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Development of live shopping has introduced a new form of celebrity endorsement. This study examines the impact of negative news related to streamers on viewers' purchasing behaviour during live streaming, considering different types of negative news. Drawing on research related to celebrity endorsement and information dissemination, this study presents the results from one natural experiment and four lab experiments. The findings suggest that negative news about streamers, as well as their responses to such news, positively influence viewers' purchasing behaviour during live streaming, which is mediated by their visit to the live streaming. Furthermore, the study reveals that negative news related to streamers' personal behaviour has a more positive impact than negative news related to the product they are selling. The positive effect of response to negative news is weakened when the response seems to protect the wrongdoers. This study contributes to the development of endorsement theory, retests the model of the endorser effect, and expands the literature about celebrity scandals. Additionally, the findings provide practical suggestions for retailers and streamers who are dealing with negative news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article chronicles the evolution of the two main paradigms within the Journal of Consumer Research : consumer information processing and behavioral decision-making. The work synthesizes interviews with preeminent scholars who have shaped these paradigms, featuring theoretical developments, key findings, and methodological innovations. This article also connects these perspectives to practical applications in advertising, branding, and retailing and identifies knowledge gaps to be addressed in future consumer research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital advertising platforms have emerged as a widely utilized data source in consumer research; yet, the interpretation of such data remains a source of confusion for many researchers. This article aims to address this issue by offering a comprehensive and accessible review of four prominent data collection methods proposed in the marketing literature: "informal studies," "multiple-ad studies without holdout," "single-ad studies with holdout," and "multiple-ad studies with holdout." By outlining the strengths and limitations of each method, we aim to enhance understanding regarding the inferences that can and cannot be drawn from the collected data. Furthermore, we present seven recommendations to effectively leverage these tools for programmatic consumer research. These recommendations provide guidance on how to use these tools to obtain causal and non-causal evidence for the effects of marketing interventions, and the associated psychological processes, in a digital environment regulated by targeting algorithms. We also give recommendations for how to describe the testing tools and the data they generate and urge platforms to be more transparent on how these tools work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous trinity model (CTM) of brand associations integrates 50 years of consumer learning research with recent conceptualizations of consciousness. Three types of brand associations are proposed at the representational level (expectations, meaning, and affect), corresponding to three types of learning at the process level (predictive learning, referential learning, and direct affect transfer). A core proposition derived from research on automaticity holds that the operating conditions of the learning processes vary on a continuum from mostly System 2 for predictive learning to mostly System 1 for direct affect transfer, with referential learning as a mix of the two. The CTM aims to bring clarity and structure to a complex literature by highlighting the web of interrelations between operating principles ("what" brand associations are learned), operating processes ("how" brand associations are learned), and operating conditions ("when" brand associations are learned). For consumer and learning researchers, the CTM outlines an agenda for future research and guidelines to improve conceptual and methodological clarity. For brand managers, the CTM provides tactical recommendations (a "toolkit") for structuring advertising campaigns to create desired brand associations and strategic recommendations for managing brand partnerships. For policymakers, the CTM offers guidance on types of advertisements requiring closer scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women is prevalent in China which increases their risk of developing a wide range of diseases and can affect their susceptibility to adverse reproductive health effects. This study aims to examine the association between SHS exposure among women and the adoption and implementation of tobacco control measures on campus in China. Aims and Methods 7469 female college students who have never smoked were recruited from 50 universities across China using a multistage sampling technique. All participants reported their exposure to SHS and the tobacco advertising and promotion on campus. Participants from colleges with smoke-free policies reported the implementation of smoke-free policies on campus measured by: (1) no evidence of smoking and (2) the display of smoke-free signs in public places. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied using weighted survey data. Results SHS exposure among participants was 50.5% (95% CI = 44.2% to 56.9%). The adoption of a smoke-free policy was not associated with SHS exposure (OR: 1.01, 95% CI =.71, 1.42), however, the implementation of the policy was significantly negatively associated with SHS exposure (OR: 0.56, 95% CI =.47 to 0.67). In addition, tobacco advertising and promotion on campus were significantly positively associated with SHS exposure (OR: 2.33, 95% CI = 1.42, 3.82; OR: 1.52; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.02, respectively). Conclusions Exposure to SHS is prevalent among female college students in China. Successful implementation of a smoke-free policy and banning tobacco advertising and promotion on campus could be effective measures to protect young women from the harms of SHS in China. Implications Approximately half of female college students are exposed to SHS on campus in China. Failure to implement smoke-free policies and exposure to tobacco marketing on campus are associated with higher SHS exposure. To protect millions of young Chinese women from the health harms of SHS, universities need to enact and enforce smoke-free policies within campus boundaries and adopt comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and promotion on campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Media messaging matters for public opinion and policy, and analyzing patterns of campaign strategy can provide important windows into policy priorities. Methods: The authors used content analysis supplemented with keyword-based text analysis to assess the volume, proportion, and distribution of media attention to race-related issues in comparison to gender-related issues during the general election period of the 2022 midterm campaigns for federal office in the United States. Findings: Race-related mentions in campaign advertising were overwhelmingly focused on crime and law and order, with very little attention to racism, racial injustice, and the structural barriers that lead to widespread inequities. In stark contrast to mentions of gender, racial appeals were less identity focused and were competitively contested between the parties in their messaging, but they were much more likely to be led by Republicans. Conclusions: The results suggest that discussions of race and gender were highly polarized, with consequences for public understanding of and belief in disparities and policies important to