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This research was conducted to determine the knowledge level of university students about dyslexia. Gümüşhane University exam constituted the universe of the descriptive research. 1500 students were reached in the study and a questionnaire form was used by the research as a data collection form. The average age of the study is 21.21 ± 1.95. 40.7% of the students are studying at the faculty of health sciences and 42.6% of the students have knowledge about dyslexia. When the students were asked to define dyslexia, 49.1% defined dyslexia as learning disorder, 24.9% defined social communication disorder, 17.7% mental retardation, 4.7% physical disability and 3.7% identified auditory disability. Our research is because they haven't heard of rocker dyslexia concept and haven't read any books on dyslexia. It is recommended to increase the number of possible awareness campaigns and make plans for dyslexia studies to be conducted in large samples and to be put on the market. In addition, systematic research on dyslexia should be done in Turkey, personalized programs and programs to others by drawing others to be prepared., Bu araştırma üniversite öğrencilerinin disleksi hastalığı hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı türdeki araştırmanın evrenini Gümüşhane Üniversitesi öğrencileri oluşturdu. Araştırmada 1500 öğrenciye ulaşılmıştır ve veri toplama formu olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 21.21±1.95’dir. Öğrencilerin %40,7’si sağlık bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim görmektedir ve öğrencilerin %42.6’sını disleksi hakkında bilgi sahibi olduğu saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerden disleksiyi tanımlamaları istendiğinde %49.1’i disleksiyi öğrenme bozukluğu olarak tanımlarken, %24.9’u sosyal iletişimde bozukluk, %17,7’si zeka geriliği, %4,7’si bedensel engel %3.7’si de işitsel engel olarak tanımlamıştır. Araştırmamız sonucunda öğrencilerin çoğunluğunun disleksi kavramını duymadıkları ve disleksi ile ilgili herhangi bir kitap okumadıkları belirlenmiştir. Disleksi konusunda farkındalık kampanyaları sayısının artırılarak disleksi araştırmalarının geniş örneklemlerde yapılması ve sonuçlar doğrultusunda disleksi konusunda stratejik planlamalar yapılması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye’de disleksi ile ilgili sistematik araştırmalar yapılmalı, güçlük çeken öğrencilerin ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda bireyselleştirilmiş etkinlikler ve programlar hazırlanmalıdır.

Kaplan, Suleyman/0000-0003-1477-5002 WOS: 000387093200007 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of pentylenetetra-zole (PTZ) kindling on the number of pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampus. STUDY DESIGN: Using unbiased stereology, we calculated total pyramidal neuron numbers in the CA1, CA2, and CA3 areas and the whole hippocampus after PTZ-induced kindling. The estimation and the analysis of the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells (areas of CA1-3) were done with the optical fractionator technique, which is a stereological counting technique. RESULTS: Stereological analysis showed that the total number of pyramidal neurons in the whole hippocampus and the number of pyramidal neurons in CA1 were significantly lower in kindled rats as compared to the controls (p0.05). CONCLUSION: PTZ-induced seizures cause a decrease in the amount of pyramidal neurons in the CA area of the rat hippocampus.

