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Apache Log4j2 is a prevalent logging library for Java-based applications. In December 2021, several critical and high-impact software vulnerabilities, including CVE-2021-44228, were publicly disclosed, enabling remote code execution (RCE) and denial of service (DoS) attacks. To date, these vulnerabilities are considered critical and the consequences of their disclosure far-reaching. The vulnerabilities potentially affect a wide range of internet of things (IoT) devices, embedded devices, critical infrastructure (CI), and cyber-physical systems (CPSs). In this paper, we study the effects and feasibility of exploiting these vulnerabilities in mission-critical aviation and maritime environments using the ACARS, ADS-B, and AIS protocols. We develop a systematic methodology and an experimental setup to study and identify the protocols’ exploitable fields and associated attack payload features. For our experiments, we employ software-defined radios (SDRs), use open-source software, develop novel tools, and develop features to existing software. We evaluate the feasibility of the attacks and demonstrate end-to-end RCE with all three studied protocols. We demonstrate that the aviation and maritime environments are susceptible to the exploitation of the Log4j2 vulnerabilities, and that the attacks are feasible for non-sophisticated attackers. To facilitate further studies related to Log4j2 attacks on aerospace, aviation, and maritime infrastructures, we release relevant artifacts (e.g., software, documentation, and scripts) as open-source, complemented by patches for bugs in open-source software used in this study. peerReviewed

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains illustrations, Accepted: 2020-01-09, 資料番号: PA2020004000

Los organismos del suelo son una gran proporción de la biodiversidad, pero sabemos muy poco de ellos. Analizamos la fauna del suelo, y su respuesta al tamaño y calidad de sus hábitats. En sólo 48 muestras encontramos 96 familias de artrópodos, casi las mismas que de plantas en todo el P.N. Font Roja. La mayoría de estos organismos son colémbolos y ácaros, cuya riqueza y abundancia aumenta junto con la materia orgánica del suelo. Els organismes que viuen al sòl suposen una gran proporció de la biodiversitat, però no sabem massa sobre ells. Analitzem la fauna del sòl i la seua resposta a la mida i qualitat del seu habitat. En sòls 48 mostres hi trobem 96 famílies d’artròpodes, quasi tantes com famílies de plantes hi trobem a tot el P.N. Font Roja. La major part d´aquests organismes són col·lèmbols i àcars, I l’abundància i diversitat d´aquests organismes augmenta amb el contingut de carboni al sòl. Soil-associated organisms contribute a big proportion of global biodiversity, yet we know little about them. We analysed the soil fauna and its response to the size and quality of the habitat they inhabit. In only 48 samples we found 96 arthropod families, almost as many as plant families to be found in the entire protected area. Soil fauna was dominated by springtails and mites, with their abundance and diversity increasing with soil organic matter content. Esta investigación ha sido financiada por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, del Gobierno de España, mediante el proyecto I+D+i «Retos investigación» del programa estatal de I+D+i orientada a los retos de la sociedad “Identificando las consecuencias funcionales de cambios en la biodiversidad a varias escalas espaciales” (FOBIASS; RTI2018-098895-a-i00) y la ayuda Ramón y Cajal (RyC-2016-20604).

Evidence regarding asthma’s impact on children’s daily lives is limited. This prospective and cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study assessed school/work and activity impairment in children and adolescents with allergic asthma and their caregivers and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) effects. Included patients were schooled children and adolescents (5 to 17 years) with allergic asthma due to house dust mites (HDM). Impairment of school/work (i.e., absenteeism and presenteeism) and activity was measured in patients and their caregivers using the Work Productivity Impairment Questionnaire plus Classroom Impairment Questions: Allergy Specific (WPAI + CIQ:AS). HDM allergic patients with school impairment received subcutaneous AIT with a MicroCrystalline Tyrosine-associated allergoid. WPAI + CIQ:AS and effectiveness variables were compared between baseline and 1-year post-AIT. Of the 113 patients included, 59 (52.2%) and 51 (45.1%) showed school and activity impairment, respectively, missing a mean (SD) of 37.6 (24.4) % and 42.6 (25.6) % of school and activity time, respectively. Twenty-six (23%) caregivers reported activity impairment and, of the 79 (69.9%) employed, 30 (38%) reported work impairment. Of the 65 patients with school/activities impairment, 41 (63.1%) received AIT, of which 21 (51.2%) completed 1 year of treatment. Effectiveness variables and WPAI + CIQ:AS significantly improved: Mean (SD) school impairment decreased from 39.7 (26.7) to 2.1 (7.1) % (p p Conclusion: Allergic asthma due to HDMs results in school/work and activity impairment in children and adolescents and their caregivers. One year of AIT provided clinical benefits and reduced school and activity impairment. What is Known:• Allergic asthma impairs children’s school performance and daily activities.• Allergen immunotherapy modifies allergic disease course and ameliorates its symptoms. What is New:• Asthma symptoms due to allergy to house dust mites impair children’s school attendance and productivity and daily activity and their caregivers’ work performance and daily lives.• Allergen immunotherapy with a house dust mite MicroCrystalline Tyrosine (MCT)-associated allergoid seems to provide clinical benefits, associated with decreased school and activity impairment, supporting it as an effective treatment option.

Rinitis al·lèrgica; Infants i adolescents; Tirosina microcristal·lina Rinitis alérgica; Niños y adolescentes; Tirosina microcristalina Allerghic rhinitis; Children and adolescents; Microcrystalline tyrosine Evidence regarding allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in pediatric population is scarce. We have assessed safety and effectiveness of subcutaneous AIT with a microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT)-associated mite allergoid, Acarovac Plus®, in children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis (AR), with and without asthma, in the real-world setting. This was a retrospective, multicenter study including children and adolescents aged 5 years to 17 years with AR, with and without asthma, and sensitized to mites, receiving AIT with Acarovac Plus® during ≥6 months. Primary and secondary objectives were safety and effectiveness, respectively. Effectiveness variables were assessed during 12 months before and after AIT and included unscheduled visits to the healthcare center and emergency room admissions, rhinitis and asthma symptoms according to ARIA and GEMA classifications, respectively, medication use, and patients’ and physicians’ disease perception graded on a visual analog scale (VAS). All 79 patients included had a mean (SD) age of 12.7 (3.3) years. Two patients experienced systemic adverse reactions (none severe). Unscheduled visits to the healthcare center and emergency room admissions decreased (mean (SD) 3.02 [2.48] and 0.63 [1.35] vs. 1.08 [1.38] and 0.09 [0.38], before and after treatment, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). After AIT, rhinitis and asthma classification changed (p < 0.0001 for all classifications), showing improvements in symptoms and a significant decrease in rhinitis and use of medication for asthma and VAS scores grading patients’ and physicians’ disease perception (p < 0.001). In conclusion, these results show that AIT with an MCT-associated mite allergoid appears safe and effective in children and adolescents with AR treated in the real-world setting. This study was supported by Allergy Therapeutics Ibérica.

