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International audience; Few studies assess the effects of recreational fishing in isolation from commercial fishing. We used meta-analysis to synthesise 4444 samples from 30 years (1987–2017) of fish surveys inside and outside a large network of highly protected reserves in the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia, where the major fishing activity is recreational. Data were collected by different agencies, using varied survey designs and sampling methods. We contrasted the relative abundance and biomass of target and non-target fish groups between fished and reserve locations. We considered the influence of, and possible interactions between, seven additional variables: age and size of reserve, one of two reserve network configurations, reef habitat type, recreational fishing activity, shore-based fishing regulations and survey method. Taxa responded differently: the abundance and biomass inside reserves relative to outside was higher for targeted lethrinids, while other targeted (and non-targeted) fish groups were indistinguishable. Reef habitat was important for explaining lethrinid response to protection, and this factor interacted with reserve size, such that larger reserves were demonstrably more effective in the back reef and lagoon habitats. There was little evidence of changes in relative abundance and biomass of fishes with reserve age, or after rezoning and expansion of the reserve network. Our study demonstrates the complexities in quantifying fishing effects, highlighting some of the key factors and interactions that likely underlie the varied results in reserve assessments that should be considered in future reserve design and assessment.

Submitted by Felipe Ferreira Onofre (jatobadocerrado@yahoo.com.br) on 2021-04-29T21:41:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD thesis OFF versao final 2020.pdf: 2820854 bytes, checksum: 9e44ab76ee4f5ab367543e15283e0ccf (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lucia de Grava Kempinas (ana.kempinas@unesp.br) on 2021-04-29T23:06:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 onofre_ff_dr_botfca.pdf: 2820854 bytes, checksum: 9e44ab76ee4f5ab367543e15283e0ccf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-29T23:06:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 onofre_ff_dr_botfca.pdf: 2820854 bytes, checksum: 9e44ab76ee4f5ab367543e15283e0ccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-05-28 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A conversão de florestas homogêneas de eucalipto em floresta nativa tem se tornado uma necessidade comum, principalmente na região sudeste do país, em atendimento não só à legislação ambiental, mas também aos preceitos da certificação florestal. Entretanto, embora se observe que em muitos casos a vegetação nativa seja capaz de se regenerar naturalmente no interior de talhões de eucalipto, ainda não há evidências experimentais suficientes a respeito de qual o melhor método de manejo para acelerar e otimizar este processo. Objetivamos, com esta pesquisa, poder definir estratégias e métodos de manejo para a restauração da Mata Atlântica (Floresta Ombrófila Densa) em antigas unidades de produção (talhões) de Eucalyptus sp., testando a efetividade de alguns tratamentos de raleamento dos talhões na aceleração da regeneração natural da vegetação nativa. Além disso, almejamos compreender os padrões (trajetórias sucessionais) e filtros ecológicos que direcionam a montagem da comunidade regenerante nesses talhões de eucalipto sob diferentes intensidades de manejo. A pesquisa foi realizada no Parque das Neblinas, município de Bertioga, SP, em um talhão comercial de plantio de Eucalyptus saligna Smith em terceira rotação que havia sido abandonado e se encontra em processo de sucessão natural. O delineamento do experimento foi em blocos ao acaso, onde foram aplicados em maio de 2005, seis tratamentos (T1 - testemunha, T2, T3, T4, T5 redução respectivamente de 25, 50, 75 e 100% da área basal das árvores por meio da morte em pé, e T6 - corte raso) com 4 repetições (blocos) e parcelas experimentais de 20 X 40 metros. Após 14 anos do manejo inicial, avaliamos a estrutura, riqueza e diversidade da comunidade regenerante e característica da serapilheira acumulada sobre o solo. Os resultados foram submetidos a análises de variância. Os tratamentos silviculturais surtiram efeito significativo positivo na regeneração natural da vegetação nativa para as duas classes de regeneração natural estudadas (DAP ≥ 5 cm e DAP < 5 cm), principalmente para a regeneração com DAP ≥ 5 cm, promovendo para os tratamentos T3 e T4, melhores resultados em riqueza e diversidade e para os tratamentos T5 e T6 melhores resultados em estrutura, quando comparados aos outros tratamentos e ao controle (T1). A biomassa de serapilheira acumulada (fração folhas e galhos finos) sofreu efeito significativo dos tratamentos, sendo menor nos tratamentos T5 (redução de 100% da área basal) e T6 (corte raso), os quais se equipararam à serapilheira acumulada no solo na mata nativa de referência. Os teores dos nutrientes, não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos, entretanto a quantidade de macronutrientes e micronutrientes aportada na serapilheira se diferiu entre os tratamentos. Não houve efeito significativo na relação C:N entre os tratamentos, entretanto houve efeito significativo entre todos os tratamentos e a mata nativa. A técnica de manejo florestal apresentado é uma ferramenta promissora quando o objetivo é a restauração da estrutura e diversidade nestes ambientes, promovendo uma recuperação mais rápida da vegetação nativa e pode ser adaptada, dependendo do contexto