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Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer. Although human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) overexpression, a poor prognostic molecular marker in ovarian cancer, is found in almost 30% of ovarian cancer cases, there are no established therapies for HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of combined samfenet, a biosimilar compound of trastuzumab, and natural killer (NK) cells in preclinical model of HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. Firstly, we screened the HER2 expression in three ovarian cancer cell lines and eight ovarian cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) samples. Then, immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization (SISH) were performed following clinical criteria. HER2-overexpressing cells exhibited the highest sensitivity to samfenet compared with low-HER2-expressing cells. In addition, the combination of samfenet with natural killer (NK) cells resulted in significantly enhanced sensitivity to HER2-overexpressing cells and showed a significant antitumor effect on PDTX mice compared with monotherapy. It is known that anti-HER2-humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, including trastuzumab, induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Consequently, the combination of samfenet with NK cells demonstrated NK cell-mediated ADCC, as confirmed using an in vitro NK cytotoxicity assay and in vivo antitumor efficacy. A transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay using xenografted tumors further supported the ADCC effects based on the increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the combination group. Furthermore, high HER2 expression was associated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival based on public mRNA expression data. In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of samfenet and NK cell therapy could be a promising treatment strategy for patients with HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer, through ADCC effects. Therefore, this study supports a rationale for further clinical studies of the combination of samfenet and NK cells as a therapy for patients with HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galectin recognizes β-galactosides through its carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). This study aimed to determine the biological features of a novel Trichinella spiralis galectin (galactoside-binding lectin family protein, TsGLFP) and its role in driving macrophage M1 polarization and enhancing ADCC killing of larvae. TsGLFP belongs to the galectin family and has two CRDs. The complete TsGLFP cDNA sequence was cloned and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The results of qPCR, Western blot, and indirect immunofluorescence tests (IIFTs) revealed that TsGLFP was expressed in various stages of T. spiralis worms and principally localized at the cuticle and around the female embryos of the nematode. rTsGLFP had the function of agglutinating mouse erythrocytes, and this agglutination activity could be inhibited by lactose. After the mouse macrophage RAW264.7 was incubated with rTsGLFP, the expression level of the M1 genes (iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α) and NO production were obviously increased. After incubating macrophages with rTsGLFP, there was a noticeable rise in the expression levels of p-IκB-α and p-NF-κB p65. Additionally, rTsGLFP enhanced the macrophage's ability to kill newborn larvae by ADCC cytotoxicity. When the macrophages were pretreated with the specific p-NF-κB p65 inhibitor PDTC, and then stimulated with rTsGLFP, the expression levels of iNOS, NO, and p-NF-κB p65 and the macrophages' ADCC cytotoxicity were distinctly decreased. These findings indicated that rTsGLFP enhanced the macrophage ADCC killing of larvae by driving M1 polarization through activating the NF-κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary All four subclasses of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies have glycan structures attached to the protein part of the IgG molecules. Glycans linked to the Fc portion of IgG are found in all IgG antibodies, while about one‐fifth of IgG antibodies in plasma also have glycans attached to the Fab portion of IgG. The IgG3 subclass is characterized by more complex glycosylation compared to other IgG subclasses. In this review, we discuss the significant influence that glycans exert on the structural and functional properties of IgG. We provide a comprehensive overview of how the composition of these glycans can affect IgG's effector functions by modulating its interactions with Fcγ receptors and other molecules such as the C1q component of complement, which in turn influence various immune responses triggered by IgG, including antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In addition, the importance of glycans for the efficacy of therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy is discussed. Moreover, we offer insights into IgG glycosylation characteristics and roles derived from general population, disease‐specific, and interventional studies. These studies indicate that IgG glycans are important biomarkers and functional effectors in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD4-mimetics (CD4mcs) are small molecule compounds that mimic the interaction of the CD4 receptor with HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env). Env from primary viruses normally samples a "closed" conformation that occludes epitopes recognized by CD4-induced (CD4i) non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs). CD4mcs induce conformational changes on Env resulting in the exposure of these otherwise inaccessible epitopes. Here, we evaluated the capacity of plasma from a cohort of 50 people living with HIV to recognize HIV-1-infected cells and eliminate them by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of a potent indoline CD4mc. We observed a marked heterogeneity among plasma samples. By measuring the levels of different families of CD4i Abs, we found that the levels of anti-cluster A, anti-coreceptor binding site, and anti-gp41 cluster I antibodies are responsible for plasma-mediated ADCC in the presence of CD4mc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of naturally elicited antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are non-neutralizing (nnAbs) because they are unable to recognize the Env trimer in its native "closed" conformation. Nevertheless, it has been shown that nnAbs have the potential to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) provided that Env is present on the cell surface in its "open" conformation. This is because most nnAbs recognize epitopes that become accessible only after Env interaction with CD4 and the exposure of epitopes that are normally occluded in the closed trimer. HIV-1 limits this vulnerability by downregulating CD4 from the surface of infected cells, thus preventing a premature encounter of Env with CD4. Small CD4-mimetics (CD4mc) sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by opening the Env glycoprotein and exposing CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes. There are two families of CD4i nnAbs, termed anti-cluster A and anti-CoRBS Abs, which are known to mediate ADCC in the presence of CD4mc. Here, we performed Fab competition experiments and found that anti-gp41 cluster I antibodies comprise a major fraction of the plasma ADCC activity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Moreover, addition of gp41 cluster I antibodies to cluster A and CoRBS antibodies greatly enhanced ADCCmediated cell killing in the presence of a potent indoline CD4mc, CJF-III-288. This cocktail outperformed broadly neutralizing antibodies and even showed activity against HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived macrophages. Thus, combining CD4i antibodies with different specificities achieves maximal ADCC activity, which may be of utility in HIV cure strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies faced challenges due to frequent adverse events and limited efficacy, which spurred the exploration of next-generation CTLA-4 therapeutics to balance regulatory T cells (Tregs) depletion and CD8 T cells activation. CCR8, identified primarily on tumor-infiltrating Tregs, has become a target of interest due to the anti-tumor effects demonstrated by CCR8 antibody-mediated Tregs depletion. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals that CCR8-positive Tregs constitute a small subset, with concurrent expression of CCR8 and CTLA-4. Consequently, we proposed a novel bispecific antibody targeting CCR8 and CTLA-4 that had the potential to enhance T cell activation while selectively depleting intratumor Tregs. The candidate molecule 2MW4691 was developed in a tetravalent symmetric format, maintaining a strong binding affinity for CCR8 while exhibiting relatively weaker CTLA-4 binding. This selective binding ability allowed 2MW4691 to target and deplete tumor-infiltrating Tregs with higher specificity. In vitro assays verified the antibody’s capacity for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to Tregs with high level of CTLA-4 expression, but not CD8 T cells with relatively low level of CTLA-4 on cell surface. Also, 2MW4691 inhibited the CTLA-4 pathway and enhanced T cell activation. