysates. Pancreatic lipase inhibition increased with fenugreek content in co-extracts, especially in sapogenin-rich variants. The latter substantially interfered with cholesterol bioaccessibility (90% vs. 15% in sapogenin-rich extracts). Saponin-rich co-extracts exhibited reduced cytokine release with increased fenugreek content, while sapogenin-rich counterparts showed greater reductions with higher quinoa husk content. Limited cellular antioxidant activities were observed in all extracts, with improved post-hydrolysis bioactivity. Therefore, simultaneous co-extraction of steroidal and triterpenoid sources, such as fenugreek and quinoa husk, as well as their subsequent hydrolysis, are innovative strategies for obtaining multibioactive natural extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biorefinery of flavonoid aglycones by natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) is a green approach for the valorization of agro-food wastes. Using rutin/quercetin as a model system, this work studies the role of Bronsted acids in deglycosylation of flavonoid glycosides and the sustainable approach to producing aglycone-rich extracts by acidic NADESs. Different NADESs were tested, and the effects of Bronsted acids in catalysis and Hammett acidities were determined. The deglycosylation kinetics of rutin in the choline chloride-citric acid was measured and followed a first-order model with a half-life time (t1/2) of 0.16 h at 90 °C and an activation energy (Ea) of 140.3 kJ mol-1. A two-step one-pot approach was valid to produce quercetin-rich extracts from Sophora japonica buds waste. The quercetin-to-rutin ratio in the acidic NADES extracts was adjustable by changing the heating time. The acidic NADES of ChCl-Citric and quercetin-rich extracts showed low cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells with EC50 greater than 2000 mg L-1, and the cytotoxicity was mainly determined by citric acid. The study provides a new perspective for the valorization of bioproducts into ready-to-use flavonoid aglycone-rich extracts using acidic NADES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convergent synthesis of tetraarabinofuranoside β-d-Araf-(1→2)-α-d-Araf-(1→3)-α-d-Araf-(1→5)-α-d-Araf-1↑OR (R is 4-(3-azidopropoxy)phenyl) related to the terminal fragment of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria was developed. The synthesized tetraarabinofuranoside represents a linear motif of a branched hexaarabinofuranoside, which is the main LAM epitope. 4-(3-Azidopropoxy)phenyl aglycone belongs to the class of Janus aglycones, which can serve as both a temporary protective group for the anomeric position of carbohydrate and a (pre)spacer for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates useful for the development of new tuberculosis diagnostic assays. The key step of the synthesis is the formation of 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea isoflavones have diverse pharmacological activities but with low water solubility and bioavailability. In this work, the isoflavone content in chickpeas was first increased by germination, and then the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of isoflavones in chickpea sprout extracts (CSE) were enhanced using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion techniques. Firstly, the total content of isoflavones was increased by 182 times through sprouting, and isoflavones were presented mostly in the germ and radicle. Then, the chickpea sprout extract/β-cyclodextrin (CSE/β-CD) inclusion complex was prepared and characterized. The in vitro test showed that the cumulative release of two isoflavones, formononetin (FMN) and biochanin A (BCA), in the CSE/β-CD was significantly increased in a simulated digestive fluid. The in vivo rat pharmacokinetics demonstrated that the inclusion of FMN and BCA by β-CD effectively increased their bioavailability in rat plasma and tissues, especially in the liver. The study provides a feasible strategy for improving the bioavailability of isoflavones from chickpeas and is also beneficial to the utilization of other legume resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pluramycin family of natural products has diverse substituents at the C2 position, which are closely related to their biological activity. Therefore, it is important to understand the biosynthesis of C2 substituents. In this study, we describe the biosynthesis of C2 moieties in Streptomyces sp. W2061, which produces kidamycin and rubiflavinone C-1, containing anthrapyran aglycones. Sequence analysis of the loading module (Kid13) of the PKS responsible for the synthesis of these anthrapyran aglycones is useful for confirming the incorporation of atypical primer units into the corresponding products. Kid13 is a ketosynthase-like decarboxylase (KSQ)-type loading module with unusual dual acyltransferase (AT) domains (AT1-1 and AT1-2). The AT1-2 domain primarily loads ethylmalonyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA for rubiflavinone and kidamycinone and rubiflavinone, respectively; however, the AT1-1 domain contributed to the functioning of the AT1-2 domain to efficiently load ethylmalonyl-CoA for rubiflavinone. We found that the dual AT system was involved in the production of kidamycinone, an aglycone of kidamycin, and rubiflavinone C-1 by