ambiental, e uma análise de custo-benefício. The conversion of homogeneous eucalyptus forests into native forest has become a common need, especially in the southeastern region of the country, in compliance not only with environmental legislation, but also with of forest certification principles. However, although in many cases the native vegetation is able to naturally regenerate inside eucalyptus stands, there is still insufficient experimental evidence to recommend the best management method to accelerate and optimize this process. We aimed at to define management strategies and methods for the restoration of the Atlantic Forest (Tropical Wet Forest) in old production units (stands) of Eucalyptus sp., testing the effectiveness of some thinning treatments in the acceleration of natural regeneration of the native vegetation. In addition, we aimed at to understand the patterns (successional trajectories) and ecological filters that guide the assembly of the regenerating community in these eucalyptus stands under different management intensities. The research was carried out at Parque das Neblinas, municipality of Bertioga, SP, in a commercial plantation stands of Eucalyptus saligna Smith in third rotation that had been abandoned and is in the process of natural succession. The experiment was designed in a randomized block design, in which six treatments were applied in May 2005 (T1 - control, T2, T3, T4, T5, reduction of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the basal area of trees through standing death, and clear cut) with 4 replicates (blocks) and experimental plots of 20 X 40 meters. After 14 years of initial management, we evaluated the structure, richness and diversity of the regenerating community and soil litter characteristics. The silvicultural treatments had a significant positive effect on the natural regeneration of native vegetation for the two classes of natural regeneration (DBH ≥ 5 cm and DBH

Coastal areas experience multiple pressures from anthropogenic activities that negatively change the ecological and environmental status of beaches and impact human welfare. The focus of this paper is coastal erosion, an issue that is very relevant for Argentina, the second largest nation in Latin America with an extensive coastline of nearly 5000 km. Coastal erosion decreases the attractiveness of coastal areas for tourism development, leading to considerable economic impacts. In this paper, two complementary approaches, the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) and the Systems Approach Framework (SAF), were used to analyse two beach resorts in Argentina: Monte Hermoso and Pehuen Co.Application of the SAF included stakeholder mapping, governance (institutional) mapping and issue identification. During the participatory meetings with stakeholders and decision makers, the problem of coastal erosion was identified as the most important in the region. The joint approach of DPSIR and SAF contributed to: (i) the determination and description of the economic drivers of coastal erosion; (ii) the identification of the associated activities and pressures; (iii) the assessment of the ecological and environmental state of coastal areas; (iv) the assessment of impacts of environmental changes on human wellbeing; and finally (v) a proposal of the possible management responses for mitigating the coastal erosion problem and the sustainable development of the region to the responsible authorities. Fil: Semeoshenkova, Vera. Universidad de Bologna; Italia. Universidad de Cádiz; España Fil: Newton, Alice. Universidad de Algarve; Portugal Fil: Rojas, Mara Leticia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Economía. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Economía; Argentina Fil: Piccolo, Maria Cintia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; Argentina Fil: Bustos, María Luján. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; Argentina Fil: Huamantinco Cisneros, María Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina Fil: Berninsone, Leonardo. Universidad de Cádiz; España. Aquamarina

The role of ecological science in environmental management has been discussed by many authors who recognize that there is a persistent gap between ecological science and environmental management. Here we develop theory through different perspectives based on knowledge types, research categories and research–management interface types, which we combine into a common framework. To draw out insights for bridging this gap, we build our case by: (i) explicitizing the link between three categories of ecological research and the type of research–management interface they are associated with. We first evaluate three types of unidirectional interfaces and recommend a new kind of interface – called the Research-Within-Management interface (RWM). (ii) suggesting that adaptive management and structured decision-making can integrate all these different angles and serve as meta-interfaces in their relation to research. (iii) distinguishing explanatory knowledge from empirical knowledge, and contending that explanatory knowledge is not necessarily the most important output for the research-management interface today. (iv) highlighting that experiential ecological knowledge—including the expertise and experience of managers, citizens and scientists—is another primary knowledge input in environmental decision-making that should not be systematically downplayed. We point out the complementarities as well as the specificities and limitations of the different types of ecological research, ecological knowledge and research–management interfaces, which is of major importance for environmental management and research policies.

