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Background: Measurement of rat anogenital distance (AGD) dates to at least 1912. Increased interest in endocrine disrupting chemicals and the use of AGD as a biomarker for fetal androgen effects have increased the number of studies with this endpoint in recent decades. A literature review revealed different landmarks, methods of measurement, and methods to adjust for body weight differences. AGD is often reported to hundredths of millimeters and as such, deserves precision in all these aspects. This paper presents recommendations for the measurement and analysis of rodent AGD. Methods: Literature and regulatory guidance documents that mentioned or measured rodent AGD were reviewed. Four adjustment methods were evaluated using available online data from three rat studies each with two generations of offspring. Results: Tabulation of studies reveals that species/stocks and time of data collection, but more importantly anatomical landmarks and methods of measurement have produced a variety of results which are difficult to compare. Not all studies have adjusted for test article effects on body weight (and thus size). The four adjustment methods were fairly comparable. Conclusion: Recommendations are as follows. A microscopic method should be used to measure AGD of late rodent fetuses and early postnatal pups. The caudal edge of the genital tubercle and the cranial edge of the anus are clear and identifiable landmarks. The simplest adjustment is to divide individual AGDs by the cube root of animals' body weight. These recommendations will help ensure data consistency and accuracy, and facilitate meaningful comparisons across laboratories and chemical classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study of an older patient who experienced a rapidly progressive neuropsychiatric syndrome. The patient exhibited symptoms such as apathy, social withdrawal, and anorexia, along with mild memory problems. Autopsy findings revealed the presence of argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), limbic TDP-43 proteinopathy, primary age-related tauopathy (PART), and aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG). The article highlights the complexity of diagnosing and understanding neurodegenerative pathologies in older individuals, where mixed pathologies are common. The case demonstrates the need for further research and diagnostic tools to accurately identify and treat these conditions. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study on the detection of Neoparamoeba perurans, a parasite that causes amoebic gill disease (AGD) in salmon. The study compares the use of DNA-based and RNA-based assays for detecting N. perurans in seawater samples. The researchers found that the RNA-based assay was more sensitive and reliable than the DNA-based assay, detecting N. perurans even at low concentrations. The study suggests that targeting intracellular RNA may provide a more accurate measure of amoeba abundance. Further research is needed to determine if RNA-based quantification of N. perurans can be used as an early indicator of AGD. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background Paramoeba perurans is the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and many other farmed marine fish species worldwide. The first cases of AGD in Norway were reported in 2006, and it has subsequently become established as a significant gill disease that affects the country’s salmonid aquaculture industry. Despite several decades of research on AGD, there is still a lack of knowledge of the biology of P. perurans and its interactions with its hosts and the environment. Methods The growth and morphology of 10 clonal isolates of P. perurans were studied. The isolates were from farmed Atlantic salmon and ballan wrasse that had been obtained from different sites along the Norwegian coast between 2013 and 2015. The morphology and population growth patterns of these clonal amoeba isolates were examined in vitro using light microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction under a range of temperatures (4, 12, 15 and 21 °C) and salinities (20, 25, 30 and 34 ‰). Results We found distinct morphological differences between both locomotive and floating forms of the amoeba isolates. The locomotive amoebae of the clonal isolates varied in size (area) from 453 µm2 to 802 µm2. There were differences in the growth patterns of the clonal amoeba isolates under similar conditions, and in their responses to variations in temperature and salinity. While most of the isolates grew well at salinities of 25–34 ‰, a significant reduction in growth was seen at 20 ‰. Most of the amoeba isolates grew well at 12 °C and 15 °C. At 4 °C, amoebae grew slower and, in contrast to the other temperatures, no extended pseudopodia could be seen in their floating form. The isolates seemed to reach a plateau phase faster at 21 °C, with a higher number of smaller, rounded amoebae. Conclusions The differences observed here between clonal isolates of P. perurans should be further examined in experimental in vivo challenge studies, as they may be of relevance to the virulence and proliferation potential of this amoeba on gills. Potential differences in virulence within P. perurans could have implications for management strategies for AGD. Graphical Abstract

Silicon Carbide MOSFETs have lower switching losses when compared to similarly rated Silicon IGBT, but exhibit faster switching edges, larger overshoots and increased oscillatory switching behaviour, resulting in greater electro-magnetic interference (EMI) generation. Active Gate Drivers (AGD) can help mitigate these issues while maintaining low switching losses. Numerous AGD topologies have been presented with varying capabilities in terms of timing resolution and output stage complexity. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the influence these capabilities have on the switching performance of an AGD driven high current module, with the goal of advising future AGD designers on the performance trade-offs between signal resolution and complexity. A 2.5 ns resolution 6-level AGD was utilised in combination with parameter sweeps and a genetic algorithm to determine gate voltage patterns that provided improved switching performance. Results indicate that higher resolution (2.5–5 ns) provided the greatest improvements in switching performance, even utilising the simplest considered gate driving patterns, with the use of more complex patterns offering minimal additional improvements. However, at lower timing resolutions (10–40 ns) a stronger set-point dependence degradation in switching performance is observed when using simpler gate patterns, which can be mitigated by utilising more complex patterns.