population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether proactive efforts to educate people about disinformation through advertisements can successfully increase skepticism towards false headlines or if such efforts do more harm than good by inadvertently increasing belief in false information. We analyze a survey experiment that employed three different advertisements that directly addressed "fake news." We find that all advertisements were effective at increasing skepticism towards "fake news" headlines. We also find no evidence of backfire effects occurring. However, subsequent analysis using Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) finds significant heterogeneity within these treatment effects. While all advertisements were effective, each ad was effective in different ways despite common themes and content. This suggests a more complicated understanding of the counter-disinformation process and highlights BART's utility in public opinion research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Promotional videos are an effective means of marketing products or services in this era of social media. However, little is known if such videos can be a useful tool to promote pharmacy services. Objective: To assess the impact of promotional videos on public awareness of the health services provided by New Zealand pharmacists. Methods: This experimental study used an online questionnaire and promotional videos developed by the Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand as an intervention to assess the public's perspectives about pharmacy services before and after the intervention. The survey was sent out to 1 127 randomly selected members of the public aged 18 and above from all over New Zealand. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: A total of 313 participants completed the survey. The majority (95.8%) had not heard of the promotional videos before. However, 84.3% found the videos informative and nearly three-quarters (74.1%) reported a change in their perception of pharmacy services after watching the video. Similarly, 63.2% reported that they or a family member would be more likely to visit a pharmacy in the future after watching the promotional video. Less than half (40%) of the participants reported that the videos were too long and only 11.5% found them boring. Conclusion: The PSNZ videos were found to be an effective tool for educating New Zealanders on different pharmacy services and the pharmacy profession, however, there is a need to choose the advertising platform carefully so as to enhance the coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Restrictions on televised tobacco ads do not apply to vaping and oral nicotine products. Several campaigns are currently active on U.S. national television. This research examines the extent to which objective ad features are associated with ad, brand, and product appeal and use intentions among 18-24-year-olds. Methods: We identified seven unique campaigns for Vuse, Velo, and JUUL from the Mintel Comperemedia database, coded for youth-appealing content, and then randomly assigned among N = 1450 18-24-year-olds. Following exposure to one 15-second ad, participants completed a survey assessing their subjective responses. Results: Youth-appealing content was prevalent across these ads to varying degrees. Mixed effects regression analyses showed a positive association between features from the Content Appealing to Youth (CAY) index and pro-social brand perceptions, positive attitudes, reactions, and perceived effectiveness of the ad, and positive use perceptions. Moreover, themes related to customization of the device and environmental sustainability were associated with similar positive perceptions, including that using the product would be cool, as well as behavioral intentions to try, use occasionally, and use daily. Conclusions: Regulators need to update tobacco advertising restrictions to accurately reflect the current tobacco product landscape. This study contributes to the research on tobacco promotion strategies by examining the current marketing landscape for newer tobacco products and their appeal to youth. Findings from this study inform comprehensive tobacco marketing regulations, recommending the FDA update its guidelines and apply current marketing restrictions to e-cigarettes and oral nicotine products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues Approach Key Findings Implications Conclusion Advertising and marketing affect alcohol use; however, no single systematic review has covered all aspects of how they affect alcohol use, and how the alcohol industry views alcohol marketing restrictions.Two systematic reviews of reviews were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items on 2 February 2023. Results were analysed using a narrative synthesis approach.Twenty‐three reviews were included in the systematic reviews. The first systematic review examined youth and adolescents (11 reviews), digital or internet marketing (3 reviews), alcohol marketing's impact on cognition (3 reviews), and alcohol marketing and policy options (2 reviews). The second systematic review focused on alcohol industry (i.e., importers, producers, distributors, retailers and advertising firms) response to advertising restrictions (four reviews). The reviews indicated that there is evidence that alcohol marketing (including digital marketing) is associated with increased intentions to drink, levels of consumption and harmful drinking among youth and young adults. Studies on cognition indicate that advertisements focusing on appealing contexts and outcomes may be more readily accepted by adolescents, and may be less easily extinguished in this population. The review of the alcohol industry found a strong desire to self‐regulate alcohol advertising.We found alcohol advertising and marketing is associated with increased drinking intentions, consumption and harmful drinking. Thus, policies which restrict advertising may be an effective way to reduce alcohol use.More research is needed to assess all aspects of the observed associations, especially as to how marketing policies impact women and people with alcohol dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sugar-sweetened beverage and caffeinated beverage consumption are associated with a variety of health issues among youth. Food and beverage marketing has been shown to affect youth's preferences, purchases, and consumption of marketed products. Previous research suggests that outdoor food and beverage marketing differs by community demographics, with more advertisements in lower-income communities and near schools. The purpose of this study is to examine the density of sugar-sweetened and caffeinated beverage advertisements near schools by school type (middle vs. high school) and by school-level SES. Methods: Data are from the Outdoor Measuring and Evaluating the Determinants and Influence of Advertising (MEDIA)study, which documented and described all outdoor food and beverage advertisements near 47 middle and high schools in 2012. Beverage advertisements were categorized as: sugar-sweetened/caffeinated, sugar-sweetened/non-caffeinated, non-sugar-sweetened/caffeinated, or non-sugar-sweetened/non-caffeinated. Schools were categorized by type (middle vs high) and by SES as determined by the percentage of students qualifying for free or reduced-price lunch. Bootstrapped non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests compared the number of advertisements in each category by school type and school-level SES (higher vs lower). Results: Compared to schools with higher SES, schools with lower SES had significantly more advertisements for sugar-sweetened/non-caffeinated beverages (Medianlow = 28.5 (IQR 17–69), vs Medianhigh = 10.5 (IQR 4–17) (p = 0.002)., sugar-sweetened non-caffeinated (Medianlow = 46 (IQR 16–99) vs Medianhigh = 13.5 (IQR 6–25), p = 0.002), -sugar-sweetened caffeinated (Medianlow = 12 (IQR 8–19) vs Medianhigh = 6 (IQR 2–8), p = 0.000), and non-sugar-sweetened non-caffeinated (Medianlow = 30 (IQR 13–65) vs Medianhigh = 14 (IQR 4–29), p = 0.045).There were no significant differences by school type. Conclusion: This study adds to the literature demonstrating pervasive marketing of unhealthy products in lower-income communities. Disproportionate exposure to sugar-sweetened and caffeinated beverage advertisements in lower-income communities may contribute to the disparities in associated health outcomes by economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsIn 2019, the gambling industry introduced a voluntary partial advertising ban during live sports broadcasts in the United Kingdom known as the ‘whistle-to-whistle’ ban. This study explores the change in television advertising around live football games following the introduction of this ban.Inverse Probability Weighted (IPW) matching models identified the change in the frequency of advertising associated with the implementation of restrictions in each section, and across the entire duration, of a live football game. Data on UK television schedules (Concise Media, TVSportsGuide) and gambling advertising (Nielsen Media) covered 3 months (1st September to 1st December) pre (2018), and post-ban (2019). There were 1049 live football games across the period studied: 468 in 2018 and 581 in 2019.The implementation of the ban was associated with a reduction in advertising (2.3 advertisements per-programme (p < 0.001, CI [−2.75, −1.84])), driven predominantly by reductions during half-time (2.18 advertisements per-programme (p < 0.001, CI [−2.32, −2.04])). It was associated with an increase in advertisements (0.34 advertisements per-programme (p < 0.001, CI [0.09,0.59])) during the pre-match section. In the post-ban period, an average of 3 (SD: 3.5) advertisements per-programme remained.A voluntary partial gambling advertising ban in the UK was associated with reductions in television advertising during live football games during the restricted period. There is evidence of increased advertising in the unrestricted period due to the partial nature of the ban. Future research is needed to explore the impact of the ban on other types of advertising, and across other channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWhile numerous studies have examined menstrual product advertisements as cultural symbols of stigma, disgust, and shame, longitudinal analyses across many decades rarely appear in the existing literature. In this study, we performed a qualitative longitudinal thematic analysis of 229 advertisements for menstrual products (e.g., tampons, pads, panty liners, and cups) spanning the last 100 years from the 1920s to the 2020s. Patterns of continuity and the changes in the imagery, symbolism, and written texts in the advertisements were examined. Results suggest some consistent patterns across time, particularly around: (1) emphasis on concealment; (2) narratives of shame and disgust; (3) castigating the old-fashioned way of managing periods as bad; and (4) the need for protection from the menstruating body. That said, results also suggested shifting historical patterns that coalesced around: (1) shifting focus on idealized gendered features; (2) the language of menstruation; (3) portrayal of authority over menstruation; and (4) shifting social roles for women. Implications for how narratives of power and empowerment often get coded in neoliberal ways, alongside analysis of menstruation as a cultural story of stripping women of expertise, authority, agency, and language are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To help solve the diabetes problem in Singapore, we developed humorous and fearful public service announcements (PSAs) based on popular Internet memes and investigated how the emotions derived from PSAs affect Singaporean millennials’ perceptions of PSAs’ effectiveness. In total, 416 people participated in the study through a Singaporean online survey company. Multivariable linear regression methods with SPSS were used to examine our hypotheses and research questions. According to the results, message manipulation significantly increased participants’ perceived emotion (i.e. perceived humor and fear). Moreover, the results showed that perceived humor and fear were positively associated with perceived PSA effectiveness in both models, testing the humor effect and fear effect separately. As per the moderation analysis, the association between the perceived emotion (i.e. humor and fear) and the perceived PSA effectiveness is likely to increase when attitudes toward the organization are less positive. Moreover, the association between perceived fear and perceived PSA effectiveness is likely to increase when participants’ involvement with memes is low. Our findings highlight important theoretical and practical implications for future studies investigating the effectiveness of Internet meme-based PSA messages regarding serious health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Alcohol marketing is a commercial driver of alcohol use, including among youth. This study sought to quantify and characterize alcohol advertising on broadcast television in Canada. Methods Open-source television program logs for January to December 2018 submitted to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission by 147 stations with alcohol advertisements were analyzed. Results Overall, 501 628 alcohol advertisements were broadcast. Four companies accounted for 83% of advertisements, namely, Anheuser-Busch in Bev (33.7%), Molson Coors (22.7%), Diageo (16.1%), and Arterra Wines Canada (10.8%). On conventional stations, advertising was highest on French-language stations [Median (Mdn) = 3224; interquartile range (IQR) = 2262] followed by those with programming in foreign/mixed languages (Mdn = 2679; IQR = 219) and English-language stations (Mdn = 1955; IQR = 1563). On speciality stations, advertising was most frequent on those primarily focused on sports programming (Mdn = 8036; IQR = 7393), movies and scripted shows (Mdn = 7463; IQR = 5937), and cooking (Mdn = 5498; IQR = 4032). On weekdays, 33% of alcohol ads aired from 6 to 9 a.m. and 3 to 9 p.m. and on weekends, 52% aired from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. when children or adolescents are more likely to be watching television. On youth-oriented stations (n  = 4), 7937 alcohol advertisements were broadcast with most airing from 9 p.m. to midnight (44–45%) or 12–6 a.m. (50%) on both weekdays and weekends. Conclusions While few alcohol advertisements were broadcast on youth-oriented stations, young people in Canada are likely exposed to such advertising on programming intended for older or general audiences (e.g. sports). More research is needed to ascertain the extent to which broadcast television constitutes a source of alcohol advertising exposure among youth and to inform policies aimed at protecting them from the influence of such exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Stars and Stripes newspaper is an important site for the study of gender in the US military because it has often been among the only news material available for deployed members of the armed forces at war. An analysis of advertising in Stars and Stripes during Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003–2011) found that ads constructed and privileged a commodified, warrior hero masculinity unattainable by military women. The military identity of female servicemembers was often stripped from them in advertising, though they rarely appeared at all. Where women did appear, they were often depicted as the dependent helpmate/mother, as an embodied reward for the warrior hero, or as a powerless subordinate who needs rescue or financial support from the warrior hero. Even though military women performed ably in Operation Iraqi Freedom and soon after, saw all combat