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of 2MW4691 was further demonstrated using hCCR8 or hCTLA-4 humanized mouse models and hCCR8/hCTLA-4 double knock-in mouse models. In cynomolgus monkeys, 2MW4691 was well-tolerated, exhibited the anticipated pharmacokinetic profile, and had a minimal impact on the peripheral T cell population. The promising preclinical results supported the further evaluation of 2MW4691 as a next-generation Treg-based therapeutics in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioassays are regulated, analytical methods used to ensure proper activity (potency) of biological products at release and during long-term storage. Potency is commonly reported on a relative basis by comparing and calibrating a concentration–response curve from the test material to that of a reference standard material. The relative potency approach depends on an assumption that the two concentration–response curves exhibit similar (equivalent) shapes, except for a potency shift. In certain circumstances, however, biological factors preclude the similarity assumption, and the traditional approach becomes unworkable. The antibody-mediated cytotoxicity assay is one example where the similarity assumption does not always hold. Other examples also arise in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. In this work, we present a non-constant mean relative potency approach which averages the relative potency across a common range of the concentration-response curves. The proposed method captures the changing nature of the relative potency into a summary statistic that can be reported for batch calibration and quality control purposes. We provide inferential methods for this statistic and summarize the results of a simulation comparing these methods across a number of non-constant relative potency scenarios and assay conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies to mobilise natural killer (NK) cells against cancer include tumour-targeting antibodies, NK cell engagers (NKCEs) and the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded healthy donor-derived NK cells. Genetic and functional studies have revealed that expression of the activating killer immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR2DS2 is associated with enhanced function in NK cells from healthy donors and improved outcome in several different malignancies. The optimal strategy to leverage KIR2DS2+ NK cells therapeutically is however currently unclear. In this study, we therefore evaluated the response of KIR2DS2-expressing NK cells to activation against cancer with clinically relevant tumour-targeting antibodies and following ex vivo expansion. We identified that KIR2DS2high NK cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and hepatocellular carcinoma had enhanced activation in response to tumour-targeting antibodies compared to KIR2DS2- NK cells. However, the superior function of healthy donor derived KIR2DS2high NK cells was lost following ex vivo expansion which is required for adoptive transfer-based therapeutic strategies. These data provide evidence that targeting KIR2DS2 directly in cancer patients may allow for the utilisation of their enhanced effector function, however such activity may be lost following their ex vivo expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the surveillance of viral infections and cancer. NK cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct cytotoxicity are mediated by the recognition of antibody-coated target cells through the Fc gamma receptor IIIA (FcγRIIIa/CD16) and by ligands of activating/inhibitory NK receptors, respectively. Allelic variants of the FCGR3A gene include the high-affinity single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs396991 (V176F), which is associated with the efficacy of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies, and the SNP rs10127939 (L66H/R). The contribution of FCGR3A SNPs to NK cell effector functions remains controversial; therefore, we generated a panel of eight NK-92 cell lines expressing specific combinations of these SNPs and tested their cytotoxicities. NK-92 cells were stably transfected with plasmids containing different combinations of FCGR3A SNPs. Messenger RNA and FcγRIIIa/CD16 cell surface expressions were detected using new generation sequencing (NGS) and flow cytometry, respectively. All FcγRIIIa/CD16-transfected NK-92 cell lines exhibited robust ADCC against three different target cell lines with minor differences. In addition, enhanced direct NK cytotoxicity against K562 target cells was observed, suggesting a mechanistic role of FcγRIIIa/CD16 in direct NK cytotoxicity. In conclusion, we generated eight FcγRIIIa/CD16-transfected NK-92 cell lines carrying different combinations of two of the most studied FCGR3A SNPs, representing the major genotypes described in the European population. The functional characterization of these cell lines revealed differences in ADCC and direct NK cytotoxicity that may have implications for the design of adoptive cancer immunotherapies using NK cells and tumor antigen-directed mAbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIL77-3 is one component of antibody cocktail that is produced in our lab and represents an effective regimen for animals suffering from Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV) infection. MIL77-3 is engineered to increase its affinity for the FcγRIIIa (CD16a) by deleting the fucose in the framework region. The potential effects of this modification on host immune responses, however, remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that MIL77-3 recognized secreted glycoproptein (sGP), produced by EBOV, and formed the immunocomplex to potently augment antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood-derived natural killer cells (pNKs), including CD56dim and CD56bright subpopulations, in contrast to the counterparts (Mab114, rEBOV548, fucosylated MIL77-3). Intriguingly, this effect was not observed when NK92-CD16a cell line was utilized and restored by the addition of beads-coupled or membrane-anchored sGP in combination with MIL77-3. Furthermore, sGP bound to unrecognized receptors on T cells contaminated in pNKs rather than NK92-CD16a cells. Administration of beads-coupled sGP/MIL77-3 complex in mice elicited NK activation. Overall, this work reveals an immune-stimulating function of sGP/MIL77-3 complex by triggering cytotoxic activity of NK cells, highlighting the necessity to evaluate the potential impact of MIL77-3 on host immune reaction in clinical trials. IMPORTANCE Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV) is highly lethal and causes sporadic outbreaks. The passive administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represents a promising treatment regimen against EBOV. Mounting evidence has shown that the efficacy of a subset of therapeutic mAbs in vivo is intimately associated with its capacity to trigger NK activity, supporting glycomodification of Fc region of anti-EBOV mAbs as a putative strategy to enhance Fc-mediated immune effector function as well as protection in vivo. Our work here uncovers the potential harmful influence of this modification on host immune responses, especially for mAbs with cross-reactivity to secreted glycoproptein (sGP) (e.g., MIL77-3), and highlights it is necessary to evaluate the NK-stimulating activity of a fucosylated mAb engaged with sGP when a new candidate is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD44 regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, survival, and stemness and has been considered a tumor therapy target. CD44 possesses the shortest CD44 standard (CD44s) and a variety of CD44 variant (CD44v) isoforms. Since the expression of CD44v is restricted in epithelial cells and carcinomas compared to CD44s, CD44v has been considered a promising target for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy. We previously developed an anti-CD44v10 mAb, C44Mab-18 (IgM, kappa), to recognize the variant exon 10-encoded region. In the present study, a mouse IgG2a version of C44Mab-18 (C44Mab-18-mG2a) was generated to evaluate the antitumor activities against CD44-positive cells compared with the previously established anti-pan CD44 mAb, C44Mab-46-mG2a. C44Mab-18-mG2a exhibited higher reactivity compared with C44Mab-46-mG2a to CD44v3–10-overexpressed CHO-K1 (CHO/CD44v3–10) and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2 and SAS) in flow cytometry. C44Mab-18-mG2a exerted a superior antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CHO/CD44v3–10. In contrast, C44Mab-46-mG2a showed a superior complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against CHO/CD44v3–10. A similar tendency was observed in ADCC and CDC against HSC-2 and SAS. Furthermore, administering C44Mab-18-mG2a or C44Mab-46-mG2a significantly suppressed CHO/CD44v3–10, HSC-2, and SAS xenograft tumor growth compared with the control mouse IgG2a. These results indicate that C44Mab-18-mG2a could be a promising therapeutic regimen for CD44v10-positive tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract There are two known mechanisms by which natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill diseased targets: (i) direct killing and (ii) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We investigated an indirect NK cell activation strategy for the enhancement of human NK cell killing function. We did this by leveraging the fact that toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonism within pools of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) results in a robust interferon signaling cascade that leads to NK cell activation. After TLR9 agonist stimulation, NK cells were enriched and incorporated into assays to assess their ability to kill tumor cell line targets. Notably, differential impacts of TLR9 agonism were observed—direct killing was enhanced while ADCC was not increased. To ensure that the observed differential effects were not attributable to differences between human donors, we recapitulated the observation using our Natural Killer—Simultaneous ADCC and Direct Killing Assay (NK-SADKA) that controls for human-to-human differences. Next, we observed a treatment-induced decrease in NK cell surface CD16—known to be shed by NK cells post-activation. Given the essential role of CD16 in ADCC, such shedding could account for the observed differential impact of TLR9 agonism on NK cell-mediated killing capacity.