Im Flugverkehrsmanagement (ATM) ist die Kommunikation grundlegend für die Sicherheit, Regelmäßigkeit und Effizienz der Flugleistungen. Mit dem schnellen Wachstum des Luftfahrtsektors und den zunehmenden Flugbewegungen steigt die Nachfrage nach einem leistungsst¨arkeren ATM-System. Das SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) Programm hat sich zu diesem Zweck das Ziel gesetzt, die europäische ATM-Struktur einschließlich der Kommunikationsinfrastruktur zu modernisieren und zu standardisieren. Daher wird für effizientere und sicherere Wege der Kommunikation eine zukünftige Kommunikationsinfrastruktur (FCI) im Rahmen des SESAR Programms entwickelt und umgesetzt. Die FCI soll verbesserte und neu entwickelte Systeme und Technologien umfassen. Diese Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit dem FCI Lösungsvorschlag und enthält eine kurze Beschreibung der Systemkomponenten und ihrer technischen Spezifikationen. Darüber hinaus präsentiert die Arbeit einen Überblick über die bestehenden Kommunikationstechnologien und die zukünftige Infrastruktur für die Luft-Luft-, Luft-Boden- undBoden-Boden-Kommunikation. Zusätzlich wird ein Vergleich zwischen etablierten Kommunikationssystemen und der FCI gezogen. For air traffic management (ATM) communication is fundamental to the safety, regularity, and efficiency of flight performances. With the rapid growth of the aviation sector and increasing flight movements the demand for a better ATM system is rising. For this purpose, the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) program has set its goal to modernise and standardize Europe’s ATM structure including communication networks. SESAR is striving for a Future Communication Infrastructure (FCI) comprising improved and new developed systems and technologies for more efficient and safer means of communication. This paper will present the FCI proposal as well as a short description of its components and their technical specifications. Furthermore, the paper will give an overview of legacy communication technologies and the upcoming infrastructure for air-air (A/A), air-ground (A/G) and ground-ground (G/G) communication. Additionally, a comparison between established communication systems and the FCI is drawn. Sophie Charlotte Benkwitz Bachelorarbeit FH JOANNEUM 2021

En el present treball s'ha avaluat el potencial dels nemàtodes entomopatògens per a controlar la plaga de R. ferrugineus. Per fer-ho, s'ha determinat la susceptibilitat d'aquesta a 4 espècies diferents de nemàtodes: Steinernema carpocasae (soca B14, IDEBIO, BIOVERD), Steinernema feltiae (soca D114), Steinernema sp. (D122) i Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (soca DG46). D'altra banda, s'ha determinat la predació de Steinernema carpocapsae per part de l'àcar Centroupeda almerodai (Acari: Acaridae) per comprovar si aquest pot influir negativament en l'efectivitat de S. carpocapsae com agent de control biològic. S'ha vist que el morrut de les palmeres és molt susceptible als nemàtodes entomopatògens en especial una soca comercial (S. carpocapsae), la qual produeix mortalitats del 91,67%. Hi ha evidències de que l'àcar C. almerodai depreda les formes infectives de S. carpocapsae encara que no és suficient important com perquè es vegi compromès l'efectivitat com a bioinsecticida. L'ús de nemàtodes entomopatògens com a control biològic és una alternativa viable als mètodes químics de eficàcia similar però menys respectuosos amb el medi ambient. In this work the potential of the entomopathogenic nemàtodes to control the pest of R. ferrugineus was evaluated. Four species of nemàtodes were used: Steinernema carpocasae (B14, IDEBIO, BIOVERD strain), Steinernema feltiae (D114 strain), Steinernema gliseri group (D122 strain) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (DG46 strain). On the other hand, the predation of Steinernema carpocapsae by the acar Centroupeda almerodai (Acari: Acaridae) was determined, to evaluate if it could negatively influence in the effectiveness of S. Carpocapsae as a biological control agent. We have seen that the red plam weevil is very susceptible to the entomopathogens nemàtodes, specialy the comercial stain IDEBIO (S. carpocapsae), that produce a mortality of 91,67%. There is an evidence that the acar C. almerodai depredate the infective forms of S. carpocapsae even if it's not enought to compromise the bioinsecticide effectiveness. The use of entomopathogens nemàtodes as a biological control is a viable alternative to the chemical methods that have a similar efficiency, but not so respectuous with the environment.

The implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in current agricultural practice is a convenient and very effective strategy to maintain pest populations under control. The use of Biological Control Agents, like Phytoseiulus persimilis, is key for the success of such approach. This predatory mite is widely used since it is very effective for controlling the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), one of the most devastating pests worldwide. Here we show the identification of mutations located in the Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) of P. persimilis, that correlate with the reduced susceptibility to deltamethrin observed in commercially sourced colonies of this predatory mite. We have found that the mites from each source have intrinsic genotypic differences that correlate with their phenotype when tested with different concentrations of deltamethrin. Thus, the mites from Syngenta carrying the mutations M918L and A1536T were able to survive up to 10 ppm, while the mites form Koppert with the combination M918L, L925V and S1539T survived the treatment with 40 ppm. These mutations are located in a particular region of the channel, previously proposed as the binding site for this family of pesticides and a hot spot for resistance mutations. The potential implications for optimised integration of P. persimilis within an IPM strategy are discussed.

Aim: Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of immunotherapy with Acarovac Plus® in a 1-year prospective multicentered real-life study. Methods: A total of 118 adults with allergic rhinitis sensitized to Dermatophagoides received subcutaneous immunotherapy with Acarovac Plus. Treatment outcomes were evaluated at baseline, 6 months and 1 year after treatment initiation. Primary end point was the evolution of the combined symptom and medication score. Secondary end points included other effectiveness outcomes and measurement of product tolerability. Results: Acarovac Plus induced significant improvements in primary and secondary end points after 6 months compared with baseline. These differences persisted after 1 year of treatment (p < 0.001; baseline vs 1 year): combined symptom and medication score (1.60 vs 0.79). No serious adverse events were recorded. Conclusion: Acarovac Plus for 1 year was effective and well tolerated in a real-life setting.

