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Copyright of Agronomía & Ambiente is the property of Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of @limentech: Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria is the property of Journal @limentech, University of Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this investigation the concentration of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 was determined in egg-laying hens commercialized at the Bazurto Market of the Cartagena city (Colombia) and it was compared with the maximum values allowed in Colombia. 6 eggs, from randomly chosen main food market of the city and 10 days provided, were analyzed. The analytical technique of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of aflatoxins. The presence of aflatoxins G1 (0.27 a 0.76 ppb) and G2 (25.49 a 125.67 ppb) in some samples of the eggs were detected and amounts remains of aflatoxin B1 and B2 were not found. The amounts of aflatoxin G2 exceeded the permitted values in NTC 3581 in most samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins (AFs) are natural contaminants of agricultural products and other food, produced by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Warm and humid environmental conditions favor its development and production. The AFs get inside the organism throughout the intake of contaminated food or indirectly throughout the consumption of products as milk, meat and eggs, among others, derived from animals exposed to diets with AFs. They are stable at temperatures above 100°C, with less or null decomposition during pasteurization, roasting and baking processes. They have an important carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic potential, having an impact on human and animal health and are consider as toxic and lethal. Aflatoxins are classified as AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2. Once ingested, their metabolism in the liver causes the highly reactive metabolite AFB1-exo-8, 9 epoxide (AFBO), responsible for acute or chronic toxicity inside the organism, and two hydroxylated metabolites AFM1 and AFM2, which are eliminated throughout human and animal milk. AFs mainly cause liver damage and tumor induction. This article addresses the matter of AFs from its chemical composition, classification, mechanism of toxicity, contaminated food and damage to human and animal health, highlighting the need to establish standardized regulations among countries that contribute to guarantee the cultivation, import and export of food products and grains free of AFs, safe for human and animal consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites toxic to human and animal health produced by Aspergillus flavus, and which contaminate food throughout the production chain. Knowing and characterizing the fungal population present in food helps us to estimate risk and design measures to mitigate fungal contamination. Thus, the objective of this work was characterizing the toxigenic potential of Aspergillus isolates from corn in in vitro models. For this purpose, two isolates of Aspergillus flavus (CCM-AS02, CCM-AS29) and one of Aspergillus luchuensis (CCM-AS04) from the CCM-UNA culture collection were used. To evaluate the production of aflatoxins in synthetic culture medium, the isolates were plated on coconut agar and yeast extract agar, and the presence of fluorescence was evaluated under UV light (?= 360 nm). To determine the type of aflatoxin, a thin layer chromatography was performed. Finally, an in vitro infection was carried out with the isolates under study, from avatí-morotĩ maize, acquired commercially, and the aflatoxin concentration was determined with the Afla-V®-VICAM® lateral fluid rapid immunoassay kit. With the results obtained, it can be concluded that the isolates of A. flavus CCM-AS02 and CCM-AS29 from corn are aflatoxigenic under environmental conditions that simulate natural ones and that coincide with the predominant ones in our country, therefore, it is necessary to create awareness of the risk posed by the contamination of corn grains with Aspergillus and aflatoxins in our region and the need to take preventive measures to control this fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las micotoxinas son sustancias producidas por varias especies de mohos que pueden crecer sobre los alimentos en determinadas condiciones de humedad y temperatura y se constituyen en un verdadero riesgo para la salud humana y animal. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la presencia de micotoxinas (aflatoxinas) en alimentos primarios y procesados para humanos y animales de granja en Riobamba, Ecuador. Se tomaron doce muestras con cuatro réplicas de alimentos primarios: arroz, pollo, leche cruda, maíz, alfalfa, trigo, y alimentos procesados: salchichas de pollo, leche pasteurizada, pan y concentrados para pollos, vacas y cerdos de los distintos mercados con mayor concentración de oferta de productos, las cuales fueron analizadas a través del método de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas ELISA (Veratox® for Aflatoxin Quantitative Test y Veratox® Aflatoxin M1, Neogen) con capacidad para determinar cuantitativamente aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1, G2, M1. Del total de muestras analizadas, el 98 % presentaron contaminación con aflatoxinas que, de acuerdo con el Codex alimentario ecuatoriano, se encuentran en los parámetros permitidos: menos de 10 µg kg-1, para alimentos y piensos y menos de 0,5 µg l-1 para el caso de la leche.

Copyright of Agroindustrial Science is the property of Agroindustrial Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this investigation the concentration of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 was determined in egg-laying hens commercialized at the Bazurto Market of the Cartagena city (Colombia) and it was compared with the maximum values allowed in Colombia. 6 eggs, from randomly chosen main food market of the city and 10 days provided, were analyzed. The analytical technique of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of aflatoxins. The presence of aflatoxins G1 (0.27 a 0.76 ppb) and G2 (25.49 a 125.67 ppb) in some samples of the eggs were detected and amounts remains of aflatoxin B1 and B2 were not found. The amounts of aflatoxin G2 exceeded the permitted values in NTC 3581 in most samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La relación entre el cáncer de hígado y las aflatoinas está bien demostrada. Los prductos químicos genotóxicos reaccionan con el ADN tanto en forma directa y después de la activación metabólica para formar uniones; este es el paso esencial con respeto a la carcinogénesis química. La presencia y el número de uniones específicas al ADN provee una buena indicación de la exposición química y del daño genétio resultante del contacto a carcinógenos y la proporción de los mismos que afectan la susceptibilidad para padecer cáncer. Un análisis de las uniones al ADN requiere metodología altamente sensible para detectar por lo menos una unión cada 109 nucleótidos normales.

