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The reported study investigates the emergence of teacher evaluation (TE) in Norwegian green papers between 1988 and 2019. We examine how knowledge dissemination and discourses in Norwegian official reports shape suggestions for TE and discuss implications for how teachers are "made by policy". Guided by Bacchi's (2009) approach to critical discourse analysis, "What's the problem represented to be?" (WPR), we explore where problem representations and their underpinning assumptions are produced and disseminated, and how they invoke new arguments and discursive and subjectification effects. The study contributes new knowledge on the origins of TE as a policy tool for governing Norwegian education in general, and teachers more specifically. Across time and irrespective of government coalitions, we identify the OECD as a main contributor to new problem representations and display how proposals for TE policies based on performance-based accountability (PBA) promote new discourses on teacher professionalism. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Literacy Day 2023 was the first after the launch the text generating artificial intelligence ChatGPT. This was the reason for a Literacy Promptathon that allows users to learn how to handle text and image generation. The International Literacy Day media coverage for the first time touched on the question of AI generated text. One of the difficulties of generative AI is that it does not necessarily produce true information. However, findings show that critical literacy is most difficult for adults with low literacy performance. Research shows that disinformation, algorithmic biases and data collection are among the most relevant dangers of generative AI, while controlling these dangers requires precise reading and builds on high literacy skills. The research question was how users handle the risk of disinformation and whether this varies by experience. Data collection used an ad-hoc online survey with 202 respondents. Findings indicate an overall high awareness to avoid fake news, but not necessarily adequate fact-checking habits, especially among less experienced AI users. While limited to the respondents, the findings give reason to assume that there is a substantial need to improve competences in fact-checking. Adult and continuing education have a pioneering role in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of high‐expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry. A dossier was provided by the applicant as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the method is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the currently allowed methods for pigs and poultry. According to legislation, to be approved in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure (1) the absence of pain, distress or suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and (2) that the animal remains unconscious until death. An ad hoc Working Group set up by EFSA performed the assessment as follows: (1) The data provided were checked against the criteria laid down in the EFSA Guidance (EFSA, 2018), and was found to partially fulfil those criteria; (2) extensive literature search; (3) data extraction for quantitative assessment; (4) qualitative exercise based on non‐formal expert elicitation. The assessment led to conclude that it is more likely than not (certainty > 50%–100%) that high‐expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry, named NEFS in container (Nitrogen Expansion Foam Stunning in container), provides a level of welfare at least equivalent to one or more of the currently allowed methods listed in Annex I of Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009. The overall assessment of EFSA is valid only under the technical conditions described in this Opinion for laying hens, broiler chickens of all age and pigs weighing 15–41 kg in situations other than slaughter. The overall assessment of EFSA is that NEFS can be suitable for depopulation using containers for pig and poultry farms respecting the technical conditions and the categories and types of animals defined in this Scientific Opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control commands established by Chinese local governments to tackle COVID-19 proved effective in containing its spread nationwide. The primary interest in this contribution is to uncover the mechanism underlying the effectiveness of a control command established by Qingdao municipality in managing COVID-19. We conclude that the combination of five conditions, namely, task immersion, qualified team members, flexible organizing, high swift trust, and high operational representation, is sufficient to result in effective temporary organizing. Our study contributes to the policy and governance literature through adding building blocks to the explanation regarding the effectiveness of temporary organizations in managing crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of forced repatriation, this study investigates the conditions under which Syrian refugees face the spectacle of detention and deportation in Türkiye. As the largest group of Temporary Protection holders within a single country (currently 3.7 million), this case provides a unique lens to examine how asylum policies' increased emphasis on the temporariness of protection and the eventual return leads to the production of illegality , and consequently of the deportable refugee. Based on qualitative data collected between September and December 2019 in Istanbul, Türkiye, this paper argues that the escalating fear of deportability is built on three pillars: (1) exploitation in the informal labour market, (2) quotidian police surveillance and factory raids, and (3) discrimination in public life. The study contributes to the discussion of temporality and deportability in refugee studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This forum explicates Hong Kong's complex religious and ritual landscape and the ways in which it influences social movements and identity making, in response to large forces of religion and protest around the world today, including in Ukraine and places in Asia such as Iran and Myanmar. Scholars have noted how various forms of Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and popular Chinese religions have been diffused into the secular spaces of Hong Kong's governing state structures, formal and informal economies, and ad hoc protest organizations in civil society. Recent work has also emphasized the ways that race, ethnicity, and gender have been shaped not only by institutions with religious ties but also by theological and cosmological narratives that circulate through the public sphere. Religiosity in the Hong Kong protests might also be conceived as polyphonic, layering over familial practices with structures that have colonial baggage and postcolonial aspirations. Religion, in such senses, tends to be unbound by secular attempts to fence it into private spheres; it might be seen as forging a new civil society and civil identity through recent protests and shaping new theoretical frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the 2023 annual meeting of the American Dialect Society (ADS) in Denver, an ad hoc committee was formed to draft a resolution to amend article 2 of the society's constitution. The proposed amendment clarifies the ADS's mission and dispels the notion that the society is preoccupied with the English language. Using her recent work on the relationship among Finnish American identity, place-making, and language use, the author demonstrates how linguistic and methodological diversity are central to ADS, its mission, and its membership. The goal of her presentation at the society's 2024 annual meeting in New York, presented here, is threefold: (1) to reify the need to update and clarify the society's mission, (2) to demonstrate how language use and associated social meanings shape both identity and place, and (3) to exemplify that discursive practices function ideologically to define a place and affect belonging, whether that belonging is to an ethnic group, place, or learned society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convergent synthesis α-(1→3)-, α-(1→5), β-(1→2)-linked hexaarabinofuranoside related to the terminal fragment of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria as a glycoside with 4-(3-azidopropoxy)phenyl aglycone was accomplished. 