other shared biosynthetic genes in Streptomyces sp. W2061. This study broadens our understanding of the incorporation of atypical primer units into polyketide products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with flavonoid glycosides, flavonoid aglycones are difficult to be separated since they have less hydroxyls. Collagen fiber (CF), a natural polymer, was once used as packing material for separation of kaempferol and quercetin (the typical flavonoid aglycones) after crosslinking by glutaraldehyde mainly based on hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction in column length-diameter ratio of 60:1. Hydrophobic modification by grafting alkyl chains was then employed to enhance the hydrophobic interaction between CF and flavonoid aglycones, which can improve the separation efficiency and decrease column length-diameter ratio to 19:1. In order to further improve the adsorption capacity and separation efficiency, the strategy of simultaneously grafting hydrophobic alkyl chains (–CH2–CH2–) and alkali groups (–NH2) was adopted in this work to enhance hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic association to flavonoid aglycones at the same time through grafting polyethyleneimine (PEI). PEI modified CF (PEI-CF) maintained the fiber structure of CF, and had higher adsorption extent and rate to flavonoid aglycones through the enhanced synergetic effect of hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic association. As a result, PEI-CF presented a satisfactory column separation efficiency for kaempferol and quercetin even the length-diameter ratio of column was decreased to 11:1, which was much better than previously developed glutaradehyde-crosslinked collagen fiber and isobutyl-grafted collagen fiber, as well as commonly used polyamide and Sephadex LH-20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, 12 flavonoid glycosides were selected based on virtual screening and the literature, and Quercimeritrin was selected as the best selective inhibitor of α-glucosidase through in vitro enzyme activity inhibition experiments. Its IC50 value for α-glucosidase was 79.88 µM, and its IC50 value for α-amylase >250 µM. As such, it could be used as a new selective inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The selective inhibition mechanism of Quercimeritrin on the two starch-digesting enzymes was further explored, and it was confirmed that Quercimeritrin had a strong binding affinity for α-glucosidase and occupied the binding pocket of α-glucosidase through non-covalent binding. Subsequently, animal experiments demonstrated that Quercimeritrin can effectively control postprandial blood glucose in vivo, with the same inhibitory effect as acarbose but without side effects. Our results, therefore, provide insights into how flavone aglycones can be used to effectively control the rate of digestion to improve postprandial blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A combination of TLC‐bioautography, MALDI‐TOF‐MS and LC–MS/MS methods was used to identify flavonoids with anti‐α‐amylase activity in extracts of Lathyrus pratensis L. (herb), L. polyphillus L. (fruits), Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br. (herb) and S. japonica L. (buds). After the TLC‐autobiography assay, substances with anti‐amylase activity were identified by MALDI‐TOF‐MS followed by confirmation of the result by LC–MS/MS. Results of the study revealed that the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, formononetin, genistein and kaempferol display marked anti‐α‐amylase activity. Formononetin showed the largest activity. Compared with LC–MS/MS, MALDI‐TOF‐MS is a quick and convenient method; results can be obtained within minutes; and only minor sample amounts are required which allows us to analyse mixtures of substances without preliminary separation. However, the inability to distinguish between isomers is the main limitation of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new monosulfated triterpene glycosides, djakonoviosides A (1), A1 (2), A2 (3), and B1–B4 (4–7), along with three known glycosides found earlier in the other Cucumaria species, namely okhotoside A1-1, cucumarioside A0-1, and frondoside D, have been isolated from the far eastern sea cucumber Cucumaria djakonovi (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). The structures were established on the basis of extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and confirmed by HR-ESI-MS data. The compounds of groups A and B differ from each other in their carbohydrate chains, namely monosulfated tetrasaccharide chains are inherent to group A and pentasaccharide chains with one sulfate group, branched by C-2 Qui2, are characteristic of group B. The aglycones of djakonoviosides A2 (3), B2 (5), and B4 (7) are characterized by a unique structural feature, a 23,16-hemiketal fragment found first in the sea cucumbers' glycosides. The biosynthetic pathway of its formation is discussed. The set of aglycones of C. djakonovi glycosides was species specific because of the presence of new aglycones. At the same time, the finding in C. djakonovi of the known glycosides isolated earlier from the other species of Cucumaria, as well as the set of carbohydrate chains characteristic of the glycosides of all investigated representatives of the