Aflatoxins in crops pose a risk to food safety and have been detected in samples of Haitian peanuts. Using an interdisciplinary commodity chain approach, this paper examines the factors that increase the likelihood of aflatoxin contamination in the country's peanut supply. The results indicate that contamination risk is influenced by political, organizational, institutional, socio-economic, technological, and environmental constraints. A systemic analysis was performed to examine how such factors affect the quality of peanuts as they pass through the commodity chain. The results of our study offer broad insights into the challenges of preventing aflatoxins and protecting food safety in Haiti. Las aflatoxinas en los cultivos representan un riesgo para la seguridad alimentaria y se han detectado en muestras de maní haitiano. Utilizando un enfoque interdisciplinario de cadena de productos básicos, este documento examina los factores que aumentan la probabilidad de contaminación por aflatoxinas en el suministro de maní del país. Los resultados indican que el riesgo de contaminación está influenciado por restricciones políticas, organizacionales, institucionales, socioeconómicas, tecnológicas y ambientales. Se realizó un análisis sistémico para examinar cómo dichos factores afectan la calidad del maní a medida que pasan por la cadena productiva. Los resultados de nuestro estudio ofrecen amplias perspectivas sobre los desafíos de prevenir las aflatoxinas y proteger la seguridad alimentaria en Haití. Les aflatoxines représentent un danger pour la sécurité alimentaire et leur présence a été signalée dans des échantillons d'arachide en Haïti. Cet article utilise l'approche interdisciplinaire de l'analyse des filières pour examiner les différents facteurs qui participent à l'altération de la qualité des produits du producteur au consommateur final. Les résultats mettent en évidence des contraintes politiques, organisationnelles, institutionnelles, socioéconomiques, technologiques et environnementales. Un schéma systémique montre les liens entre ces facteurs et la manière dont ils contribuent à affecter la qualité des produits dans la filière arachide. Cette étude ouvre ainsi sur une meilleure compréhension des défis relatifs à la prévention des aflatoxines et la préservation de l'innocuité alimentaire en Haïti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aspergillus spp. é um fungo cosmopolita com grande ocorrência em regiões tropicais e subtropicais devido as condições climáticas favoráveis, como ocorre no Brasil. Os fungos apresentam maior relevância nas contaminações alimentares pela produção de micotoxinas, produzidas quando os alimentos são armazenados em más condições, em ambientes úmidos, sem ventilação adequada, ou com a presença de insetos e roedores que danificam os grãos e facilitam a proliferação dos fungos, como Aspergillus. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a ocorrência do gênero Aspergillus e as patogenias associadas a presença de suas micotoxinas em alimentos. Além disso, demonstrar o importante papel do profissional nutricionista no controle de qualidade alimentar para garantir a segurança dos comensais. Para isso, foram consolidados dados disponíveis em bases de dados como LILACS, SCIELO, BVS e PUBMED, utilizando os seguintes descritores: Aflatoxinas, ocratoxinas e aspergilose, assim como os dados referente aos limites máximos tolerados (LMT) para Aflatoxinas e Ocratoxinas no Brasil, estabelecidos pela ANVISA através das RDC n. 7/2011 e RDC n. 138/2017. Desta forma, foi evidenciado a grande relevância das contaminações alimentares por fungos, que estima-se atingir cerca de 25% dos produtos agrícolas em todo o mundo. O gênero Aspergillus se destaca entre os fungos toxigênicos, principalmente a espécie A. flavus, uma vez que a sua toxina (Aflatoxina) é uma das mais frequentes nos casos de intoxicações alimentares por micotoxinas. Mas algumas espécies desse gênero também podem ocasionar infecções ao homem e animais, como a ocorrência de aspergilose, doença pulmonar que pode evoluir para a forma invasiva. Para a prevenção e controle desta e de outras contaminações alimentares é imprescindível a aplicação de ferramentas de controle de qualidade na produção de alimentos, sendo o profissional nutricionista é agente técnico capacitado para atuar tanto na indústria de alimentos como nos serviços e unidades de alimentação e nutrição.