National audience; Le concept de résilience socio-écologique, élaboré par les sciences écologiques et que l’on peut définir comme « la capacité d’un système à conserver ses propriétés face à des perturbations », est un concept qu’il parait intéressant de mobiliser face à l’enjeu de l’adaptation des systèmes d’élevage au changement climatique. Les travaux sur la résilience soulignent l’importance d’articuler le fonctionnement des écosystèmes avec celui des systèmes sociaux, qui utilisent et gèrent les écosystèmes ; ces travaux proposent une approche dynamique du fonctionnement de ces socio-écosystèmes. Nous proposons d’adapter les cadres d’analyse de la résilience au système composé de l’alpage en interaction avec les exploitations agricoles qui l’utilisent (système Alpage-Exploitations - SAE), qui est particulièrement exposé au changement climatique. Après avoir co-construit avec des acteurs un modèle du fonctionnement du SAE, nous nous appuyons sur des travaux antérieurs pour proposer une grille d’analyse de sa résilience et nous testons cette grille sur quelques cas. L’objectif n’est pas de fournir une évaluation quantitative de la résilience d’un SAE, mais de parvenir à identifier, parmi les différents éléments constitutifs du SAE que sont les ressources pastorales et fourragères, les troupeaux, l’organisation du travail et le pilotage, ce qui confère de la résilience et ce qui est susceptible de fragiliser le système, à court ou à long-terme. Ce travail enrichit les recherches en sciences agronomiques sur la flexibilité des systèmes d’élevage et propose des clés pour articuler court-terme et long-terme dans la gestion des systèmes agropastoraux. Il permet par ailleurs un apport original aux travaux sur la résilience socio-écologique et de rendre ce concept assez opératoire, grâce à un point de vue sur le système étudié qui s’appuie sur les représentations des acteurs, avec une entrée par la gestion et non par le fonctionnement écologique, et en ciblant sur les acteurs du système social qui agissent de manière directe sur l’écosystème (éleveurs et bergers).

Societal use of freshwater, ecosystems’ dependence on water, and hydroclimatic processes interact dynamically. Changes in any of these subsystems can cause unpredictable feedback, resulting in water insecurity for humans and ecosystems. By drawing on resilience theory, we extend current productive–destructive framings of water security to better address societal–ecosystem–hydroclimatic (SEH) interactions, dynamics, and uncertainties that drive insecurity but also offer response opportunities. Strengthening water security in this sense requires strategies that (1) conceptually and practically interlink SEH subsystems; (2) recognize extreme conditions and thresholds; and (3) plan for water security via structured exchanges between researchers and decision makers in ways that account for institutions and governance frameworks. Through scrutiny of case evidence from water-scarce regions in western North America and the Central Andes, we assert that ensuring water security requires adaptive management (interactive planning that accounts for uncertainties, initiates responses, and iteratively assesses outcomes). Researchers and stakeholders from these regions are pursuing a multiyear series of workshops that promote science-based decision making while factoring in the political implications of water planning. This study briefly reviews an emerging water security initiative for the arid Americas that aims to enhance understanding of adaptive approaches to strengthen water security. Finally, by synthesizing efforts in the arid Americas, we offer insights for other water-insecure regions. El uso social del agua potable, la dependencia de los ecosistemas del agua y los procesos hidroclimáticos interactúan dinámicamente. Cualquier cambio que ocurra en uno de estos subsistemas puede causar impredecibles feedbacks que resulten en inseguridad hídrica para humanos y ecosistemas por igual. Apoyándonos en la teoría de la resiliencia, extendemos los actuales marcos productivo–destructivos de seguridad del agua para abocar mejor las interacciones societarias–hidroclimáticas–ecosistémicas (SHE), la dinámica y las incertidumbres, que acarrean inseguridad pero que también ofrecen