specialties opened to them, the ads in Stars and Stripes reproduced, and reflected, their marginalization in the US military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies a strong coupling constant between π meson and octet baryon using the hard-wall AdS/QCD model, which considers SU(3)f symmetry-breaking effects. Briefly mentioned are profile functions for pseudoscalar meson and baryon fields. The obtained baryon coupling constants are in agreement with those obtained in theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an issue of the journal "Applied Spectroscopy" published in May 2024. It contains various articles on spectroscopy, covering topics such as predicting silicate glass geochemistry, real-time tissue classification, and optimal spectral resolution for infrared studies. The journal aims to provide information on the fundamentals and applications of photon-based spectroscopy in fields like chemistry, physics, biology, environmental science, and forensic science. It also includes details about the Society for Applied Spectroscopy, which serves as a source of education and community for spectroscopists. The document features a list of individuals recognized by the Society for their contributions to the field, as well as a calendar of upcoming spectroscopy conferences and events. Another page from the publication, likely from January 2024, discusses advertising opportunities in the journal and expresses gratitude to supporting companies. It also mentions a review on laser ablation plasmas and spectroscopy for nuclear applications. [Extracted from the article]

Background.: To inform youth about e-cigarette use prevention, it is important to understand whether using e-cigarette products from certain brands is associated with youth's differential e-cigarette use patterns and willingness to quit e-cigarettes. Methods.: Data for this study come from the 2021 U.S. National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). The sample was current (past-30-day) e-cigarette users (unweighted n = 1,436). We examined the associations between users' usual e-cigarette brands (Puff, Vuse, Smoke, JUUL, and others) and e-cigarette use patterns (use frequency, use with nicotine, use with flavors) and willingness to quit, controlling for covariates. Results.: In 2021, 25.6%, 9.7%, 8.1%, and 6.5% of users reported Puff, Vuse, Smok, and JUUL as their usual brands, respectively. Having Smok as a usual brand increased the odds of frequent e-cigarette use compared with other brands. Using Puff, Vuse, and Smok increased the odds of using e-cigarettes with nicotine. Using Puff and Smok increased the odds of using e-cigarettes with any flavors and fruit flavors, and using Smok and JUUL increased the odds of using mint flavors. Finally, using Vuse reduced the odds of having a willingness to quit e-cigarettes. Conclusion.: Puff products, which are likely to be used infrequently and with fruit flavors, were the most endorsed usual brand by youth users. Vuse and Smok brand users demonstrated problematic use patterns, including high-frequency use of nicotine and reduced willingness to quit. The high prevalence of using flavors, especially banned flavors (e.g., mint for JUUL products), suggests the need for tightened restrictions on youth's access to flavored e-cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of evidence (statistical, narrative) and altruism on advertisement evaluations of and intentions to donate to a health-oriented nonprofit organization. Participants (N = 296) reviewed fundraising messages and evaluated their perceptions of the advertisement, their intentions to donate, and their personal altruism. Results demonstrated that statistical and narrative evidence produced similar evaluations of the advertisements; however, narrative evidence produced stronger intentions to donate than statistical evidence. Altruism was also positively correlated with advertisement evaluation for both types of evidence; however, this association was stronger for narrative evidence than statistical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically explores the use of satire and humour by fast-foods outlets in South Africa and Zimbabwe to advertise and market their menu through digital media platforms, Facebook and Twitter. Using Nando's South Africa and Mambo's Chicken, in Zimbabwe, as case studies, we examine how satire and humour are used as advertising strategies, and as a reflection of these countries' economic and political environments. Consumers are overwhelmed with information coming from different sources such as Television, radio, newspapers and Internet. The paper's theoretical approach is gleaned from advertising and satire. We argue that through their encounter with food, consumers tend to understand the reason behind their 'empty stomach', and mediate on prevailing socio-political and economic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess exposure to e-cigarette advertising across multiple marketing channels among U.S. youth and to examine whether racial/ethnic disparities exist in exposure to e-cigarette advertisements. This is a cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional data were drawn from a longitudinal survey of participants recruited from two nationally representative panels (NORC's AmeriSpeak® and GfK's KnowledgePanel). A total of 2043 youth aged 13–17 completed the initial 2018 survey, and 2013 youth completed the follow-up survey in 2019 (including a replenishment sample of 690 youth). Outcome variables were self-reported e-cigarette advertisement exposure in the past three months through various sources, such as television, point of sale, and online/social media. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of the association between racial/ethnic identity and e-cigarette advertisement exposure. The prevalence of reported exposure to e-cigarette advertisements through any channel was 79.8% (95% CI: 77.1–82.2) in 2018 and 74.9% (95% CI: 72.5–77.1) in 2019, respectively. Point of sale was the most common source of e-cigarette advertisement exposure in both years. Non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic Asian youth were more likely to report exposure to e-cigarette advertisements through television (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.44–2.99 and AOR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.17–3.82, respectively) and online/social media (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.11–2.33 and AOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.10–3.59, respectively) channels compared with non-Hispanic White youth. A substantial proportion of U.S. youth reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising through a variety of marketing channels. Significant racial/ethnic disparities existed, with non-Hispanic Black and Asian youth reporting more marketing exposure than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardized ('plain') packaging is effective in reducing the appeal of cigarettes among young people. This study examined the impact of plain packaging and brand imagery on interest in trying e-cigarettes among youth. Experimental design. Two online experiments were conducted in February 2020 as part of the ITC Youth Tobacco & Vaping Survey, conducted with 13,624 16- to 19-year-olds in Canada, England, and the USA. In the between-group Experiment 1, participants were randomized to view a set of 3 e-cigarette brands, in either their original external packaging ('branded' condition) or standardized olive-green packaging ('standardized' condition), and asked to select the product they would be most interested in trying. The within-group Experiment 2 examined brand imagery directly on devices, including potential differences in appeal among subgroups. Each participant viewed 4 pod-style e-cigarette devices: one 'plain' and 3 in colourful 'skins'. Logistic regression models were conducted to test the effect of condition, adjusting for demographics, smoking and vaping status. In Experiment 1, participants in the 'standardized' packaging condition were significantly more likely to indicate 'I have no interest in trying any of these products' (72.3%) than those in the 'branded' condition (66.9%, AOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.33–1.59). Experiment 2 results indicated differences in e-cigarette appeal by sex in the selection of male- and female-oriented designs, and by cannabis use for a Rastafarian-themed design. Brand imagery on e-cigarettes can target products to specific subgroups. Removal of imagery, in the form of standardized packaging, has the potential to reduce interest in trying e-cigarettes among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Even though a ban of alcohol marketing has been declared a 'best buy' of alcohol control policy, comprehensive systematic reviews on its effectiveness to reduce consumption are lacking. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the evidence for effects of total and partial bans of alcohol marketing on alcohol consumption. Methods: This descriptive systematic review sought to include all empirical studies that explored how changes in the regulation of alcohol marketing impact on alcohol consumption. The search was conducted between October and December 2022 considering various scientific databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase) as well as Google and Google Scholar. The titles and abstracts of a total of 2572 records were screened. Of the 26 studies included in the full text screening, 11 studies were finally included in this review. Changes in consumption in relation to marketing bans were determined based on significance testing in primary studies. Four risk of bias domains (confounding, selection bias, information bias and reporting bias) were assessed. Results: Seven studies examined changes in marketing restrictions in one location (New Zealand, Thailand, Canadian provinces, Spain, Norway). In the remaining studies, between 17 and 45 locations were studied (mostly high‐income countries from Europe and North America). Of the 11 studies identified, six studies reported null findings. Studies reporting lower alcohol consumption following marketing restrictions were of moderate, serious and critical risk of bias. Two studies with low and moderate risk of bias found increasing alcohol consumption post marketing bans. Overall, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that alcohol marketing bans reduce alcohol consumption. Conclusions: The available empirical evidence does not support the claim of alcohol marketing bans constituting a best buy for reducing alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion of social commerce (S-commerce) has necessitated the development of effective advertising strategies. Despite claims that gamification offers several benefits when integrated with S-commerce, its significance in emerging markets remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of gamification on advertising effectiveness in emerging markets such as Vietnam. Personalization and privacy concerns (S-commerce's recent prominent factors) were also assessed. A quantitative approach was used in this study. Data were collected through a survey of 477 individuals exposed to gamification advertising on S-commerce platforms. The results demonstrate that gamification significantly influences the intention to interact with advertisements through both hedonic and utilitarian mechanisms. However, this factor only affects attitudes toward advertising through hedonic mechanisms. The influence of attitudes toward advertising on consumer behavioral intentions was also reinforced in our study. Moreover, the empirical findings show that personalization significantly influences gamification and attitudes toward advertising. Finally, privacy concerns were found to have no effect on gamification and attitudes toward advertising and, simultaneously, produced only a small negative effect on the intention to interact with advertisements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing use of artificial intelligence, search engine providers are increasingly pushing advertisers to use automated bidding strategies based on machine learning. Such automated decision‐making systems leave advertisers in the dark about the data being used and how they can influence the outcome of the decision‐making process. Previous literature on artificial intelligence lacks an understanding of the dangers related to artificially intelligent systems and their lack of transparency. In response, our paper addresses the inherent risks of the automated optimization of advertisers' bidding strategies in search engine advertising. The selected empirical case of a service company therefore demonstrates how data availability can trigger a long‐term decline in advertising performance and how search engine advertising performance metrics develop before and after an event of data scarcity. Based on data collected for 525 days, difference‐in‐differences analysis shows that the algorithmic approach has a considerable and lasting negative impact on advertising performance. Furthermore, the empirical case indicates that self‐regulated learning can initialize a downward spiral that gradually impairs advertising performance. Thus, the aim of this study is to increase awareness regarding automated decision‐making dangers in search engine advertising and help advertisers take preventive measures to reduce the risks of algorithm missteps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The author examined effects of endorser type and message framing on visual attention and ad effectiveness in health ads, including the moderator of involvement. This paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach: An experiment was conducted with a 2 (celebrity vs. expert) × 2 (positive vs. negative framing) between-subject factorial design. Eye-tracking measured visual attention and a questionnaire measured ad effectiveness and product involvement. Findings: Experimental data from 78 responses showed no vampire effect in the health advertisements. Celebrity endorsement with negative message framing received more attention and had less ad recall than that with positive message framing. Negative and positive message framing attracted the same amount of attention and ad recall in the expert endorsement condition. High involvement participants paid more attention to the ad message with the expert than that with the celebrity, but ad recall was not significantly increased. Low involvement participants exhibited the same attention to the ad message with the expert and with the celebrity, but had greater recall of the ad message with the expert. Visual attention to the endorser was associated with ad attitude but not with ad recall. Ad attitude impacted behavioral intention. Originality/value: Studies examining influences of celebrity and message framing on ad effectiveness have focused on the response to advertising stimuli, not the information process. The author provides empirical evidence of the viewers' information processing of endorsers and health messages, and its relationship with ad effectiveness. The study contributes to the literature by combining endorser and message framing in health ads to promote public health communication from the information processing perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the significance of advertisements in historical Jewish press as a window into everyday life and major themes of Jewish history, including nationalism, social and economic situations, and cultural choices. It discusses three readings of advertisements which contribute to understanding various aspects of Jewish history, encompassing consumer identity, occultism, and the economic, cultural, and religious history of Jews in different contexts.