Introduction: N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is highly important for the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as it regulates their biological activity, particularly in terms of immune effector functions. While typically added at the Fc level, approximately 15-25% of circulating antibodies exhibit glycosylation in the Fab domains as well. To the best of our knowledge, cetuximab (Erbitux®) is the only therapeutic antibody presenting Fab glycosylation approved world-wide targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor for the treatment of metastatic-colorectal and head and neck cancers. Additionally, it can trigger antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), a response that typically is influenced by N-glycosylation at Fc level. However, the role of Fab glycosylation in cetuximab remains poorly understood. Hence, this study aims to investigate the structural role of Fab glycosylation on the conformational behavior of cetuximab. Methods: The study was performed in silico via accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. The commercial cetuximab was compared to its form without Fab glycosylation and structural descriptors were evaluated to establish conformational differences. Results: The results clearly show a correlation between the Fab glycosylation and structural descriptors that may modulate the conformational freedom of the antibody, potentially affecting Fc effector functions, and suggesting a negative role of Fab glycosylation on the interaction with FcgRIIIa. Conclusion: Fab glycosylation of cetuximab is the most critical challenge for biosimilar development, but the differences highlighted in this work with respect to its aglycosylated form can improve the knowledge and represent also a great opportunity to develop novel strategies of biotherapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 4 years after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), no clinically approved neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment exists. Antibody Fc-effector functions are important for achieving better clinical outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and in in vivo animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eight non-neutralizing mAbs have shown protection comparable to that of neutralizing antibodies in humanized mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, without enhancing disease severity. Non-neutralizing mAbs might target epitopes with less evolutionary selection pressure to mutate in SARS-CoV-2 variants compared with neutralizing mAbs; they can be Fc engineered in various ways to elicit more potent immune functions. An improved understanding is needed to determine which epitopes best promote Fc-mediated functions, which non-neutralizing epitopes are conserved, which Fc functions are linked to protection, and how much antibody engineering can be achieved without eliciting detrimental proinflammatory outcomes. Emerging evidence shows that non-neutralizing Fc-mediated effector antibody functions are important for immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Monoclonal antibodies using these functions without neutralizing the virus can protect experimental animals (e.g., humanized mice) comparably to neutralizing antibodies. With the lack of clinically available monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic indications against mutated SARS-CoV-2, non-neutralizing mAbs are an unexplored and promising approach to be tested and might complement conventional antibody therapeutic strategies. Recent studies show an important role for non-neutralizing anti-spike antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in robustly protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These mAbs use Fc-mediated functions such as complement activation, phagocytosis, and cellular cytotoxicity. There is an untapped potential for using non-neutralizing mAbs in durable antibody treatments; because of their available conserved epitopes, they may not be as sensitive to virus mutations as neutralizing mAbs. Here, we discuss evidence of non-neutralizing mAb-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We explore how non-neutralizing mAb Fc-mediated functions can be enhanced via novel antibody-engineering techniques. Important questions remain to be answered regarding the characteristics of protective non-neutralizing mAbs, including the models and assays used for study, the risks of ensuing detrimental inflammation, as well as the durability and mechanisms of protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination and infection elicit antibodies with Fc-effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Fc-effector functions are more stable than neutralization in convalescent individuals. Hybrid immunity generates higher levels of Fc-effector functions than vaccination alone. Fc-effector functions play a protective role against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in different animal models. Caution should be used when selecting assays to measure Fc-effector functions. Major efforts were deployed to study the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 have been extensively studied in the context of infections, vaccinations, and breakthrough infections. Antibodies, however, are pleiotropic proteins that have many functions in addition to neutralization. These include Fc-effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Although important to combat viral infections, these Fc-effector functions were less studied in the context of SARS-CoV-2 compared with binding and neutralization. This is partly due to the difficulty in developing reliable assays to measure Fc-effector functions compared to antibody binding and neutralization. Multiple assays have now been developed and can be used to measure different Fc-effector functions. Here, we review these assays and what is known regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions. Overall, this review summarizes and updates our current state of knowledge regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural Killer (NK) cells have the potential to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). NK cell activation is tightly regulated by the engagement of its inhibitory and activating receptors. The activating receptor CD16 drives ADCC upon binding to the Fc portion of antibodies; NK cell activation is further sustained by the co-engagement of activating receptors NTB-A and 2B4. During HIV-1 infection, Nef and Vpu accessory proteins contribute to ADCC escape by downregulating the ligands of NTB-A and 2B4. HIV-1 also evades ADCC by keeping its envelope glycoproteins (Env) in a "closed" conformation which effectively masks epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) which are abundant in the plasma of people living with HIV. To achieve this, the virus uses its accessory proteins Nef and Vpu to downregulate the CD4 receptor, which otherwise interacts with Env and exposes the epitopes recognized by nnAbs. Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) have the capacity to expose these epitopes, thus sensitizing infected cells to ADCC. Given the central role of NK cell co-activating receptors NTB-A and 2B4 in Fc-effector functions, we studied their contribution to CD4mc-mediated ADCC. Despite the fact that their ligands are partially downregulated by HIV-1, we found that both co-activating receptors significantly contribute to CD4mc sensitization of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapies have achieved remarkable success in the treatment of hematological tumors. However, given the distinct features of solid tumors, particularly heterogeneity, metabolic aggressiveness, and fewer immune cells in tumor microenvironment (TME), the practical utility of CAR-T cells for solid tumors remains as a challenging issue. Meanwhile, although anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) has shown clinical efficacy, most mAbs also show limited clinical benefits for solid tumors due mainly to the issues associated with the lack of immune cells in TME. Thus, the infiltration of targeted immunological active cells into TME could generate synergistic efficacy for mAbs. Methods: We present a combinational strategy for solid tumor treatment, which combines armored-T cells to express Fc-gamma receptor I (FcγRI) fragment on the surfaces for targeting various tumors with therapeutically useful mAbs. Choosing CD20 and HER-2 as the targets, we characterized the in vitro and in vivo efficacy and latent mechanism of the combination drug by using flow cytometry, ELISA and other methods. Results: The combination and preprocessing of armored T-cells with corresponding antibody of Rituximab and Pertuzumab exerted profound anti-tumor effects, which is demonstrated to be mediated by synergistically produced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) effects. Meanwhile, mAb was able to carry armored-T cell by preprocessing for the infiltration to TME in cell derived xenograft (CDX) model. Conclusions: This combination strategy showed a significant increase of safety profiles from the reduction of antibody doses. More importantly, the present strategy could be a versatile tool for a broad spectrum of cancer treatment, with a simple pairing of engineered T cells and a conventional antibody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted infection affecting 491 million individuals globally. Consequently, there is a great need for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Unfortunately, several vaccine clinical trials, primarily employing the glycoprotein D of HSV-2 (gD-2), have failed. The immune protection conferred by human anti-HSV-2 antibodies in genital infection and disease remains elusive. It is well-known that gD-2 elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, i.e., anti-gD-2 antibodies recognize gD in HSV-1 (gD-1). In contrast, anti-glycoprotein G in HSV-2 (mgG-2) antibodies are exclusively type-specific for HSV-2. In this study, truncated versions of gD-2 and mgG-2 were recombinantly produced in mammalian cells and used for the purification of anti-gD-2 and anti-mgG-2 antibodies from the serum of five HSV-2-infected subjects, creating a pool of purified antibodies. These antibody pools were utilized as standards together with purified mgG-2 and gD-2 antigens in ELISA to quantitatively estimate and compare the levels of cross-reactive anti-gD-1 and anti-gD-2 antibodies, as well as anti-mgG-2 antibodies in sera from HSV-1+2-, HSV-2-, and HSV-1-infected subjects. The median concentration of anti-mgG-2 antibodies was five times lower in HSV-1+2-infected subjects as compared with cross-reactive anti-gD-1 and anti-gD-2 antibodies, and three times lower in HSV-2 infected subjects as compared with anti-gD-2 antibodies. The pool of purified anti-gD-2 antibodies presented neutralization activity at low concentrations, while the pool of purified anti-mgG-2 antibodies did not. Instead, these anti-mgG-2 antibodies mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by human granulocytes, monocytes, and NK-cells, but displayed no complement-dependent cytotoxicity. These findings indicate that antibodies to mgG-2 in HSV-2-infected subjects are present at low concentrations but mediate the killing of infected cells via ADCC rather than by neutralizing free viral particles. We, and others, speculate that Fc-receptor mediated antibody functions such as ADCC following HSV-2 vaccination may serve as a better marker of protection correlate instead of neutralizing activity. In an mgG-2 therapeutic vaccine, our findings of low levels of anti-mgG-2 antibodies in HSV-2-infected subjects may suggest an opportunity to enhance the immune responses against mgG-2. In a prophylactic HSV-2 mgG-2 vaccine, a possible interference in cross-reactive immune responses in already infected HSV-1 subjects can be circumvented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is tremendous interindividual and interracial variability in the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting the involvement of host genetic factors. Here, we investigated whether IgG allotypes GM (γ marker) 3 and GM 17, genetic markers of IgG1, contributed to the severity of COVID-19. IgG1 plays a pivotal role in response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also investigated whether these GM alleles synergistically/epistatically with IGHG3 and FCGR2A alleles—which have been previously implicated in COVID-19—modulated the extent of COVID-19 severity. The study population consisted of 316 COVID-19 patients who needed treatment in the intensive care unit of Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. All individuals were genotyped for GM 3/17, IGHG3 hinge length, and FCGR2A rs1801274 A/G polymorphisms. Among the 316 critical patients, there were 86 deaths. The risk of death among critical patients was significantly higher in subjects with GM 17 (IgG1) and short hinge length (IgG3). GM 17-carriers were at almost three-fold higher risk of death than non-carriers (p < 0.001; OR = 2.86, CI 1.58–5.16). Subjects with short hinge length of IgG3 had a two-fold higher risk of death than those with medium hinge length (p = 0.01; OR = 2.16, CI 1.19–3.90). GM 3/3 and IGHG3 (MM) genotypes were less frequent among death vs. survivors (9% vs 36%, p < 0.001) and associated with protective effect (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08–0.39). This is the first report implicating IgG1 allotypes in COVID-19-spurred death. It needs to be replicated in an independent study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) conformation substantially impacts antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Envs from primary HIV-1 isolates adopt a prefusion “closed” conformation, which is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). CD4 binding drives Env into more “open” conformations, which are recognized by non-neutralizing Abs (nnAbs). To better understand Env–Ab and Env–CD4 interaction in CD4+ T cells infected with HIV-1, we simultaneously measured antibody binding and HIV-1 mRNA expression using multiparametric flow cytometry and RNA flow fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. We observed that env mRNA is almost exclusively expressed by HIV-1 productively infected cells that already downmodulated CD4. This suggests that CD4 downmodulation precedes env mRNA expression. Consequently, productively infected cells express “closed” Envs on their surface, which renders them resistant to nnAbs. Cells recognized by nnAbs were all env mRNA negative, indicating Ab binding through shed gp120 or virions attached to their surface. Consistent with these findings, treatment of HIV-1-infected humanized mice with the ADCC-mediating nnAb A32 failed to lower viral replication or reduce the size of the viral reservoir. These findings confirm the resistance of productively infected CD4+ T cells to nnAbs-mediated ADCC and question the rationale of immunotherapy approaches using this strategy.IMPORTANCEAntibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) represents an effective immune response for clearing virally infected cells, making ADCC-mediating antibodies promising therapeutic candidates for HIV-1 cure strategies. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) target epitopes present on the native "closed" envelope glycoprotein (Env), while non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) recognize epitopes exposed upon Env–CD4 interaction. Here, we provide evidence that env mRNA is predominantly expressed by productively infected cells that have already downmodulated cell-surface CD4. This indicates that CD4 downmodulation by HIV-1 precedes Env expression, making productively infected cells resistant to ADCC mediated by nnAbs but sensitive to those mediated by bnAbs. These findings offer critical insights for the development of immunotherapy-based strategies aimed at targeting and eliminating productively infected cells in people living with HIV.