4-(3-Azidopropoxy)phenyl aglycone belongs to the class of Janus aglycones, which can be used as both a temporary protective group for the anomeric position of the carbohydrate and a (pre)spacer for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates. The key step of the synthesis is the formation of 1,2-trans glycosidic linkage with the use of Ara-β-(1→2)-Ara p-tolylthioarabinofuranoside bearing five triisopropylsilyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If "he who controls the purse makes the rules," then should corporate lenders be able to nudge borrowers to improve their societal impact? There is growing consensus that firms should mitigate environmental and social harms arising from their private business activities, yet there is little agreement on how best to ensure this end. A host of ad hoc market efforts have emerged, including public pledges to certain goals, voluntary disclosures to investors, and niche financial innovations designed to incentivize and evidence prosocial corporate activity. Despite these developments, market efforts always seem to fall short of the effective self-monitoring necessary for so-called environmental, social, and governance (ESG) outcomes. Observers often attribute these shortcomings to market failures-agency costs or information asymmetriesand negative externalities, which firm managers and investors are thought ill-equipped to manage. Yet, the unique potential of corporate lenders to address these shortcomings has been largely overlooked by the market and, consequently, the literature. This Article analyzes an original dataset of more than 125 contracts in the emerging sustainability-linked loan market to explore the potential of lender monitoring for ESG outcomes. This six-year-old market has Dell promising to increase sustainable packaging, Lululemon committing to close the gender pay gap amongst its employees, and Hewlett-Packard pledging to improve the racial diversity of its executives-all in exchange for more favorable terms in novel loan agreements. As the first in-depth review of the fastest growing segment of the $5.5-trillion syndicated loan market, this Article shows how the far-reaching influence of "universal lenders," combined with the lender's toolkit and traditional relationship with borrowers, theoretically equips lenders to better overcome information asymmetries and agency costs that have undermined other market-based ESG efforts. It argues, however, notwithstanding their enhanced informational insights and commitment mechanisms, lenders are hamstrung by a predictable disregard of negative externalities, which reveals the truly nominal value of ESG to firms. But while many scholars view negative externalities as a reason to avoid such market-based ESG solutions, this Article insists on the very opposite outcome. Policy interventions that shift the burden of externalities to borrowers, lenders, or both should be used to effectively harness the clear benefits of lenders as private monitors to ensure the ESG movement has real and lasting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how organizational leaders' early private‐sector leadership experiences impact adopting a contested organizational practice, temporary employment, in public organizations. We employed unique organization/year‐level register panel data on the executive careers of the directors of Dutch public organizations and the prevalence of temporary employment in organizations they lead. Fixed‐effect regression analyses of 29,031 organization/year observations between 2006 and 2019 show greater use of temporary employment in public organizations when directors have early private‐sector executive experience. We found a similar impact of leaders' imprinted experiences in "fully" public and "hybrid" organizations that combine public and private sector elements. We discuss implications and suggestions for future studies on organizational leaders' role in contested practice adoption in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Mesh Networks are gaining traction as a solution for delivering reliable connectivity without centralized infrastructure. They operate through wireless node interconnections, forming self-configuring networks ideal for scenarios where wired networks are impractical. Routing is crucial in Wireless Mesh Networks to ensure efficient communication among nodes. However, the suitability of routing algorithms for Wireless Mesh Network's topology requires further investigation. This paper proposes an investigation into the effectiveness of routing algorithms like AODV, DSDV, and OLSR across various Wireless Mesh Networks topologies using NS-3 simulation. It also aims to determine the optimal number of nodes and protocols to maximize throughput and minimize packet loss within a limited area. Through rigorous NS-3 simulations, the study demonstrates that AODV, DSDV, and OLSR exhibit differing effectiveness across random, mesh grid, and Fruchterman-Reingold topologies. These results emphasize the importance of considering topology-specific factors when selecting and optimizing routing protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks. In summary, Wireless Mesh Networks offer decentralized connectivity, but the effectiveness of routing algorithms in different topologies remains understudied. This investigation addresses this gap by evaluating routing algorithms across various topologies, shedding light on their suitability and performance in Wireless Mesh Networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is Taiwan's overseas community, and how does it connect with Taiwan's diplomacy? The ad hoc organization representing migrants from Taiwall, the Overseas Community Affairs Council, evolved from the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission (OCAC) of the Republic of China (ROC), established in 1926. The jargon overseas Chinese is the English translation of the Chinese term huaqiao. The latter refers to migrants from China and their descendants who consider themselves sojourners from China, but not all ethnic Chinese residing abroad would accept the huaqiao identity. The ideas concerning huaqiao and Taiwan's diplomacy constitute the theme of this paper. It adapts Joseph Nye's thesis of soft power (cultural diplomacy) and Jacques deLisle's concept of sharp power (political warfare) to interpret the two views on the articulation between Taiwan and migrants from China. It points out the Chinese nationalist embeddedness of the huaqiao concept and the ways in which nationalists drew reference from the history of Chinese migration to Taiwan in the seventeenth century to construct the huaqiao discourses. It also traces the institutional