genus Cucumaria, demonstrated the significance of these glycosides as chemotaxonomic markers. The membranolytic actions of compounds 1–7 and known glycosides okhotoside A1-1, cucumarioside A0-1, and frondoside D, isolated from C. djakonovi against human cell lines, including erythrocytes and breast cancer cells (MCF-7, T-47D, and triple negative MDA-MB-231), as well as leukemia HL-60 and the embryonic kidney HEK-293 cell line, have been studied. Okhotoside A1-1 was the most active compound from the series because of the presence of a tetrasaccharide linear chain and holostane aglycone with a 7(8)-double bond and 16β-O-acetoxy group, cucumarioside A0-1, having the same aglycone, was slightly less active because of the presence of branching xylose residue at C-2 Qui2. Generally, the activity of the djakonoviosides of group A was higher than that of the djakonoviosides of group B containing the same aglycones, indicating the significance of a linear chain containing four monosaccharide residues for the demonstration of membranolytic action by the glycosides. All the compounds containing hemiketal fragments, djakonovioside A2 (3), B2 (5), and B4 (7), were almost inactive. The most aggressive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was the most sensitive to the glycosides action when compared with the other cancer cells. Okhotoside A1-1 and cucumarioside A0-1 demonstrated promising effects against MDA-MB-231 cells, significantly inhibiting the migration, as well as the formation and growth, of colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, Cajanus cajan cell suspension cultures (CCSCs) were elicited by living GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) fungi to enhance the production of bioactive phenolic compounds. Under the inoculum size of mycelia (0.5 %), the optimal fungus Aspergillus oryzae Y-29 (AO Y-29) could achieve the enhanced production of cajaninstilbene acid (5.79-fold increase) in 49-day-old CCSCs at 8 h. Also, AO Y-29 could promote the production of flavonoid aglycones including luteolin (2.25-fold increase), genistein (2.04-fold increase), apigenin (1.96-fold increase), isorhamnetin (1.43-fold increase), and biochanin A (6.48-fold increase) in CCSCs at 12 h. Moreover, the levels of genistein and cajaninstilbene acid in culture media after fungal elicitation increased by 3.58- and 18.02-fold over control, respectively. AO Y-29 mycelia was found to trigger the oxidative stress thus activating the expression of pathogenesis-, biosynthesis-, and ABC transport-related genes, which contributed to the accumulation and secretion of flavonoid aglycones and cajaninstilbene acid in CCSCs. Furthermore, ABCB11 was likely to be correlated with the transport of genistein and cajaninstilbene acid, which was important for systematic metabolic engineering to increase their productivity. Overall, the elicitation of CCSCs with AO Y-29 was attractive for obtaining high yields of valuable flavonoid aglycones and cajaninstilbene acid in pharmaceutical/nutraceutical fields. [Display omitted] • Cajanus cajan cell suspension cultures (CCSCs) elicited by living fungi was to enhance phenolic production and secretion. • Yields of high-value flavonoid aglycones and cajaninstilbene acid (CSA) increased upon fungal elicitation. • CCSCs augmented CSA productivity 5.79-fold when elicited by Aspergillus oryzae Y-29 mycelia. • Expression of pathogenesis-, biosynthesis-, and transport-related genes was activated. • ABCB11 was likely to be correlated with the transport of genistein and CSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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β‐Damascenone, which has a characteristic sweet and fruity aroma, is a key flavour of various food and drinks, including sweet potato shochu, a Japanese traditional spirit. The compound in the spirits is known to be hydrolytically generated and liberated from progenitors in sweet potato during the manufacturing processes. However, thus far, the progenitors have not been well investigated. In this study, we isolated and identified 11 glycosidic progenitor compounds 1–11 using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques combined with a hydrolysis assay. These progenitors consist of two types of aglycones [3,5,9‐trihydroxymegastigma‐6,7‐diene (A1) and 3,9‐dihydroxymegastigma‐4,6,7‐triene (A2)] and four types of glycones [β‐d‐glucopyranoside (G1), (2‐O‐β‐apiofuranosyl)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (G2), (6‐O‐β‐xylopyranosyl)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (G3) and (2‐O‐β‐d‐apiofuranosyl,6‐O‐β‐d‐xylopyranosyl)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (G4)]. Aglycones A1 and A2 are known as direct precursors of β‐damascenone, and compounds 1–3, which have A1 as an aglycone, have been previously reported from other plant materials. On the other hand, compounds 4–11 are newly characterized as glycosidic progenitors of β‐damascenone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones simultaneously by enzyme-assisted micelle-mediated extraction has been proposed in this study. The discarded apple tree branches pruned during winter dormancy were selected as model materials. Extraction of phloretin (flavonoid aglycone) and phlorizin (flavonoid glycoside) from the discarded apple branches by micellar aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants with assistance of enzyme was performed to validate the method. Influencing factors like temperature, pH, time, enzyme concentration, surfactant concentration, solid to liquid ratio, and the ratio of pectinase to cellulase on the extraction yields of phloretin and phlorizin were discussed by single-factor experiments, and the main influencing factors were optimized by response surface methodology using Design-Expert 8.0.6 statistical software according to the Box-Behnken experimental design principle. The interaction of surfactants and enzymes in the extraction process was also investigated. Results indicate that the surfactants increased solubility of flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones in water simultaneously; enzymatic hydrolysis increased the diffusion rate of target components to the extraction medium and transformed flavonoid glycosides into flavonoid aglycones at the same time. Therefore, flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones were extracted simultaneously by micellar aqueous solution. The cloud point effect of nonionic surfactants separated the extracting solution into two distinct phases, which results in the concentration of the target component. In addition, the surfactant has low toxicity and volatility, making the extraction process more safe and reliable. Therefore, the process developed in this study provides an efficient and environmentally friendly technique for flavonoid glycoside and aglycone extraction simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convergent synthesis of arabinofuranose-based, α-(1→5), β-(1→2)-linked tetrasaccharide related to the terminal fragment of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria was carried out. The tetrasaccharide was synthesized as a glycoside with 4-(2-azidoethoxy)phenyl aglycone belonging to the class of Janus aglycones, which can serve as both a temporary protective group of the anomeric position of the carbohydrate residue and a (pre)spacer for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates (NGCs) useful in the development of new diagnostic agents for tuberculosis. The key step is the formation of a 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This manuscript studied the effectiveness of microwave-assisted rotating-pulsed fluidized bed to dry okara and its effect on bioactive compounds. The microwave (MW) power (100‒400 W) and application time (throughout the drying process and only the first 10 min of drying) were evaluated. The MW application accelerated the moisture losses of okara and the equilibrium moisture content was achieved earlier. Moreover, MW was effective in partially inactivating trypsin inhibitors present in okara due to the higher temperature inside the drying chamber. Such higher temperatures (> 75 °C) resulted in higher isoflavone losses without affecting the interconversion of isoflavones forms. We successfully applied a microwave-assisted rotating-pulsed fluidized bed to dry okara with a significantly high drying rate. Nevertheless, more studies are required to adjust the process parameters aiming to preserve isoflavone and to favor the interconversion of conjugated isoflavones to aglycones that present high bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus fruits have been the subject of extensive research over the years due to their impressive antioxidant properties, the health benefits of flavanones, and their potential use in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Grapefruit have been shown in studies to improve overall health, with numerous potential benefits, including improved heart health, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved digestive health, and improved immune system function. The development of cyclodextrin complexes is an exciting approach to increasing the content of flavanones such as naringin and naringenin in the extraction medium while improving the profile of beneficial phenolic compounds and the antioxidant profile. This research aims to optimize the extraction conditions of the flavanones naringin and naringenin with additional compounds to increase their yield from different parts of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi L.) fruits, such as albedo and segmental membranes. In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts produced conventionally and with -cyclodextrin was examined and compared. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured using the radical scavenging activity assay (ABTS), radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The yield of naringin increased from 10.53 ± 0.52 mg/g to 45.56 ± 5.06 mg/g to 51.11 ± 7.63 mg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins (α, β-CD) were used; naringenin increased from 65.85 ± 10.96 μg/g to 91.19 ± 15.19 μg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins (α, β-CD) were used. Furthermore, the results showed that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction had a significant impact in significantly increasing the yield of flavanones from grapefruit. In addition, the process was more efficient and less expensive, resulting in higher yields of flavanones with a lower concentration of ethanol and effort. This shows that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction is an excellent method for extracting valuable compounds from grapefruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centella asiatica is an ethnomedicinal herbaceous species that grows abundantly in tropical and sub‐tropical regions of China, India, South‐Eastern Asia and Africa. It is a popular nutraceutical that is employed in various forms of clinical and cosmetic treatments. C. asiatica extracts are reported widely in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicine to boost memory, prevent cognitive deficits and improve brain functions. The major bioactive constituents of C. asiatica are the pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside, and their corresponding aglycones, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Asiaticoside and madecassoside have been identified as the marker compounds of C. asiatica in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and these triterpene compounds offer a wide range of pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐allergic, anti‐depressant, anxiolytic, antifibrotic, antibacterial, anti‐arthritic, anti‐tumour and immunomodulatory activities. Asiaticoside and madecassoside are also used extensively in treating skin abnormalities, burn injuries, ischaemia, ulcers, asthma, lupus, psoriasis and scleroderma. Besides medicinal applications, these phytocompounds are considered cosmetically beneficial for their role in anti‐ageing, skin hydration, collagen synthesis, UV protection and curing scars. Existing reports and experimental studies on these compounds between 2005 and 2022 have been selectively reviewed in this article to provide a comprehensive overview of the numerous therapeutic advantages of asiaticoside and madecassoside and their potential roles in the medical future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora are plant pathogens that damage agricultural products. Lycosides (1a -d), found in vegetable juice, have the potential to curb the rapid outbreak and crop damage caused by the asexual reproduction of Phytophthora. Here, aglycones 2a, b with slightly higher activity than lycosides were synthesized as a diastereomeric mixture (mix - 2) possessing activity (IC50 = 4.1 µm) comparable with that of lycosides. The importance of the cyclohexanone structure and side-chain length was demonstrated via structure -activity relationship analysis using synthetic intermediates. In addition, the action mechanism of lycosides was investigated using transcriptome analysis, which revealed a contribution to proline biosynthesis inhibition, a process crucial for the asexual reproduction of Phytophthora. These findings indicate that lycosides (and aglycone) are environmentally benign agents that can be used for protecting agricultural products from Phytophthora pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has tentatively elucidated the structure of two acylated polyoxypregnane glycosides from Caralluma quadrangula (Forssk.) N.E.Br. (CQ). The analyses were performed using an electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) mass spectrometer in positive ionization modes to explore fragmentation pathways. The used ionization mode provided consistent and/or complementary information for most of the pregnane glycosides, their fragmentation sequences, and their aglycones. Presumably, this is due to higher efficiency, sensitivity, and better selectivity of the mass spectrometry-based method. The present experimental and theoretical report deals with the characteristic fragmentation behaviors of two acylated polyoxypregnane glycosides CQ1 and CQ2 from the aerial parts of C. quadrangular. A DFT Study was performed to elucidate the position of ikemoyl, and benzoyl residues in compounds CQ1 and CQ2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike natural soyasaponins and their aglycones formed by enzymatic hydrolysis in the human intestine, in vivo intermediate soyasaponin metabolites are difficult to prepare. Therefore, the pharmacological activities of in vivo intermediate soyasaponins remain uninvestigated. Herein, in vivo intermediate soyasaponins with purities of >90% were prepared by in vitro deacetylation (alkaline treatment) and deglucosylation (β-glucosidase treatment) of natural soyasaponins using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. These compounds exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities than natural soyasaponins in in vitro bioassays, suggesting that the intermediate soyasaponins can be used as improved bioactive food supplements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the in vitro preparation and bioassays of in vivo intermediate soyasaponin metabolites formed in the human intestine. [Display omitted] • Acetyl-soyasaponins were converted to deacetyl-soyasaponins by alkaline treatment. • β-Glucosidase deglucosylated glucosyl-soyasaponins to deglucosyl-soyasaponins. • Intermediate soyasaponins formed by in vivo metabolism were prepared in vitro. • Deacetylation and deglucosylation improved pharmacological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The digestion, absorption and metabolism of saponins affect their function. • Saponins have effect in various disease because of their rich bioactivities. • Microbial transformation make saponins play their potential better. • A