Both endogenous antibodies and a subset of antibody therapeutics engage Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)IIIa/CD16a to stimulate a protective immune response. Increasing the FcγRIIIa/IgG1 interaction improves the immune response and thus represents a strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy. FcγRIIIa is a heavily glycosylated receptor and glycan composition affects antibody-binding affinity. Though our laboratory previously demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cell N-glycan composition affected the potency of one key protective mechanism, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), it was unclear if this effect was due to FcγRIIIa glycosylation. Furthermore, the structural mechanism linking glycan composition to affinity and cellular activation remained undescribed. To define the role of individual amino acid and N-glycan residues, we measured affinity using multiple FcγRIIIa glycoforms. We observed stepwise affinity increases with each glycan truncation step, with the most severely truncated glycoform displaying the highest affinity. Removing the N162 glycan demonstrated its predominant role in regulating antibody-binding affinity, in contrast to four other FcγRIIIa N-glycans. We next evaluated the impact of the N162 glycan on NK cell ADCC. NK cells expressing the FcγRIIIa V158 allotype exhibited increased ADCC following kifunensine treatment to limit N-glycan processing. Notably, an increase was not observed with cells expressing the FcγRIIIa V158 S164A variant that lacks N162 glycosylation, indicating that the N162 glycan is required for increased NK cell ADCC. To gain structural insight into the mechanisms of N162 regulation, we applied a novel protein isotope labeling approach in combination with solution NMR spectroscopy. FG loop residues proximal to the N162 glycosylation site showed large chemical shift perturbations following glycan truncation. These data support a model for the regulation of FcγRIIIa affinity and NK cell ADCC whereby composition of the N162 glycan stabilizes the FG loop and thus the antibody-binding site.

Strategies to mobilise natural killer (NK) cells against cancer include tumour-targeting antibodies, NK cell engagers (NKCEs) and the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded healthy donor-derived NK cells. Genetic and functional studies have revealed that expression of the activating killer immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR2DS2 is associated with enhanced function in NK cells from healthy donors and improved outcome in several different malignancies. The optimal strategy to leverage KIR2DS2+ NK cells therapeutically is however currently unclear. In this study, we therefore evaluated the response of KIR2DS2-expressing NK cells to activation against cancer with clinically relevant tumour-targeting antibodies and following ex vivo expansion. We identified that KIR2DS2high NK cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and hepatocellular carcinoma had enhanced activation in response to tumour-targeting antibodies compared to KIR2DS2- NK cells. However, the superior function of healthy donor derived KIR2DS2high NK cells was lost following ex vivo expansion which is required for adoptive transfer-based therapeutic strategies. These data provide evidence that targeting KIR2DS2 directly in cancer patients may allow for the utilisation of their enhanced effector function, however such activity may be lost following their ex vivo expansion.

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells destroy tissue that have been opsonized with antibodies. Strategies to generate or identify cells with increased potency are expected to enhance NK cell-based immunotherapies. We previously generated NK cells with increased antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) following treatment with kifunensine, an inhibitor targeting mannosidases early in the N-glycan processing pathway. Kifunensine treatment also increased the antibody-binding affinity of Fc γ receptor IIIa/CD16a. Here we demonstrate that inhibiting NK cell N-glycan processing increased ADCC. We reduced N-glycan processing with the CRIPSR-CAS9 knockdown of MGAT1, another early-stage N-glycan processing enzyme, and showed that these cells likewise increased antibody binding affinity and ADCC. These experiments led to the observation that NK cells with diminished N-glycan processing capability also revealed a clear phenotype in flow cytometry experiments using the B73.1 and 3G8 antibodies binding two distinct CD16a epitopes. We evaluated this “affinity profiling” approach using primary NK cells and identified a distinct shift and differentiated populations by flow cytometry that correlated with increased ADCC.

Natural killer (NK) cells are key players in human innate immunity. Cell engager antibody formats that recruit and activate NK cells more effectively have emerged as a promising immunotherapy approach to target cancer cells through more effective antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Monoclonal antibody drugs with ADCC activity have shown clinical benefit and improved outcomes for patients with certain types of cancer. CD16a, a Fc gamma III receptor, is the major component that is responsible for the ADCC activity of NK cells. Screening AvantGen’s yeast displayed human antibody libraries led to the isolation of 2 antibody clones, #1A2 and #2-2A2, that selectively recognize both isoforms (F and V) of CD16a on primary NK cells with high affinity, yet minimally (#1A2) or do not (#2-2A2) cross-react with both allelotypes of CD16b (NA1 and NA2) expressed by neutrophils. Epitope mapping studies revealed that they bind to an epitope dependent on residue Y158 of CD16a, since mutation of Y158 to the corresponding CD16b residue H158 completely abolishes binding to CD16a. When formatted as bispecific antibodies targeting CD16a and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA, e.g. CD19), they exhibit specific binding to NK cells and induce potent NK cell activation upon encountering tumor cells, resulting in effective tumor cell killing. Notably, these bispecific antibody engagers stimulate NK cell cytokine release during co-culture with target cells, resulting in target cell cytotoxicity. These anti-CD16a antibody clones are promising candidates for combination with any TAA of interest, offering the potential for novel NK cell engager-based cancer therapeutics that are minimally affected by the high concentrations of human IgG in the circulation.

ABSTRACTNatural killer (NK) cells emerged as a promising effector population that can be harnessed for anti-tumor therapy. In this work, we constructed NK cell engagers (NKCEs) based on NKp30-targeting single domain antibodies (sdAbs) that redirect the cytotoxic potential of NK cells toward epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing tumor cells. We investigated the impact of crucial parameters such as sdAb location, binding valencies, the targeted epitope on NKp30, and the overall antibody architecture on the redirection capacity. Our study exploited two NKp30-specific sdAbs, one of which binds a similar epitope on NKp30 as its natural ligand B7-H6, while the other sdAb addresses a non-competing epitope. For EGFR-positive tumor targeting, humanized antigen-binding domains of therapeutic antibody cetuximab were used. We demonstrate that NKCEs bivalently targeting EGFR and bivalently engaging NKp30 are superior to monovalent NKCEs in promoting NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis and that the architecture of the NKCE can substantially influence killing capacities depending on the NKp30-targeting sdAb utilized. While having a pronounced impact on NK cell killing efficacy, the capabilities of triggering antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis or complement-dependent cytotoxicity were not significantly affected comparing the bivalent IgG-like NKCEs with cetuximab. However, the fusion of sdAbs can have a slight impact on the NK cell release of immunomodulatory cytokines, as well as on the pharmacokinetic profile of the NKCE due to unfavorable spatial orientation within the molecule architecture. Ultimately, our findings reveal novel insights for the engineering of potent NKCEs triggering the NKp30 axis.