La contaminación de productos agrícolas y pecuarios con aflatoxinas (AF) está distribuida mundialmente. Las AF son tóxicas, inmunodepresoras y carcinogénicas, pero en México es escasa la información sobre Aspergillus flavus, principal hongo que las produce. El objetivo fue caracterizar morfológica, molecular y aflatoxigénicamente aislados de A. flavus y cuantificar AF en pienso y en leche de vacas Holstein en Aguascalientes (México). Se seleccionó por conveniencia una unidad de producción lechera (2,749 vacas) y se recolectaron muestras mensuales (24 meses) de ingredientes alimenticios y ración total mezclada (n= 267), leche cruda (n= 288) y suelo agrícola (n= 40), las cuales se cultivaron (PDA) mediante vaciado en placa con diluciones seriadas. Los hongos se caracterizaron mediante MEB, TLC y vapores de amonio en agar coco; se secuenciaron los genes de calmodulina y regulador de la ruta biosintética de AF, así como la región de los espaciadores internos de la transcripción. Se cuantificaron AF en pienso con HPLC y en leche con ELISA. Se caracterizaron molecularmente 283 aislados fúngicos; 88 resultaron ser Aspergillus spp, de los que 5 fueron A. flavus con capacidad aflatoxigénica y uno no aflatoxigénico. El 99.3 % de las muestras de alimento y 39.9 % de las muestras de leche presentaron niveles detectables de AF (14.8 y 0.021 µg/kg). Las vacas ingirieron diariamente 621 µg de AF y eliminaron el 0.09 % como aflatoxina M1 en leche. Lo anterior sugiere que la ocurrencia A. flavus aflatoxigénico en el alimento de vacas lecheras conduce a una amplia contaminación por AF de las dietas y de la cadena alimenticia.

Las aflatoxinas son sustancias tóxicas producidas por algunas especies de hongos que suponen un grave peligro para la salud humana, en especial la aflatoxina B1 que es uno de los principales analitos encontrados en alimentos y está catalogado como cancerígeno. El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar información sobre la presencia de aflatoxinas totales en especias, ingredientes y mezclas de especias usados para la formulación de productos cárnicos y productos cárnicos comercializados en la Ciudad de México, empleando un método de ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se analizaron 50 muestras contra aflatoxinas totales. El 61 % de especias e ingredientes fueron positivas a aflatoxinas totales en concentraciones de 0.07 a 4.24 µg/kg; las mezclas de especias fueron positivas el 75 %, en cantidades de 0.6 a 1.9 µg/kg y los productos cárnicos sólo el 3.5 % fueron positivos a aflatoxinas totales. Las muestras con mayor prevalencia de aflatoxinas totales fueron chile y pimentón. Todos los resultados presentaron concentraciones inferiores al límite máximo establecido por la Unión Europea de 10 a 20 µg/kg para aflatoxinas totales; lo que no constituye un problema de salud pública actual en las condiciones analizadas. Se recomienda el uso del sistema ELISA como método de pesquisaje y posterior confirmación por cromatografía liquida con detección fluorescente, así como contar con un programa de monitoreo para evaluar la presencia de aflatoxinas y otras micotoxinas; además existe la necesidad de una regulación oficial mexicana para micotoxinas en especias considerando el alto consumo de chile en la población mexicana.

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Micotoxinas podem contaminar alimentos de bovinos, levando a distúrbios hepáticos, imunodepressão e redução da produção. Embora existam estudos mostrando os benefícios de adsorventes em animais de produção, há limitado conhecimento sobre sua ação quando a intoxicação de bovinos ocorre por dietas naturalmente contaminadas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se a administração oral diária do adsorvente de micotoxinas, argila bentonita a base de aluminossilicato durante 56 dias atenuaria alterações promovidas pelas micotoxinas em 18 vacas leiteiras, multíparas no meio do estágio da lactação, consumindo dieta contendo fumonisina B1 e B2, zearalenona (ZEA) e desoxinivalenol (DON). Os animais foram divididos, grupos tratamento (GT, n=9) e controle (GC, n=9), e submetidos às avaliações de enzimas e função hepática, hematológicas, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos pela técnica do nitroazul de tetrazolium (NBT) e análise físico-química do leite, a cada semana, durante dois meses, totalizando oito análises. Observou-se que o uso do adsorvente promoveu redução da excreção láctea de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1), aumento de proteína (p = 0,03) e albumina séricas (p= 0,0001), e aumento do metabolismo oxidativo leucocitário a partir do dia 24 (p = 0,05). Houve também elevação da produção leiteira a partir do 16º dia de tratamento (p= 0,008). Não foi observado melhora nos índices físico-químicos do leite dos animais e houve pouca influência na atividade das enzimas hepáticas. Conclui-se que o uso do adsorvente a base de aluminossilicato foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos das micotoxinas na função de leucócitos e de elevar a produção leiteira.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P