foundation of the Kuomintang's (KMT) huaqiao policies transplanted to Taiwan after 1949. The debate over Taiwan's overseas community policies reflected the twofold question: the competition between Taiwan's cultural diplomacy and the People's Republic of China's political warfare over overseas Chinese mobilization and the construction of Taiwan's national identity after democratization. In conclusion, I highlight the importance of de-nationalizing the huaqiao ideas to ensure a democratic approach for Taiwan to connect with its migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empiricists often struggle to apply game theory models to real-life cases of animal cooperation. One reason is that many examples of cooperation occur in stable groups, where individuals form social bonds that influence exchanges of help in ways that are not well described by previous models, including the extent of reciprocity and how relationships are initiated. We present a game theory model exploring the conditions under which social bonds between group members promote cooperation. In the model, bonds build up from exchanges of help in a similar way as the strength of association increases in learning, as in the Rescorla--Wagner rule. The bonds in turn affect partner choice and influence helping amounts. The model has a mechanism of reciprocity for bonded pairs, which can evolve toward either loose or strict reciprocation. Several aspects of the model are inspired by observations of food sharing in vampire bats. We find that small social neighborhoods are required for the evolutionary stability of helping, either as small group sizes, or if bonded members of larger groups can form temporary (daily) smaller groupings. The costs of helping need to be fairly low, while the benefits can be substantial. The form of reciprocity that evolves is neither immediate nor very strict. Individuals in need request help based on bond strength, but there is also an evolved preference for initiating bonds with new group members. In contrast, if different groups come into temporary contact, the evolved tendency is to avoid forming bonds between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A maximum temperature of 48.8°C (119.8°F) was purportedly recorded for the automated station in Siracusa (Syracuse) Contrada Monasteri, on the island of Sicilia (Sicily) Italy on August 11, 2021. A World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ad hoc evaluation committee was assembled to assess the possibility that the Sicilia temperature was the highest recorded temperature in WMO Region VI (continental only). After a detailed review of the site considerations and of the regional synoptic weather conditions, combined with detailed sensor testing and calibration by the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), the WMO evaluation committee concluded (and the Rapporteur accepted) that (1) on August 11, 2021 the high temperature recorded for the automated station in Siracusa C. da Monasteri, did reach a maximum value of 48.8°C (119.8°F), (2) that temperature is recommended to be listed as the WMO official "highest recorded temperature in WMO Region VI (continental only)" and (3) although, as the INRiM testing established, the recorded value of 48.8°C is actually an underestimate of the temperature, the committee recommend that the recorded (likely conservative) value of 48.8°C be the value listed in the Archive. An arbitrated archive of current weather and climate extremes is one means of ensuring that we have the best possible data for climate change analysis and public dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal tensions abound for those involved in temporary interorganizational collaborations (IOCs). Participating members must navigate working within their home organization and the temporary IOC simultaneously. These tensions undermine efforts toward two important outcomes in temporary organizing contexts: temporal synchronization and ambitemporality. To be effective, leaders need a keen awareness of the temporal tensions present and an ability to manage these tensions through the enactment of additional temporal tensions. We identify temporal adaptive capacity (TAC) as a crucial competency needed by leaders to effectively manage the multi-level temporal tensions present when participating in temporary IOCs. Finally, we offer practical implications and a research agenda through the introduction of propositions related to TAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is burgeoning research on team resilience, resilience in temporary organizations such as project teams to boost project outcomes has yet to be fully scrutinized. Using a capacity-based conceptualization, this study investigates the predictive mechanism of project team resilience from an adaptive structuration perspective and explores the effect of team resilience on project performance. Survey data from 202 members of construction project teams lend empirical evidence to the proposed model. The results suggest that only project social media use and its interplay with professional identity salience contribute to project team resilience, which in turn improves project performance. Particularly, professional identity salience benefits project team resilience when project social media use is high, while this effect is negative when project social media use is low. These findings add to the burgeoning literature on project team resilience from a systemic and contingent lens, as well as providing informative insights for managing team resilience in engineering project practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has been prepared with the intention of informing the Spanish-speaking public about the rapprochement process between the International Commission on Mineral Resources and Reserves (CRIRSCO in English) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE in English) in the Called meetings held between April 2224, 2024, in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Both organizations formed ad hoc work teams and presented the bridge document between both Mineral Resources classification systems: BRIDGE DOC_CRIRSCO-UNFC_BD_ECE_ENERGY_GE.3_2024_5_ENG.pdf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convergent synthesis of tetraarabinofuranoside β-d-Araf-(1→2)-α-d-Araf-(1→3)-α-d-Araf-(1→5)-α-d-Araf-1↑OR (R is 4-(3-azidopropoxy)phenyl) related to the terminal fragment of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria was developed. The synthesized tetraarabinofuranoside represents a linear motif of a branched hexaarabinofuranoside, which is the main LAM epitope. 