• Exercise increases the frequency of NK-cells and CLL cells in the blood of patients with treatment-naïve CLL. • Exercise improves the efficacy of rituximab against autologous CLL cells in treatment-naïve CLL ex vivo. • Exercise increases the frequency of CLL cells in blood with a phenotype indicating recent egress from lymphoid tissue. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterised by the clonal proliferation and accumulation of mature B-cells and is often treated with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. Rituximab often fails to induce stringent disease eradication, due in part to failure of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) which relies on natural killer (NK)-cells binding to rituximab-bound CD20 on B-cells. CLL cells are diffusely spread across lymphoid and other bodily tissues, and ADCC resistance in survival niches may be due to several factors including low NK-cell frequency and a suppressive stromal environment that promotes CLL cell survival. It is well established that exercise bouts induce a transient relocation of NK-cells and B-cells into peripheral blood, which could be harnessed to enhance the efficacy of rituximab in CLL by relocating both target and effector cells together with rituximab in blood. In this pilot study, n = 20 patients with treatment-naïve CLL completed a bout of cycling 15 % above anaerobic threshold for ∼ 30-minutes, with blood samples collected pre-, immediately post-, and 1-hour post-exercise. Flow cytometry revealed that exercise evoked a 254 % increase in effector (CD3−CD56+CD16+) NK-cells in blood, and a 67 % increase in CD5+CD19+CD20+ CLL cells in blood (all p < 0.005). NK-cells were isolated from blood samples pre-, and immediately post-exercise and incubated with primary isolated CLL cells with or without the presence of rituximab to determine specific lysis using a calcein-release assay. Rituximab-mediated cell lysis increased by 129 % following exercise (p < 0.001). Direct NK-cell lysis of CLL cells – independent of rituximab – was unchanged following exercise (p = 0.25). We conclude that exercise improved the efficacy of rituximab-mediated ADCC against autologous CLL cells ex vivo and propose that exercise should be explored as a means of enhancing clinical responses in patients receiving anti-CD20 immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have largely neglected the role of ADCC in LUAD, and no study has systematically compiled ADCC-associated genes to create prognostic signatures. Methods: In this study, 1564 LUAD patients, 2057 NSCLC patients, and more than 5000 patients with various cancer types from diverse cohorts were included. R package ConsensusClusterPlus was utilized to classify patients into different subtypes. A number of machine-learning algorithms were used to construct the ADCCRS. GSVA and ClusterProfiler were used for enrichment analyses, and IOBR was used to quantify immune cell infiltration level. GISTIC2.0 and maftools were used to analyze the CNV and SNV data. The Oncopredict package was used to predict drug information based on the GDSC1. Three immunotherapy cohorts were used to evaluate patient response to immunotherapy. The Seurat package was used to process single-cell data, the AUCell package was used to calculate cells' geneset activity scores, and the Scissor algorithm was used to identify ADCCRS-associated cells. Results: Through unsupervised clustering, two distinct subtypes of LUAD were identified, each exhibiting distinct clinical characteristics. The ADCCRS, consisted of 16 genes, was constructed by integrated machine-learning methods. The prognostic power of ADCCRS was validated in 28 independent datasets. Further, ADCCRS shows better predictive abilities than 102 previously published signatures in predicting LUAD patients' survival. A nomogram incorporating ADCCRS and clinical features was constructed, demonstrating high predictive performance. ADCCRS positively correlates with patients' gene mutation, and integrated analysis of bulk and single-cell transcriptome data revealed the association of ADCCRS with TME modulators. Cells representing high-ADCCRS phenotype exhibited more malignant features. LUAD patients with high ADCCRS levels exhibited sensitivity to chemotherapy and targeted therapy, while displaying resistance to immunotherapy. In pan-cancer analysis, ADCCRS still exhibited significant prognostic value and was found to be a risk factor for most cancer patients. Conclusions: ADCCRS offers a critical prognostic insight for patients with LUAD, shedding light on the tumor microenvironment and forecasting treatment responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in immune surveillance in the liver. We aimed to identify potential targets for NK cell-mediated immune intervention by revealing the functional molecules on NK cells in HCC patients. Methods: To evaluate the impact of aging on NK cell phenotypes, we examined NK cells from healthy volunteers (HVs) of various ages. Because ILT2 expression on CD56dim NK cells increased with increasing age, we enrolled age-matched HCC patients and HVs. We determined the NK cell phenotypes in blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHLs) from cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. We evaluated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NK cells in vitro. Results: ILT2-positive CD56dim NK cells in PBMCs were increased in HCC patients compared with HVs. In HCC patients, ILT2-positive CD56dim NK cells were increased in cancerous IHLs compared with non-cancerous IHLs and PBMCs. We examined the impact of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on ILT2 expression in co-cultures of HCC cells and NK cells. The enhanced expression of ILT2 on CD56dim NK cells from HCC patients was inhibited by masking antibodies against MIF and CXCR4. ILT2-positive CD56dim NK cells exhibited lower capacities for cytotoxicity and ADCC than ILT2-negative cells, which were partially restored by ILT2 blockade. Conclusions: In HCC patients, ILT2 is a signature molecule for cancerous CD56dim NK cells with impaired cytolytic capacity. The MIF-CXCR4 interaction is associated with ILT2 induction on CD56dim NK cells and ILT2 serves as a target for functional NK cell restoration. Conclusions: In HCC patients, ILT2 is a signature molecule for cancerous CD56dim NK cells with impaired cytolytic capacity. The MIF-CXCR4 interaction is associated with ILT2 induction on CD56dim NK cells and ILT2 serves as a target for functional NK cell restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer (NK) cells destroy tissue that have been opsonized with antibodies. Strategies to generate or identify cells with increased potency are expected to enhance NK cell-based immunotherapies. We previously generated NK cells with increased antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) following treatment with kifunensine, an inhibitor targeting mannosidases early in the N-glycan processing pathway. Kifunensine treatment also increased the antibody-binding affinity of Fc γ receptor IIIa/CD16a. Here we demonstrate that inhibiting NK cell N-glycan processing increased ADCC. We reduced N-glycan processing with the CRIPSR-CAS9 knockdown of MGAT1, another early-stage N-glycan processing enzyme, and showed that these cells likewise increased antibody binding affinity and ADCC. These experiments led to the observation that NK cells with diminished N-glycan processing capability also revealed a clear phenotype in flow cytometry experiments using the B73.1 and 3G8 antibodies binding two distinct CD16a epitopes. We evaluated this "affinity profiling" approach using primary NK cells and identified a distinct shift and differentiated populations by flow cytometry that correlated with increased ADCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Avelumab, durvalumab, and atezolizumab are anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies approved for clinical application in Japan. Despite targeting the same molecule, avelumab elicits a different frequency of infusion-related reactions (IRRs) compared with durvalumab and atezolizumab, leading to differences in premedication recommendations. This study aimed to collect information to verify the relationship during IRRs and the characteristics of antibody molecules, by investigating the frequency of IRRs caused by three types of antibodies and the actual status of prophylactic measures. Methods: This single-center, retrospective observational study collected the medical records of 73 patients who received avelumab, durvalumab, or atezolizumab at Osaka University Hospital. Results: The frequency of IRRs was 50.0% (12/24) for avelumab, 31.0% (8/27) for durvalumab, and 18.2% (4/22) for atezolizumab. The IRRs were grade 2 in seven patients and grade 1 in five patients treated with avelumab, grade 2 in six patients and grade 1 in two patients treated with durvalumab, and grade 1 in all patients treated with atezolizumab. Among patients in whom symptoms were observed during the first administration, measures were taken to prevent IRRs for the second administration, but cases were confirmed in which symptoms reappeared, especially in patients who received durvalumab. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the frequency of IRRs due to anti-PD-L1 antibodies is higher than that previously reported in clinical trials and different modifications in antibody molecules may affect the difference in IRR frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanobodies have emerged as promising tools in biomedicine due to their single-chain structure and inherent stability. They generally have convex paratopes, which potentially prefer different epitope sites in an antigen compared to traditional antibodies. In this study, a synthetic phage display nanobody library was constructed and used to identify nanobodies targeting a tumor-associated antigen, the human B7-H3 protein. Combining next-generation sequencing and single-clone validation, two nanobodies were identified to specifically bind B7-H3 with medium nanomolar affinities. Further characterization revealed that these two clones targeted a different epitope compared to known B7-H3-specific antibodies, which have been explored in clinical trials. Furthermore, one of the clones, dubbed as A6, exhibited potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against a colorectal cancer cell line with an EC50 of 0.67 nM, upon conversion to an Fc-enhanced IgG format. These findings underscore a cost-effective strategy that bypasses the lengthy immunization process, offering potential rapid access to nanobodies targeting unexplored antigenic sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are elicited after infection and vaccination and have been well studied. However, their antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) functionality is still poorly characterized. Here, we investigated ADCC activity in convalescent sera from infected patients with wild‐type (WT) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) or omicron variant compared with three coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine platforms and postvaccination breakthrough infection (BTI). We analyzed ADCC activity targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in convalescent sera following WT SARS‐CoV‐2‐infection (n = 91), including symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, omicron‐infection (n = 8), COVID‐19 vaccination with messenger RNA‐ (mRNA)‐ (BNT162b2 or mRNA‐1273, n = 77), adenovirus vector‐ (n = 41), and inactivated virus‐ (n = 46) based vaccines, as well as post‐mRNA vaccination BTI caused by omicron (n = 28). Correlations between ADCC, binding, and NAb titers were reported. ADCC was elicited within the first month postinfection and ‐vaccination and remained detectable for ≥3 months. WT‐infected symptomatic patients had higher S‐specific ADCC levels than asymptomatic and vaccinated individuals. Also, no difference in N‐specific ADCC activity was seen between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, but the levels were higher than the inactivated vaccine. Notably, omicron infection showed reduced overall ADCC activity compared to WT SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Although post‐mRNA vaccination BTI elicited high levels of binding and NAbs, ADCC activity was significantly reduced. Also, there was no difference in ADCC levels across the four vaccines, although NAbs and binding antibody titers were significantly higher in mRNA‐vaccinated individuals. All evaluated vaccine platforms are inferior in inducing ADCC compared to natural infection with WT SARS‐CoV‐2. The inactivated virus‐based vaccine can induce N‐specific ADCC activity, but its relevance to clinical outcomes requires further investigation. Our data suggest that ADCC could be used to estimate the extra‐neutralization level against COVID‐19 and provides evidence that vaccination should focus on other Fc‐effector functions besides NAbs. Also, the decreased susceptibility of the omicron variant to ADCC offers valuable guidance for forthcoming efforts to identify the specific targets of antibodies facilitating ADCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionN-glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is highly important for the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as it regulates their biological activity, particularly in terms of immune effector functions. While typically added at the Fc level, approximately 15-25% of circulating antibodies exhibit glycosylation in the Fab domains as well. To the best of our knowledge, cetuximab (Erbitux®) is the only therapeutic antibody presenting Fab glycosylation approved world-wide targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor for the treatment of metastatic-colorectal and head and neck cancers. Additionally, it can trigger antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), a response that typically is influenced by N-glycosylation at Fc level. However, the role of Fab glycosylation in cetuximab remains poorly understood. Hence, this study aims to investigate the structural role of Fab glycosylation on the conformational behavior of cetuximab.MethodsThe study was performed in silico via accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. The commercial cetuximab was compared to its form without Fab glycosylation and structural descriptors were evaluated to establish conformational differences.ResultsThe results clearly show a correlation between the Fab glycosylation and structural descriptors that may modulate the conformational freedom of the antibody, potentially affecting Fc effector functions, and suggesting a negative role of Fab glycosylation on the interaction with FcγRIIIa.ConclusionFab glycosylation of cetuximab is the most critical challenge for biosimilar development, but the differences highlighted in this work with respect to its aglycosylated form can improve the knowledge and represent also a great opportunity to develop novel strategies of biotherapeutics.

Summary: Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate immunity players and have unique abilities to recognize and eliminate cancer cells, particularly in settings of antibody-opsonization and antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, NK cell-based responses in bladder cancers to therapeutic antibodies are typically immunosuppressed, and these immunosuppressive mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods: Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and high-dimensional flow cytometry were used to investigate the phenotype of tumour-infiltrating NK cells in patients with bladder cancer. Further, in vitro, and in vivo models of this disease were used to validate these findings. Findings: NK cells within bladder tumours displayed reduced expression of FcγRIIIa/CD16, the critical Fc receptor involved in ADCC-mediated cytotoxicity, on both transcriptional and protein levels. Transcriptional signatures of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-signalling, a pleiotropic cytokine known for its immunosuppressive and tissue residency-inducing effects, were upregulated in tumour-infiltrating NK cells. TGF-β mediated CD16 downregulation on NK cells, was further validated in vitro, which was accompanied by a transition into a tissue residency phenotype. This CD16 downregulation was also abrogated by TGF-βR signalling inhibition, which could also restore the ADCC ability of NK cells subject to TGF-β effects. In a humanized mouse model of bladder cancer, mice treated with a TGF-β inhibitor exhibited increased ADCC activity compared to mice treated only with antibodies. Interpretation: This study highlights how TGF-β-rich bladder cancers inhibit NK cell-mediated ADCC by downregulating CD16. TGF-β inhibition represents new avenues to reverse immunosuppression and enhance the tumoricidal capacity of NK cells in bladder cancer. Funding: The Guimaraes Laboratory is funded by a US Department of Defense—Breast Cancer Research Program—Breakthrough Award Level 1 (#BC200025), a grant (#2019485) awarded through the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF, with the support of the Queensland Children's Hospital Foundation, Microba Life Sciences, Richie's Rainbow Foundation, Translational Research Institute (TRI) and UQ), and a grant (#RSS_2023_085) funded by a Metro South Health Research Support Scheme. J.K.M.W. is funded by a UQ Research Training Program PhD Scholarship and N.O. is funded by a NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (#2021932).

Background: Avelumab, durvalumab, and atezolizumab are anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies approved for clinical application in Japan. Despite targeting the same molecule, avelumab elicits a different frequency of infusion-related reactions (IRRs) compared with durvalumab and atezolizumab, leading to differences in premedication recommendations. This study aimed to collect information to verify the relationship during IRRs and the characteristics of antibody molecules, by investigating the frequency of IRRs caused by three types of antibodies and the actual status of prophylactic measures. Methods: This single-center, retrospective observational study collected the medical records of 73 patients who received avelumab, durvalumab, or atezolizumab at Osaka University Hospital. Results: The frequency of IRRs was 50.0% (12/24) for avelumab, 31.0% (8/27) for durvalumab, and 18.2% (4/22) for atezolizumab. The IRRs were grade 2 in seven patients and grade 1 in five patients treated with avelumab, grade 2 in six patients and grade 1 in two patients treated with durvalumab, and grade 1 in all patients treated with atezolizumab. Among patients in whom symptoms were observed during the first administration, measures were taken to prevent IRRs for the second administration, but cases were confirmed in which symptoms reappeared, especially in patients who received durvalumab. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the frequency of IRRs due to anti-PD-L1 antibodies is higher than that previously reported in clinical trials and different modifications in antibody molecules may affect the difference in IRR frequency.

Abstract Background To identify the underlying genetic defects in autosomal dominant (ADCC) and autosomal recessive (ARCC) congenital cataract families from North India. Methods Detailed family histories were collected, pedigrees drawn followed by slit-lamp examination and lens photography. Mutation screening was performed using Sanger sequencing in the known candidate genes for crystallins, connexins, and membrane proteins. The pathogenicity of identified variants was assessed bioinformatically. Results In two ADCC families (CC-281 and CC-3015) with posterior lenticonus cataract, a novel change c.263C > T (p.P88L) in GJA3 in CC-281 family and a previously reported substitution c.388C > T (p.R130C) in LIM2 in CC-3015 family was observed. In an ARCC family (CC-3005) having central pulverulent cataract, a novel frameshift deletion (c.764delT;p.L255R46fs) in GJA3 was detected. The observed variants segregated completely with phenotypes in the affected members and were neither present in unaffected family members nor in the ethnically matched 150 controls (tested for two novel variants), hence excluding these as polymorphisms. Conclusions Present study identified two novel mutations i.e., c.263C > T;p.P88L and c.764delT;p.L255R46fs in GJA3 in an ADCC and an ARCC family having posterior lenticonus and central pulverulent cataract, respectively. In another ADCC family with posterior lenticonus cataract, a previously reported mutation c.388C > T;p.R130C in LIM2 was observed. R130 may be a mutation hotspot as previously ADCC families from different ethnicities (UK/Czechia, China, Spain, Japan) also harbored the same substitution, however, with different phenotypes i.e., nuclear pulverulent, membranous, nuclear, lamellar, and sutural/lamellar. Findings in present study thus expand the mutation spectrum and phenotypic heterogeneity linked with GJA3 and LIM2.