Travel and tourism advertising is critical in developing positive associations to attract visitor patronage and build sustainable post-pandemic tourism. An important part of an advertising message is delivered through voice and other aspects of audio, for example, music. However, how audio features impact viewers of travel and tourism advertisements remains unexplored in the research. This study implements advanced audio analytics to test how various features impact upon viewers. The results show that voice quality is important in developing positive affect; advertisement viewers prefer speakers with quieter voices (less mean intensity) that have a higher level of clarity (higher harmonics-to-noise ratio). This can be explained via the heuristic route of the heuristic-systematic model. Music tempo was found to be important in stimulating reactions from advertisements, with faster music being associated with a higher level of positive affect. The paper concludes with practical and theoretical implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The tobacco industry has historically used brand engagement – communication tactics companies use to increase customer attachment to a brand and brand loyalty – to recruit and retain consumers. Limited information is available to assess the brand engagement tactics used to promote the two most popular tobacco products in the US – cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) – across different advertising platforms (e.g., direct-to-consumer (DTC), social media). Material and methods: We acquired 520 cigarette and 5,502 e–cigarette ads that ran in the US January 2019 to December 2020 from market research firms (Kantar, Numerator), Rutger's University ad surveillance website (trinketsandtrash.org), and branded social media accounts. Ads were double-coded for eight types of brand engagement tactics: Price Promotion, Sweepstakes, Mobile App, Email/Mail List, Free Gift, Social Media engagement request, Sponsored Events, and Auto-Ship subscription program. We report presence of brand engagement tactics by product type and advertising platform. Results: Overall, 62.9% of cigarette ads and 49.9% of e-cigarette ads contained at least one brand engagement tactic. For cigarette ads, the most common tactics were Sweepstakes and Mobile App requests, which were most commonly featured in DTC ads. For e-cigarettes, the most common tactic was Price Promotion which was featured in most DTC and online e-cigarette ads. Conclusions: Brand engagement was common in this sample of cigarette and e-cigarette ads. Our findings highlight key differences in the type of brand engagement tactic used to promote each product on different advertising platforms. Results can inform continued advertising surveillance studies and regulatory efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the escalating challenge of mental health and substance abuse among university and college students. It underscores the mounting worry over mental health care crises within higher education. The stable persistence of alcohol and drug use over the last two decades is noted, attributing it to maladaptive coping mechanisms. The article aims to understand the influence of external factors such as low alcohol prices, advertising, and easy availability on increased substance use. The conclusion investigates the correlation between heavy episodic drinking and problematic behaviors among university and college students, presenting a comprehensive view of the pressing issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study evaluates the nutritional quality and level of processing of food and beverage products advertised on television channels most watched by children, in Italy. Data were collected over 20 non-consecutive days from the five top channels in Italy. A total of 209 food items were analysed using the Nutri-Score and the NOVA classification. Additionally, compliance with nutritional criteria established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the EU-PLEDGE was assessed. Results indicate a high proportion of energy-dense and low nutritional quality foods, with 68% falling into less favourable Nutri-Score categories (C, D, and E), and 61% classified as ultra-processed by NOVA classification. When applying WHO and PLEDGE criteria, 71% and 56% of products, respectively, did not meet nutritional standards. This study underscores the low prevalence of nutritionally adequate products in food advertisements targeting children on Italian television, despite differences found based on methodological variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some research shows that advertising for high-fat, sugar, or salt (HFSS) products is contributing to a shift in consumer preferences toward products of poor nutritional quality, leading to unhealthy nutritional intakes that increase the risk of obesity and chronic diseases. A strategy of displaying simple and understandable nutritional information (like the front-of-pack nutrition label Nutri-Score) in food messages could be an aid to help guide consumers' choice towards healthier products. Methods: A randomized controlled experiment was conducted on 27,085 participants randomly assigned to two experimental conditions or a control condition. In both experimental conditions (independent variable: advertising messages with vs. without the Nutri-Score), participants were exposed to advertisements for diversified food products with contrasting nutritional quality and belonging to nine different food categories. Participants were then asked questions about their perception, affective evaluation, and intentions to purchase and consume the products. In the control condition, they were not exposed to the advertisements. Results: Overall, interaction effects between the two variables (1) the messages with vs. without the Nutri-Score and (2) the nutritional quality of products, were significant for all dependent variables, with effect sizes between large and medium. Overall, the better the products' nutritional quality, the more positive their perceptions, affective evaluations, and intentions to buy and consume them. When the Nutri-score was displayed in advertising messages (vs. when it was not), perceptions, affective evaluation, and behavioral intentions: (1) became more positive for products of good nutritional quality (Nutri-score A and B), (2) became more negative for products of poor nutritional quality (Nutri-score D and E), (3) changed little or not at all for products of intermediate nutritional quality (Nutri-Score C). Conclusions: This research is the first in the literature to demonstrate that displaying the Nutri-Score in advertising messages assists consumers in directing their choices towards healthier foods. Regulations mandating the display of the Nutri-Score in food advertising could be an effective public health measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As video platforms such as Douyin, also known as TikTok's Chinese version, continue to grow, there is an increasing interest in the study of green advertising videos to understand their audiovisual features and their impact on audience engagement. In this research, we specifically focus on green advertising within the automotive industry. Drawing on literature from sustainability, green advertising, and communication studies, we identified seven audiovisual aspects and three persuasive strategies pertinent to green automotive advertising videos. Utilizing a mixed-methods video analysis framework, we analyzed a dataset of 2,553 green automotive advertising videos on Douyin over three years from 15 June 2020 to 15 June 2023. These videos exhibited higher loudness, a faster pace, and longer durations compared to their non-green counterparts. We categorized three distinct types of green advertising videos on Douyin and established that specific audiovisual features and persuasive strategies are significantly correlated with audience engagement levels. This study not only delineates the audiovisual characteristics of green automotive advertising in China's digital space but also contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable marketing practices on social networks like TikTok. The findings extend image-centric research to video content and provide marketers with data-driven insights for crafting effective content creation strategies