Despite the Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) being widely deployed for over twenty years, little scrutiny has been applied to it outside of the aviation community. Whilst originally utilized by commercial airlines to track their flights and provide automated timekeeping on crew, today it serves as a multi-purpose air-ground data link for many aviation stakeholders including private jet owners, state actors and military. Such a change has caused ACARS to be used far beyond its original mandate; to date no work has been undertaken to assess the extent of this especially with regard to privacy and the various stakeholder groups which use it. In this paper, we present an analysis of ACARS usage by privacy sensitive actors-military, government and business. We conduct this using data from the VHF (both traditional ACARS, and VDL mode 2) and satellite communications subnetworks. Based on more than two million ACARS messages collected over the course of 16 months, we demonstrate that current ACARS usage systematically breaches location privacy for all examined aviation stakeholder groups, explaining the types of messages used to cause this problem.We illustrate the challenges with three case studies-one for each stakeholder group-to show how much privacy sensitive information can be constructed with a handful of ACARS messages. We contextualize our findings with opinions on the issue of privacy in ACARS from 40 aviation industry professionals. From this, we explore recommendations for how to address these issues, including use of encryption and policy measures., Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2018 (3), ISSN:2299-0984

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00097/full#supplementary-material, Feather mites are useful models for studying speciation due to their high diversity and strong degree of host specialization. However, studies to date have focused on the evolution of higher-level mite taxa while much hidden diversity likely occurs at the level of host genera and species. In this study, we examined the diversity and evolution of feather mites infesting six sympatric seabird species from six genera, breeding in the Cape Verde archipelago. We report 32 feather mite morphospecies categorized into 10 genera and three families, of which nine correspond to new, undescribed species. Molecular data corroborated morphological species descriptions, except for two morphologically-cryptic, but genetically distinct mite lineages related to Zachvatkinia oceanodromae and Laminalloptes simplex. Using these communities, we then applied a co-structure approach to test the contribution of ectosymbiont and host factors in driving feather mite evolution. Most seabird species hosted specific and unique feather mite species, even under sympatric conditions, and in general, feather mite species exhibited strong host-driven genetic structure. However, patterns of genetic differentiation were variable. That is, some mite species are more generalist than others and mite lineages/haplotypes can be shared by related seabird species. Interestingly, host-specific mites (e.g., Zachvatkinia spp.) tend to display much higher intra-specific diversity compared to more generalist mites (e.g., Microspalax and Plicatalloptes spp.). We discuss ectosymbiont and host life-history traits that might generate these patterns, such as host dispersal and breeding behavior and/or mite spatial and trophic specialization. Our findings highlight both the vast and largely unrecognized diversity of avian feather mites on seabirds, and the intrinsic complexity of the ecological processes underlying the evolution of these ectosymbionts., We thank T. Militão, R. Ramos, P. Rodrigues, J.M. de los Reyes, P. Lopez., L. F. López-Jurado, E. Vendrell, S. Martins, A. Rendall, M. Brooke and H. Dinis for their help during fieldwork at different stages and mite sample collection and Valérie Noël for molecular assistance. Permits to capture and examine live procellariiform birds were issued by Direcção Geral do Ambiente and the Instituto Nacional de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Agrário from Cape Verde. The present investigation was performed during the postgraduate project of LMS supported by the University of Barcelona. EG-D was supported by JdC and RyC contracts from the MINECO, Spain. Financial support was provided by CGL2009-11278/BOS from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) and Fondos FEDER for LMS, by French ANR project ESPEVEC (ANR-13-BSV7-0018) and the CNRS, France for KM and by a Marie Curie Reintegration Grant to EG-D (ERG-2010-276838).

En el contexto de las comunicaciones aéreas, por medio de aeropuerto internacional el Dorado ubicado en la ciudad de Bogotá utiliza la tecnología ACARS como modelo de control y mantenimiento de las actividades de las aeronaves en la sabana Cundi-Boyacense. Con el constante desarrollo tecnológico del transporte aéreo, el número de aeronaves sigue en incremento, la eficiencia y la seguridad se vuelven requerimientos vitales; La existencia de un sistema alterno que cumpla con el papel de seguir monitoreando las actividades de los aviones en una emergencia se convierte en una necesidad. El presente trabajo contempla el diseño de un sistema de comunicación basado en un prototipo de recepción de señales aéreas desde el espectro, una base de datos donde se almacena los mensajes ACARS recibidos y un aplicativo Web como plataforma interactiva en tiempo real de la información dispuesta en la base de datos. El prototipo de recepción utiliza tecnología de Radio Definido por Software cuyo dispositivo manipulado es un RTL-SDR junto con un programa de procesamiento de señales. El software para procesar las señales provenientes del espectro electromagnético es GNU-Radio. El aplicativo Web plasma la ubicación en tiempo real de los mensajes ACARS desde la base datos previamente diseñado. In the context of air communications, El Dorado international airport in Bogotá uses ACARS technology as a model for the control and maintenance of aircraft activities in the Cundi-Boyacense region. With the constant technological development of air transport, the number of aircraft continues to increase, efficiency and safety become vital requirements; The existence of an alternate system that fulfills the role of continuing to monitor aircraft activities in an emergency becomes a necessity. The present work contemplates the design of a communication system based on a prototype of reception of aerial signals from the spectrum, a database where ACARS messages are stored and a Web application as a real-time interactive platform of the information arranged in the database. The prototype reception uses Software Defined Radio technology whose manipulated device is an RTL-SDR along with a signal processing program. The software for processing signals from the electromagnetic spectrum is GNU-Radio. The Web application maps the real-time location of ACARS messages from the previously designed database. Pregrado

Vehicular communications use either the IEEE 802.11a or IEEE 802.11p wireless standard. With the support of the Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), it has its wide range of applications such as energy efficiency, real-time traffic monitoring, infotainment, congestion control, and road safety. The key challenge in Vehicular communications is how to combat with the high mobility of vehicles due to their varying speed, as they communicate with each other via the Access Point (AP). Vehicles moving at high speeds have short opportunity to share data with each other, and this has to be within the shortest time; else there will be collision. In this paper, we proposed an Adaptive-Context-Aware Rate Selection (ACARS) algorithm, and modelled the mobility of vehicles with speed distribution using context-information. From results obtained, it shows that ACARS is efficient and reliable in delivery of safety messages in vehicles. It performs better using a Constant Speed mobility model, in order to obtain good throughput and low delay. Results also show that vehicles can get reliable messaging from each other via the AP.