Background: Paramoeba perurans is the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and many other farmed marine fish species worldwide. The first cases of AGD in Norway were reported in 2006, and it has subsequently become established as a significant gill disease that affects the country's salmonid aquaculture industry. Despite several decades of research on AGD, there is still a lack of knowledge of the biology of P. perurans and its interactions with its hosts and the environment. Methods: The growth and morphology of 10 clonal isolates of P. perurans were studied. The isolates were from farmed Atlantic salmon and ballan wrasse that had been obtained from different sites along the Norwegian coast between 2013 and 2015. The morphology and population growth patterns of these clonal amoeba isolates were examined in vitro using light microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction under a range of temperatures (4, 12, 15 and 21 °C) and salinities (20, 25, 30 and 34 ‰). Results: We found distinct morphological differences between both locomotive and floating forms of the amoeba isolates. The locomotive amoebae of the clonal isolates varied in size (area) from 453 µm2 to 802 µm2. There were differences in the growth patterns of the clonal amoeba isolates under similar conditions, and in their responses to variations in temperature and salinity. While most of the isolates grew well at salinities of 25–34 ‰, a significant reduction in growth was seen at 20 ‰. Most of the amoeba isolates grew well at 12 °C and 15 °C. At 4 °C, amoebae grew slower and, in contrast to the other temperatures, no extended pseudopodia could be seen in their floating form. The isolates seemed to reach a plateau phase faster at 21 °C, with a higher number of smaller, rounded amoebae. Conclusions: The differences observed here between clonal isolates of P. perurans should be further examined in experimental in vivo challenge studies, as they may be of relevance to the virulence and proliferation potential of this amoeba on gills. Potential differences in virulence within P. perurans could have implications for management strategies for AGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to distinguish between viable and non-viable protozoan parasites is central to improved human and animal health management. While conceptually simple, methods to differentiate cell viability in situ remain challenging. Amoebic gill disease, caused by Neoparamoeba perurans is a parasitic disease impacting Atlantic salmon aquaculture globally. Although commercial freshwater treatments alleviate AGD, viable amoebae remain on gills or in used treatment water. Existing PCR-based assays are able to quantify N. perurans abundance but cannot discriminate amoeba viability. We investigated the use of propidium monoazide (PMA) application, prior to real-time PCR, to distinguish between alive and dead cells. We demonstrate that 200 μM PMA can significantly reduce amplification from non-viable (isopropanol treated) cultured amoebae across at least three logs of cell concentrations. Using a serial dilution of viable and non-viable cells, we show that non-PMA PCR amplifies both viable and non-viable amoebae, while PMA exposure suppresses (but does not completely inhibit) amplification from non-viable amoebae. The effect of freshwater treatment on N. perurans viability was assessed using the PMA-PCR. Following PMA exposure, amplification from freshwater treated amoebae was reduced by approximately 94–97 %. Taken together this study demonstrates that PMA combined with traditional real-time PCR can estimate amoeba viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AGD is the distance measured from the anus to the genital tubercle. Recent evidence suggests that a shorter AGD, a sensitive biomarker of the prenatal hormonal environment, could be associated with higher endometriosis risk. However, studies investigating AGD in affected women are scanty. We have set up a case–control study recruiting nulliparous women (aged 18–40 years) with endometriosis between 2017 and 2018. Cases were 90 women with a surgical or with a current nonsurgical diagnosis of endometriosis (n = 45 deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE), and n = 45 ovarian endometrioma (OMA)). Controls were 45 asymptomatic women referring for periodical gynaecological care and without a previous diagnosis of endometriosis. They were matched to cases for age and BMI. For each woman, two measures were obtained using a digital calliper: AGDAC, from the clitoral surface to the upper verge of the anus, and AGDAF, from the posterior fourchette to the upper verge of the anus. Each distance was derived from the mean of six measurements acquired from two different gynaecologists. The mean ± SD AGDAC in women with DIE, OMA and without a diagnosis of endometriosis was 76.0 ± 12.1, 76.1 ± 11.1 and 77.8 ± 11.4 mm, respectively (p = 0.55). The mean ± SD AGDAF in women with DIE, OMA and without a diagnosis of endometriosis was 22.8 ± 5.0, 21.7 ± 9.0 and 23.7 ± 7.8 mm, respectively (p = 0.38). Our study failed to find an association between AGD and the presence of endometriosis. AGD does not seem to represent a reliable indicator of the presence of endometriosis to be used in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gill disease is an important cause of economic losses, fish mortality and reduced animal welfare in salmonid farming. We performed a prospective cohort study, following groups of Atlantic salmon in Western Norway with repeated sampling and data collection from the hatchery phase and throughout the 1st year at sea. The objective was to determine if variation in pathogen prevalence and load, and zoo‐ and phytoplankton levels had an impact on gill health. Further to describe the temporal development of pathogen prevalence and load, and gill pathology, and how these relate to each other. Neoparamoeba perurans appeared to be the most important cause of gill pathology. No consistent covariation and no or weak associations between the extent of gill pathology and prevalence and load of SGPV, Ca. B. cysticola and D. lepeophtherii were observed. At sea, D. lepeophtherii and Ca. B. cysticola persistently infected all fish groups. Fish groups negative for SGPV at sea transfer were infected at sea and fish groups tested negative before again testing positive. This is suggestive of horizontal transmission of infection at sea and may indicate that previous SGPV infection does not protect against reinfection. Coinfections with three or more putative gill pathogens were found in all fish groups and appear to be the norm in sea‐farmed Atlantic salmon in Western Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the high probability convergence of AdaGrad-Norm for constrained, non-smooth, weakly convex optimization with bounded noise and sub-Gaussian noise cases. We also investigate a more general accelerated gradient descent (AGD) template (Ghadimi and Lan, 2016) encompassing the AdaGrad-Norm, the Nesterov's accelerated gradient descent, and the RSAG (Ghadimi and Lan, 2016) with different parameter choices. We provide a high probability convergence rate O ˜ (1 / T) without knowing the information of the weak convexity parameter and the gradient bound to tune the step-sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Gill health is one of the main concerns for Atlantic salmon aquaculture, and Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD), attributable to infection by the amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans, is a frequent cause of morbidity. In the absence of preventive measures, increasing genetic resistance of salmon to AGD via selective breeding can reduce the incidence of the disease and mitigate gill damage. Understanding the mechanisms leading to AGD resistance and the underlying causative genomic features can aid in this effort, while also providing critical information for the development of other control strategies. AGD resistance is considered to be moderately heritable, and several putative QTL have been identified. The aim of the current study was to improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying AGD resistance, and to identify putative causative genomic factors underlying the QTL. To achieve this, RNA was extracted from the gill and head kidney of AGD resistant and susceptible animals following a challenge with N. perurans, and sequenced. Results Comparison between resistant and susceptible animals primarily highlighted differences mainly in the local immune response in the gill, involving red blood cell genes and genes related to immune function and cell adhesion. Differentially expressed immune genes pointed to a contrast in Th2 and Th17 responses, which is consistent with the increased heritability observed after successive challenges with the amoeba. Five QTL-region candidate genes showed differential expression, including a gene connected to interferon responses (GVINP1), a gene involved in systemic inflammation (MAP4K4), and a positive regulator of apoptosis (TRIM39). Analyses of allele-specific expression highlighted a gene in the QTL region on chromosome 17, cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes 1 (CREG1), showing allelic differential expression suggestive of a cis-acting regulatory variant. Conclusions In summary, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of resistance to AGD in Atlantic salmon, and highlights candidate genes for further functional studies that can further elucidate the genomic mechanisms leading to resistance and contribute to enhancing salmon health via improved genomic selection.