İşbu çalışmamızın amacı, uygulamada sıklıkla karşılaşılan mevduat rehninin bütün hukuki yönleriyle incelenmesidir. Bu çerçevede çalışmamızda öncelikle mevduata ilişkin genel bilgilere yer verilmiş ve mevduat rehninin ne şekilde kurulacağı açıklanmıştır. Ardından mevduat rehni nedeniyle rehin alan alacaklı ile rehin veren mevduat sahibi ve ayrıca banka nezdinde doğan hak ve yükümlülükler incelenmiştir. Mevduat rehninin ayni bir hak olmasından kaynaklanan hukuki sonuçların değerlendirilmesinin ardından çalışmamızda son olarak mevduat rehninin hangi durumlarda sona ereceği açıklanmış ve mevduatın rehnedilmesinin mevduat zamanaşımına etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Mevduat rehnine ilişkin hukuki açıklamalarda; mevduatın, bir alacak hakkı niteliğinde olması nedeniyle TMK m. 954 vd. düzenlenen alacak rehnine ilişkin hükümler esas alınmış olmakla beraber mevduatın niteliğinden kaynaklanan özel durumlara da yer verilmiştir. Mevduat rehnine ilişkin hukuki değerlendirmelerde ayrıca mevduatın, mevduat alacağının borçlusu konumunda olan banka lehine rehnedilmesinin özellikli yönleri de belirtilmiştir. Zira uygulamada en sık karşılaşılan mevduat rehni; bir kredinin teminatını teşkil etmek üzere, kredi kullandıran banka nezdinde bulunan mevduatın banka lehine rehnedilmesidir. This paper aims to provide analysis of deposit pledge by its all legal apects which is pretty common in practice. Within this concept it firstly includes general information on deposits and explains how to establish a deposit pledge. The paper then examines rights and obligations of pledgee, pledger and bank.It is then considered legal consequences based on the fact that deposit pledge is a limited property right. The conclusion of the paper explains dissolution situations of deposit pledge and analyzes the effect of pledged deposit on statute of limitations on deposit. Despite the fact that the analysis is based on the Articles 954 and ff of Turkish Civil Code, it also contains exclusive circumstances arising the characteristics of deposit, since deposit has the characteristic of a claim.Moreover most common deposit pledge is to pledge a deposit which is under the belonging of the loan providing bank in favor of that bank with regard to constitute a collateral surety. Therefore specific aspects of pledging a deposit in favor of the debtor bank are mentioned under this paper as well. 189

Karakurt, Meryem Dilek Acar/0000-0002-2314-8126; Sefil, Fatih/0000-0001-5534-7448; BOSTANCI, Mehmet Omer/0000-0002-2887-1073 WOS: 000361557500028 PubMed: 26379841 Gap junctions play an important role in the synchronized neuronal discharges. The main reason of the epileptic seizures is disruption of this synchronization. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the combination valproic acid with carbenoxolone in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats. In the first set of experiments, pentylenetetrazole (35 mg/kg intraperitoneally was administered to the rats to produce the kindling and then permanent screw electrodes to record electroencephalographic signals. The kindled rats were divided into six groups. While electroencephalographic recordings received from animals, behavioral evaluation was done by an observer. The data analysis was performed using T test and Mann-Whitney U tests. The dose of 40 mg/kg carbenoxolone was the most effective in carbenoxolone treatment groups. It prevented generalized seizures by 50%, reduced seizure stage, seizure duration and spike frequency. There was no significant difference between carbenoxolone-valproic acid combination and valproic acid on any seizure parameters. The current study is the first study which shows the interaction of carbenoxolone with valproic acid in pentylenetetrazole kindling model. As a result, carbenoxolone-valproic acid combination was not more effective than the standalone use of these drugs. Ondokuz Mayis University Research FoundationOndokuz Mayis University [PYO.TIP.1904.09.010] This project was supported by the Ondokuz Mayis University Research Foundation (PYO.TIP.1904.09.010).

Epilepsi beyinde anormal elektriksel aktivite, rekürren paroksismal burstlerle karakterize bir hastalıktır. Deneysel epilepsi modelleri belirli tip epilepsileri çalışmak için oluşturulmuştur. Tutuşma modeli, sekonder olarak jeneralize olan kompleks parsiyel epilepsinin bir modeli olarak yaygın şekilde çalışılmaktadır. Voltaj kapılı kalsiyum kanal blokeri nitrendipinin birçok deneysel epilepsi modelinde antikonvülsan etkisinin olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, pentilentetrazol (PTZ) ile oluşturulan tutuşma modelinde nitrendipinin etkisi daha önce çalışılmamıştır. Fenobarbital ve levetiracetam klinik uygulamada epilepsi tedavisinde kullanılmakta olan ilaçlardır. Her iki ilacın da antiepileptik etki mekanizmaları arasında voltaj kapılı kalsiyum kanallarıyla ilişkili etki mevcuttur. PTZ ile oluşturulan tutuşma modelinde nitrendipin-levetiracetam ve nitrendipin-fenobarbital etkileşimleri çalışılmamıştır. Sunulan çalışmanın amacı, tutuşma modelinde nitrendipinin etkisini, nitrendipin ile levetiracetamın, nitrendipin ile fenobarbitalin etkileşimini araştırmaktır.Tutuşma modelini oluşturmak amacıyla 35 mg/kg PTZ, 90 adet erkek, 75 adet dişi Wistar Albino sıçana haftada üç kez (pazartesi, çarşamba, cuma) intraperitoneal olarak (i.p.) enjekte edildi. Çalışılan erkek sıçanların 47'sinde (% 52.22) tutuşma modeli oluştu, 14'ü (% 15.55) tutuşma modeli oluşturmak amacıyla yapılan deneylerde henüz tutuşmadan yüksek şiddetli, uzun süreli nöbet geçirdi ve öldü, 29'u (% 32.22) tutuşmadı. Tutuşma modeli oluşturmak amacıyla çalışılan dişi hayvanların 39'unda (% 52) tutuşma modeli oluştu, 21'i (% 28) henüz tutuşmadan yüksek şiddetli, uzun süreli nöbet geçirdi ve öldü, 15'i (% 20) tutuşmadı. Tutuşmayan ve ölen hayvanlar deneyden çıkarıldı. Erkek ve dişi hayvanların tutuştuğu enjeksiyon sayısı (ortalama ± standart sapma) sıra ile; 16,00 ± 5,073 ve 12,56 ± 4,95 olarak tespit edildi. Tutuşma, tutuşmama ve ölüm yüzdeleri açısından erkek ve dişi sıçanlar arasında fark olmadığı, fakat dişi sıçanların erkek sıçanlara kıyasla daha erken tutuştuğu saptandı (p0.05). 