Feather mites are among the most abundant and commonly occurring bird ectosymbionts. They live permanently on the host body, are adapted to inhabit well-defined host microhabitats and are found in almost all avian groups. Although feather mites have been extensively studied at the taxonomic level, much diversity remains undescribed and there are many open questions on the biology, ecology and evolution of feather mites. There is also an ongoing debate on the type of symbiosis, that is, whether bird-feather mite interactions are parasitic, commensalistic or even mutualistic. Therefore, better knowledge of feather mite communities at different levels of their biological organization (i.e., among host individuals, host populations and host species) can contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of feather mite-bird interactions, and of the evolution of parasite biodiversity in general. In this context, the main goal of this thesis was to investigate the evolutionary and ecological factors driving the diversity and community structure of feather mites inhabiting seabirds of the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. More specifically, using a multi-host and multi-mite species community approach, I quantify feather mite morphological and genetic diversity within different seabird species and populations; evaluate the relative importance of host versus geographic structure in influencing the evolution and population structure of seabird feather mites; investigate the spatial distribution and trophic structure within a host individual to identify the driving mechanisms and proximate factors shaping symbiont infra-community structure. Based on morphological criteria, the results show that seabird species harbour a diverse and unique mite fauna composed of 38 species belonging to 10 genera and three families. All seabird species hosted at least three feather mite species, while the richest community was composed of nine mite species. Each seabird genus harboured a distinct feather mite community and only three mite species were shared by two related shearwater genera. Seventeen of the 38 mite species found were new, undescribed species; official descriptions of six are included in this thesis. Overall, molecular data correlated well with morphological species descriptions, but also revealed the presence of six putative cryptic species belonging to four mite genera. The patterns of mite genetic structure were variable both among different sympatric hosts and among the same host species in different geographic regions. Thus, the great majority of mite species from sympatric seabirds exhibited strong host-associated patterns of genetic structure. When comparing mite communities among sibling host species from the same genus, some mite species were genetically unstructured among hosts and localities, whereas other mite species showed higher degree of genetic diversity and among population differentiation. These observed differences correspond to microhabitat use on the host body. No genetic differentiation among localities was found for feather mites, suggesting that mite dispersal regularly occurs between host populations. The distribution of two widely abundant mite species that co-occur on the flight feathers of a single seabird species, Calonectris borealis, showed clear spatial segregation among feathers; one species preferred the central primaries, whereas the other was restricted to the outermost primaries. This pattern resulted from a combination of habitat-specific adaptations and ongoing competition. In addition, isotopic analyses of mite diet indicated that the two mite species share the same host food resources, probably preen gland oil complemented with exogenous material. Altogether, this thesis highlights the vast and largely unrecognized diversity of feather mites harboured by seabirds, provides a comprehensive characterization of the patterns of seabird-feather mite species/lineages associations and contributes to a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes that have lead to their high diversity., Los ácaros de las plumas son unos de los ectosimbiontes más abundantes y comunes que se encuentran en casi todos los grupos de aves. Aunque han sido ampliamente estudiados a nivel taxonómico, mucha diversidad permanece sin ser descrita y todavía hay muchas preguntas abiertas sobre la biología, ecología y evolución de estos ectosimbiontes. Un mejor conocimiento de las comunidades de los ácaros de las plumas en diferentes niveles de su organización biológica puede contribuir a nuestra comprensión de la ecología evolutiva de las interacciones entre aves y ácaros, y de la evolución de la biodiversidad de los parásitos en general. El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido investigar los factores evolutivos y ecológicos que influyen la diversidad y la estructura de la comunidad de los ácaros de las plumas en aves marinas del Océano Atlántico y del Mediterráneo. Las especies de aves albergan una fauna de ácaros diversa y única compuesta por 38 especies perteneciendo a 10 géneros y tres familias. Cada género de ave albergaba una comunidad distinta de ácaros y solo tres especies de ácaros fueron compartidos por dos géneros cercanos de pardelas. Diecisiete de las 38 especies encontradas eran nuevas, no descritas; descripciones formales de seis especies están incluidas en esta tesis. Los datos moleculares correlacionaron bien con las descripciones morfológicas, pero también revelaron la presencia de seis especies cripticas pertenecientes a cuatro géneros de ácaros. Los patrones de la estructura genética de los ácaros fueron variables tanto entre los diferentes huéspedes simpátricos y entre la misma especie de huésped en diferentes regiones geográficas. La gran mayoría de las especies de ácaros de aves marinas simpátricas exhibió fuertes patrones de estructura genética asociados al huésped. Al comparar las comunidades de ácaros entre especies hermanas del mismo género de huésped, algunas especies de ácaros no estaban genéticamente estructuradas tanto entre huéspedes como entre localidades, mientras que otras especies presentaron diferenciación entre poblaciones. Estas diferencias observadas corresponden con el uso de microhabitats en el cuerpo del huésped. No se encontró ninguna diferenciación genética entre las localidades para los ácaros, sugiriendo que la dispersión de los ácaros se produce regularmente entre las poblaciones de huéspedes. La distribución de dos especies de ácaros que coocurren en las plumas del vuelo de Calonectris borealis mostró una clara segregación espacial entre plumas resultada de una combinación de adaptaciones específicas de hábitat y la competición en curso. Los análisis isotópicos de la dieta de los ácaros indicaron que las dos especies de ácaros comparten los mismos recursos alimenticios provenientes del huésped, probablemente aceite de la glándula uropígeal y material exógeno. En conjunto, esta tesis destaca la gran y poco conocida diversidad de los ácaros de las plumas albergada por las aves marinas y contribuye a una mejor comprensión de los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos que conlleva dicha alta diversidad.

Se realizó la determinación taxonómica de ejemplares adultos de ácaros eriófidos obtenidos de dos erineos de hojas de Quercus ilex y Q. coccifera. Se cita Aceria ilicis (Canestrini, 1890) en Quercus ilex y Q. coccifera, y Aceria trichophila Keifer, 1955 en Q. ilex. Ambas especies fueron colectadas en el Parque Natural de Collserola (Barcelona, Cataluña). Se reporta a A. trichophila por primera vez en el Paleártico y por primera vez sobre Q. ilex. Se confirma la presencia de A. ilicis en el noreste ibérico, especie ampliamente citada con presencia en la Península Ibérica a partir únicamente de los erineos colectados.