4-(3-Azidopropoxy)phenyl aglycone belongs to the class of Janus aglycones, which can serve as both a temporary protective group for the anomeric position of carbohydrate and a (pre)spacer for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates useful for the development of new tuberculosis diagnostic assays. The key step of the synthesis is the formation of 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A PBO is a temporary organization formed by assembling members with diverse experiences and backgrounds, aimed at achieving specific innovation goals. Constructing a reasonable communication network structure and enhancing organizational synergy are effective ways to promote the sustainable development of the system. This study, based on the Input–Process–Output (IPO) model and social network analysis, utilized a group collaboration platform to conduct a three-stage communication experiment on 685 construction project managers. Under two organizational sizes, the internal mechanism of how communication networks with two levels of centralization influence task performance were tested. The results indicate that in the case of a smaller organizational size, PBOs using a decentralized communication network tend to achieve higher task performance. However, as the organizational size expands, PBOs employing a centralized communication network may surpass in task performance. Additionally, we found that with the expansion of organizational size, bootleg innovation behaviors of organizational members are continually stimulated, further enhancing collective task performance. This study, based on the evolution of communication network parameters, explores the structural characteristics of organizational communication networks and the mechanisms underlying the emergence of bootleg innovation behaviors. It delineates the key pathways for improving collective task performance. The findings can provide a scientific reference for the organizational evolution and development of engineering project management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood donation is a vital part of worldwide healthcare. Voluntary donors, many times have been deferred due to numerous reasons, temporarily or permanently. The reasons for deferral vary in different regions. Knowledge of the relative prevalence and identification of pattern and trend in donor deferral can be used as tools for developing policies and taking further initiatives in donor education and encouragement Aim: To determine the prevalence of deferral and assess the pattern of donor deferrals with regard to age, sex, type and cause of deferral. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in Blood bank, Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College And Research Centre using data of all donor deferrals which has been reported from January 2018 to April 2022. Results: Total no of donors deferred in our study was 300. Among them 261 were Male and 39 were female. The mean years of age of the deferral group were 28.7 +/- 8.46. There were about 267 (89%) deferred due to temporary reasons and 33 (11%) deferred due to permanent reasons. In the temporary deferral group the most common cause for deferral was found to be anemia (29%) followed by tattoo (20%) and Alcohol intake(14%).Out of the 33 permanent deferrals 14 were deferred due to diabetes, 7 due to asthma and 6 each were deferred due to hypertension and medication. Conclusion: It is necessary that every blood bank analyze the health status, rates and patterns of donor deferral in their own region, so that unnecessary deferral especially due to temporary reasons can be avoided by conducting awareness programmes and mass screening programs before blood donation camps can be organized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on how Indigenous peoples might participate in collaborative environmental governance initiated by networked nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Fourteen Indigenous and six non-Indigenous board members and partners of Canadian Model Forests were interviewed and discussed seven aspects of collaborative governance affecting Indigenous participation: purpose and vision; decision-making structure(s); roles and responsibilities; engagement; capacity; leadership; and, cultural suitability. Participants described four possible participation structures: external advisory committee; internal board subcommittee; hybrid internal–external advisory board; and internal ad hoc group. Here, design options and implications of each model are considered, offering choices for engagement where NGOs seek to lead collaborative approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligence studies missed social science's "complexity turn" more than twenty years ago. The aim of this article is to examine military intelligence from a complexity science perspective and discuss related concepts such as sensemaking and reflexivity. For this, military and intelligence theory, doctrine, and practice are studied. Complexity insights from military sciences are used to review mental models and current thinking in military intelligence. Rather than viewing it as a clearly defined and autonomous field or function embodied by a closed intelligence cycle, military intelligence is best seen as a situated practice. This situatedness is illustrated in two cases regarding vertical and horizontal contextual influences. First, a discussion of North Atlantic Treaty Organization deployments in Afghanistan shows important vertical influences: the impact of (political) context and task. Second, a review of United Nations missions exemplifies the horizontal dimension: the need for informal collaboration, ad hoc organization, and a holistic approach. However, both cases show vertical and horizontal influences. Overall, this article stresses the applicability of sensemaking rather than the intelligence cycle and makes suggestions for further incorporating complexity research into intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relief operations by a military task force in response to Hurricane Dorian presented an empirical puzzle. The task force adapted in a radical and swift way after arrival in the disaster-struck area. Within just a few days, it hardly resembled the organization that had set out to provide relief. The nature and speed of this adaptation could not be explained by the existing literature. Thus, I pose the question: "How does radical and swift adaptive organizing in response to unexpected events unfold?" The study builds on 31 interviews and rich visual data, consisting of 711 photographs and 12 videos, to shed more light on this process. The main discovery in this paper is that frontline personnel swiftly deconstructed and reconstructed key elements of the organizational structure, producing radical changes in authority, plans, safety standards, routines, and ties. The interim organizational response structure that emerged from this process enabled successful relief operations. The paper contributes to the coordination literature and research on temporary organizations. It also highlights the insights that visual data can provide into processes unfolding in extreme contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed the development of the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP/VU), a step-by-step protocol designed to identify metaphoricallyused words in discourse. However, MIP(VU)'s merits notwithstanding, the procedure poses a problem to scholars intending to use its output as the basis for a semantic field analysis involving a quantitative component. Depending on the research question, metaphor analysts may be interested in chunks of language situated above the procedure's standardized level of analysis (i.e., the lexical unit or lexeme), including phrases and sentences. Yet, attempts to decenter the method's exclusive focus on metaphor-related words have been the target of critique, among others on the grounds of their lack of clear unit-formation guidelines and, hence, their inconsistent unit of analysis and measurement. Drawing on data derived from a Spanish-language US-based newspaper's coverage of the migration program known as DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals), this article describes challenges that analysts can run into when attempting to use a dataset containing atomized metaphor-related words as the input for subsequent quantitative semantic analyses. Its main methodological contribution consists in a proposal and illustration