5 mg/kg nitrendipin, 20 mg/kg levetiracetam ve 10 mg/kg fenobarbital istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir şekilde spike frekansını baskıladı (p0.05). Dimetil sülfoksitin ve etil asetatın epileptik aktiviteye etkisinin olmadığı görüldü (p>0.05).Sonuç olarak, tutuşmuş hayvanlarda 5 mg/kg nitrendipin, 20 mg/kg levetiracetam, 10 mg/kg fenobarbital epileptik deşajları baskıladı (p0.05). However, female rats kindled earlier (p0.05). Single and combined effects of nitrendipine and phenobarbital did not differ significantly (p>0.05). And also, the effect of co-administration of nitrendipine and phenobarbital in kindled rats was not different from the effect of phenobarbital (p>0.05). Dimethyl sulfoxide and ethyl asetate were not effective in inhibiting spike frequency (p>0.05).In conclusion, 5 mg/kg nitrendipine, 20 mg/kg levetiracetam, 10 mg/kg phenobarbital are effective in inhibiting epileptiform discharges in fully kindled rats. Whereas, combining nitrendipine and levetiracetam or combining nitrendipine and phenobarbital were not effective than using nitrendipine, levetiracetam or phenobarbital alone. 146

Bu araştırma zihinsel, fiziksel ve zihinsel+fiziksel özürlü çocuğa sahip olan anne-babalaların umutsuzluk düzeylerinin ve yaşam doyumlarının belirlenebilmesi amacıyla planlanmıştır. Özürlü çocuğa sahip anne-babalaların yaşam doyumu ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri; çocuğa ait cinsiyet, yaş, özür grubu ve özel eğitim aldıklan süre ile anne-babalara ait yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim ve gelir durumları gibi değişkenlere göre karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırma; Konya il merkezinde bulunan A.Celalettin Çiltaş özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon merkezi ve Konya'da bulunan diğer rehabilitasyon kurumlarına devam eden zihinsel, fiziksel ve zihinsel+fiziksel özürlü çocukların anne-babaları ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini her üç özür grubundan toplam 300 anne ve baba oluşturmaktadır. Örnekleme alınan anne ve babalara Aile Bilgi Formu ile birlikte, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyum Ölçeği verilerek doldurmaları istenmiştir. Örneklemin Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeğinden aldıkları puanların çeşitli değişkenler açısından farklılık gösterip göstermediği SPSS 16.0 istatistik paket programı kullanılarak bulunmuştur.. Normallik sınamasına göre, parametrik testlerden bağımsız gruplarda t testi ve One ? Way ANOVA testleri kullanılmıştır. Varyans homojenliğine göre ise Post Hoc Multiple Comparisions testlerinden Tamhane testi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca bazı kategorik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesinde Ki-kare testi çapraz tablo kullanılarak verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada hata düzeyi 0.05 olarak alınmıştır. Araştırma sonunda elde edilen bulgulara göre anne baba cinsiyeti, annelerin gelir durumu, annelerin çocuğun özrü bakımından karşılaştırılması, erkek çocuğuna sahip anne ve babalar, anne ve babaların özürlü çocuklarının eğitim süresi bakımından karşılaştırılması, çocuğun kız veya erkek olması ile çocuğun özrü arasındaki ilişki gibi faktörlerin anne babaların yaşam doyumu ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri üzerinde etkili faktörler olarak görülmezken, P>0,05, anne ve babaların yaş grupları bakımından karşılaştırılması, anne babanın eğitim ve gelir durumları, babaların çocuğun özrü bakımından karşılaştırılması, kız çocuğuna sahip anne ve babalar, özürlü çocuğun eğitim süresi ile çocuğun özrü arasındaki ilişki gibi değişkenlerin yaşam doyumu ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri üzerinde etkili olduğu saptanmıştır (p, This study was planned to be able to determine the hopelessness levels and life satisfaction of the parents with mental disabled child. The life satisfaction and hopelessness levels of the parents with mental disabled child were investigated by comparing the gender, age, disability group, and time of the special education taken by the child related to the child with the variables such as age, gender, and the states of education and income belonging to the parents. The study was carried out on the parents of the mental disabled children attending in A. Celalettin Çiltaş Special Education and Rehabilitation Center, and the other rehabilitation institutes in Konya. The population of the study consists of 300 parents from each of three-disability group. The parents included in the population were given Family Information Form as