Gastric cancer (GC) is widely regarded as one of the toughest cancers to treat. Trastuzumab, which targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) for GC treatment, has demonstrated clinical success. However, these patients have a high likelihood of developing resistance. Additionally, Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) is a promising emerging target for GC treatment. Therefore, therapies that simultaneously target both HER2 and CLDN18.2 targets are of great significance. Here, we constructed a bispecific antibody targeting both HER2 and CLDN18.2 (HC-2G4S; BsAb), which displayed satisfactory purity, thermostability and enhancing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. In a tumor spheroids model of GC, BsAb demonstrated greater therapeutic efficacy than monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or combination treatment strategies. We propose that the enhanced anti-tumor potency of BsAbs in vivo is due to the monovalent binding of single-chain antibodies to more targets due to weaker affinity, resulting in a more potent immune effect function. Therefore, HC-2G4S could be a productive agent for treating GC that is HER2-positive, CLDN18.2-positive, or both, with the potential to overcome trastuzumab resistance and provide significant clinical benefits and expanded indications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To identify the underlying genetic defects in autosomal dominant (ADCC) and autosomal recessive (ARCC) congenital cataract families from North India. Methods: Detailed family histories were collected, pedigrees drawn followed by slit-lamp examination and lens photography. Mutation screening was performed using Sanger sequencing in the known candidate genes for crystallins, connexins, and membrane proteins. The pathogenicity of identified variants was assessed bioinformatically. Results: In two ADCC families (CC-281 and CC-3015) with posterior lenticonus cataract, a novel change c.263C > T (p.P88L) in GJA3 in CC-281 family and a previously reported substitution c.388C > T (p.R130C) in LIM2 in CC-3015 family was observed. In an ARCC family (CC-3005) having central pulverulent cataract, a novel frameshift deletion (c.764delT;p.L255R46fs) in GJA3 was detected. The observed variants segregated completely with phenotypes in the affected members and were neither present in unaffected family members nor in the ethnically matched 150 controls (tested for two novel variants), hence excluding these as polymorphisms. Conclusions: Present study identified two novel mutations i.e., c.263C > T;p.P88L and c.764delT;p.L255R46fs in GJA3 in an ADCC and an ARCC family having posterior lenticonus and central pulverulent cataract, respectively. In another ADCC family with posterior lenticonus cataract, a previously reported mutation c.388C > T;p.R130C in LIM2 was observed. R130 may be a mutation hotspot as previously ADCC families from different ethnicities (UK/Czechia, China, Spain, Japan) also harbored the same substitution, however, with different phenotypes i.e., nuclear pulverulent, membranous, nuclear, lamellar, and sutural/lamellar. Findings in present study thus expand the mutation spectrum and phenotypic heterogeneity linked with GJA3 and LIM2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetically and antigenically distinct influenza A and B viruses (IAV and IBV) circulate in human populations, causing widespread morbidity. Antibodies (Abs) that bind epitopes conserved in both IAV and IBV hemagglutinins (HAs) could protect against disease by diverse virus subtypes. Only one reported HA Ab, isolated from a combinatorial display library, protects against both IAV and IBV. Thus, there has been so far no information on the likelihood of finding naturally occurring human Abs that bind HAs of diverse IAV subtypes and IBV lineages. We have now recovered from several unrelated human donors five clonal Abs that bind a conserved epitope preferentially exposed in the postfusion conformation of IAV and IVB HA2. These Abs lack neutralizing activity in vitro but in mice provide strong, IgG subtype-dependent protection against lethal IAV and IBV infections. Strategies to elicit similar Abs routinely might contribute to more effective influenza vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer patients with high levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression have worse clinical outcomes. Anti‐HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is the most important therapeutic modality for HER2‐positive breast cancer. We previously immunized mice with the ectodomain of HER2 to create the anti‐HER2 mAb, H2Mab‐77 (mouse IgG1, kappa). This was then altered to produce H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f, an afucosylated mouse IgG2a. In the present work, we examined the reactivity of H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f and antitumor effects against breast cancers in vitro and in vivo. BT‐474, an endogenously HER2‐expressing breast cancer cell line, was identified by H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f with a strong binding affinity (a dissociation constant [KD]: 5.0 × 10−9 M). H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f could stain HER2 of breast cancer tissues in immunohistochemistry and detect HER2 protein in Western blot analysis. Furthermore, H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f demonstrated strong antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) for BT‐474 cells. MDA‐MB‐468, a HER2‐negative breast cancer cell line, was unaffected by H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f. Additionally, in the BT‐474‐bearing tumor xenograft model, H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f substantially suppressed tumor development when compared with the control mouse IgG2a mAb. In contrast, the HER2‐negative MDA‐MB‐468‐bearing tumor xenograft model showed no response to H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f. These findings point to the possibility of H2Mab‐77‐mG2a‐f as a treatment regimen by showing that it has antitumor effects on HER2‐positive breast tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhesus macaques (RMs) are a common pre-clinical model used to test HIV vaccine efficacy and passive immunization strategies. Yet, it remains unclear to what extent the Fc-Fc receptor (FcR) interactions impacting antiviral activities of antibodies in RMs recapitulate those in humans. Here, we evaluated the FcRrelated functionality of natural killer cells (NKs) from peripheral blood of uninfected humans and RMs to identify intra- and inter-species variation. NKs were screened for FcγRIIIa (human) and FcγRIII (RM) genotypes (FcγRIII(a)), receptor signaling, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), the latter mediated by a cocktail of monoclonal IgG1 antibodies with human or RM Fc. FcγRIII(a) genetic polymorphisms alone did not explain differences in NK effector functionality in either species cohort. Using the same parameters, hierarchical clustering separated each species into two clusters. Importantly, in principal components analyses, ADCC magnitude, NK contribution to ADCC, FcγRIII(a) cell-surface expression, and frequency of phosphorylated CD3ζ NK cells all contributed similarly to the first principal component within each species, demonstrating the importance of measuring multiple facets of NK cell function. Although ADCC potency was similar between species, we detected significant differences in frequencies of NK cells and pCD3ζ+ cells, level of cell-surface FcγRIII(a) expression, and NK-mediated ADCC (P<0.001), indicating that a combination of Fc-FcR parameters contribute to overall inter-species functional differences. These data strongly support the importance of multi-parameter analyses of Fc-FcR NK-mediated functions when evaluating efficacy of passive and active immunizations in pre- and clinical trials and identifying correlates of protection. The results also suggest that pre-screening animals for multiple FcR-mediated NK function would ensure even distribution of animals among treatment groups in future preclinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer (NK) cells are cellular components of the innate immune system that can recognize and suppress the proliferation of cancer cells. NK cells can eliminate cancer cells through direct lysis, by secreting perforin and granzymes, or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC involves the binding of the Fc gamma receptor IIIa (CD16), present on NK cells, to the constant region of an antibody already bound to cancer cells. Cancer cells use several mechanisms to evade antitumor activity of NK cells, including the accumulation of inhibitory cytokines, recruitment and expansion of immune suppressor cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), modulation of ligands for NK cells receptors. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the antitumor activity of NK cells with the goal of overcoming cancer cells resistance to NK cells. The three main strategies to engineer and boost NK cells cytotoxicity include boosting NK cells with modulatory cytokines, adoptive NK cell therapy, and the employment of engineered NK cells to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy. Although the first two strategies improved the efficacy of NK cell-based therapy, there are still some limitations, including immune-related adverse events, induction of immune-suppressive cells and further cancer resistance to NK cell killing. One strategy to overcome these issues is the combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that mediate ADCC and engineered NK cells with potentiated anti-cancer activity. The advantage of using mAbs with ADCC activity is that they can activate NK cells, but also favor the accumulation of immune effector cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Several clinical trials reported that combining engineered NK cells with mAbs with ADCC activity can result in a superior clinical response compared to mAbs alone. Next generation of clinical trials, employing engineered NK cells with mAbs with higher affinity for CD16 expressed on NK cells, will provide more effective and higher-quality treatments to cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination with the primary two-dose series of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA protects against infection with the ancestral strain, and limits the presentation of severe disease after re-infection by multiple variants of concern (VOC), including Omicron, despite the lack of a strong neutralizing response to these variants. We compared antibody responses in serum samples collected from mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccinated subjects to identify mechanisms of immune escape and cross-protection. Using pseudovirus constructs containing domain-specific amino acid changes representative of Omicron BA.1, combined with domain competition and RBD-antibody depletion, we showed that RBD