Absract: Background: Screening mammography is an unavoidable method for detecting breast cancer. It is therefore imperative to ensure a quality examination. To optimize practices, it is necessary to control the relationship between the dose to the breast and the image quality, this can be achieved by the Average Glandular Dose (AGD). The objective of this study is to calculate the average absorbed breast dose during a mammography examination by MONTE CARLO simulation using the GATE code (GEANT4). Methods: In this study, we performed our modulation on a digital mammography screening machine. The validation of the modelled simulation configuration was obtained by comparing the modulated spectra with the spectra produced by IPEM SRS 78, and by calculating the HVL values in Al. Finally, the values of the average absorbed dose were studied using the Monte Carlo code GATE, the results were compared with the experimental measurements using a semiconductor detector (Radcal AGMS -DM+) and a MTM100 phantom. Result: Our calculated results for the average glandular dose were consistent with the results of the experimental measurement and the energy spectra produced by GATE were in good agreement with that produced by IPEM Report 78. Conclusion: It can be assumed that the dose received in Mammography is highly dependent on the energy spectrum of the beam. Our modeling for screening mammography using GATE can be applied to further dosimetric studies of the mammography radiation exposure to the breast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of dietary level and ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (FA) on growth, disease progression and expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following challenge with Paramoeba perurans. Fish (80 g) were fed four different diets with different ratios of n-6/n-3 FA; at 1.3, 2.4 and 6.0 and one diet with ratio of 1.3 combined with a higher level of n-3 FA and n-6 FA. The diet with the n-6/n-3 FA ratio of 6.0 was included to ensure potential n-6 FA effects were revealed, while the three other diets were more commercially relevant n-6/n-3 FA ratios and levels. After a pre-feeding period of 3 months, fish from each diet regime were challenged with a standardized laboratory challenge using a clonal culture of P. perurans at the concentration of 1,000 cells L−1. The subsequent development of the disease was monitored (by gross gill score), and sampling conducted before challenge and at weekly sampling points for 5 weeks post-challenge. Challenge with P. perurans did not have a significant impact on the growth of the fish during the challenge period, but fish given the feed with the highest n-6/n-3 FA ratio had reduced growth compared to the other groups. Total gill score for all surfaces showed a significant increase with time, reaching a maximum at 21 days post-challenge and declined thereafter, irrespective of diet groups. Challenge with P. perurans influenced the mRNA expression of examined genes involved in immune and inflammatory response (TNF-α, iNOS, IL4-13b, GATA-3, IL-1β, p53, COX2 and PGE2-EP4), but diet did not influence the gene expression. In conclusion, an increase in dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio influenced the growth of Atlantic salmon challenged with P. perurans; however, it did not alter the mRNA expression of immune genes or progression of the disease.

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of dietary level and ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (FA) on growth, disease progression and expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following challenge with Paramoeba perurans. Fish (80 g) were fed four different diets with different ratios of n-6/n-3 FA; at 1.3, 2.4 and 6.0 and one diet with ratio of 1.3 combined with a higher level of n-3 FA and n-6 FA. The diet with the n-6/n-3 FA ratio of 6.0 was included to ensure potential n-6 FA effects were revealed, while the three other diets were more commercially relevant n-6/n-3 FA ratios and levels. After a pre-feeding period of 3 months, fish from each diet regime were challenged with a standardized laboratory challenge using a clonal culture of P. perurans at the concentration of 1,000 cells L−1. The subsequent development of the disease was monitored (by gross gill score), and sampling conducted before challenge and at weekly sampling points for 5 weeks post-challenge. Challenge with P. perurans did not have a significant impact on the growth of the fish during the challenge period, but fish given the feed with the highest n-6/n-3 FA ratio had reduced growth compared to the other groups. Total gill score for all surfaces showed a significant increase with time, reaching a maximum at 21 days post-challenge and declined thereafter, irrespective of diet groups. Challenge with P. perurans influenced the mRNA expression of examined genes involved in immune and inflammatory response (TNF-α, iNOS, IL4-13b, GATA-3, IL-1β, p53, COX2 and PGE2-EP4), but diet did not influence the gene expression. In conclusion, an increase in dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio influenced the growth of Atlantic salmon challenged with P. perurans; however, it did not alter the mRNA expression of immune genes or progression of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infestations by the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and amoebic gill disease (AGD) are currently significant disease concerns facing the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Ireland. Increasing seawater temperatures, and the move away from chemotherapeutants has prompted a new approach to researching areas of host-parasite life histories and using the physiology and behaviour of the parasites to develop novel control methods. Freshwater, with a low ionic concentration can be used to control sea lice and AGD but this may not always be available. Alternative treatments with hydrogen peroxide can prove toxic at the higher summer water temperatures experienced at this latitude. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of using nano-filtered hyposaline water as a non-medicinal method to reduce sea lice (L. salmonis and Caligus elongatus) infestation levels and amoebic gill disease under commercial conditions on an Atlantic salmon farm. To achieve this salmon were bathed in a tarpaulin filled with 5 ppt hyposaline water for 4.5 h and a regime of prophylactic bath treatments put in place to follow the production cycle. The nano-filtration unit consistently produced low saline water and resulted in a significant reduction of sea lice levels and AGD following routine 4.5 h baths. A 4.5 h bioassay of detached salmon lice confirmed both hyposaline and freshwater were equally effective against L. salmonis in the absence of the host.