Contexto: En este trabajo se presenta la determinación de las incertidumbres de los métodos de análisis de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 y G2 en pasa de uva por HPLC-FLD. La incertidumbre de un método es uno de los parámetros requeridos por la norma IRAM 301-ISO/IEC 17025:2005, de aplicación en la República Argentina y acreditada por el Organismo Argentino de Acreditación (OAA). Forma parte de la validación del método analítico. Es un requisito necesario para ampliar el alcance de acreditación del Laboratorio de Análisis de Productos Regionales de Ingeniería Química (LAPRIQ), perteneciente al Instituto de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Metodología: El procedimiento utilizado es el denominado bottom up, basado en una sucesión de etapas de cálculo que tienen en cuenta los errores provenientes de cada una de las operaciones analíticas descompuestas en actividades primarias. La etapa inicial consiste en la identificación de las fuentes de error que pueden afectar el resultado del análisis. Se tomño como base para la determinación de las fuentes de error, y su incidencia en la incertidumbre final del proceso, el procedimiento de espina de pescado de Ishikawa. Definidos los factores que suman al error en la medición, se realizaron todos los ensayos de calibración del HPLC, índice de recuperación y verificación del instrumental para la determinación de la incertidumbre estándar de los subcomponentes. Se calculó luego la incertidumbre combinada teniendo en cuenta los aportes individuales. Posteriormente se sumaron las incertidumbres combinadas, ponderadas según la importancia de su contribución a través del coeficiente de sensibilidad. Por último, se determinó la incertidumbre expandida usando un factor de cobertura K = 2, que implica un porcentaje de confianza del 95 %. Con este factor se puede esperar que se incluya la mayor fracción de la distribución de los valores atribuidos al mesurando. Resultados: Se detectaron seis fuentes de error, correspondientes a las mediciones de: masa de la muestra, volúmenes de extracción, elución y alícuota para clean up, detección en HPLC e índice de recuperación del método. Las incertidumbres expandidas calculadas de las cuatro aflatoxinas son AFB1= 0,7mg/kg, AFB2= 0,2mg/kg, AFG1 = 0,9 mg/kg y AFG2 = 0,3 mg/kg. Conclusiones: Los valores de las incertidumbres expandidas se informan en el certificado de análisis, junto con el resultado del ensayo por HPLC, como una de las pruebas de la validación del método.

Introduction: Introduction and objectives: aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium geni. These fungi contaminate cereals and several other types of food. The pathophysiologic effects of aflatoxins in humans include liver cancer, cirrhosis, and accumulation in human tissues. The study aimed to quantify carcinogenic aflatoxins in unprocessed food sold in the foodstuff markets of 13 districts of the city of Lima, Perú, and to discuss their effects for public health. Methods: in order to so, we performed an immunoenzymatic assay using a Veratox® kit for total aflatoxin to detect aflatoxins in food for human consumption, and the implications of our findings for public health. Results: the most contaminated foods we found included peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) (149.7 ppb) from the Limoncillo market at the Rimac district, and "ají panca" or Peruvian red chili pepper (Capsicum chinense) (56.4 ppb) from the central market at the Comas district. Peanuts may be eaten raw in pasta or creams, and Capsicum chinense is also eaten sometimes raw, always in a sustained manner over time as part of typical Peruvian cuisine. Conclusions: we demonstrated a high risk to public health due to the link between aflatoxins in these foods and mainly liver cancer, in a city where the hepatic cancer and gastric cancer are prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of thymol and carvacrol upon production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus and upon its growth. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), fungitoxic spectrum and mycotoxin inhibition were assessed. Results showed thymol and carvacrol exhibited fungicidal action, as determined by MIC values of 2500 and 30 μg mL-1, respectively. Both thymol and carvacrol significantly inhibited growth of A. flavus (p<0.05) at concentrations of 600 and 15 μg mL-1, respectively. Fungal biomass, as estimated by determination of ergosterol concentration, was significantly reduced (p<0.05) at thymol concentrations of 2500 μg mL-1 and at carvacrol concentrations of 250 μg mL-1. Thymol and carvacrol exhibited antiaflatoxigenic effects at concentrations of 600 and 125 μg mL-1, respectively. While both thymol and carvacrol showed possessing antifungal activities, neither were highly antiaflatoxigenic. Carvacrol and thymol might be considered for use as potential antifungal natural compounds against A. flavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of peanuts as a function of factors linked to the production chain and the edaphoclimatic conditions of cultivation may be preserved or decreased in harvest and post-harvest stages. Current analysis evaluated the quality of peanuts produced under different postharvest techniques in four regions in the state of Paraná, Brazil, and discusses the interaction of environmental factors and fruit harvesting and postharvest practices in quality management. So that factors directly or indirectly involved in quality conditioning could be identified, peanuts were submitted to two forms of postharvest processing (rational and traditional) with two treatments for each cultivation environment in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme with five replications. Grain from peanuts lots were evaluated for the physical and sanitary quality of fruits before and during storage in permeable and impermeable packages. The qualitative potential of peanuts was lower in the traditional process. The climatic conditions at harvest favored fungi Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus, whilst contamination by aflatoxin was higher in the traditional process. The use of appropriate techniques in the post-harvest (rational process) favored quality preservation, with positive results in the management of the chain. The above proved to be effective to mitigate the climatic vulnerability of peanut producers in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The practice of the rational process was more favorable to the conservation of the quality of stored peanuts. Permeable and waterproof packaging did not maintain the quality of peanut grains in storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las micotoxinas son metabolitos fúngicos secunda­rios que pueden ejercer un efecto tóxico tanto en el hombre como en los animales debido, principalmente, a su exposición a través de los alimentos. La presencia de estos compuestos ha sido demostrada en una amplia variedad de materias primas, alimentos y piensos, en los que lo habitual es encontrar de for­ma frecuente una contaminación múltiple por diferentes mico­toxinas, en pequeñas cantidades, lo que puede generar efectos tóxicos subcrónicos, así como bioacumulación. Este artículo revisa los principales elementos que configuran la problemática de las micotoxinas para el hombre y los animales, y aborda los retos de futuro que se plantean en el estudio de las micotoxinas, entre los que destacan el efecto que el cambio climático puede tener sobre el patrón de contaminación por micotoxinas en los alimentos, el descubrimiento creciente de nuevas micotoxinas en formas modificadas, la evaluación de la coexistencia de estas to­xinas y otros contaminantes, y las formas para detectar e intentar eliminar estos compuestos tóxicos de los alimentos.