of three possible methods to extend the existing MIP(VU)-protocol in such a way as to allow it to capture metaphorical strings, on top of lexemes, in a reliable and systematic manner. The first two methods are procedural, and entail formulating a-priori grouping-directives based on the research question(s). One departs from semasiological criteria (Method 1) and the other takes an onomasiological approach (Method 2). The third method works bottom-up, involving the ad hoc grouping of lexemes and adding a descriptive parameter meant to keep track of grouping-decisions made by the analyst, thereby safeguarding transparency at all times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) have emerged as a very active area of research in glycoscience and nutrition. HMO are involved in the early development of infants and may help to prevent certain diseases. The development of chemical methods for obtaining individual HMO aids the global effort dedicated to understanding the roles of these biomolecules. Reported herein is the chemical synthesis of two common core hexasaccharides found in human milk, i. e. para‐lacto‐N‐hexaose (pLNH) and para‐lacto‐N‐neohexaose (pLNnH). After screening multiple leaving groups and temporary protecting group combinations, a 3+3 convergent coupling strategy was found to work best for obtaining these linear glycans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tendency of infrastructure projects to be complex, large-scale, and long-term prompts temporary project organizations' need to have resilience to deal with various risks, uncertainties, and crises. The resource and cognitive capacity of stakeholders are key factors in infrastructure project governance and crisis response in the face of shock generation. Moreover, previous studies on organizational resilience of infrastructure projects have lacked exploration from project governance perspectives. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of contractual and relational governance on the organizational resilience of infrastructure projects from the perspectives of resource reconfiguration and organizational cognition. Firstly, this study established a conceptual model through a theoretical background and hypotheses development. Then, a questionnaire was designed for participants in the infrastructure projects to collect data on the respective effects of each variable. A total of 519 complete responses to the questionnaire were collected, and a path model was developed to quantitatively measure the impact of contractual and relational governance on organizational resilience using the partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. Finally, the model was validated using reliability and validity testing, hypotheses testing, and mediating effect testing. The results of the study showed that the contractual and relational governance can enhance the level of organizational resilience. Resource reconfiguration and organizational cognition play a mediating role in the relationship between project governance and organizational resilience. This study extends the theoretical research on the impact of project governance on organizational resilience, and deepens the intrinsic link between the two from the perspective of resource reconfiguration and organizational cognition, so as to provide effective theoretical guidance for crisis response and sustainable operation of infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tables were created using a standardized and independent assessment of the efficacy and side effects of treatments with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or the CGRP receptor for the prevention of migraine. We hope to provide support for author groups writing national or regional treatment or management guidelines for migraine prevention. Methods: We formulated patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes (PICO) questions for the efficacy and safety of mAb against CGRP or the CGRP-receptor for the prevention of migraine attacks. We performed a systematic literature research for randomized studies with eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab and galcanezumab and a pooled analysis was done, using RevMan 5.4 software. For dichotomous outcomes we used risk ratio, and for continuous outcomes we used the mean difference to compare and summarize the evidence between groups. The evidence across studies, for each outcome, except serious adverse events, was assessed using GRADE evidence tables. Additionally, we report the serious adverse effects in the tables of the characteristics of the studies. Results: All mAb are superior to placebo for the reduction in monthly migraine days (days in which a headache consistent with migraine occurred) in participants with episodic and chronic migraine. There are no major differences between the mAb. Conclusions: The GRADE evidence summary tables provided will support author groups to write treatment guidelines for the prevention of migraine with mAb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational sense of community (SOC) research suggests that SOC depends on the depth of relationships cultivated between members over time. The rise of temporary organizations-transient work arrangements with limited expectations for future interactions-implored us to consider how a swift SOC can emerge in temporary organizations, where the cultivation of relationships may be challenging. We introduce a broader relational approach and draw on high-quality connections and resourcing theories to examine how a swift SOC emerges. Utilizing rich data sources, our qualitative analyses present a swift SOC cultivated in five days in a sleepaway summer camp. We find that this swift SOC was built on brief supportive connections that were made durable by resourcing artifacts. Resourcing artifacts creates scaffolds that mobilize actors to create a web of connections, leading to an organization-wide swift SOC. We propose that a swift SOC can emerge through four intertwined resourcing artifact phases: initial resourcing, embracing resourcing, reinterpreting resourcing, and expanding resourcing. During these phases, individuals imbue artifacts with new meaning and resource artifacts for (a) dyadic connection, (b) staff coordination, and (c) membership in a subgroup and (d) an organization-wide community. We demonstrate symbolizing and momentary connections as novel resourcing mechanisms enabling this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many marketing transactions between buyers and suppliers involve short-term collaborations or so-called temporary organizations. Such organizations have considerable value-creation potential but also face challenges, as evidenced by their mixed performance records. One particular challenge involves relationship governance, and in this respect, temporary organizations represent a conundrum: On the one hand, they pose significant governance problems due to the need to manage numerous independent specialists under time constraints. On the other hand, temporary organizations lack the inherent governance properties of other organizational forms such as permanent organizations. The authors conduct an empirical study of 429 business-to-business construction projects designed to answer two specific questions: First, how are particular selection and pricing strategies deployed in response to monitoring and coordination problems? Second, does the joint alignment between the two mechanisms and their respective attributes help mitigate cost overruns? The authors follow a formal hypothesis