[Display omitted] • Glycan-lectin interactions between Neoparamoeba perurans and the host were explored. • Glycan and lectin arrays were employed in amoeba and gill cells, respectively. • A series of glycans bound by the amoeba were also detected on gill epithelial cells. • Mannobiose and N -acetylgalactosamine showed the strongest binding affinity. • Increased binding was seen on mannobiose and N -acetylgalactosamine-coated surfaces. One of the first critical steps in the pathogenesis of amoebic gill disease (AGD) of farmed salmon is the adhesion of the causative amoeba to the host. The current study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of glycan-binding proteins expressed on the extracellular surface of Neoparamoeba perurans in gill tissue recognition and binding. The glycan-binding properties of the surface membrane of N. perurans and the carbohydrate binding profile of Atlantic salmon gill-derived epithelial cells were identified through the use of glycan and lectin microarrays, respectively. The occurrence of specific carbohydrate-mediated binding was then further assessed by in vitro attachment assays using microtitre plates pre-coated with the main glycan candidates. Adhesion assays were also performed in the presence of exogenous saccharides with the aim of blocking glycan-specific binding activity. Comparative analysis of the results from both lectin and glycan arrays showed significant overlap, as some glycans to which binding by the amoeba was seen were reflected as being present on the gill epithelial cells. The two main candidates proposed to be involved in amoeba attachment to the gills are mannobiose and N -acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Adhesion of amoebae significantly increased by 33.5 and 23% when cells were added to α1,3-Mannobiose-BSA and GalNAc-BSA coated plates. The observed increased in attachment was significantly reduced when the amoebae were incubated with exogenous glycans, further demonstrating the presence of mannobiose- and GalNAc-binding sites on the surfaces of the cells. We believe this study provides the first evidence for the presence of a highly specific carbohydrate recognition and binding system in N. perurans. These preliminary findings could be of extreme importance given that AGD is an external parasitic infestation and much of the current research on the development of alternative treatment strategies relies on either instant amoeba detachment or blocking parasite attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by Neoparamoeba perurans, is a major health challenge for Atlantic salmon aquaculture globally. While freshwater bathing for 2 hr is effective in reducing infection severity, there is need for more rapid and lower cost alternatives. To this end, a combination of sodium percarbonate (SPC) in freshwater was examined for its treatment efficacy. Initial in vitro studies showed a reduction in amoeba viability when exposed for 30 min to freshwater containing >500 mg/L SPC. Subsequently, AGD‐affected salmon were bathed for 30 min in 16°C freshwater containing 100, 500 or 1,000 mg/L SPC, or for 2 hr in 16°C freshwater to mimic industry practice. Treatment at the highest SPC concentration caused extensive gill damage and substantial mortality. Neither occurred to a significant extent at lower SPC concentrations. Gill pathology of surviving fish 10 days post‐treatment (dpt) was comparable to or more severe than pre‐treatment, and significantly (p <.001) more severe than in 2 hr freshwater bathed fish. N. perurans DNA was confirmed by qPCR in all treatment groups at 10 dpt. The data indicate that a 30‐min exposure to SPC in freshwater is not a suitable alternative to existing freshwater treatment of AGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to study the relationship between the anogenital distance (AGD) measured before mating and plasma cholesterol and hormone concentrations (testosterone and 17-ßestradiol), sexual behavior, litter size and its biological components (ovulation rate and prenatal survival) and the sex ratio in rabbits. In total, 48 rabbit does were used. The females were classified according to their AGD in 2 groups (AGD long or AGDL, n = 24, and AGD short or AGDS, n = 24). Blood samples were collected before mating, receptivity of the females was tested and their behavior was observed. Endoscopy was performed at day 12 of pregnancy. The number of total born, alive, dead and the sex ratio were recorded at birth. The plasma testosterone and cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in the AGDL group of females (14% and 24%, respectively). The AGDL females presented a higher rate of receptivity (31%; P < 0.05), they were more aggressive (78%; P < 0.05) and marked more frequently their territory using the spontaneous chin marking than the AGDS females (34%; P < 0.05). The number of implanted embryos was significantly higher in the AGDS group (9.12 vs. 8.66 embryos). The embryonic, fetal and prenatal survival were significantly higher in the AGDS females. In addition, the AGDS females presented a higher litter size at birth (8.96 vs. 7.83; P < 0.01) and sex ratio in favor of males (61.60% vs. 41.00%; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the AGD measured before mating can be used as a predictor of the testosterone level, sexual behavior, litter size at birth and the sex ratio in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gill health is one of the main concerns for Atlantic salmon aquaculture, and Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD), attributable to infection by the amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans, is a frequent cause of morbidity. In the absence of preventive measures, increasing genetic resistance of salmon to AGD via selective breeding can reduce the incidence of the disease and mitigate gill damage. Understanding the mechanisms leading to AGD resistance and the underlying causative genomic features can aid in this effort, while also providing critical information for the development of other control strategies. AGD resistance is considered to be moderately heritable, and several putative QTL have been identified. The aim of the current study was to improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying AGD resistance, and to identify putative causative genomic factors underlying the QTL. To achieve this, RNA was extracted from the gill and head kidney of AGD resistant and susceptible animals following a challenge with N. perurans, and sequenced. Results: Comparison between resistant and susceptible animals primarily highlighted differences mainly in the local immune response in the gill, involving red blood cell genes and genes related to immune function and cell adhesion. Differentially expressed immune genes pointed to a contrast in Th2 and Th17 responses, which is consistent with the increased heritability observed after successive challenges with the amoeba. Five QTL-region candidate genes showed differential expression, including a gene connected to interferon responses (GVINP1), a gene involved in systemic inflammation (MAP4K4), and a positive regulator of apoptosis (TRIM39). Analyses of allele-specific expression highlighted a gene in the QTL region on chromosome 17, cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes 1 (CREG1), showing allelic differential expression suggestive of a cis-acting regulatory variant. Conclusions: In summary, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of resistance to AGD in Atlantic salmon, and highlights candidate genes for further functional studies that can further elucidate the genomic mechanisms leading to resistance and contribute to enhancing salmon health via improved genomic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is one of the most important parasitic diseases of farmed Atlantic salmon. It is a source of major economic loss to the industry and poses significant threats to animal welfare. Previous studies have shown that resistance against this disease has a moderate, heritable genetic component, although the genes and the genetic pathways that contribute to this process have yet to be elucidated. In this study, to identify the genetic mechanisms of AGD resistance, we first investigated the molecular signatures of AGD infection in Atlantic salmon through a challenge model, where we compared the transcriptome profiles of the naïve and infected animals. We then conducted a genome-wide association analysis with 1,333 challenged tested fish to map the AGD resistance genomic regions, supported by the results from the transcriptomic data. Further, we investigated the potential of incorporating gene expression analysis results in genomic prediction to improve prediction accuracy. Our data suggest thousands of genes have modified their expression following infection, with a significant increase in the transcription of genes with functional properties in cell adhesion and a sharp decline in the abundance of various components of the immune system genes. From the genome-wide association analysis, QTL regions on chromosomes ssa04, ssa09, and ssa13 were detected to be linked with AGD resistance. In particular, we found that QTL region on ssa04 harbors members of the cadherin gene family. These genes play a critical role in target recognition and cell adhesion. The QTL region on ssa09 also is associated with another member of the cadherin gene family, protocadherin Fat 4. The associated genetic markers on ssa13 span a large genomic region that includes interleukin-18-binding protein, a gene with function essential in inhibiting the proinflammatory effect of cytokine IL18. Incorporating gene expression information through a weighted genomic relationship matrix approach decreased genomic prediction accuracy and increased bias of prediction. Together, these findings help to improve our breeding programs and animal welfare against AGD and advance our knowledge of the genetic basis of host-pathogen interactions.