combination of probiotics and saponins as functional food may be a good direction. Saponins are a class of glycoside compounds whose aglycones are triterpenoids or spirostanes, widely exist in a variety of Chinese herbs. Saponins are one of the important active components of medicinal plants and have a wide range of bioactivities. In order to promote the better development and utilization of saponins, the process of digestion, absorption and metabolism of saponins in vivo was reviewed in this paper. At the same time, the main bioactivities of common saponins and their potential mechanisms for alleviating diseases were summarized. Finally, the potential of saponins as functional food has been pointed out, and microbial transformation can make saponins better play this potential in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel fungal diglycosidase that transforms naringin into naringenin and neohesperidose, a rare biotransformation, has been purified to homogeneity using a simple procedure involving precipitation of the enzyme from the culture filtrate of the fungal strain using 80 % saturation of ammonium sulphate, dissolving the precipitate in minimum volume of the buffer and dialysing that against the buffer. The purified enzyme gives single protein bands of molecular mass 64.6 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis. The purity of the enzyme has been further confirmed by the appearance of single protein band in native page analysis. Using naringin as the substrate, the diglycosidase has Km and kcat values of 0.20 m mol L−1 and 0.66 s−1, respectively, at pH 4.0 and 313 K. The specific activity of the purified enzyme using naringin as the natural substrate is 1.018 katal/kg. The diglycosidase also transforms rutin into quercetin and rutinose but has no effect on hesperidin. The feasibilities of preparing neohesperidose from naringin and rutinose from rutin on milligram scales using the pure enzyme have been demonstrated. These results open the way for developing an enzymatic process for preparation of neohesperidose from naringin. The reported diglycosidase has immense future applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. [Display omitted] • A rare fungal diglycosidase has been reported. • It catalyzes the transformation of naringin to neohesperidose and naringenin. • It also catalyzes the transformation of rutin to rutinose and quercetin. • It does not catalyze the transformation of hesperidin. • The reported diglycosidase has enormous future applications in the pharmaceutical and food chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conformational study of carbohydrates is critical to understand the molecular recognition mechanisms underlying their biological functions. Moreover, the systematic study of their conformational patterns can unlock useful tools to design optimized glycomimetics and drug candidates. Using nuclear magnetic resonance, we studied the interglycosidic rotamer equilibria of ester-protected and deprotected alkyl O -rutinosides (α-L-Rha(1,6)β-D-GlcOR). In the protected series, the equilibrium about the C5–C6 bond distributes among the three possible rotamers gg , gt , and tg , being gt the predominant conformer. In these series, the flexibility about C5–C6 shows a marked dependency on the aglycone's structure, where the increase on the aglycone's volume leads to a progressive increment on the tg contributions at the expense of gt , with gg remaining practically constant along the series. The removal of the protective groups results in rutinosides displaying an equilibrium equally distributed between gg and gt with no tg contributions regardless of the aglycone's structure. [Display omitted] • The aglycone's steric properties modulate the rotational equilibria about C5–C6 bond in protected alkyl rutinosides. • In rutinosides carrying small alkyl aglycones, gg , and gt rotamers predominate the equilibria about C5–C6. • Bulkier aglycones lead to increased tg contributions at the expense of gt while gg contributions remain constant. • Protective group removal leads to rutinosides exhibiting equal gg and gt contributions regardless of the aglycone's size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of bioprocessing on the bioactive components of isoflavone-enriched soybean leaves (IESLs) using Tricholoma matsutake mycelia. To optimize fermentation conditions, various brown rice ratios and fermentation periods were compared. Subsequently, a ratio of 8:2 (aglycones: 1873.57 μg/g) soybean leaves to brown rice and a fermentation period of 8 days (aglycones: 3623.58 μg/g) were determined to be optimal for efficient fermentation conditions. Isoflavone derivatives were altered throughout the bioprocessing process, with the fermentation stage indicating a bioconversion to isoflavone-aglycones. Using time-of-flight mass spectrometry, twenty functional metabolites were identified. The heat maps indicated a significant concentration of glycoside phytoestrogens at the fermentation stage during bioprocessing. The highest levels of total phenolics (8.49 GAE mg/g), total flavonoids (2.87 RE mg/g), and digestive enzymatic inhibitory activities (1 mg/mL; α-glucosidase 73.25%, pancreatic-lipase 58.26%) were seen in fermented IESLs. This study discovered that bioprocessing IESLs with T. matsutake mycelia has the potential to enhance aglycone phytochemicals in the bioproducts. [Display omitted] • The optimal conditions for IESLs fermentation were IESLs + brown rice (BR) ratio of 8:2 (w/w) and an 8-day fermentation period. • Isoflavone derivatives were bioconverted from glycosides to aglycones as bioprocessing progressed. • Daidzin content (1666.09 μg/g.