oportunidades de respuesta. Para fortalecer la seguridad del agua en este sentido se requieren estrategias que (1) entrelacen conceptual y prácticamente los subsistemas SHE; (2) reconozcan las condiciones y umbrales extremos, y (3) planifiquen la seguridad del agua a través de intercambios estructurados entre investigadores y directivos decisores, de tal suerte que tomen en cuenta las instituciones y los marcos de gobernanza. Mediante el escrutinio de evidencia de caso en regiones pobres en agua del oeste de Norteamérica y en los Andes Centrales, reafirmamos que para garantizar la seguridad del agua se requiere de un manejo flexible (planificación interactiva que tome en cuenta las incertidumbres, que inicie respuestas y que reiterativamente evalúe los resultados). Los investigadores y los interesados adelantan en estas regiones una serie de varios talleres por año que promueven la toma de decisiones con fundamentación científica, al tiempo exploran las implicaciones políticas de la planificación del agua. Este estudio reseña brevemente una nueva iniciativa de seguridad hídrica para las Américas áridas que busca enaltecer la comprensión de enfoques flexibles para fortalecer aquella seguridad. Finalmente, al sintetizar los esfuerzos que se hacen en las Américas, estamos ofreciendo salidas inteligentes para los problemas que tienen otras regiones inseguras desde el punto de vista hídrico. 淡水的社会使用、生态系统对于水资源的依赖, 以及水文气候过程不断地交互影响。这些次级系统中的任何改变, 都有可能造成非预期的反馈, 导致人类及生态系统的水资源不安全。我们透过运用復原力理论, 延伸当前水资源安全的生产性—破坏性框架, 更有效地应付驱动不安全却同时提供回应契机的社会—生态系统—水文气候 (SEH) 之互动、动态关係与不确定性。在这意义之上, 水资源安全的强化需透过以下策略; (1) 在概念上与实践上连结SEH次级系统; (2) 指认极端的情况与门槛; (3) 透过研究者和决策者间的结构式交换进行水资源安全规划, 以对制度与政府框架负责。我们透过北美西部与安地斯山中部水资源稀缺区域的案例研究, 主张水资源安全的确保必需透过调适性管理 (解释不确定性、形成回应并反覆评价后果的互动式规划) 。这些区域中的研究者和利害关係人正从事为时多年的系列工作坊, 提倡以科学为基础的决策过程, 同时将水资源管理的政治意涵纳入做为重要因素。本研究简要地回顾针对美洲贫瘠地区逐渐生成的水资源安全行动, 以增加对于调适性取径的理解来强化水资源安全。最后, 我们将透过综合美洲贫瘠地区中的努力, 对其他水资源不稳定的区域提出洞见。 Fil: Scott, Christopher A.. University of Arizona. School of Geography & Development and Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy; Estados Unidos Fil: Meza, Francisco J.. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente y Centro de Cambio Global; Chile Fil: Varady, Robert G.. University of Arizona. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy; Estados Unidos Fil: Teissem, Holm. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research; Brasil Fil: McEvoy, Jamie . University of Arizona. School of Geography & Development; Estados Unidos Fil: Garfin, Gregg M. . University of Arizona. Institute of the Environment and School of Natural Resources & Environment; Estados Unidos Fil: Wilder, Margaret . University of Arizona. School of Geography & Development and Center for Latin American Studies; Estados Unidos Fil: Farfan, Luis M.. Centro de Investigacion Científica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada; México Fil: Nicolas Pineda Pablos. El Colegio de Sonora; México Fil: Montaña, Elma Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina

Mountain regions provide essential ecosystem goods and services (EGS) for both mountain dwellers and people living outside these areas. Global change endangers the capacity of mountain ecosystems to provide key services. The Mountland project focused on three case study regions in the Swiss Alps and aimed to propose land-use practices and alternative policy solutions to ensure the provision of key EGS under climate and land-use changes. We summarized and synthesized the results of the project and provide insights into the ecological, socioeconomic, and political processes relevant for analyzing global change impacts on a European mountain region. In Mountland, an integrative approach was applied, combining methods from economics and the political and natural sciences to analyze ecosystem functioning from a holistic human-environment system perspective. In general, surveys, experiments, and model results revealed that climate and socioeconomic changes are likely to increase the vulnerability of the EGS analyzed. We regard the following key characteristics of coupled human-environment systems as central to our case study areas in mountain regions: thresholds, heterogeneity, trade-offs, and feedback. Our results suggest that the institutional framework should be strengthened in a way that better addresses these characteristics, allowing for (1) more integrative approaches, (2) a more network-oriented management and steering of political processes that integrate local stakeholders, and (3) enhanced capacity building to decrease the identified vulnerability as central elements in the policy process. Further, to maintain and support the future provision of EGS in mountain regions, policy making should also focus on project-oriented, cross-sectoral policies and spatial planning as a coordination instrument for land use in general.