Branchial surfaces of finfish species contain a microbial layer rich in commensal bacteria which can provide protection through competitive colonization and production of antimicrobial products. Upon disturbance or compromise, pathogenic microbiota may opportunistically infiltrate this protective barrier and initiate disease. Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a globally significant health condition affecting salmonid mariculture. The current study examined whether altering the diversity and/or abundance of branchial bacteria could influence the development of experimentally induced AGD. Here, we challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with Neoparamoeba perurans in a number of scenarios where the bacterial community on the gill was altered or in a state of instability. Administration of oxytetracycline (in-feed) and chloramine-T (immersion bath) significantly altered the bacterial load and diversity of bacterial taxa upon the gill surface, and shifted the community profile appreciably. AGD severity was marginally higher in fish previously subjected to chloramine-T treatment following 21 days post-challenge. This research suggests that AGD progression and severity was not clearly linked to specific bacterial taxa present in these systems. However, we identified AGD associated taxa including known pathogenic genus (Aliivibrio, Tenacibaculum and Pseudomonas) which increased in abundance as AGD progressed. Elucidation of a potential role for these bacterial taxa in AGD development is warranted.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a commonly used treatment for a range of parasitic diseases of marine finfish, including amoebic gill disease (AGD). While this treatment is partially effective at reducing parasite load, H2O2 can have detrimental effects on the host under certain conditions. Treatment temperature and dose concentration are two factors that are known to influence the toxicity of H2O2; however, their impact on the outcome of AGD treatment remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of treatment temperature (8, 12 or 16°C) and dose concentration (750, 1,000, 1,250 mg/L) on the efficacy of H2O2 to treat AGD. We demonstrated that a 20‐min bath treatment of H2O2 at all doses reduced both parasite load and gross gill score significantly. Parasite load and gross gill score were lowest in the 1,000 mg/L treatment performed at 12°C. At the high dose and temperature combinations, H2O2 caused moderate gill damage and a significant increase in the plasma concentration of electrolytes (sodium, chloride and potassium). Taken together, our study demonstrates that higher H2O2 treatment temperatures can adversely affect the host and do not improve the effectiveness of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An in vitro model to study the host response to Neoparamoeba perurans , the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD), was evaluated. The rainbow trout gill derived cell line, RTgill-W1, was seeded onto permeable cell culture supports and maintained asymmetrically with apical seawater. Cells were inoculated with either a passage attenuated or a recent wild clone of N. perurans. Amoebae, loaded with phagocytosed fluorescent beads, were observed associated with host cells within 20 min post inoculation (pi). By 6 h small foci of cytopathic effect appeared and at 72 h cytolysis was observed, with total disruption of the cell monolayer at 96 h pi. Due to cell monolayer disruption, the platform could not support proliferation of amoebae, which showed a 3-log reduction in parasite 18S rRNA mRNA after 72 h (106 copies at 1 h to 103 at 72 h pi). SEM observations showed amoebae-like cells with either short pseudopodia and a malleiform shape, or, long pseudopodia embedded within the gill cells and erosion of the cell monolayer. To study the host immune response, inoculated gill cells were harvested from triplicate inserts at 0, 1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h pi, and expression of 12 genes involved in the Atlantic salmon response to AGD was compared between infected and uninfected cells and between amoebic clones. Both clones induced similar host inmate immune responses, with the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine IL1β, complement C3 and cell receptor MHC-1. The Th2 pathway was up-regulated, with increased gene expression of the transcription factor GATA3, and Th2 cytokines IL10, IL6 and IL4/13A. PCNA and AG-2 were also up-regulated. The wild clone induced significantly higher up-regulation of IL1β, MHC-1, PCNA, lysozyme and IL10 than the attenuated clone for at least some exposure times, but AG-2 gene expression was higher in cells inoculated with the attenuated one. A principal component analysis showed that AG-2 and IL10 were key genes in the in vitro host response to N. perurans. This in vitro model has proved to be a promising tool to study host responses to amoebae and may therefore reduce the requirement for in vivo studies when evaluating alternative therapeutants to AGD control. Highlights • In vitro gill epithelia model enabled study of host response to Neoparamoeba perurans. • The association of the parasite to the monolayer was studied by SEM. • A protocol for live cell imaging of N. perurans is described. • Host cytokines related to Th2 and cell proliferative pathways were up-regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is one of the most important parasitic diseases of farmed Atlantic salmon. It is a source of major economic loss to the industry and poses significant threats to animal welfare. Previous studies have shown that resistance against this disease has a moderate, heritable genetic component, although the genes and the genetic pathways that contribute to this process have yet to be elucidated. In this study, to identify the genetic mechanisms of AGD resistance, we first investigated the molecular signatures of AGD infection in Atlantic salmon through a challenge model, where we compared the transcriptome profiles of the naïve and infected animals. We then conducted a genome-wide association analysis with 1,333 challenged tested fish to map the AGD resistance genomic regions, supported by the results from the transcriptomic data. Further, we investigated the potential of incorporating gene expression analysis results in genomic prediction to improve prediction accuracy. Our data suggest thousands of genes have modified their expression following infection, with a significant increase in the transcription of genes with functional properties in cell adhesion and a sharp decline in the abundance of various components of the immune system genes. From the genome-wide association analysis, QTL regions on chromosomes ssa04, ssa09, and ssa13 were detected to be linked with AGD resistance. In particular, we found that QTL region on ssa04 harbors members of the cadherin gene family. These genes play a critical role in target recognition and cell adhesion. The QTL region on ssa09 also is associated with another member of the cadherin gene family, protocadherin Fat 4. The associated genetic markers on ssa13 span a large genomic region that includes interleukin-18-binding protein, a gene with function essential in inhibiting the proinflammatory effect of cytokine IL18. Incorporating gene expression information through a weighted genomic relationship matrix approach decreased genomic prediction accuracy and increased bias of prediction. Together, these findings help to improve our breeding programs and animal welfare against AGD and advance our knowledge of the genetic basis of host-pathogen interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Neoparamoeba perurans is the aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in salmonids, however multiple other amoeba species colonise the gills and their role in AGD is unknown. Taxonomic assessments of these accompanying amoebae on AGD-affected salmon have previously been based on gross morphology alone. The aim of the present study was to document the diversity of amoebae colonising the gills of AGD-affected farmed Atlantic salmon using a combination of morphological and sequence-based taxonomic methods. Amoebae were characterised morphologically via light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and by phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. In addition to N. perurans , 11 other amoebozoans were isolated from the gills, and were classified within the genera Neoparamoeba , Paramoeba , Vexillifera , Pseudoparamoeba , Vannella and Nolandella. In some cases, such as Paramoeba eilhardi , this is the first time this species has been isolated from the gills of teleost fish. Furthermore, sequencing of both the 18S rRNA and COI gene revealed significant genetic variation within genera. We highlight that there is a far greater diversity of amoebae colonising AGD-affected gills than previously established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic and amphizoic amoebae are ubiquitous and can affect a huge variety of hosts, from invertebrates to humans, and fish are not an exception. Most of the relationships between amoebae and fish are based on four different types: ectocommensals, ectoparasites, endocommensals and endoparasites, although the lines between them are not always clear. As ectocommensals, they are located specially on the gills and particularly the amphizoic Neoparamoeba perurans is the most relevant species, being a real pathogenic parasite in farmed salmon. It causes amoebic gill disease, which causes a progressive hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the gill filaments and lamellae. Nodular gill disease is its analogue in freshwater fish but the causative agent is still not clear, although several amoebae have been identified associated to the lesions. Other species have been described in different fish species, affecting not only gills but also other organs, even internal ones. In some cases, species of the genera Naegleria or Acanthamoeba, which also contain pathogenic species affecting humans, are usually described affecting freshwater fish species. As endocommensals, Entamoebae species have been described in the digestive tract of freshwater and marine fish species, but Endolimax nana can reach other organs and cause systemic infections in farmed Solea senegalensis. Other systemic infections caused by amoebae are usually described in wild fish, although in most cases these are isolated cases without clinical signs or significance.