[ES] En el último año se han apreciado daños en las copas de Pinus halepensis Miller consistentes en el secado de las acículas de la copa, sobretodo de la parte superior y más externa. Estos daños parecen haber aumentado tras este último cálido invierno. El nivel de afectación de los pinos no es homogéneo en todos los individuos, pudiendo haber individuos totalmente sanos y otros con prácticamente la totalidad de la copa afectada, todo ello en la misma zona de muestreo. Por otra parte, en estudios anteriores se localizó un fitoplasma asociado a dicho secado. Los objetivos del presente TFG son: 1. Identificar los artrópodos que puedan ser causantes de los daños que sufren las acículas, con especial atención de los artrópodos chupadores: ácaros, cicadélidos, pulgones y cochinillas 2. Se estudiará si alguno de ellos se comporta como vector del fitoplasma. 3. Como consecuencia de su forma de alimentación, los insectos chupadores provocan el secado de las acículas del pino. Se diseñará una estrategia de Gestión Integrada de Plagas como indica el Real Decreto 1311/2012, de 14 de septiembre de uso sostenible de fitosanitarios, para estos artrópodos, dada la gravedad de los daños que se están produciendo actualmente. Plan de trabajo: Se elegirán tres zonas de muestreo. Una cercana a la costa, concretamente en la Devesa del Saler, otra en jardines de la ciudad de València y la tercera más hacia el interior, en el municipio de Torrent, tanto de jardines como de monte. El trabajo se realizará de abril a julio de 2016. En cada una de las zonas se hará un registro fotográfico de los árboles afectados y se referenciarán geográficamente. De cada árbol seleccionado se tomarán 4 muestras de ramillas verdes alrededor del perímetro de la copa. Dicho material se trasladará al laboratorio de protección de cultivos de la ETSIAMN, donde se anotarán y cuantificarán todos los artrópodos presentes, prestando especial atención a los ácaros fitófagos e insectos chupadores. Las acículas y los insectos susceptibles de ser vectores de fitoplasmas serán examinados mediante la técnica molecular nested-PCR, previa extracción del DNA total de la muestra. Se diseñará una estrategia de gestión integrada de plagas para los insectos chupadores que están causando el secado de las acículas del pino carrasco., [EN] Pines of province of Valencia have been showing in recent months peculiar symptoms, showing areas of the canopy with dry needles and forming spots distinguishable to the naked eye. Given the precedents that other studies it were had about phytoplasma in pines it was decided to analyze the needles and leafhoppers of Pinus halepensis Miller pine in various areas of the province of Valencia in search of possible phytoplasma causing drying. In addition, population studies on arthropods based on the presence of the same in the samples of pine twigs and yellow sticky traps studies were also made. Samples of twenty trees with symptoms were taken, photographed and georeferenced, ten of the Devesa del Saler and ten of the gardens of the city of Valencia. Phytoplasma detection was performed using DNA extraction of both pine needles as leafhoppers found therein, later, by PCR, dyeing and revealed agarose gel, to check if the DNA’s phytoplasma was in the samples. DNA tests were negative for the presence of phytoplasma both needles and leafhoppers. Arthropods present on the needles and branches of pines and sucking insects on the yellow traps were analyzed. The main insects found in pines were leafhoppers, aphids, thrips and mealybugs of Diaspididae family. From yellow traps, flight curves which have showed maximum flight for all species between April and May they were made. Among the arthropods responsible for the drying of needles highlights the presence of mites of the genus Oligonychus. It is proposed to make sanitation pruning in dry areas of the treetop to stimulate sprouting at the trees and also improve their aesthetic appearance especially in gardens. In addition, next fall it is proposed to continue monitoring the damage and populations of arthropods present in the branches, to do some action (chemical or forestry) as the first arthropods appear, as the damaged part of the tree is not recovered., [CA] Els pins de la província de València han anat mostrant durant els últims mesos una simptomatologia peculiar, presentant zones de la copa amb acícules totalment seques i formant taques distingibles a simple vista. Donats els precedents que es tenien d'altres estudis sobre fitoplasmas en pins, es va decidir analitzar les acícules i els cicadèlids dels Pinus halepensis Miller de distintes zones de la província de València a la cerca del possible fitoplasma causant de l'assecat. A més, també es van fer estudis de població sobre els artròpodes basant-se en la presència dels mateixos en les mostres de ramets de pi i estudis amb trampes grogues apegaloses. Es van obtindre mostres de vint peus amb símptomes, els quals van ser fotografiats i georreferenciats, deu de la Devesa del Saler i altres deu dels jardins de la ciutat de València. La detecció del fitoplasma es va realitzar per mitjà d'extracció del ADN tant de les acícules dels pins com dels cicadèlids trobats en les mateixes, per a posteriorment, per mitjà de PCR, tenyit i revelat en gel d'agarosa, comprovar si en les mostres es trobava el ADN del fitoplasma. Les anàlisis de ADN van resultar negatius a la presència de fitoplasmas tant en acícules com en cicadélidos. Es van analitzar els artròpodes presents en els ramets dels pins i els insectes xupladors presents en les trapes grogues. Els principals insectes trobats en els branquetes han sigut cicadèlids, pugons, trips i cotxinilles diaspídides. A partir de les trampes grogues es van realitzar corbes de vol les quals han mostrat màxims de vol per a totes les espècies entre abril i maig. Entre els artròpodes dels ramets responsables d'assecat d'acícules destaca la presència d'àcars del gènere Oligonychus. Es proposa realitzar podes de sanejament en les zones seques de la copa per a estimular la brotació de l'arbre i, a més, millorar l'aspecte estètic dels arbres especialment en jardins. A més, a la pròxima tardor es proposa la continuació del seguiment dels danys i de les poblacions d'artròpodes presents en les branques, per a fer alguna actuació (química o silvícola) quan apareguen els primers artròpodes, ja que la part danyada de l'arbre no es recupera.

[eng] Feather mites are among the most abundant and commonly occurring bird ectosymbionts. They live permanently on the host body, are adapted to inhabit well-defined host microhabitats and are found in almost all avian groups. Although feather mites have been extensively studied at the taxonomic level, much diversity remains undescribed and there are many open questions on the biology, ecology and evolution of feather mites. There is also an ongoing debate on the type of symbiosis, that is, whether bird-feather mite interactions are parasitic, commensalistic or even mutualistic. Therefore, better knowledge of feather mite communities at different levels of their biological organization (i.e., among host individuals, host populations and host species) can contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of feather mite-bird interactions, and of the evolution of parasite biodiversity in general. In this context, the main goal of this thesis was to investigate the evolutionary and ecological factors driving the diversity and community structure of feather mites inhabiting seabirds of the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. More specifically, using a multi-host and multi-mite species community approach, I quantify feather mite morphological and genetic diversity within different seabird species and populations; evaluate the relative importance of host versus geographic structure in influencing the evolution and population structure of seabird feather mites; investigate the spatial distribution and trophic structure within a host individual to identify the driving mechanisms and proximate factors shaping symbiont infra-community structure. Based on morphological criteria, the results show that seabird species harbour a diverse and unique mite fauna composed of 38 species belonging to 10 genera and three families. All seabird species hosted at least three feather mite species, while the richest community was composed of nine mite species. Each seabird genus harboured a distinct feather mite community and only three mite species were shared by two related shearwater genera. Seventeen of the 38 mite species found were new, undescribed species; official descriptions of six are included in this thesis. Overall, molecular data correlated well with morphological species descriptions, but also revealed the presence of six putative cryptic species belonging to four mite genera. The patterns of mite genetic structure were variable both among different sympatric hosts and among the same host species in different geographic regions. Thus, the great majority of mite species from sympatric seabirds exhibited strong host-associated patterns of genetic structure. When comparing mite communities among sibling host species from the same genus, some mite species were genetically unstructured among hosts and localities, whereas other mite species showed higher degree of genetic diversity and among population differentiation. These observed differences correspond to microhabitat use on the host body. No genetic differentiation among localities was found for feather mites, suggesting that mite dispersal regularly occurs between host populations. The distribution of two widely abundant mite species that co-occur on the flight feathers of a single seabird species, Calonectris borealis, showed clear spatial segregation among feathers; one species preferred the central primaries, whereas the other was restricted to the outermost primaries. This pattern resulted from a combination of habitat-specific adaptations and ongoing competition. In addition, isotopic analyses of mite diet indicated that the two mite species share the same host food resources, probably preen gland oil complemented with exogenous material. Altogether, this thesis highlights the vast and largely unrecognized diversity of feather mites harboured by seabirds, provides a comprehensive characterization of the patterns of seabird-feather mite species/lineages associations and contributes to a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes that have lead to their high diversity., [spa] Los ácaros de las plumas son unos de los ectosimbiontes más abundantes y comunes que se encuentran en casi todos los grupos de aves. Aunque han sido ampliamente estudiados a nivel taxonómico, mucha diversidad permanece sin ser descrita y todavía hay muchas preguntas abiertas sobre la biología, ecología y evolución de estos ectosimbiontes. Un mejor conocimiento de las comunidades de los ácaros de las plumas en diferentes niveles de su organización biológica puede contribuir a nuestra comprensión de la ecología evolutiva de las interacciones entre aves y ácaros, y de la evolución de la biodiversidad de los parásitos en general. El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido investigar los factores evolutivos y ecológicos que influyen la diversidad y la estructura de la comunidad de los ácaros de las plumas en aves marinas del Océano Atlántico y del Mediterráneo. Las especies de aves albergan una fauna de ácaros diversa y única compuesta por 38 especies perteneciendo a 10 géneros y tres familias. Cada género de ave albergaba una comunidad distinta de ácaros y solo tres especies de ácaros fueron compartidos por dos géneros cercanos de pardelas. Diecisiete de las 38 especies encontradas eran nuevas, no descritas; descripciones formales de seis especies están incluidas en esta tesis. Los datos moleculares correlacionaron bien con las descripciones morfológicas, pero también revelaron la presencia de seis especies cripticas pertenecientes a cuatro géneros de ácaros. Los patrones de la estructura genética de los ácaros fueron variables tanto entre los diferentes huéspedes simpátricos y entre la misma especie de huésped en diferentes regiones geográficas. La gran mayoría de las especies de ácaros de aves marinas simpátricas exhibió fuertes patrones de estructura genética asociados al huésped. Al comparar las comunidades de ácaros entre especies hermanas del mismo género de huésped, algunas especies de ácaros no estaban genéticamente estructuradas tanto entre huéspedes como entre localidades, mientras que otras especies presentaron diferenciación entre poblaciones. Estas diferencias observadas corresponden con el uso de microhabitats en el cuerpo del huésped. No se encontró ninguna diferenciación genética entre las localidades para los ácaros, sugiriendo que la dispersión de los ácaros se produce regularmente entre las poblaciones de huéspedes. La distribución de dos especies de ácaros que coocurren en las plumas del vuelo de Calonectris borealis mostró una clara segregación espacial entre plumas resultada de una combinación de adaptaciones específicas de hábitat y la competición en curso. Los análisis isotópicos de la dieta de los ácaros indicaron que las dos especies de ácaros comparten los mismos recursos alimenticios provenientes del huésped, probablemente aceite de la glándula uropígeal y material exógeno. En conjunto, esta tesis destaca la gran y poco conocida diversidad de los ácaros de las plumas albergada por las aves marinas y contribuye a una mejor comprensión de los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos que conlleva dicha alta diversidad.