well as Beck Inconsistency Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale and asked for then to complete these forms. Whether the scores the population took are differentiated in terms of various variables or not was found by using SPSS 16.0, statistical package program. According to the examination ?normality?, in the independent groups from parametric test, t-test and One-way ANOVA test were employed. According to the variance homogeneity, Tamhane Test, from Post Hoc Multiple Comparison Tests, was used. Also, in investigating the relationships between some categorical variables, Qui- square test was given by using a cross table. In this study, significance level was as 0.05. According to the finding obtained at the end of the study, while the factors such as the gender of the parents, the income case of the mothers, comparison of the mothers in terms of child?s disability; the parents with the boy and the comparison of the parents in terms of their children?s educational time; and the relationship between the child?s being girl or boy was not seen as effective factors on the life satisfaction and hopelessness levels (P > 0.05), it was determined that the variables such as the comparison of the parents in terms of age groups; the educational and income cases of the parent; the comparisons of the fathers ?comparison in terms of their children?s disability; the parents with the girl; and the relationship of the educational time of the disabled child and the child?s disability were effective on the life satisfaction and hopelessness levels (P < 0.05). As a result, in understanding the emotions and adaptation process, where the parent with mental disabled children, and mental + physical disabled children experienced, it is considered that providing the support they need and planning the necessary education will affect positively the life satisfaction of and hopelessness of the parents.

Bu araştırma zihinsel, fiziksel ve zihinsel - fiziksel engelli çocuğa sahip olan anne-babaların umutsuzluk ve yaşam doyum düzeylerinin belirlenebilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Engelli çocuğa sahip anne-babaların yaşam doyumu ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri; çocuğa ait cinsiyet, yaş, özür grubu ve özel eğitim aldıkları süre ile anne-babalara ait yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim ve gelir durumları gibi değişkenlere göre karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini her üç engel grubundan toplam 300 anne ve baba oluşturmaktadır. Örnekleme alınan anne ve babalara Aile Bilgi Formu ile birlikte, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyum Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde t testi ve One – Way ANOVA, Tamhane, Ki-kare testleri kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; zihinsel, fiziksel, zihinsel-fiziksel engelli çocuğa sahip anne- babaların umutsuzluk ve yaşam doyum düzeyleri ile yaş, eğitim, gelir düzeyi, engeli çocuğun cinsiyeti arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Özürlü çocukların eğitim ve tedavilerinin yapılabileceği kurumların yaygınlaştırılması ve erken dönemlerde anne-babalara, aile eğitimi, bireysel danışmanlık hizmetlerinin verilmesinin ailelerin belirsizlik ve yalnızlık duygularını azaltacağı düşünülmektedir., The birth of a handicapped child in the family is a situation effecting the lives, feelings and behaviors of family members in a negative way. While expecting a child having normal features and building all hopes, expectations and plans on this, the birth of a child having different features causes for families to experience big differences in their social environments, expectations, plans , work lives and financial matters. Also, families have the feelings such as shock, rejection, deep sadness, guilty conscience, nonacceptance and try to accommodate their child’s differences, look for solutions for the situation. Besides increasing the number of suitable foundations for handicapped children, it is thought that improving the physical conditions at schools for children being able to make use of formal education, making necessary arrangements and supplying equipments will effect the desperation and life satisfaction levels of parents in a positive way. To keep alive the life satisfaction and hope feelings of parents will be possible only if the help and support that they need are provided. With this research, it is aimed to make the parents, having physically and mentally handicapped child, more hopeful and feel confident, to keep family integrity and build a healthy society, to light the way of parents. The scarcity of the researches about this subject reveals the importance of this research. This study has been carried out in order to determine the hopelessness and life satisfaction levels of the parents with mental disabled child. The life satisfaction and hopelessness levels of the parents with mental disabled child were investigated by comparing the gender, age, disability group, and time of the special education taken by the child related to the child with the variables such as age, gender, and the states of education and income belonging to the parents. The study was carried out on the parents of the mental disabled children attending in A. Celalettin Çiltaş Special Education and Rehabilitation Center, and the other rehabilitation institutes in Konya. The