Amoebic gill disease is a parasitic condition that commonly affects marine farmed Atlantic salmon. The causative agent, Neoparamoeba perurans, induces a marked proliferation of the gill mucosa and focal superficial necrosis upon branchial lesions. The effect that amoebic branchialitis has upon gill associated commensal bacteria is unknown. A 16S rRNA sequencing approach was employed to profile changes in bacterial community composition, within amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected and non-affected gill tissue. The bacterial diversity of biopsies with and without diseased tissue was significantly lower in the AGD-affected fish compared to uninfected fish. Furthermore, within the AGD-affected tissue, lesions appeared to contain a significantly higher abundance of the Flavobacterium, Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi compared to adjunct unaffected tissues. Quantitative PCR specific to both N. perurans and T. dicentrarchi was used to further examine the co-abundance of these known fish pathogens. A moderate positive correlation between these pathogens was observed. Taken together, the present study sheds new light on the complex interaction between the host, parasite and bacterial communities during AGD progression. The role that T. dicentrarchi may play in this complex relationship requires further investigation.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects ~7% of reproductive age women. Although its etiology is unknown, in animals, excess prenatal testosterone (T) exposure induces PCOS-like phenotypes. While measuring fetal T in humans is infeasible, demonstrating in utero androgen exposure using a reliable newborn biomarker, anogenital distance (AGD), would provide evidence for a fetal origin of PCOS and potentially identify girls at risk. Using data from a pregnancy cohort (The Infant Development and Environment Study), we tested the novel hypothesis that infant girls born to women with PCOS have longer AGD, suggesting higher fetal T exposure, than girls born to women without PCOS. During pregnancy, women reported whether they ever had a PCOS diagnosis. After birth, infant girls underwent two AGD measurements: anofourchette distance (AGD-AF) and anoclitoral distance (AGD-AC). We fit adjusted linear regression models to examine the association between maternal PCOS and girls’ AGD. In total, 300 mother–daughter dyads had complete data and 23 mothers reported PCOS. AGD was longer in the daughters of women with a PCOS diagnosis compared with daughters of women with no diagnosis (AGD-AF: β=1.21, P=0.05; AGD-AC: β=1.05, P=0.18). Results were stronger in analyses limited to term births (AGD-AF: β=1.65, P=0.02; AGD-AC: β=1.43, P=0.09). Our study is the first to examine AGD in offspring of women with PCOS. Our results are consistent with findings that women with PCOS have longer AGD and suggest that during PCOS pregnancies, daughters may experience elevated T exposure. Identifying the underlying causes of PCOS may facilitate early identification and intervention for those at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to evaluate patient dose receiving from mammographic examinations using the Dose Management System at Vimut hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. The main purpose of this study was to compare the dose from conventional 2-dimension mammography and combined 2-dimension conventional with Tomosynthesis techniques with the published Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for mammography. Retrospective data were collected during June 2021 and June 2022 from Hologic 3Dimensions mammographic unit. The collected patient dose metrics include Average Glandular Dose (AGD) in mGy and Entrance Surface Air Kerma (ESAK) in mGy/mAs. Only acceptable quality images justified by the radiologists were included in this study. The patient dose data were collected using the Dose Management Software (Philips Dose Wise Portal). The AGD and ESAK from 2-dimensional mammographic 4 images in craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique and 4 combined conventional/tomosynthesis images in craniocaudal projection were recorded from a Hologic 3Dimensions mammographic unit. The median dose values (P50) were used to compare with the published standard dose and the Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs). The age of the patients in this study ranged from 35-60 years old. The kilovoltage peak (kVp) was found in the range of 27-31 kVp, with the milli-ampare-second between 60-160mAs. The breast compression thickness values of 2-dimensional mammographic from 4 images and 4 combined conventional/tomosynthesis images were between 2.9-6.9 cm and 7.0-7.9 cm, respectively. The median dose values (P50) from conventional technique and the combined technique, the AGD were found at 1.5 mGy and 1.48 mGy, respectively. The median values (P50) of the ESAK from conventional technique and the combined technique were found at 6.16 mGy and 5.92 mGy, respectively. Comparing our dose values with the International Atomic Energy Agency standard AGD of 3 mGy and ESAK of 11 mGy, we found that our dose data were below those international DRLs published values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have focussed on the health and immunity of triploid Atlantic salmon and therefore much is still unknown about their response to commercially significant pathogens. This is important if triploid stocks are to be considered for full-scale commercial production. This study aimed to investigate and compare the response of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon to an experimental challenge with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). This disease is economically significant for the aquaculture industry. The results indicated that ploidy had no significant effect on gross gill score or gill filaments affected, while infection and time had significant effects. Ploidy, infection and time did not affect complement or anti-protease activities. Ploidy had a significant effect on lysozyme activity at 21 days post-infection (while infection and time did not), although activity was within the ranges previously recorded for salmonids. Stock did not significantly affect any of the parameters measured. Based on the study results, it can be suggested that ploidy does not affect the manifestation or severity of AGD pathology or the serum innate immune response. Additionally, the serum immune response of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon may not be significantly affected by amoebic gill disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a common malignancy for females (25% of female cancers) and also has low incidence in males. It was estimated that 1% of all breast malignancies occur in males with mortality rate about 20%, with annual increase in incidence. Risk factors include age, family history, exposure to ionizing radiation and high estrogen and low of androgens hormones level. Diagnosis and screening are challenging due to limiting effectiveness of breast cancer screening. Therefore, patients may expose to ionizing radiation that may contribute in breast cancer incidence in males. In literature, limited studies were published regarding radiation exposure for males during mammography. The objective of this research is to quantify patient doses during male mammogram and to estimate the projected radiogenic risk during the procedure. In total, 42 male patients were undergone mammogram for breast cancer diagnosis during two consecutive years. The mean and range of patient age (years) is 45 (23–80). The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the peak tube potential and tube current time product are 28.64 ± 2. and 149 ± 35.1, respectively. The mean, and range of