O milho é uma das culturas mais importantes no mundo, utilizada extensivamente para alimentação animal e consumo humano, no entanto, são susceptíveis à contaminação por micotoxinas. Esses compostos são produzidos por cepas toxigênicas de fungos e podem estar presentes no solo, na água, ou transportados pelo vento. A ocorrência e proliferação de fungos em grãos de milho pode ser estimulada por fatores como o maior teor de umidade nos grãos, maior temperatura e tempo de armazenamento que levam à redução na produtividade e qualidade, com perdas econômicas significativas. O problema não acaba perdas de produção, devido que as micotoxinas representam um risco potencial para a saúde humana e animal. Os limites máximos aceitáveis de micotoxinas variam muito entre países, e os produtores de grãos de milho, devem adotar as regulamentações estabelecidas do país originário e as legislações dos países de destino. Esta revisão foca na presença de micotoxinas em grãos ardidos, oriundos de espigas de milho doentes devido à presença de fungos, em especial, as produzidas pelos fungos Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. e Aspergillus spp. Foi concluído que devido aos efeitos tóxicos das micotoxinas tem que ser realizados controles rigorosos tal como aplicação das práticas de manejo integradas, uso de novas tecnologias para detecção de contaminantes e utilização das recomendações feitas pelos produtores para garantir que os grãos de milho sejam seguros para o consumo.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm found in the human liver, being extremely aggressive, but silent. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) represents an important causative agent of HCC, when there is chronic exposure to this substance through the ingestion of grains contaminated with the fungus that produces this toxin, Aspergillus flavus. The present bibliographic research aimed to characterize the oncogenesis of HCC by exposure to aflatoxin B1. A search for scientific articles was conducted in the MEDLINE, Science Direct and Scopus databases, using the descriptors "aflatoxins", "hepatocellular carcinoma" and "carcinogenesis", in addition to the use of information from government websites. From the 26 selected articles, it was found that: there are early biomarkers of AFB1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, the main one being the mutagenic impression (G-T mutations in the GGC and CGC contexts); the mechanisms and pathways for the development of HCC include inflammatory processes, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mutations in tumor oncogenes and suppressor genes, mainly of the p53 pathway; there is synergism between AFB1 and other substances (microcystins and fumonisins), with the potentialization of AFB1's toxic effects, making it necessary to prevent this coexposure. Finally, it was found the existence of substances (lycopene and fisetin) or genetic characteristics (polymerase ζ (pol ζ) and Neil 1) that can act as a protective factor against carcinogenesis due to exposure to AFB1. The need to control the storage, conservation and consumption of grains subject to the presence of AFB1 is emphasized, avoiding chronic exposure to this aflatoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Essential oils are possible alternatives to the use of synthetic pesticides for control of fungal contamination. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil (GEO) is known for having antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic properties, but its use as a fumigant in situ has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate GEO's effects upon Aspergillus flavus as a fumigant agent in stored maize grains. The main compounds reported in GEO were a-zingiberene (23.85%) and geranial (14.16%), characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The GEO was used as a fumigant in irradiated maize grains in concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 µg/g and the resulting effects were compared to a synthetic antifungal agent (carbendazim and thiram), an antifungal traditionally used for seed treatment. The antifungal efficacy of GEO against A. flavus has been proven in a dose-dependent manner through in situ (maize grains) test. The GEO inhibited aflatoxin production at concentrations 25 and 50 µg/g and controlled fungal growth. Therefore, GEO can be used as an effective and non-toxic alternative to conventional treatments in stored maize grains for the natural control of A. flavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the observed safety to the consuming animals and the feasibility for its industrial production, endophytic culture extract derived from the stargrass endophyte Calcarisporium sp. 0083-1 should be a promising candidate for new preservatives being required by the feed industry if its accumulative toxicity could be eventually negligible or acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus spp. is a cosmopolitan fungus with great occurrence in tropical and subtropical regions due to favorable climatic conditions, as it occurs in Brazil. Fungi are more relevant in foodborne diseases due to the production of mycotoxins, produced when food is stored in poor conditions, in humid environments, without adequate ventilation, or with the presence of insects and rodents that damage the grains and facilitate the proliferation of fungi, like Aspergillus. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of the genus Aspergillus and the diseases associated with the presence of its mycotoxins in food. In addition, it was demonstrated the important role of the nutritionist in the control of food quality to ensure the safety of diners. For this, it was consolidated data available in databases such as LILACS, SCIELO, BVS and PUBMED, using the following descriptors: Aflatoxins, ochratoxins and aspergillosis, as well as the data related to the maximum tolerated limits (LMT) for Aflatoxins and Ocratoxins in Brazil, established by ANVISA through RDC n. 7/2011 and RDC n. 138/2017. In this way, it was highlighted the great relevance of food contamination by fungi, which is estimated to reach around 25% of agricultural products worldwide. The Aspergillus genus stands out among toxigenic fungi, mainly the species A. flavus, since its toxin (Aflatoxin) is one of the most frequent in cases of food poisoning by mycotoxins. But some species of this genus can also cause infections to humans and animals, such as the occurrence of aspergillosis, a lung disease that can evolve to an invasive form. For the prevention and control of this and other foodborne diseases, the application of quality control tools in the production of food is essential, and the nutritionist is a qualified technical agent to act both in the food industry and in the services and units of food and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus Link is frequently isolated fungi in environmental studies. This species produces sclerotia, a phenotypic feature that has been related to the production of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the sclerotia of environmental strains of A. flavus due to their relationship with mycotoxin biogenesis. The sclerotia of 14 strains from the Microbial Culture Collection of the Faculty of Biology were measured and the qualitative detection of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid was performed. All sclerotia produced were of the L morphotype (> 400 µm) and the presence of aflatoxins or cyclopiazonic acid was not detected. Knowledge of the morphological characteristics of these resistance structures and their relationship to the biogenesis of mycotoxins in populations of this species contributes to knowledge of their diversity in the neotropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, and presence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 at UNIOESTE’s Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops and the B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazing reduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivity by 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by 54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground cover or partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affects the agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestock integration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat and IPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial production of grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs in the early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazing of winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climatic conditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption, grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone at levels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animals only after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.