→ 215.86 μg/g) decreased, while daidzein content (790.51 μg/g → 2472.77 μg/g) increased during fermentation. • A total of 20 functional metabolites were altered as the bioprocessing progressed. • Digestive enzyme inhibitory activity also increased as the bioprocessing process advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A novel selectively protected α-(1→3)- and α-(1→5)-linked branched octasaccharide based on arabinofuranose was synthesized via a convergent route as a glycoside with 4-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl aglycone, belonging to the class of Janus aglycones. The obtained octasaccharide is related to the branching site of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria. The Janus aglycone moiety can play the role of not only a temporary protective group at the anomeric position of sugar, but also a pre-spacer for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates useful in the design of new tools for diagnostics of tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean meal (SBM) is a co-product of the soybean oil industry that is rich in bioactive compounds, such as isoflavones. We aimed to study the effects of processing SBM by fermentation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (FSBM) and enzymatic hydrolysis (CelluMax C, a commercial cellulase) (ESBM) on its chemical composition, with emphasis on isoflavones. Fermentation increased protein content by 9%, ash content by 7%, dietary fiber by 11% and minerals by up to 38%, except for iron, which decreased by 26%. Fermentation completely removed oligosaccharides from SBM, while enzymatic processing decreased oligosaccharides by 45% in SBM. Both processes converted glycosylated isoflavones into the corresponding aglycones, the content of which increased by up to 7.7-fold. Biscuits containing SBM, FSBM and ESBM could be labeled as dietary sources of dietary fibers, potassium, phosphorous, calcium and zinc, as well as high in proteins, copper, iron, manganese and magnesium. While FSBM biscuits had lower sensory scores compared to SBM biscuits, ESBM biscuits had equivalent scores. During storage for 180 days at room temperature, the isoflavone profile of all biscuits remained stable. Moreover, storage did not impair microbiological and sensory qualities of any biscuits. Altogether, ESBM biscuits show great marketing potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pairs of enantiomeric phenylpropanoid glycosides and their aglycones, (8R)-stroside A (1), (8S)-stroside A (2), (8R)-evofolin B (3), and (8S)-evofolin B (4), were isolated from the hook-bearing stems of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. Among of these compounds, (8R)-stroside A (1) was a new one, and other known compounds were isolated from the genus Uncaria for the first time. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by extensive analysis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The submerged fermentation parameters of defatted soybean flour with Bacillus licheniformis NRC24 were optimized using the one-factor at-a-time method and Box-Behnken design to maximize the production of β-glucosidase and transformation of glucosidic isoflavones (daidzin and genistin) into their aglycones. One-factor-at-a-time optimization studies revealed that 80 g/L of defatted soybean flour, fermentation time of 16 h, temperature at 37°C, initial pH value of 7, inoculum volume of 5% (6x107 CFU/mL), and medium volume of 50 mL in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask with shaking conditions at 100 rpm were the most suitable conditions for aglycones production. The addition of cellobiose (1 percent w/v) to the soy flour medium resulted in a significantly increase in total aglycone. Further optimization using the Box-Behnken design resulted in a 1.11-fold increase in daidzein and genistein. Antiviral activity was observed against the (H5N1) influenza, herpes simplex type 1, and rota virus. The MTT cytotoxicity assay of the extract using MDCK, Vero, and MA104 cell lines revealed that fermented soybean flour reduced cytotoxicity more than the unfermented one. However, it showed higher cytotoxicity against HCT-116 colon cancer cells, MCF-7 breast and PC3 prostate cancer cells than the unfermented soy extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effect of freeze–thaw on isoflavone composition in germinated soybeans, particularly the conversion of aglycones, the isoflavone monomers with high biological activity. Germinated soybeans were frozen at −20 °C, −80 °C, and −196 °C respectively, and then the frozen samples (-20 °C) were thawed at 4 °C, 10 °C, and 25 °C respectively. Results showed total isoflavone increased after germination. Aglycones content increased most at −20 °C, which increased about 24 times. The effect of thaw temperature and time indicated there were approximately 89 % glucosides forms converted to aglycones during freeze–thaw. Isoflavone conjugate-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase (ICHG) activity increased by 65.78 % (25 °C) and 59.14 % (48 h) with freeze–thaw. The cells of germinated soybeans were broken, promoting ICHG contact with glucosides and malonyl-glucosides. These results indicated that freeze–thaw greatly changed the content and profile of isoflavones, resulting in a sharp increase in the content of aglycones.