La pell constitueix un microecosistema del qual treuen profit molts altres organismes. Milers d'àcars microscòpics viuen als fol·licles pilosos i a les glàndules sudorípares, especialment a la cara. I encara que no ens n'adonem, just ara mateix n'hi ha que s'estan alimentant de les nostres cèl·lules epitelials mortes, s'hi aparellen i també hi ponen ous. Un equip de científics de diverses universitats i centres de recerca dels EUA, de Copenhaguen, a Dinamarca, i de Vigo, a Espanya, han analitzat els àcars de la pell de diverses societats humanes i han vist que hi ha una clara relació entre els àcars i l'origen geogràfic de les persones. A més, la majoria d'àcars passen de pares a fills sense barrejar-se amb altres poblacions, la qual cosa pot servir per fer estudis demogràfics i evolutius.

According to classic niche theory, species can coexist in heterogeneous environments by reducing interspecific competition via niche partitioning, e.g. trophic or spatial partitioning. However, support for the role of competition on niche partitioning remains controversial. Here, we tested for spatial and trophic partitioning in feather mites, a diverse and abundant group of arthropods. We focused on the two dominant mite species, Microspalax brevipes and Zachvatkinia ovata, inhabiting flight feathers of the Cory’s shearwater, Calonectris borealis. We performed mite counts across and within primary and tail feathers on free-living shearwaters breeding on an oceanic island (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands). We then investigated trophic relationships between the two mite species and the host using stable isotope analyses of carbon and nitrogen on mite tissues and potential host food sources. The distribution of the two mite species showed clear spatial segregation among feathers; M. brevipes showed high preference for the central wing primary feathers, whereas Z. ovata was restricted to the two outermost primaries. Morphological differences between M. brevipes and Z. ovata support an adaptive basis for the spatial segregation of the two mite species. However, the two mites overlap in some central primaries and statistical modeling showed that Z. ovata tends to outcompete M. brevipes. Isotopic analyses indicated similar isotopic values for the two mite species and a strong correlation in carbon signatures between mites inhabiting the same individual host suggesting that diet is mainly based on shared hostassociated resources. Among the four candidate tissues examined (blood, feather remains, skin remains and preen gland oil), we conclude that the diet is most likely dominated by preen gland oil, while the contribution of exogenous material to mite diets is less marked. Our results indicate that ongoing competition for space and resources plays a central role in structuring feather mite communities. They also illustrate that symbiotic infracommunities are excellent model systems to study trophic ecology, and can improve our understanding of mechanisms of niche differentiation and species coexistence

Treball Final de Grau en Enginyeria Agroalimentària i del Medi Rural. Codi: AG1042. Curs: 2013/2014 Els cítrics es cultiven a la major part de les regions tropicals i subtropicals del planeta, i són els fruiters amb major producció mundial. Espanya és un dels països productors de cítrics més destacats. L’any 2012 va ser el segon cultiu amb més superfície destinada a la seua producció, amb 317.505 ha i el primer en producció, amb 5.736.197 t . Aquestes dades fan que Espanya siga el primer productor de cítrics de la Unió Europea, el sisè productor mundial de taronges i el segon de mandarines al 2012 . La principal regió citrícola és la Comunitat Valenciana, tant per superfície dedicada al cultiu 170.843 ha, com per producció amb 3.168.550 t . En el cultiu dels cítrics, les plagues representen un aspecte de màxim interès ja que la rendibilitat de les explotacions citrícoles pot veure-se’n molt reduïda. El seu control, en la citricultura espanyola, representa entre el 30 i el 35% dels costos mitjans de cultiu. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) és una de les quatre plagues clau dels cítrics encara que s’ha descrit en més de 1000 hostes diferents i pot establir-se en més de 150 hostes d’interès econòmic. L’aranya roja segueix una estratègia reproductiva de tipus “r”: amb un gran potencial biòtic, taxa de desenvolupament ràpida, cicle de vida curt, gran capacitat per localitzar hostes i dispersar-se ràpidament. Per aquesta raó, és considerat el tetraníquid més perjudicial a nivell mundial. La seua incidència en cítrics se centra especialment en cultius de clementí (Citrus reticulata Blanco) i llima (Citrus limon L.). L’alimentació de T.urticae en fulles provoca taques cloròtiques que disminueixen l’activitat fotosintètica, i si es combina amb estrès hídric, pot dur a defoliacions elevades. No obstant, les principals pèrdues econòmiques es produeixen pels danys ocasionats en fruits durant l’època estival. En aquest període, els àcars migren de les fulles als fruits, i en alimentar-se’n causen taques de color fosc a les zones estilar i peduncular. Les poblacions d’aranya roja s’han controlat tradicionalment mitjançant el control químic amb l’aplicació de tractaments fitosanitaris. No obstant, actualment es dóna prioritat al control biològic sobre el químic. Amb l’aplicació de la Directiva 2009/128/CE del Parlament Europeu del Consell del 21 d’octubre de 2009, que obliga a l’aplicació dels principis de la gestió integrada de plagues (GIP), des del 16 de gener de 2014, s’ha de prioritzar tots els mètodes no químics de control.