As micotoxinas são contaminantes naturais de difícil controle em alimentos. Estima–se que cerca de 25% de todos os produtos agrícolas do mundo estejam contaminados por tais substâncias. A aflatoxina é a micotoxina mais conhecida por seus efeitos tóxicos no homem e em animais. Com base nos riscos aos quais a população está exposta, foi realizado um estudo presuntivo para a identificação da presença de aflatoxinas em amendoins industrializados adquiridos em supermercado, e torrados coletados na Praia de Boa Viagem na cidade do Recife-PE. Aplicando a técnica de cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), foram usadas 6 amostras onde todas apresentaram resultado positivo para a presença de aflatoxinas. Foi verificada a contaminação por aflatoxina B, tanto nas amostras de amendoim industrializado, quanto nas amostras artesanais. Em relação ao subtipo G, apenas foi observado em uma das amostras do amendoim torrado, em pequena evidência. Sabido ser praticamente impossível a eliminação total das aflatoxinas nos alimentos, há que tomar as precauções adequadas, procurando reduzir ao máximo os níveis de aflatoxina nos alimentos humanos e dos animais. Além da fiscalização do governo, a indústria alimentar e o público devem também colaborar para garantir uma melhor segurança alimentar.

The balanced food for laying hens may be contaminated with strains of fungi. The mycotoxins produced by them generate economic and pro­ductive problems in birds, such as decreased production; lose of overall state and death in extreme cases. The mycotoxins that affect more birds are aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus species. The aim of this study was to relieve the presence of aflatoxins in commercial food and manufactured by producers for laying hens in the city of General Pico, La Pampa. The samples obtained were analyzed by the ELISA method. The presence of toxic levels of aflatoxins was deter­mined in 77.8% of the analyzed sam­ples. The manifestation of Aflatoxins in food is a result of the lack of qual­ity controls of the raw materials and inadequate storage systems. These results determine the need for pre­ventive measures for food handlers to avoid risks to which they are exposed. Meanwhile, the use of sequestrants is the most appropriate indication to reduce toxic effects on birds and avoid production losses

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los niveles de aflatoxinas totales (AFT) en alimentos balanceados para gallinas ponedoras y pollos de engorde, distribuidos en granjas avícolas de los estados Aragua, Carabobo, Lara y Zulia de Venezuela. Las muestras de alimento balanceado fueron tomadas de comederos de granjas seleccionadas y que permitieron su muestreo durante el periodo 2006-2007. Un total de 80 muestras de alimento fue obtenido de las granjas de gallinas ponedoras (n= 32) y de pollos de engorde (n= 48). Todas las muestras fueron pasadas por columnas de inmunoafinidad y luego a través de ELISA, usando los protocolos de RIDASCREEN para detección de AFT. Los niveles de AFT fueron contrastados con los establecidos por COVENIN, FAO/OMS, FDA y UE. Se detectaron valores de AFTen muestras (65 de un total de 80 granjas) distribuidos en granjas avícolas de Aragua, Carabobo, Lara y Zulia, encontrándose niveles de AFT en concentraciones menores y superiores a los niveles permitidos (20 µg/kg), establecidas por organizaciones nacionales (COVENIN) e internacionales (FAO/OMS y FDA). Los rangos detectados para granjas de ponedoras fueron: 0,3-156µg/kg y para granjas de pollos 0,604-184µg/kg. No se detectó diferencia (P > 0,05) entre promedios detectados en granjas de pollos (48,72 µg/kg) y de ponedoras (41,83 µg/kg). Estos resultados de prevalencia en alimentos avícolas, indican que, posiblemente las aves de estas granjas muestreadas, recibieron alimentos con niveles de AFT mayores a los límites oficiales permitidos, durante el periodo evaluado. Es recomendable, mejorar la supervisión en los alimentos balanceados, destinados a la industria avícola nacional por las organizaciones responsables y considerar siempre la sensibilidad y coeficiente de variación de los métodos de detección sobre la interpretación de los resultados. ®