test with a series of in-depth interviews to explore and to gain insight into the validity of the key constructs, explanatory mechanisms, and outcomes. Managerially, the authors answer the long-standing question of how to mobilize a temporary organization. Theoretically, they develop an augmented "discriminating alignment" heuristic for relationship management involving multiple governance mechanisms and attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant fracture can be effectively plugged by injecting self-degradable diverters during temporary plugging fracturing. The subsequent fracturing fluids can divert into the poor fractures. The fracture complexity can be enlarged and the well production can be enhanced. This study established a new diverter temporary plugging evaluation system and carried out 23 groups of temporary plugging experiments to investigate the plugging characteristics of diverters within three-dimensional (3D) hydro-fractures. Experimental results show that (1) the formation process of a temporary plugged zone is determined by the bridging capability of the most significant particulates; (2) the tight plugged zone can undergo diverter attachment, bridging, filling, and compaction or diverter bridging, filling, and compaction; (3) diverters are most likely to plug distorted fractures, followed by inclined-flat fractures, and then axial/transverse-flat fractures due to the varying widths of hydro-fractures; (4) pure fibers can plug hydro-fractures when the fracture width is less than 1.5 mm, and the difference in the diameter of bridging particulates and the fracture width should be less than 1.5 mm when the fracture width exceeds 2.5 mm. Meanwhile, this study investigates the optimal temporary plugging agent formulations for different fracture widths based on economic factors and operational conditions, providing on-site recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how isolation and the seasonality of employment both constrain and enable agricultural guest workers' contact with outsiders. While the H-2A visa program can render foreign workers invisible and immobile—and thus more easily exploited and mistreated—a group of temporary Mexican apple pickers in northwest Virginia generated resources, transportation, and assistance well beyond what was provided by the company or mandated by visa protocol. The conditions and processes highlighted in this study provide a framework for identifying factors that may diminish—or enhance—the relative autonomy of guest workers. In this case, a history of return migration and the presence of co-ethnics in the settled population generated an unexpected flow of activity in and out of the remote camp. While not automatic or without limitations, these connections provided a more open and dynamic guest-worker experience than what a singular focus on isolation and exclusion would otherwise suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moreover, the emphasis was on doing rather than showing, reframing the site of exhibition into a space for a host of collective practices of organizing in the form of craft making, partying, workshops and discussion forums, or just hanging out. To Ruangrupa, this curatorial impetus stems from their own self-made trajectory into collective art-making and community organizing, forced by local Indonesian circumstances, and somewhat defying any precursor to their practice. Contemporary art as collective organizing, it transpired, not only engulfs one in organizational experiments, in practices and atmospheres of organizing as part and parcel of art "works.". [Extracted from the article]

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Assessing the transport flow robustness is a significant aspect of a qualitative solution to traffic management problems. Therefore, management should be based on appropriate criteria, accounting for different factors characterizing traffic flow sustainability. That's why it is crucial to establish the impact rate for each group of factors on the robustness criterion. Therefore, the current study aims to obtain the dependence of the criterion changes for traffic flow sustainability on the traffic jam occurrence when changing the gradients' product of traffic flow density and its speed. The value of the robustness criterion allows for performing an impact rating for input factors on traffic flow sustainability. All factors affecting transport flow robustness are divided into three groups. Based on simulation results, factors rating that impact the robustness margin value of the traffic flow is presented. Length and weight of automobiles are at first place according to impact terms on the sustainability loss of the traffic flow. In second place of impact on sustainability loss are the temporary factors group and factors group that considers the roadway environment's infrastructure. Hence, the results can be used to analyze sustainability traffic flows in controlled highway network stretches and develop measures to increase sustainability reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme flooding of the floodplains of large lowland rivers poses a danger to the population due to the vastness of the flooded areas. This requires the organization of safe evacuation in conditions of a shortage of temporary and transport resources due to significant differences in the moments of flooding of different spatial parts. We consider the case of a shortage of evacuation vehicles, in which the safe evacuation of the entire population to permanent evacuation points is impossible. Therefore, the evacuation is divided into two stages with the organization of temporary evacuation points on evacuation routes. Our goal is to develop a method for analyzing the minimum resource requirement for the safe evacuation of the population of floodplain territories based on a mathematical model of flood dynamics and minimizing the number of vehicles on a set of safe evacuation schedules. The core of the approach is a numerical hydrodynamic model in shallow water approximation. Modeling the hydrological regime of a real water body requires a multi-layer geoinformation model of the territory with layers of relief, channel structure, and social infrastructure. High-performance computing is performed on GPUs using CUDA. The optimization problem is a variant of the resource investment problem of scheduling theory with deadlines for completing work and is solved on the basis of a heuristic algorithm. We use the results of numerical simulation of floods for the Northern part of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain to plot the dependence of the minimum number of vehicles that ensure the safe evacuation of the population. The minimum transport resources depend on the water discharge in the Volga river, the start of the evacuation, and the localization of temporary evacuation points. The developed algorithm constructs a set of safe evacuation schedules for the minimum allowable number of vehicles in various flood scenarios. The population evacuation schedules constructed for the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain can be used in practice for various vast river valleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: New beta-lactams, associated or not with beta-lactamase inhibitors (NBs/BIs), can respond to the spread of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriales and nonfermenting carbapenem-resistant bacteria. The risk of emergence of resistance to these NBs/BIs makes guidelines necessary. The SRLF organized a consensus conference in