patients' entrance surface air kerma (ESAK, mGy) per single breast procedure was 5.3 (0.47–27.5). Male patient's received comparable radiation dose per mammogram compared to female procedures. With increasing incidence of male breast cancer, proper guidelines are necessary for the mammographic procedure are necessary to reduce unnecessary radiation doses and radiogenic risk. • Average glandular doses were quantified for 42 male patients' mammograms. • The radiogenic risk for male procedure is low compared to other procedures. • Elimination of the radiation exposure for young male and girls is recommended. • Males received comparable dose to females mammography procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is caused by Neoparamoeba perurans and represents a significant threat to Atlantic salmon marine farming in several countries worldwide. Sequential natural reinfection with N. perurans after treatment occurs after the first AGD outbreak during the grow-out phase of Atlantic salmon culture. Little is known about the immune response of Atlantic salmon following reinfection with N. perurans . In a previous single exposure study, using gill biopsies with various severity of AGD-lesion, we reported that the immune signalling in AGD-affected gills was highly dependent on the ratio of normal to hyperplastic gill tissues. Here, following experimental reinfection we investigated the transcriptional immune response in the gills of AGD-affected Atlantic salmon. Furthermore, we reported the inflammatory and immune response following a single exposure to N. perurans during late infection and compared it to the reinfected fish. Fish groups were selected based on the gross gill scores carried out during the trial. Two gill biopsies were collected from each AGD-affected individual, one with no lesion and one partly including AGD-lesion. Furthermore, gill biopsies were collected from uninfected controls. Pro-inflammatory and immune-related genes were characterised at the mRNA level by using a quantitative RT-PCR. Targeted immune genes included IL-1β, TCR-α chain, CD8, CD4, MHC-IIα, MHC-I, IgM and IgT. Histopathology and image analysis were used to assess the severity and to verify the reliability of the gross gill score as AGD severity assessment method to select fish groups for gene expression studies. Overall the expression at the mRNA level of the immune and pro-inflammatory genes analysed showed little change in AGD-affected gills of experimentally reinfected fish and of fish exposed once to N. perurans . Statement of relevance This research further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying AGD in Atlantic salmon and provides the bases to the potential development of immunoprophylactic treatments or other practical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain-generation algorithms (DGAs) allow attackers to manage infection-spreading websites and command-and-control (C&C) deployments by altering domain names on a timely basis. DGAs have made the infection and C&C architecture more robust and supportive for attackers. This detailed taxonomy of DGAs highlights the problem and offers solutions to combat DGAs through detection of drive-by download and C&C activity from the compromised machine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This work was developed aiming at evaluating the effect of different corn grains milling grades under the characterisation and quantification of laying hens' waste. For this, 128 Hisex Brown strain 30 weeks old hens (laying hens) were used, in a period of time of 112 days (4 cycles of 28 days). The hens were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments, four replicates and eight hens per each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four diets with different milling diameters (mm): 2.0 (average geometrical diameter AGD= 565 µm); 4.0 (AGD= 620 μm), 6.0 (AGD= 781 µm), and 8.0 (AGD= 1085 µm). The variables analyzed were: waste production (kg·hen.day-1), dry matter (kg and %), percentages of phosphorus and nitrogen, and residue coefficient (kg). The results were submitted to analysis of polynomial regression (p<0.05). The waste production, the residue coefficient (kg) and the phosphorus amount (%) in the laying hens waste are not influenced by the corn particle size (average geometrical diameter from 565 to 1085 μm). However, the size of corn particles changes the waste composition, in a way that the higher the particle size, the smaller the dry matter amounts (% and kg) and also the higher the nitrogen amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile is one of the world's most prolific producers of farmed salmon, but has suffered great economic losses due to fish diseases. In this study, the interactions of treatments for the caligidosis agent Caligus rogercresseyi and major diseases in salmon aquaculture caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis , Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus and Neoparamoeba perurans were determined. This information is essential to develop an integrated management strategy in Chile. Immunosuppression due to fish stress, increased by frequent chemical baths to treat C. rogercresseyi, was considered to be the main source of chronic caligidosis and high prevalence of other diseases. P. salmonis and pathogenic ISAV were detected using PCR analysis at all farms sampled, but N. perurans at one farm in April only. In 2011, individuals of Oncorhynchus mykiss with gill pathology not caused by N. perurans and receiving chemical baths at Farm 1 were affected by 100% prevalence of sea lice. Similar prevalence was observed on Salmo salar at Farm 2, which did not receive bath treatments. Both farms were under similar oceanographic influence. A prevalence of 80% of a pathogenic strain of ISAV, but without clinical symptoms, was detected at Farm 2, combined with low sea lice presence and almost complete absence of ovigerous females (OF) even though no treatment had been applied. S. salar sampled at Farm 3 in 2013 were also chronically infested with sea lice despite routine chemical treatment baths. P. salmonis was correlated with the increase in OF and chalimii. It was concluded that chemical baths to treat sea lice triggered fish mortality concomitantly with AGD due to prior gill damage. Fish stress conditions elicited by fish-gill disease, fish maturation and P. salmonis were related to an increase of ovigerous sea lice females. The decrease in recurrent and routine chemical baths allowed a reduction of sea lice reproduction and, most likely, of ISAV outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) and sea lice are two of the most significant disease issues that the Norwegian Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry is facing. Although both diseases respond to various extents, to freshwater treatment, the chemistry, interactions, and efficacy of treatment can be variable. These variations can have significant impacts upon the success and failure of treatment and costs to the production cycle. Although it is known that soft freshwater is most effective in bathing of Atlantic salmon with AGD and that most of the freshwaters in Norway fall into the soft category, the low alkalinity and buffering capacity of such waters may impact on the pH and metal toxicity of the water source in use. Similarly dissolved organic carbon can be beneficial in treatment, although sequestration of metal ions can be reversed as the water pH drops due to high densities of fish and accumulations of carbon dioxide. Alternative treatments such as the use of oxidative disinfectants such as hydrogen peroxide used for AGD and sea lice control may have potential although the interactions in seawater with organic loads and dissolved organic carbon are unclear. Similarly the