Corn is one of the most important crops in the world, used extensively for animal feed and human consumption, however, is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. These compounds are produced by toxigenic strains of fungi and may be present in soil, water, or transported by the wind. The migration and proliferation of corn grains can be stimulated by factors such as the higher grain moisture content, higher temperature and storage time, leading to reduction in productivity and quality, with economic losses. The problem does not end production losses, since mycotoxins pose a potential risk to human and animal health. Acceptable maximum limits for mycotoxins vary widely between countries and maize grain producers must adopt the regulations established of the originating country and the laws of the destination countries. This review focuses on the presence of mycotoxins in rot grains from diseased corn cobs due to the presence of fungi, especially mycotoxins produced by the fungi Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. It was concluded that due to the toxic effects of mycotoxins must be carried out rigorous controls such as the application of integrated management practices, use of new technologies for contaminant detection and the use of recommendations made by producers to ensure that maize grains are safe for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different species of fungi which may cause toxic effects in humans and animals. Food contamination by mycotoxins has been mostly reported in foods susceptible to fungal growth such as grains and cereals. The ingestion of food contaminated with mycotoxins can be a major health problem. This paper continues to discuss the studies carried out in Spain to evaluate the content of mycotoxins. In this second paper have been studied corn oil and margarine, vegetable products such as seeds, fruits, vegetables and tubercles, wine, fish, dairy products, cured meats and medicinal plants. Finally, it summarises the most frequent mycotoxins and the foods in which it has been found in Spain, according to the bibliography consulted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A traditionally prepared Saccharomyces yeast helps to improve nutritive food qualities and health impacts. Zinc-Yeast was formulated with the aim to enhance bakery products, extend shelf-life, improve safety, and diet-support by an essential mineral (Zn). A strain NRC112 was pre-treated to evaluate Zn-support optimum conditions. The best uptake was recorded at 1623 µg/g using zinc- sulphate. For safety-production increment; Zn-yeast effect on toxigenic fungi and aflatoxins was estimated on liquid media and diffusion tests. Fino was designed for comparing the differences between Zn-yeast and the control. In comparing the result of the paste and bread; Zn-yeast was more effective in aflatoxins reduction than the control. Organoleptic and chemical properties of Fino was also investigated to explore if Zn-yeast application distinct compared to the control. The Fino manufacturing by Zn-yeast was not significantly different from control. The sensory evaluation results were so close in the two types. Zn-yeast confers Fino fungal resisting properties and long shelf-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the mycobiota associated to coffee beans (Coffea sp.) collected in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as well as the incidence and levels of contamination by total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Design/methodology/approach: To obtain representative samples of coffee beans, visits were made to the main producing and storage areas in seven regions of Chiapas, from March 2006 to December 2007. From each sample, 100 grains were taken, sterilized and sown in PDA medium. The isolated fungi were identified at genus or species level. The identification of mycotoxins was performed by ELISA and the Ridasoft Win Software version 1.45 was used for their quantification. Results: Twenty-five genera/species of fungi were identified, with Aspergillus being the prevalent genus, followed by Penicillium, Fusarium, Curvularia, Rhizopus, Helminthosporium and Pestalotia. A. niger, A. flavus, A. ochraceus and A. clavatum were identified. There was a difference in the incidence of fungi between grain type and sampling regions. Regarding mycotoxins, there were differences according to type of grain and origin of the sample. Total aflatoxins were not found at high levels, but high levels were found for ochratoxin A. Study limitations/implications: Total aflatoxins in coffee do not show levels of risk to health, but ochratoxin A is present in risky levels for human health. Findings/conclusions: The incidence of fungi and contamination with mycotoxins is variable, depending on the type of coffee bean, region and year of sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Peanuts are a nutritious food consumed worldwide. Some species of the genus Aspergillus, producers of aflatoxins, colonize peanuts. Human exposure to aflatoxins occurs by ingesting contaminated foods. The objective of this paper was to assess the occurrence and dietary exposure of the population to aflatoxins in peanuts commercially available in Maringa, Brazil, from May 2013 to April 2017. A total of 104 peanut samples were evaluated by thin-layer chromatography and confirmed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The contamination rate detected was 24.0% in average concentration of 13.4µg/kg. Twenty positive samples (19.2%) exceeded the maximum level permitted in Brazil for the sum of four aflatoxins. Estimated probable daily intake was 1,28 µg/kg body weight/day, exceeding the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake (0.001μg/kg body weight/day). According to the high levels of aflatoxins found in peanuts, there is need for further monitoring the presence of aflatoxins in peanuts in natura to reduce the levels of contamination.