December 2022. Methods: An ad hoc committee without any conflict of interest (CoI) with the subject identified the molecules (ceftolozane–tazobactam, ceftazidime–avibactam, imipenem–cilastatin–relebactam, meropenem–vaborbactam and cefiderocol); defined 6 generic questions; drew up a list of subquestions according to the population, intervention, comparison and outcomes (PICO) model; and reviewed the literature using predefined keywords. The quality of the data was assessed using the GRADE methodology. Seven experts in the field proposed their own answers to the questions in a public session and answered questions from the jury (a panel of 10 critical-care physicians without any CoI) and the public. The jury then met alone for 48 h to write its recommendations. Due to the frequent lack of powerful studies that have used clinically important criteria of judgment, the recommendations were formulated as expert opinions as often as necessary. Results: The jury provided 17 statements answering 6 questions: (1) Is there a place in the ICU for the probabilistic use of new NBs/IBs active against Gram-negative bacteria? (2) In the context of documented infections with sensitivity to several of these molecules, are there pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, ecological or medico-economic elements for prioritization? (3) What are the possible combinations with these molecules and in what context? (4) Should we integrate these new molecules into a carbapenem-sparing strategy? (5) What pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are available to optimize their mode of administration in critically ill patients? (6) What are the dosage adaptations in cases of renal insufficiency, hepatocellular insufficiency or obesity? Conclusion: These recommendations should optimize the use of NBs/BIs in ICU patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain was among the worst hit countries during the first waves of the COVID-19. Globally, policymakers required science advice to guide their decisions and inform the general public. This science advice for policy and decision-making and relation with the whole society fits into the epistemic dimension or the use of public debate to achieve the best decision within the deliberative democratic systems. In its exercise, boundary organisations and the role of scientists as honest brokers both stand out. This case study is the first qualitative evaluation of the main political and scientific actors and organisations, which comprised the science-for-policy ecosystem in Spain during the pandemic, of their actions, and of the frictions that could have hampered the crisis management. From the policy side, science was present in official speeches and there was a proliferation of ad hoc advisory committees, but there was media confusion about their independence and transparency, likely due to communication issues and political polarisation. From the scientific side, there was a cacophony of experts in the public sphere and competence for policy attention, with controversies about the policy decisions taken. This study concludes with recommendations for institutional improvement and democratic deliberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates how paywall suspensions affect subsequent subscription decisions and how the patterns of content consumption moderate such effects. In an effort to increase revenue amid declining print subscriptions, news organizations have shifted their focus to digital content consumption. On top of digital advertising revenue, digital subscriptions provide news organizations with an additional revenue stream. At the same time, though, this creates a conflict with the news organizations' societal obligation to keep the public informed. Using individual-level clickstream data from a major news organization and temporary paywall suspensions during events of public interest, we investigate how paywall suspensions affect subsequent subscription decisions. Although paywall suspensions enable news organizations to inform the public, does this hinder or contribute to their commercial interests? Adopting various identification strategies to analyze both unplanned and planned events, our analyses reveal that temporary paywall suspensions not only increase the amount of traffic during the suspension period, but also increase the likelihood that visitors become subscribers. We further examine how the patterns of content consumption moderate the effect of the suspension on subscription behavior. Our results suggest that the variety of content consumed during the suspension period is associated with an increased likelihood that website visitors choose to subscribe. History: K. Sudhir served as the senior editor and Dina Mayzlin served as associate editor for this article. Funding: Financial support from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea [Grant 2022S1A5A8054316] is gratefully acknowledged. Supplemental Material: The web appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2022.1400. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, titled "When Summer's in Session, so is NACAC: A message from the NACAC board chair," discusses the activities and initiatives of the National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC) during the summer season. The article highlights the Annual Member Vote, where new leaders for the organization are elected, and provides resources for members to get to know the candidates. It also mentions the preparations for the annual conference, which focuses on the theme of courage. Additionally, the article mentions the formation of a new ad hoc committee to explore transparency in college admission and acknowledges the work of previous committees. The article concludes by emphasizing NACAC's commitment to advancing careers, college access, and opportunity for all. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Selcuk Dental Journal is the property of Selcuk Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effects of different temporal structures among actors in interorganizational projects can be hugely consequential, especially for large societal projects. By applying a temporal translation view to a real-time study of an interorganizational project, we studied the influence of differences between such structures during the collaboration. We found that the three participating organizations, having distinctly different temporal structures, adopted different modes of translation, which we identified as integrative, adaptive and transformative. These different modes of translation affected dramatically how the project unfolded, as they impacted differently the time and effort required to adapt to common schedules and deadlines. Our study contributes a processual extension of entrainment theory by shedding light on entrainment as ongoing accomplishment enabled by a translation view. It also contributes to a processual understanding of the temporality of interorganizational projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The group of ad hoc nodes without any infrastructure is a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The nodes in these networks move and provide regular outcomes as a result of the frequent topological changes. Ad hoc networks' dynamic topological changes may be managed by using appropriate routing protocols, which improve network performance. In this study, we have presented novel energy-efficient routing models in MANET. The proposed methodology includes three major phases namely relay node selection, shortest pathfinding, and path