antibodies were primarily responsible for virus neutralization and variant escape. Antibodies to NTD played a less significant role in antibody neutralization but acted along with RBD to enhance neutralization. S2 of Omicron BA.1 had no impact on neutralization escape, suggesting it is a less critical domain for antibody neutralization; however, it was as capable as S1 at eliciting IgG3 responses and NK-cell mediated, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Antibody neutralization and ADCC activities to RBD, NTD, and S1 were all prone to BA.1 escape. In contrast, ADCC activities to S2 resisted BA.1 escape. In conclusion, S2 antibodies showed potent ADCC function and resisted Omicron BA.1 escape, suggesting that S2 contributes to cross-protection against Omicron BA.1. In line with its conserved nature, S2 may hold promise as a vaccine target against future variants of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural Killer (NK) cells contribute to the protective effects of vaccine-induced antibodies thanks to the low affinity receptor for IgG, FcgRIIIA/ CD16, whose aggregation leads to the killing of infected cells and IFNg release, through which they potentiate adaptive immune responses. Methods: Forty-seven healthy young individuals undergoing either homologous (ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S) or heterologous (ChAdOx1-S/BNT162B2) SARS-CoV- 2 vaccination settings were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected immediately prior to vaccination and 8 weeks after the booster dose. The phenotypic and functional profile of NK cells was evaluated by flow cytometry at both time points. Serum samples were tested to evaluate circulating anti-Spike IgG levels and cytomegalovirus serostatus. CD16 F158V polymorphism was assessed by sequencing analysis. Results: The downregulation of CD16 and the selective impairment of antibodydependent cytotoxicity and IFNg production in CD56dim NK population, persisting 8 weeks after boosting, were observed in heterologous, but not in homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination scheme. While the magnitude of CD16- dependent functions of the global CD56dim pool correlated with receptor levels before and after vaccination, the responsivity of NKG2C+ subset, that displays amplified size and functionality in HCMV+ individuals, resulted intrinsically insensitive to CD16 levels. Individual CD16 responsiveness was also affected by CD16F158V polymorphism; F/F low affinity individuals, characterized by reduced CD16 levels and functions independently of vaccination, did not show postvaccinal functional impairment with respect to intermediate and high affinity ones, despite a comparable CD16 downregulation. Further, CD16 high affinity ligation conditions by means of afucosylated mAb overcame vaccine-induced and genotype-dependent functional defects. Finally, the preservation of CD16 expression directly correlated with anti-Spike IgG titer, hinting that the individual magnitude of receptor-dependent functions may contribute to the amplification of the vaccinal response. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a durable downmodulation of CD16 levels and Ab-dependent NK functions after SARS-CoV-2 heterologous vaccination, and highlights the impact of genetic and environmental host-related factors in modulating NK cell susceptibility to post-vaccinal Fc-dependent functional impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immune system (HIS) mice provide a model to study human immune responses in vivo. Currently available HIS mouse models may harbor mouse Fc Receptor (FcR)‐expressing cells that exert potent effector functions following administration of human Ig. Previous studies showed that the ablation of the murine FcR gamma chain (FcR‐γ) results in loss of antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody‐dependent cellular phagocytosis in vivo. We created a new FcR‐γ‐deficient HIS mouse model to compare host (mouse) versus graft (human) effects underlying antibody‐mediated immune responses in vivo. FcR‐γ‐deficient HIS recipients lack expression and function of mouse activating FcRs and can be stably and robustly reconstituted with human immune cells. By screening blood B‐cell depletion by rituximab Ig variants, we found that human FcγRs‐mediated IgG1 effects, whereas mouse activating FcγRs were dominant in IgG4 effects. Complement played a role as an IgG1 variant (IgG1 K322A) lacking complement binding activity was largely ineffective. Finally, we provide evidence that FcγRIIIA on human NK cells could mediate complement‐independent B‐cell depletion by IgG1 K322A. We anticipate that our FcR‐γ‐deficient HIS model will help clarify mechanisms of action of exogenous administered human antibodies in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background During the early stages of Trichinella spiralis infection, macrophages predominantly undergo polarization to the M1-like phenotype, causing the host’s inflammatory response and resistance against T. spiralis infection. As the disease progresses, the number of M2-type macrophages gradually increases, contributing to tissue repair processes within the host. While cysteine protease overexpression is typically associated with inflammation, the specific role of T. spiralis cathepsin L (TsCatL) in mediating macrophage polarization remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the killing effect of macrophage polarization mediated by recombinant T. spiralis cathepsin L domains (rTsCatL2) on newborn larvae (NBL). Methods rTsCatL2 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21. Polarization of the rTsCatL2-induced RAW264.7 cells was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The effect of JSH-23, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), on rTsCatL2-induced M1 polarization investigated. Cytotoxic effects of polarized macrophages on NBL were observed using in vitro killing assays. Results Following the co-incubation of rTsCatL2 with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, qPCR and ELISA revealed increased transcription and secretion levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in macrophages. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in iNOS protein expression, while the expression level of arginase-1 protein remained unchanged. Flow cytometry revealed a substantial increase in the number of CD86-labeled macrophages. The western blot results also indicated that rTsCatL2 increased the expression levels of phospho-NF-κB and phospho-nuclear factor-κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) proteins in a dose-dependent manner, while immunofluorescence revealed that rTsCatL2 induced nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB (NF-κB p65) protein in macrophages. The inhibitory effect of JSH-23 suppressed and abrogated the effect of rTsCatL2 in promoting M1 macrophage polarization. rTsCatL2 mediated polarization of macrophages to the M1-like phenotype and enhanced macrophage adhesion and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) killing of NBL. Conclusions The results indicated that rTsCatL2 induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of NBL. This study provides a further understanding of the interaction mechanism between T. spiralis and the host. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Trichinella spiralis dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (TsDPP1), or cysteine cathepsin C, is a secretory protein that is highly expressed during the infective larvae and adult worm stages in the intestines. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which recombinant TsDPP1 (rTsDPP1) activates macrophages M2 polarization and decreases macrophage cytotoxicity to kill newborn larvae via ADCC. RAW264.7 macrophages and murine peritoneal macrophages were used in this study. The results of the immunofluorescence test (IFT) and confocal microscopy showed that rTsDPP1 specifically bound to macrophages, and the binding site was localized on the cell membrane. rTsDPP1 activated macrophage M2 polarization, as demonstrated by high expression levels of Arg1 (M2 marker) and M2-related genes (IL-10, TGF-β, CD206 and Arg1) and high numbers of CD206+ macrophages. Furthermore, the expression levels of p-STAT6, STAT6 and PPARγ were obviously increased in rTsDPP1-treated macrophages, which were evidently abrogated by using a STAT6 inhibitor (AS1517499) and PPARγ antagonist (GW9662). The results indicated that rTsDPP1 promoted macrophage M2 polarization through the STAT6/PPARγ pathway. Griess reaction results revealed that rTsDPP1 suppressed LPS-induced NO production in macrophages. qPCR and flow cytometry results showed that rTsDPP1 downregulated the expression of FcγR I (CD64) in macrophages. The ability of ADCC to kill newborn larvae was significantly decreased in rTsDPP1-treated macrophages, but AS1517499 and GW9662 restored its killing capacity. Our results demonstrated that rTsDPP1 induced macrophage M2 polarization, upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited macrophage-mediated ADCC via activation of the STAT6/PPARγ pathway, which is beneficial to the parasitism and immune evasion of this nematode.

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the surveillance of viral infections and cancer. NK cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct cytotoxicity are mediated by the recognition of antibody-coated target cells through the Fc gamma receptor IIIA (FcγRIIIa/CD16) and by ligands of activating/inhibitory NK receptors, respectively. Allelic variants of the FCGR3A gene include the high-affinity single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs396991 (V176F), which is associated with the efficacy of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies, and the SNP rs10127939 (L66H/R). The contribution of FCGR3A SNPs to NK cell effector functions remains controversial; therefore, we generated a panel of eight NK-92 cell lines expressing specific combinations of these SNPs and tested their cytotoxicities. NK-92 cells were stably transfected with plasmids containing different combinations of FCGR3A SNPs. Messenger RNA and FcγRIIIa/CD16 cell surface expressions were detected using new generation sequencing (NGS) and flow cytometry, respectively. All FcγRIIIa/CD16-transfected NK-92 cell lines exhibited robust ADCC against three different target cell lines with minor differences. In addition, enhanced direct NK cytotoxicity against K562 target cells was observed, suggesting a mechanistic role of FcγRIIIa/CD16 in direct NK cytotoxicity. In conclusion, we generated eight FcγRIIIa/CD16-transfected NK-92 cell lines carrying different combinations of two of the most studied FCGR3A SNPs, representing the major genotypes described in the European population. The functional characterization of these cell lines revealed differences in ADCC and direct NK cytotoxicity that may have implications for the design of adoptive cancer immunotherapies using NK cells and tumor antigen-directed mAbs.