on Douyin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As noted by Knaak, information provided to parents about infant feeding in recent decades has become 'more a tool for persuasion than a tool for education.' Some health professionals advocate that providers and information for new and expecting parents emphasise the 'risks of formula feeding' rather than 'benefits of breastfeeding.' Limited systematic research suggests this shift is not changing parental behaviour. The present study assesses the degree to which 'risk' language appears in online breastfeeding promotional materials published by governmental health departments in the US Over 200 documents and webpages promoting breastfeeding were analysed for inclusion of 'risk' language. About 30 per cent of agencies and 13 per cent of documents and webpages promoting breastfeeding were found to contain such language. Materials published by nongovernmental entities (linked through agency sites) were significantly more likely to include risk language compared to governmental sites. This assessment provides context for the existing discourse regarding promotion of breastfeeding by emphasising health risks. The significance of these findings for respectful advocacy is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2022 study, together with Paul McFadden and Kostas Skenderis, I analyzed tree-level 3- and 4-point Witten diagrams (amplitudes) of scalar operators in anti-de Sitter space in momentum space. This paper constitutes its extension to Witten diagrams with bulk interactions involving spacetime derivatives. In d = 3 boundary dimensions the Witten diagrams involving conformally coupled and massless scalars can be evaluated in closed form. Such cases are of interest in holographic cosmology and correspond to dual operators of conformal dimensions ∆ = 2 and 3 respectively. I present explicit formulae for all such amplitudes and provide a Mathematica package serving as the repository of all the results. I discuss renormalization issues and show that, contrary to the expectation, even finite correlators may acquire non-trivial renormalization effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the logarithmic corrections to various CFT partition functions in the context of the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence for theories arising on the worldvolume of M2-branes. We utilize four-dimensional gauged supergravity and heat kernel methods and present general expressions for the logarithmic corrections to the gravitational on-shell action and black hole entropy for a number of different supergravity backgrounds. We outline several subtle features of these calculations and contrast them with a similar analysis of logarithmic corrections performed directly in the eleven-dimensional uplift of a given four-dimensional supergravity background. We find results consistent with AdS/CFT provided that the infinite sum over KK modes on the internal space is regularized in a specific manner. This analysis leads to an explicit expression for the logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of large Kerr-Newmann and Reissner-Nordström black holes in AdS4. Our results also have important implications for effective field theory coupled to gravity in AdS4 and for the existence of scale-separated AdS4 vacua in string theory, which come in the form of new constraints on the field content and mass spectrum of matter fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of utilizing colorful and monochrome food photography in advertisements on consumer intentions to purchase food and beverages. It discusses how visual cues influence consumer behavior and purchase decisions, highlighting the significance of aesthetic presentation in food marketing and its implications for businesses.

The representation of women in advertising creative departments has been studied worldwide. The findings have shown a low representation that does not favor the emergence of a critical mass of women, who could contribute with alternative visions to make advertising more inclusive. The underrepresentation, above all, occurs in managerial positions where they do not usually reach 35%. This study aims to update and report quantitatively on the phenomenon of the glass ceiling in Spain. In addition, in order to contextualize the level of segregation, these departments are compared with available international data. The results of a content analysis of the credit forms of 839 Spanish campaigns published in 2019 (a sample of 1,311 creatives) revealed gender dynamics, with a balanced starting group of creatives in nonmanagerial positions (just over 40% are women), but a figure of just 18% of women in managerial roles A higher glass ceiling effect was also found when European and global data were compared. The results analyzed through the perspective of the proportional representation theory (Kanter, 1977a, 1977b, 1987), suggest the need to raise awareness of gender inequalities within creative departments; this would foster the equality demanded by today’s society, of which advertising should not be oblivious [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of conformity in shaping the purchasing decisions of young consumers within the food and beverage (F&B) sector. Additionally, we explore how conformity moderates the relationship between influencer credibility and purchase intention while examining the link between psychological ownership and purchase intention. Data was collected from 380 consumers between the age of 18 and 30 in Hanoi, Vietnam who regularly follow food reviews on prominent social media platforms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed for data analysis. We find that: (1) influencer credibility, attitude toward advertising, attitude toward the product, and psychological ownership significantly impact the online purchase intentions of young consumers; (2) informative conformity strengthens the connection between psychological ownership and purchase intention. When consumers express a desire to purchase a product, exposure to positive influencer-driven information further solidifies their purchase intent; (3) psychological ownership and attitude toward advertising act as mediators, bridging the gap between influencer credibility and purchase intention. This study offers managerial insights to improve influencer marketing effectiveness for F&B brands targeting young consumers in Vietnam and Asia, highlighting the importance of conformity, psychological ownership, and attitude toward advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a simple model in which two vertically differentiated firms compete in prices and mass advertising on an initially uninformed market. Consumers differ in their preference for quality. There is an upper bound on prices since consumers cannot spend more on the good than a fixed amount (say, their income). Depending on this income and on the ratio between the advertising cost and quality differential (relative advertising cost), either there is no equilibrium in pure strategies or there exists one of the following three types: (1) an interior equilibrium, where both firms have positive natural markets and charge prices lower than the consumer's income; (2) a constrained interior equilibrium, where both firms have positive natural markets, and the high-quality firm charges the consumer's income or (3) a corner equilibrium, where the low-quality firm has no natural market selling only to uninformed customers. We show that no corner equilibrium exists in which the high-quality firm would have a null natural market. At an equilibrium (whenever there exists one), the high-quality firm always advertises more, charges a higher price and makes a higher profit than the low-quality one. As the relative advertising cost goes to infinity, prices become equal and the advertising intensities converge to zero as well as the profits. Finally, the advertising intensities are, at least globally, increasing with the quality differential. Finally, in all cases, as the advertising parameter cost increases unboundedly, both prices converge increasingly towards the consumer's income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of political marketing's theoretical tenets is the translation of commercial advertising techniques to politics. This paper focuses on celebrity endorsement as a