population of the study consists of 300 parents from each of three-disability group. The parents included in the population were given Family Information Form as well as Beck Inconsistency Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale and asked for them to complete these forms. According to the examination “normality”, in the independent groups from parametric test, t-test and One-way ANOVA, Tamhane, Qui- square test were employed. In this study, significance level was as 0.05. This research aims to light the way of families and become a reference for upcoming researches about this subject with the belief that parents will communicate with their children more positively, participate in their education and make much healthier plans for the future if necessary services are provided by determining life satisfaction and desperation feelings that families experience. To conclude; whereas no significant relation has been found between the life satisfaction and desperation levels of the parents having mentally handicapped, physically handicapped, mentally-physically handicapped children; meaningful differences have been determined considering variables such as age, education, income level, handicapped child’s being male or female. The hope, feeling and expectation scores about future of mothers being 51 and over have been found to be higher than the scores of 20-35 aged mothers. The life satisfaction scores of fathers aged 51 and over have meaningfully been found to be higher than the life satisfaction scores of 36-50 aged fathers. The scores concerning feelings and expectations about future of mothers, being primary school graduate, have been determined to be higher than the scores of mothers, being university graduate. The reason why the hope, the feeling and expectation about future scores of mothers in declining years are higher than the young ones’ is thought to result from their looking after physically and mentally handicapped child since his birth ,spending more time than father, and nursing for long years without being tired of. It is thought that they despair with the worry of that the health problems in declining years will make child care more difficult and they won’t meet their own care needs. In conclusion; whereas no significant relation has been found between the life satisfaction and desperation levels of the parents having mentally handicapped, physically handicapped, mentally-physically handicapped children; meaningful differences have been determined considering variables such as age, education, income level, handicapped child’s being male or female. The hope, feeling and expectation scores about future of mothers being 51 and over have been found to be higher than the scores of 20-35 aged mothers. The life satisfaction scores of fathers aged 51 and over have meaningfully been found to be higher than the life satisfaction scores of 36-50 aged fathers. The scores concerning feelings and expectations about future of mothers, being primary school graduate, have been determined to be meaningfully higher than the scores of mothers, being university graduate. The scores of feeling and expectation about future, hope, motivation loss of fathers, being primary school graduate, have been found to be higher than the scores of fathers being secondary and high school graduate. The life satisfaction scores of fathers being university and high school graduate have been found to be higher than the scores of fathers being primary school graduate. It has been found that the feelings and expectations about future of fathers getting minimum wages are higher than other income groups and there is a significant relation between income level and life satisfaction. The feelings and expectations about future of fathers having mentally handicapped child have been found to be higher in comparison with the fathers having physically handicapped child. The motivation loss values of fathers having mentally and mentally-physically handicapped child have been found to be higher in comparison with the fathers having physically handicapped child. Whereas no significant difference has been found between desperation and life satisfaction levels of parents having female child , the life satisfaction of mothers having female child has been found to be higher than the fathers’. It has been determined that there is no significant relation between desperation and life satisfaction levels of parents having male child. In the light of research results, it is thought that it will decrease uncertainty and loneliness feelings of the families to popularize the foundations presenting education and treatment services for handicapped children and to present Family Education, Individual Consultancy services to the parents in early terms. In the direction of study results, it will be useful to popularize the foundations presenting education and treatment services for handicapped children; to direct parents to the suitable foundations according to their children’s handicaps in early term and to popularize informative consultancy services for families. It is thought that popularizing the foundations where the education and treatment services for handicapped children are presented and giving family education, individual consultancy services to the parents in early terms will decrease uncertainty and loneliness feelings of the families.