For our interest in the potential biologically active and structurally unique steroidal glycosides, continued phytochemical investigation of Cynanchum taihangense was carried out; twelve new seco-pregnane glycosides, cynataihosides I–L (1–4), M-T (7–14), and two known glycosides, glaucoside A (5) and atratcynoside F (6), were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of Cynanchum taihangense. Two new aglycones were found among compounds 10, 11, 13, and 14. The structures of the glycosides were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, HR-ESI-MS analysis, and chemical evidence. The cytotoxicity of compounds against three human tumor cell lines (HL-60, THP-1, and PC-3) were evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 11 displayed significant cytotoxicity against THP-1 and PC-3 cell line with IC50 values of 5.08 and 22.75 μm, respectively. Compounds 3 and 14 exhibited moderate and selective cytotoxicity on HL-60 and THP-1 with IC50 values of 17.78 and 16.02 μm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) was used for the target-guided isolation of precursors of 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) from Riesling wine. In separated HPCCC fractions of an Amberlite® XAD®-2 extract obtained from a German Riesling, TDN-generating fractions were identified by the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the progenitors at pH 3.0 and subsequent HS-GC-MS/MS analysis. The presence of multiple TDN-generating precursors in Riesling wine could be confirmed. From polar HPCCC fractions (11–13 and 14–16), 3,4-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionone 3-O-rutinoside and 3,4-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionone 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside were isolated as major TDN-precursors at a sufficient amount for structure elucidation by NMR spectroscopic studies. In the medium polar HPCCC factions (27–35), enzymatic hydrolysis liberated the aglycones 3-hydroxy-β-ionone and 3-hydroxy-TDN in minor amounts. In further less polar TDN-generation fractions (36–44 and 45–50), glycosidic progenitors were absent; instead, a minor TDN formation most likely from non-conjugated constituents was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemicals from the genus, Fagonia, have been attracting increasing attention due to their potential beneficial effects on human health. Fagonia species contain various types of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, coumarins and tannins. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition of unhydrolyzed and acid-hydrolyzed extracts of Fagonia indica and their bioactivity toward breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro. The results revealed that F. indica contains phytochemicals consistent with the reported phytochemical composition of this Fagonia species, with greater amounts of aglycones detected in the hydrolyzed extract. The crude extract of F. indica without acid hydrolysis was found to be ineffective in inhibiting the growth of MCF-7 cells at doses below 1000 µg/mL. However, after acid hydrolysis (to mimic gastro-intestinal hydrolysis), the F. indica extract became growth-inhibitory to MCF-7 cells as low as 10 µg/mL and the cytotoxicity increased with increasing dose and time of treatment. The results suggest that F. indica extracts contain phytochemicals in glycosidic forms whose aglycones are active as anti-proliferative agents toward breast cancer cells in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, microwave-assisted (MW-AE), enzyme-assisted (Ene-AE) and microwaving plus enzymatic treatment (MW + Ene-AE) were used to explored their effects on the polyphenols in safflower seeds and safflower seed oil (SSO). The results showed that the introduction of MW-AE treatment prior to Ene-AE enhanced enzyme accessibility, resulting in MW + Ene-AE achieving the highest efficiency for polyphenol extraction from seeds, with a 67 % improvement compared to the control sample. Different treatments significantly altered the composition of polyphenols in the seeds, with a noticeable conversion of polyphenol glycosides to aglycones observed in Ene-AE and MW + Ene-AE. Characterization of SSO revealed that these aglycones migrated more readily into the oil compared to glycosides. The highest TPC in SSO (1143.56 ± 52.43 μg/g) was achieved with MW + Ene-AE, which was 7.75 times higher than that of the untreated sample (130.62 ± 2.38 μg/g). In summary, MW + Ene-AE is an effective method for polyphenol extraction and increasing the TPC of SSO. [Display omitted] • MW + Ene-AE was the most efficient for polyphenol extraction. • Conversion of polyphenol glycosides to aglycones observed in Ene-AE and MW + Ene-AE. • The aglycones more easily migrated into oils during oil manufacturing. • The TPC of SSO treated with MW + Ene-AE was 7.75 times higher than the untreated one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]