commercial technique which is translated into political campaigning. Celebrity endorsement relates directly to celebrity politics, that is, the result of celebrity culture getting in touch with politics, as a way of revitalizing the offering of parties and candidates. In this context, our study analyzes the representation and use of celebrity politicians in Spain by the conservative Popular Party (PP) during the April 2019 national election. In order to shed light on the way celebrities were used in the PP's social media campaign, we content-analyze 1,117 Twitter messages taken from the party's profile, as well as conservative presidential candidate Pablo Casado's profile. Analytical variables include frequency of mentions, the strategic axis (rational/emotional) with which celebrities were depicted, the features which were highlighted, and the type of endorsement performed by the celebrities. Message topics and functions were also added to the analysis. Results indicate a weak and flawed strategic use of celebrities, who were scarcely mentioned, and depicted in a non-innovative, traditional fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores whether Mambo's Chicken advertisements objectify women or not. Guided by the Magic Meaning theory in advertising, the study explores the discourses that emanate from Mambo's Chicken's advertisements' portrayal of women. Methodologically, this study is qualitative. Data was collected using digital archival research and analyzed using Mazid's approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The study establishes that indeed, Mambo's Chicken ads are sexist and objectify women. While Mambo's Chicken ads exude creativity based on trending issues and scandals, Mambo's Chicken creates gender stereotypes that objectify women. The thigh (sex) and yellow bone discourses portray women as sex toys born and bred solely for men's pleasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines ways the cultural variance framework (CVF) enhances vaccine confidence messaging among African American healthcare consumers concerning coronavirus. The main emphasis lies in the "We Can Do This" campaign, which employs CVF to develop tailored social media, advertising, and televised commercials to actively involve African Americans and advocate for the advantages of the coronavirus vaccine. This qualitative study seeks to fill a gap in health communication literature by investigating how CVF, as a sub-feature of audience-centered messaging, engages with African Americans, encouraging their active engagement in vaccine participation. The findings reveal that contextual specificity, cultural identity, and characteristic features of the CVF play a significant role in fostering vaccine confidence among African Americans using culturally tailored messaging. The study explicates conceptual implications for future interventions prioritizing African Americans regarding health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationships among Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), advertising intensity, and performance in different national philanthropic environments. National philanthropic environment is defined as the propensity of a nation to be philanthropic. Employing institutional theory, we hypothesize that (1) advertising intensity mediates the CSR/performance relationship, (2) national philanthropic environment moderates the relationship between CSR and advertising intensity, and (3) national philanthropic environments moderate the relationship between advertising intensity and performance. Using a sample of 262 firms from 10 countries, the results support the moderated mediation model. We demonstrate that the success of CSR programs depends on their effective integration with advertising intensity. However, this dynamic is relevant only in countries with higher levels of national philanthropic environment. Thus, strategic managers should increase advertising intensity as CSR increases to ensure a positive effect on performance, but only in countries with high national philanthropic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest of advertising designers and operators in crafting appealing images is steadily increasing. With a primary focus on image attractiveness, this study endeavors to uncover the correlation between image features and attractiveness. The ultimate objective is to enhance the accuracy of predicting image attractiveness to achieve visually captivating effects. The experimental subjects encompass images sourced from the Shutterstock website, and the correlation between image features and attractiveness is analyzed through image attractiveness scores. In our experiments, we extracted traditional features such as color, shape, and texture from the images. Through a detailed analysis and comparison of the accuracy in predicting image attractiveness before and after feature selection using Lasso and LassoNet,, we confirmed that feature selection is an effective method for improving prediction accuracy. Subsequently, the Lasso and LassoNet feature selection methods were applied to a dataset containing image content features. The results verified an enhancement in the model's accuracy for predicting image attractiveness with the inclusion of image content features. Finally, through an analysis of the four-dimensional features of color, texture, shape, and content, we identified specific features influencing image attractiveness, providing a robust reference for image design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the ethical landscape of Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) healthcare, emphasizing the need to perceive it as a unified field, highlighting ethical arguments favoring DTC such as improved access and autonomy.

Based on prospect and mindset theories, this study explores the joint effects of gain (vs. loss) message framing and fixed (vs. growth) mindset on the "willingness of consumers to pay a premium" (WTPP) for pro-environmental hotels. The findings of three studies indicate a congruence effect between message framing and mindset. Specifically, there is an increased likelihood that consumers with a "fixed" mindset will pay more when they are presented with loss-framing advertisements, whereas customers with a "growth" mindset are more convinced by gain-framing advertisements. These effects are mediated by guilt and moral obligation. This study enriches the research associated with pro-environmental hotels and advertisement marketing by proving that the persuasiveness of pro-environmental hotel advertisements depends on the joint effects of message framing and mindset. Practically, pro-environmental hotel managers could utilize these findings to target consumers with specific mindsets and deliver a matching advertising message to maximize marketing impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been notable shifts in the acquisition of anabolic androgenic steroids over time, with face-to-face (within gyms) and online supply (e.g. internet forums, crypto-markets/darknet, and pharmacies) being popular locations to source and acquire these drugs. Fresh evidence suggests that social media facilitates the supply of anabolic androgenic steroids, however, no study has exclusively examined this phenomenon. This investigation sheds light on the supply of anabolic androgenic steroids over two major social media platforms: (i) Instagram; and (ii) TikTok. Digital ethnographic observations were conducted to identify and observe marketing strategies and supply methods. The findings reveal: (1) public sale and advertisement of anabolic androgenic steroids via two distinct supplier types (i) direct suppliers (individuals and laboratories/shop accounts); and (ii) influencers (referring custom to third-party websites); (2) marketing techniques, including images of products, flash-sales, and discount codes; (3) delivery methods; (4) messaging platforms; and (5) payment. Social media platforms facilitate the supply of anabolic androgenic steroids, increasing accessibility to these drugs. This, we argue, disproportionately affects younger, more vulnerable, and less informed populations. These findings ought to be considered within wider discussions related to harm reduction, providing policy makers with evidence to strengthen such calls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]