Bu çalışma, Aksaray ili Gülağaç ilçesinde çerezlik kabak ekili alanlarda bulunan zararlı ve yararlı böcek ve akar faunasının belirlenmesi amacıyla ele alınmıştır. Sürveyler; 2010 yılında Aksaray ili Gülağaç ilçesinde 13 Haziranda başlatılmış ve 6-8 gün aralıklarla 29 Ağustos tarihine kadar tekrarlanmıştır. Hareketli böcekleri toplamak için atrap metodu yanında ayrıca yaprakta Gözle kontrol metodu ile sayım yapılarak yaprak başına böcek ve akar sayısı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçta; 3 takıma bağlı 6 familyaya ait 8 zararlı böcek ve 1 takıma bağlı 1 familya ya ait 1 akar türü ile 3 takıma bağlı 5 familyaya ait 9 yararlı böcek türü tespit edilmiştir. Belirlenen bu böcek ve akar türlerinden zararlı olarak Empoasca decipiens Paoli , Tetranychus urticae Koch., Thrips tabaci Lind., Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae ,Aphis gosspypii Glover, Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach yararlı tür olarak Coccinella septempunctata L. Adonia variegata Goeze ve Chrysoperla carnea Step., oluşturdukları yaygınlık ve yoğunluk açısından önemli oldukları belirlenmiştir. Empoasca decipiens ise büyük farkla baskın tür olarak tespit edilmiş dolaysıyla sonraki çalışmaların vektör afite birlikte bu türe yönelik olmasının faydalı olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır., This study was conducted in Gülağaç Town of Aksaray Prowınce ( Turkey) to determine the harmful and beneficial acar and insect fauna on squash areas in 2010 growing season.Surveys were started in June 13 and continued by six-eight day intervals for collecting; sweeping net and checking directly plant material were used as method. As a result; 8 harmful insect species from 6 families of four order and 8 beneficial insect species from 5 families of 3 order were determined.From the pest species, Empoasca decipiens Paoli , Tetranychus urticae Koch., Thrips tabaci Lind., Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae Aphis gosspypii Glover, Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach and between the beneficial species Coccinella septempunctata L. Adonia variegata Goeze ve Chrysoperla carnea Step., were the common insect and acar species Empoasca decipiens Paoli was the most important and dominant pest of sguash in the area. Consequently It can be advised that the future work should be done on this species together vector aphids.

En el present treball s’ha avaluat el potencial dels nemàtodes entomopatògens per a controlar la plaga de R. ferrugineus. Per fer-ho, s’ha determinat la susceptibilitat d’aquesta a 4 espècies diferents de nemàtodes: Steinernema carpocasae (soca B14, IDEBIO, BIOVERD), Steinernema feltiae (soca D114), Steinernema sp. (D122) i Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (soca DG46). D’altra banda, s’ha determinat la predació de Steinernema carpocapsae per part de l’àcar Centroupeda almerodai (Acari: Acaridae) per comprovar si aquest pot influir negativament en l’efectivitat de S. carpocapsae com agent de control biològic. S’ha vist que el morrut de les palmeres és molt susceptible als nemàtodes entomopatògens en especial una soca comercial (S. carpocapsae), la qual produeix mortalitats del 91,67%. Hi ha evidències de que l’àcar C. almerodai depreda les formes infectives de S. carpocapsae encara que no és suficient important com perquè es vegi compromès l’efectivitat com a bioinsecticida. L’ús de nemàtodes entomopatògens com a control biològic és una alternativa viable als mètodes químics de eficàcia similar però menys respectuosos amb el medi ambient. In this work the potential of the entomopathogenic nemàtodes to control the pest of R. ferrugineus was evaluated. Four species of nemàtodes were used: Steinernema carpocasae (B14, IDEBIO, BIOVERD strain), Steinernema feltiae (D114 strain), Steinernema gliseri group (D122 strain) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (DG46 strain). On the other hand, the predation of Steinernema carpocapsae by the acar Centroupeda almerodai (Acari: Acaridae) was determined, to evaluate if it could negatively influence in the effectiveness of S. Carpocapsae as a biological control agent. We have seen that the red plam weevil is very susceptible to the entomopathogens nemàtodes, specialy the comercial stain IDEBIO (S. carpocapsae), that produce a mortality of 91,67%. There is an evidence that the acar C. almerodai depredate the infective forms of S. carpocapsae even if it’s not enought to compromise the bioinsecticide effectiveness. The use of entomopathogens nemàtodes as a biological control is a viable alternative to the chemical methods that have a similar efficiency, but not so respectuous with the environment.

Correspondence to Mónica Hurtado Ruiz, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Campus del Riu Sec, E-12071-Castelló de la Plana, Spain. Email: mhurtado@camn.uji.es Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; Tetranychus urticae is a polyphagous mite which is an important pest of citrus worldwide. This mite can be found feeding on many plant species occurring in the citrus agrosystem moving from weeds to trees. Because field samples consist of a mixture of different Tetranychidae species, as a first step necessary to further implement population characterisation of T. urticae, species-discriminating criteria based on molecular techniques are needed. In this study, the nucleotide variation of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 and the intergenic 5.8S fragment of nuclear rDNA of T. urticae, Tetranychus turkestani, Tetranychus evansi, Tetranychus ludeni and Panonychus citri have been determined. Results demonstrate that for these species, the rDNA ITS2 regions are much more conserved than the corresponding rDNA ITS1. The high homogeneity of the ITS2 sequence observed among the specimens of T. urticae obtained from the same ecoregion makes this DNA sequence an excellent tool for species discrimination. ITS sequences differentiate not only species but also specimens from different geographical origin. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS2 proved adequate for a quick screening of high numbers of field samples

Treball de recerca realitzat per un alumne d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2005. S' estudia la influència de les condicions ambientals sobre la població acarina a quatre poblacions catalanes, situades a diferents altituds. A partir d’un recull bibliogràfic es fa una aproximació prèvia teòrica sobre la morfologia i la fisiologia dels àcars. Posteriorment s’ha dut a terme un treball de recerca sobre la influència de variables com l’altitud sobre la població acarina o la temperatura i la humitat en llocs tancats. Finalment, s’ha comparat la utilitat del mètode físic i químic de lluita contra els àcars. L’anàlisi de les dades obtingudes demostren que per damunt dels 1 200 m la població acarina és insignificant i que la millor manera de combatre els àcars és utilitzar el mètode físic de barrera (funda antiàcars) combinat amb el mètode químic d’acaricida (Benzil Benzoat).