National audience; Dryade project gathers an interdisciplinary consortium of researchers (ecophysiology, ecology, genetic, modeller, remote sensing), people in charge of forest survey (inventory, health status), and managers from both private and state forests. Recent climatic and biotic events induced forest decline in France. Tree and stand responses were quantify through crown condition and tree health monitoring (forest department network, national forest inventory), radial growth (dendroecology) for five major productive species of the French forest. Special attention was paid to interactions between drought and vulnerability to pests (bark beetle, caterpillars) and disease (root and leaf fungi). The objectives were (1) to quantify the impacts of management and physiological vulnerability factors to decline, (3) to build models of vulnerability to growth loss or dieback for each species, (4) map vulnerability factors at national scale to assess the more vulnerable areas within the actual distribution of each species (4) to give recommendations to foresters to adapt forests and management to drought risk increase, either by reducing vulnerability (species or provenances, physiological status) or reducing the intensity of drought (improving water balance by water saving forestry) and biotic hazards (pest and disease control). Abnormal mortality occurs as a combination of extreme climatic and biotic events, misadaptation and mismanagement. A guide for sylviculture during forest decline period was proposed as a tool for developing crisis management

La Reserva Nacional de Junín (RN Junín), considerada como Humedal de Importancia Internacional, especialmente como Hábitat de Aves Acuáticas (Sitio RAMSAR), viene atravesando por una serie de problemas que están causando malestar entre los habitantes de la zona. Teniendo en cuenta este aspecto y en respuesta a las necesidades de información que ayuden a los tomadores de decisiones a cumplir con los objetivos de creación de la Reserva, se identificó un juego de 24 indicadores para monitorear los procesos de conservación que se lleven a cabo en este lugar. Los indicadores fueron elegidos tomando en cuenta las metas y objetivos socialmente determinados y las características que presenta el ecosistema, con la finalidad de evaluar el estado, presión, impacto y respuesta de las actividades humanas sobre los recursos y servicios más importantes de esta Área Natural Protegida. A través de este trabajo se pretende dar a conocer una metodología que permita un efectivo acercamiento de la sociedad a los procesos de monitoreo, en el marco del manejo adaptativo de ecosistemas, resaltando los valores sociales sin dejar de lado el rigor científico de los parámetros ambientales. The National Reserve of Junin, considered a RAMSAR site is suffering different kinds of problems that are causing worry among local inhabitants. Taking this into consideration and responding to needs of information to help stakeholders in managing this important natural area, a kit of 24 indicators were determined in order to be used in the follow up conservation processes developed in the area. Indicators were built taking into consideration aims and objectives determined by local inhabitants as well as the main characteristics of the Reserve. This was done in order to value state, stress, impact and response of human activities on the most important natural resources and environmental services of this protected natural area. This research pretended to generate a methodology that can link society and environmental parameters using the adaptative ecosystem management framework, which highlights both social values and scientific aspects of the environment.