use of oxidative disinfectants in freshwater will depend upon the water chemistry and interactions with treatment chemicals, fish, and water organic content. The logistics of treating large biomasses of Atlantic salmon on marine farms are challenging. The use of well boats offers potential although maintaining water quality during treatments is essential for both AGD and sea lice treatments to optimize fish welfare and treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COREX is an industrially and commercially proven smelting reduction process. It consists of two reactors, the shaft furnace (SF) and the melter gasifier and the SF is placed above the melter gasifier. In the new design of COREX-3000 in Baosteel, China, a new technique called Areal Gas Distribution (AGD) has been adopted. With the installation of two AGD beams, the cross-sectional area varies in a complicated manner which will affect the burden descending behaviour. This work uses a cold model to investigate solid particle behaviour in the SF of COREX-3000. The effect of gas flow, discharging rate and abnormal conditions are characterised in terms of solid flow pattern. The results show that gas flow has a minor effect on burden descending behaviour. Increasing the discharging rate has an effect of reducing the quasi-stagnant zone. A gas channel is observed downstream of AGD beam and the triangle shaped free area increase with the increase of burden discharging rate. For asymmetric flow, particles descend from the top and move to the discharging outlet and a very big stagnant zone is formed on the opposite side of the discharging outlet. The effect of AGD beams on solid flow is evaluated under normal and abnormal conditions. The investigation reveals that the AGD beams affect the solid flow significantly and lead to poor adaptability of furnace to abnormal operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was aimed at elucidating solid particle behaviour in a new design COREX shaft furnace using a new technique called areal gas distribution (AGD). The measurement of solid flow profile was performed with a semi-cylindrical model. To guarantee similarity of conditions, a modified Froude number was taken into consideration in the physical model constructed. The solid flow characteristics in this new furnace with different blast volumes were analysed, and the effect of discharge rate as well as abnormal conditions on solid flow behaviour have also been investigated. The work reveals that solid flow profile in the shaft furnace model progresses through a Flat→Wave→W shape profile as the burden descends. Blast volume has little influence on solid particle behaviour. However, increasing the discharge rate has an effect of decreasing the quasi-stagnant zone size and with the increasing discharge rate, the cross-section of AGD channel increases. For asymmetric flow, particles descend from the top and move to the discharging outlet and a very big stagnant zone is formed on the opposite side of the discharging outlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The masculinizing effects of prenatal androgens on human neurobehavioral development are well established. Also, the early postnatal surge of androgens in male infants, or mini - puberty , has been well documented and is known to influence physiological development, including penile growth. However, neurobehavioral effects of androgen exposure during mini-puberty are largely unknown. The main aim of the current study was to evaluate possible neurobehavioral consequences of mini-puberty by relating penile growth in the early postnatal period to subsequent behavior. Using multiple linear regression, we demonstrated that penile growth between birth and three months postnatal, concurrent with mini-puberty, significantly predicted increased masculine/decreased feminine behavior assessed using the Pre-school Activities Inventory (PSAI) in 81 healthy boys at 3 to 4 years of age. When we controlled for other potential influences on masculine/feminine behavior and/or penile growth, including variance in androgen exposure prenatally and body growth postnally, the predictive value of penile growth in the early postnatal period persisted. More specifically, prenatal androgen exposure, reflected in the measurement of anogenital distance (AGD), and early postnatal androgen exposure, reflected in penile growth from birth to 3 months, were significant predictors of increased masculine/decreased feminine behavior, with each accounting for unique variance. Our findings suggest that independent associations of PSAI with AGD at birth and with penile growth during mini-puberty reflect prenatal and early postnatal androgen exposures respectively. Thus, we provide a novel and readily available approach for assessing effects of early androgen exposures, as well as novel evidence that early postnatal aes human neurobehavioral development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is the main health problem for the salmon industry in Tasmania, Australia and is now reported in most salmon producing countries. Antibody and gene expression responses to the pathogen, Neoparamoeba perurans , have been studied independently following primary exposure; however, the effects of sequential reinfection, which can often occur during net-pen culture of salmon, remain unclear. The association between the transcription of immunoglobulin (Ig) and their systemic and mucosal antibody levels in regards to AGD is unknown. Herein, we assessed the antibody responses as well as Ig transcription in the gills of Atlantic salmon infected only once and also sequentially with N. perurans . After four successive AGD challenges, no significant differences in plasma or skin mucus levels of IgM were observed between AGD-naïve and challenged fish. However, IgM gene expression in gill lesions of AGD-affected fish increased up to 31 d after infection, while no changes in IgT, TCR and CD8 transcription were observed. Changes at IgM transcription level did not match the lack of antibody response in mucus, which is possibly explained by weak correlations existing between protein and mRNA abundances in cells and tissues. In the second experiment, which investigated Ig responses to AGD at the transcriptional as well as antibody production level in salmon after a single infection, the levels of serum or skin mucus IgM antibody were not affected and no changes in the IgM or IgT transcription were induced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT) was recently described in the gills of salmonids. This study examined changes in the ILT during a parasitic infection in marine environment, using amoebic gill disease (AGD) as a model. Atlantic salmon (S almo salar ) experimentally infected with Neoparamoeba perurans were sampled at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post challenge. Transversal sections of three areas of the gills (dorsal, medial and ventral) were histologically assessed for morphological and cellular changes. AGD induced morphological changes and a cellular response in the ILT of affected fish. These changes included a significant increase in the ILT surface area in fish 28 days after AGD challenge, compared to control fish at the same time point. The length of the ILT increased significantly 28 days post exposure in the dorsal area of the gill arch in the fish affected by AGD. The lymphocyte density of the ILT increased after AGD challenge, peaking at 7 days post exposure; however, by 28 days post exposure, a reduction of lymphocyte density to values close to pre-infection levels was observed. PCNA immunostaining revealed that epithelial hyperplasia was the most likely factor contributing to the ILT enlargement in the affected fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]