maintenance. The fuzzy-based analytic hierarchy process with Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) (Fuzzy-AHP with TOPSIS) method is used for relay or intermediate node selection. After that, the Hybrid Capuchin Search-based Emperor Penguin and Salp Swarm (HCS-EPS2) algorithm effectively select the shortest path. Finally, path maintenance is carried out, and mobile nodes are used to communicate with neighbors by exchanging hello packets. The experimental results were conducted for the proposed model in terms of throughput, energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and end-to-end delay. When compared to the existing techniques, the packet arrival rate, end-to-end latency, and communication overhead are improved to 20, 40, and 30%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The paper aims to establish the legal nature of guidelines in the Polish legal system and the possible formal consequences of introducing such guidelines (litigation, professional responsibility), as well as the practical implications concerning the method of treating patients. Methods: The analysis explains fundamental issues that largely determine the content of the study. The basic assumption is to analyze the legal nature of the prepared guidelines from the point of view of public law, i.e., the relations between the state, as the primary public law entity, and individual, private entities, such as natural persons, legal persons, or organizational units without legal personality, and more specifically, the relations between state authorities and medical professionals. Results and conclusion: 1) Treatment guidelines fall outside the scope of the universally applicable law subsystem. Therefore, they do not constitute sources of universally binding law. 2) Furthermore, the guidelines do not constitute sources of domestic law, as the issuing bodies have no legal authority to issue them and to mould the legal situation of their addressees. 3) In regulations that shape the rules of practicing medical professions, both statutory and corporate (the Code of Medical Ethics), the guidelines may constitute the basis for adjudicating on the professional (disciplinary) liability of a physician. 4) The guidelines may pose a barrier to the development of medicine, especially in cases where the issuance thereof by ad hoc groups and the lack of updates lead to the consolidation of outdated clinical practice and inhibit the research potential generated from the bottom up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-forming or casual groups are groups in which individuals are in face-to-face interactions and are free to maintain or terminate contact with one another, such as clusters of people at a cocktail party, play groups in a children's playground or shopping groups in a mall. Stochastic models of casual groups assume that group sizes are the products of natural processes by which groups acquire and lose members. The size distributions predicted by these models have been the object of controversy since their derivation in the 1960s because of the neglect of fluctuations around the mean values of random variables that characterize a collection of groups. Here, we check the validity of these mean-field approximations using an exact stochastic simulation algorithm to study the processes of the acquisition and loss of group members. In addition, we consider the situation where the appeal of a group of size i to isolates is proportional to i α . We find that, for α ≤ 1 , the mean-field approximation fits the equilibrium simulation results very well, even for a relatively small population size N. However, for α > 1 , this approximation scheme fails to provide a coherent description of the distribution of group sizes. We find a discontinuous phase transition at α c > 1 that separates the regime where the variance of the group size does not depend on N from the regime where it grows linearly with N. In the latter regime, the system is composed of a single large group that coexists with a large number of isolates. Hence, the same underlying acquisition-and-loss process can explain the existence of small, temporary casual groups and of large, stable social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegócio is the property of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegocio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Lack of trust between supervisors and trainees can have harmful consequences. Trust has been examined between physicians, patients, and staff in multiple settings but has not been examined in a bidirectional manner in the pediatric emergency department (PED). Debra Meyerson in 1996 discussed the theory of swift trust, a type of trust that develops quickly between temporary groups through reliance on categories. Meyerson describes categories as groups unified by social identities such as gender or profession. We explored the applicability of swift trust in the relationship between supervisors and trainees in the PED. Methods: This multimethods study used qualitative interviews and the validated interpersonal mistrust trust measure (IMTM) to assess baseline trusting style. PED attendings from a single institution and residents from various training levels, specialties, and institutions rotating through the same PED were sampled until thematic saturation was reached. Interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. IMTM scores were triangulated with interviewee's reported trusting styles. Results: Seventeen PED attendings and 16 residents participated. Residents and attendings emphasized different factors that influence trust. Common factors across groups included affect, the need for vulnerability, and appropriate communication. Most described reliance on certain categories (level of training, specialty, etc.) when making trusting decisions. Categories such as gender and race were noted to be unimportant when making trusting decisions about others, although some participants believed these attributes played into decisions made by others. Quantitative data from the IMTM supported qualitative conclusions regarding trusting style. Conclusions: The trusting relationship between supervisors and trainees in the PED dovetails with the swift trust theory. Common factors that influence trust reveal entry points for attendings and residents to improve trust and ultimately prevent negative patient outcomes. Future studies may examine how reliance on categories influences an individual's trust in their colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a form of bank robbery recurring in all regions of Brazil, carried out by dozens of heavily armed men. Late at night or at dawn, these gangs attack and obstruct the actions of public security forces in small and medium-sized cities, subjecting the entire population. Using explosives, they breach safes and ATMs at local bank branches, which are simultaneously robbed. In part of these events, residents are held hostage until the robbers manage to get out of the city. Before police reinforcements from neighboring cities arrive, the bandits flee. The analysis developed in this text observes the instrumental and expressive use of violence used in such robberies, which require careful planning and investment in infrastructure and logistics. Sociability will also be focused on these gangs, which constitute temporary groups of robbers, based on knowledge exchanges and technical cooperation, whose common objective is to obtain large sums of money in their armed attacks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]