Some species of filamentous fungi that infest agricultural commodities are able to produce mycotoxins, contaminating feed and animal products. The aim of this research was to identify the mycoflora present in the feed and forage for dairy goat and to isolate and characterize the Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus strains based on a morphological and molecular characterization and mycotoxigenic ability. The goat dairy diets were collected monthly from 11 goat milk farms, totaling 129 and 106 samples of concentrate and forage, respectively. For the isolation of the mycobiota the surface plating method was used. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the main fungi producing mycotoxins isolated. The morphological and molecular characterization and mycotoxigenic ability were used for A. flavus and A. parasiticus identification. The Aspergillus spp. from feed 39% produced aflatoxins B1 and B2, 17% produced cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), 18% produced both toxins, and 42% had no toxigenic ability. Only 2.0% of the strains produced aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, but no CPA. The strains from forage were producers of aflatoxins B1 and B2 (37%), CPA (14%), 14% of both mycotoxins, whereas 49% have shown no toxigenic ability. The aflD and aflR genes were used by PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. The presence of toxigenic species in samples of feed for lactating goats indicates a potential risk of contamination of dairy products, if they are exposed to environmental conditions favorable to fungal growth and mycotoxin production.

A suitable method for routine analysis of aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, G2 in peanut by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. The sample preparation was performed using a triple partitioning (water/acetonitrile/hexane) modified Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. For the first time, this method is reportedly used for aflatoxins analysis in peanut. Satisfactory recoveries ranged from 71 to 101%, with relative standard deviation lower than 15% were obtained for the target aflatoxins. The determination coefficients were ≥ 0.99 which showed good linearity. The LOD and LOQ varied from 0.03 to 0.26 ng g-1 and 0.1 to 0.88 ng g-1, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to for the determination of aflatoxins in ten peanut samples. Total aflatoxin concentration exceeded the maximum level permitted by the Brazilian regulation in one sample of roasted peanut, while aflatoxins M1 and M2 were detected respectively in three and in one of the samples. The results strongly suggest that peanuts and peanut products should be continuously monitored for the aflatoxins investigated in this work. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Um método adequado para a análise de rotina de aflatoxinas M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, G2 em amendoim por cromatografia líquida de ultraeficiência com espectrometria de massas foi desenvolvido e validado. A preparação da amostra foi realizada utilizando um método QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) modificado, empregando partição tripla (água/acetonitrila/hexano). Pela primeira vez este método foi utilizado para análise de aflatoxinas em amendoim. Recuperações satisfatórias, entre 71 e 101%, com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 15%, foram obtidas para as aflatoxinas estudadas. Os coeficientes de determinação foram ≥ 0,99, demostrando boa linearidade. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação variaram de 0,03 a 0,26 ng g-1 e de 0,1 a 0,88 ng g-1, respectivamente. O método validado foi aplicado com sucesso na determinação de aflatoxinas em dez amostras de amendoim. Para uma amostra de amendoim torrado foi encontrado valor de concentração de aflatoxinas totais acima do limite máximo permitido pela regulamentação brasileira. As aflatoxinas M1 e M2 foram detectadas, respectivamente, em três e em uma das amostras das analisadas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem fortemente a necessidade de se realizar um contínuo monitoramento da contaminação do amendoim e de seus produtos pelas aflatoxinas investigadas nesse estudo.

La importancia de la alimentación en infantes hace cada vez más necesario el establecimiento de medidas de control que garanticen un consumo seguro de los alimentos. La calidad microbiológica de los alimentos infantiles comercializados en Pamplona (Colombia), revela que un 46,67% de los productos estudiados incumplen los parámetros de la Resolución del Ministerio de Salud 11488 de 1984. El 6,67% de las muestras presentan mohos y levaduras, excediendo los valores permisibles. La presente investigación evaluó la coocurrencia de microorganismos coliformes totales, Escherichia coli, aerobios mesófilos, mohos y levaduras, junto a las micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, zearalenona y deoxinivalenol en muestras de alimentos pueriles. En la cuantificación de las micotoxinas, se aplicaron técnicas estandarizadas en el Laboratorio de Toxicología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Con 30 muestras, se establecieron tres tipos de coocurrencia, atendiendo al efecto potencial nocivo de los contaminantes utilizando un análisis de clusters jerárquico. Los tipos de coocurrencia, se asociaron al origen de la contaminación: biológica 33,34%, con solo microorganismos, química 3,33%, con solo micotoxinas y biológico - química 3,33%. El 40% no presentó contaminación relevante según normatividad colombiana. La permanencia de esta co-ocurrencia en otras investigaciones servirá de bioindicador para la detección de diversos agentes tóxicos con los que suele co-ocurrir, permitiendo su control en productos de consumo infantil, mediante la utilización de métodos preventivos inhibidores del crecimiento de hongos toxicogénicos o a través de la detoxificación de los alimentos.