This article is fosused on inegration of three technologies: an airborne system called ACARS, software for logistic of operation and aircraft support system. There are three important elements of an airline operation aircraft itself, maintenance and flight operation.

Se han realizado 5 ensayos en manzanos para evaluar la acción de algunos acarici­das sobre la araña roja Panonychus ulmi (Koch) y sus depredadores los fitoseidos. En 4 ensayos la especie era Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) y en la otra A. californicus (McGregor). En total se han ensayado 14 materias activas. Se observa una mayor toxicidad de los productos sobre A. californicus que sobre A. andersoni, y en esta última especie la toxicidad suele ser mayor cuando el nivel de P. ulmi es más elevado. Las materias activas que son mas tóxicas para los fitoseidos son: amitraz, bifentrin y fenpropatrin. En el caso del amitraz se observa incluso una proliferación de P. ulmi. Los productos que son menos tóxicos para los fitoseidos y que dan una mayor relación depredador/presa, a pesar de su baja eficacia sobre P. ulmi, son: benzoximato, dioctil-sulfosuccinato-sodico y fenbutestan. Los acaricidas: cihexaestan, dinobuton, hexitiazox y propargita son medianamente tóxicos para los fitoseidos, pero su poca eficacia sobre P. ulmi provoca como resultado una relación depredador/ presa más baja que el testigo. Los que dan una mayor eficacia sobre P. ulmi, pero son más tóxicos para los fi­toseidos que los productos anteriores, por lo que dan como resultado unas relaciones de­ predador/presa más irregulares son: fenazaquin, fenpiroximato, piridaben y tebufenpirad. Deben realizarse más estudios sobre las dosis, mezclas y momentos de aplicación de todos estos productos para su utilización en el control integrado de la araña roja. Fourteen acaricides have been tested in five field trials to evaluate their efficacy on Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and their toxicity to the phytoseids Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) (4 trials) and Amblyseius californicus (McGregor) (1 trial). In general, the acaricides were more toxic to A. californicus than to A. andersoni. The toxicity to A. andersoni was higher when the population of P. ulmi was great. The more toxic to phytoseids active ingredients were amitraz, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin. An increase in P. ulmi populations was observed after the use of amitraz. The acaricides that gave a better predator/prey relationship were benzoximate, dioctil-sulfosuccinate and fenbutatin-oxide. This products showed the lowest toxicity to phytoseids but their efficacy against P. ulmi was low. The acaricides cyhexatin, dinobuton, hexythiazox and propargite were moderately toxic to phytoseids, but their low efficacy against P. ulmi led to a prey/predator relationship smaller than the observed relation in the control plots. The acaricides belonging to the METI-group (fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyridaden and tebufenpyrad) were the most efficient against P. ulmi, but also the most toxic to phytosedis, leading to irregular prey/predator relationships. More trials with this chemicals should be done to assess the correct rate, the mixtures betweend them, and the timing of application for use in IPM programs.

El estudio crítico de los trabajos realizados hasta el momento pone claramente de manifiesto el papel etiológico de la acarofauna pulvícola en la aparición de las manifestaciones atópicas respiratorias, de cuyo origen puede responsabilizarse al polvo doméstico. Por otra parte, los contactos mantenidos con algunos ilustres alergólogos barceloneses, nos permitieron conocer que el porcentaje de la población infantil de nuestra ciudad que acudía a los consultorios de esta especialidad, afecta de procesos atópicos de este origen, era elevado. La falta de trabajos españoles sobre esta interesante faceta de la alergología, y sobre todo la ausencia de los mismos en lo que respecta a nuestra ciudad, nos indujo a orientar nuestro trabajo hacia el esclarecimiento de estas cuestiones en nuestro medio urbano. La diversidad especifica que presenta dicha acarofauna lleva aneja la necesidad de establecer con claridad los tres puntos siguientes: a) Cuál es la importancia o responsabilidad de las diversas especies de ácaros presentes en el polvo doméstico en la etiología del asma atópica infantil; b) El estudio de las posibles similitudes o parentescos antigénicos entre los extractos de polvo doméstico y los obtenidos de las diversas especies de ácaros presentes en el mismo; y c) El posible parentesco antigénico de los extractos correspondientes a los diversos grupos de ácaros presentes en este biotopo pulvícola.

El desconocimiento generalizado de nuestra base de trabajo, la acarofauna, conlleva que, como paso previo a cualquier otro estudio, deba procederse primariamente a la tarea mucho más ingrata, y a veces poco reconocida, de realización de estudios faunísticos que son un medio indispensable para que la investigación acarológica pueda llevarse a cabo. Los estudios taxonómicos son otro paso necesario y obligado, tanto para la descripción de nuevas como para las deducciones filogenético-evolutivas que de las mismas puedan derivarse, dada la estrecha relación entre la especificidad de un parásito y su permanencia en un tipo determinado de hospedador. En definitiva, el trabajo que se presenta se planteó con los siguientes objetivos: 1) Realización de estudios taxonómicos, tanto morfológicos como de variabilidad, de las especies insuficientemente conocidas, así como la descripción de aquellas nuevas especies que se han encontrado. 2) Ampliar los conocimientos faunísticos y geográficos de la acarofauna de los micromamíferos de la región catalana. 3) Estudiar las interacciones de la parasitocenosis acarina en dichos micromamíferos.

Tesi de Llicenciatura per a la obtenció del Grau de Farmàcia. Facultat de Farmàcia. Universitat de Barcelona. Director: Montserrat Portús Vinyeta. 1981.

The parasitic mite Varroa destructor has a significant worldwide impact on bee colony health. In the absence of control measures, parasitized colonies invariably collapse within 3 years. The synthetic pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin have proven very effective at managing this mite within apiaries, but intensive control programs based mainly on one active ingredient have led to many reports of pyrethroid resistance. In Europe, a modification of leucine to valine at position 925 (L925V) of the V. destructor voltage-gated sodium channel was correlated with resistance, the mutation being found at high frequency exclusively in hives with a recent history of pyrethroid treatment. Here, we identify two novel mutations, L925M and L925I, in tau-fluvalinate resistant V. destructor collected at seven sites across Florida and Georgia in the Southeastern region of the USA. Using a multiplexed TaqMan® allelic discrimination assay, these mutations were found to be present in 98% of the mites surviving tau-fluvalinate treatment. The mutations were also found in 45% of the non-treated mites, suggesting a high potential for resistance evolution if selection pressure is applied. The results from a more extensive monitoring programme, using the Taqman® assay described here, would clearly help beekeepers with their decision making as to when to include or exclude pyrethroid control products and thereby facilitate more effective mite management programmes.