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Computational thinking (CT), an essential 21st century skill, incorporates key computer science concepts such as abstraction, algorithms, and debugging. Debugging is particularly underrepresented in the CT training literature. This multi-level meta-analysis focused on debugging as a core CT skill, and investigated the effects of various debugging interventions. Moderator analyses revealed which interventions were effective, in which situations, and for what kind of learner. A significant overall mean effect of debugging interventions ( g ¯ = 0.64, CI = (0.32, 0.96), p <.001), was found based on 62 effect sizes from 18 source articles. Significant between-studies variation indicated that true effects could range from −0.54 to 1.82. In addition, sensitivity analyses and checks on confounding provided further understandings of intervention features and their impacts. Interventions using enhanced debuggers and systematic instruction were particularly effective in fostering debugging skills. Debugging intervention effects varied by participant population and potentially by publication type. Moreover, debugging interventions had impact regardless of how debugging skills were measured, programming medium used, control-group type, and whether the study was randomized. Future studies should investigate the best practices for improving debugging abilities for whom and under what circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US Supreme Court and lower court provided further guidance on fair use defense. The US Copyright Office provided guidance on AI as an author. The Court of Appeals provided guidance on substantial similiarty, server test, abstraction-filtration-comparison, and discovery rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of gender bias in computer science, specifically focusing on women's participation in research authorship within the ACM Special Interest Groups (SIGs). The data reveals that while there has been progress since 2009, women's participation still lags behind levels seen in the mid-1980s. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the nuances of gender bias within different subfields of computer science. It also highlights the limitations of using gender-identification software and the challenges of determining gender for non-American authors. The article suggests that efforts should be directed towards retaining women in SIGs with higher levels of women's authorship and promoting culture change in SIGs with lower levels. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of gender bias and the specific cultures within different SIGs. [Extracted from the article]

The slogan "by teaching programming, abstraction capacity is developed" played a key role in the acceptance of the incorporation of programming teaching in schools. it should be noted that the role of abstraction in Computing is central, to the point of being conceptualized as "the art of abstraction". But, is it the same abstraction that psychology teaches? To answer this question, we reviewed the literature from both fields and found intrafield and interfield heterogeneity. While in the field of psychology the piagetian influence makes the association between abstraction, generalization and fluid intelligence very strong, in the field of computer science this association is not present. it is treated as a very powerful but much more specific tool, with at least three different meanings. Based on them and on previous bibliography, we outline a mathematization proposal to clarify their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To scale up quantum computers to a practical size and provide them as a service, the abstraction of computing systems with a large number of quantum bits is a key step towards practical quantum computing. As a milestone to this goal, NTT, RIKEN, and collaborators launched a quantum computing service with 64 quantum bits in March 2023. In this article, NTT's efforts in this development to control a largescale quantum computer and make it a cloud service are described. The configuration of the cloud service and future prospects of quantum computing are also explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the presence of three conceptual metaphors for fractions – The measuring stick metaphor, Arithmetic is motion along a path, and Arithmetic is object construction – in four common and popular Swedish mathematics textbook series for years 1–3. I analyse the introduction of fractions and the kinds of tasks students are given in these books. The results show an abundance of labelling exercises related to Arithmetic is object construction, with representations of geometric shapes, in three of the book series. One book series reversely introduces fractions with The measuring stick metaphor and Arithmetic is motion along a path, with a focus on number line representations. The consequences of these variations in fraction introduction and treatment are discussed in relation to previous research and to process-object theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the notion of collateral creativity as an unintended outcome of the appropriate use of technology, both physical and digital, in the teaching of mathematics. The notion is motivated by Dewey's conceptual framework of collateral learning which enables one gaining knowledge beyond the intent of the traditional curriculum. Creative thinking by the learners of mathematics may emerge accidentally, in a collateral way, within a classroom culture encouraging reflection on a teacher-assisted technological representation of mathematical concepts. The use of technology is described in terms of Vygotsky's concept of the instrumental act. The main argument of the paper that tokens of collateral creativity can be observed in all students resides at the confluence of various theories which, in the context of mathematics, converge to describe creativity as a slumberous skill with potential to be awakened through the age-appropriate pedagogical mediation supported by the teachers' awareness of often hidden complexity of seemingly mundane problems. The paper discusses different scenarios conducive for the emergence of collateral creativity through the study of mathematics with physical and digital tools. The ideas of the paper stem from the authors' work with schoolchildren and with teacher candidates both in the classroom and in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reassesses the view of Calvino as an eminently cerebral author by recognising the experiential and embodied dimension of his work and dismantling the false dichotomy between abstraction and bodily experience. I describe Calvino's imagination as spatial (a) because it is grounded in an embodied experience of space, and (b) because he tends to manipulate the material of imagination – ideas, structures, images – as if they were spaces with which narrators and characters interact. Focusing on 'Dall'opaco' (1971), I show how the Ligurian landscape impacted Calvino's cognitive style by inspiring some privileged patterns in making sense of experience. Then, I illustrate how image schemas derived by embodied experience shape narrative structures and strategies of readerly engagement in the cosmicomical tales. My hypothesis is that the lens of enactivism – which understands imagination as manipulation and holds subject-cogniser and the world as entangled and co-constitutive – may highlight some neglected aspects of Calvino's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to provide a discussion ground that can answer the question, “as a contemporary theme in transformation of space perception, what is the meaning of architecture in the art of the 2000s”. As the scope, works of leading figures of 2000s art were examined through literature review and it was aimed to obtain an original concept set by evaluating them in the context of art-space relationship. The methodology is divided into three sections. The first section is literature research which is based on the determination of the theory about the artworks. The second section is based on the demonstrations of the relationships between the spatial themes through “knowledge discovery in databases”. In the third section, the groups are emphasized through “relative frequencies of the spatial themes”. Accordingly, when the artworks are evaluated in terms of spatial features, it is seen that narratives are related with war, peace, anarchy, individuality, imprisonment, separation, loneliness, uncanny, anxiety, curiosity, desire, lethargy, memory, boredom, consumer culture, ambiguity, habit, conflict and revel. As a result, the image of space occurs while being positioned together with interior and exterior, official and informal, ordinary and extraordinary, dramatic and analytical where dualities formed by contrasts are dissolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity of the space to respond correctly to the user's wishes and needs is an unchanging phenomenon. Today, especially with the pandemic, differences in housing meaning are sought. With this current problem, minimal living spaces have been determined as the design studio subject of Ostim Technical University 2022-2023 Fall Semester. In this study, in the context of the suggestions developed by the students, the main motivation is to examine the meaning of the project designs and the residence; at the same time, it is aimed to discuss this studio experience. Within the scope of this study, the method, process, and end products of the studio are discussed. In this study, the changing meaning of the house and minimal living spaces were questioned by using the “document review” method, one of the qualitative research methods. The information obtained was analyzed by evaluating the results of the studio course. With this study, in which studio products with different user types and different functions are examined, it is concluded that the design of living spaces in small houses is very important for healthier solutions in comfort conditions, and it has been a very developing experience for the studio participants and executives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of students’ critical and creative thinking skills is at the core of the firstsemester basic design studio. Students’ perceptual experiences of their environment form the key references of abstraction in this beginning phase. This paper inquires studio approach based on abstraction and mapping as tools for intertwining visual reasoning and bodily experiences in the design process. Focusing on the case study of a basic design studio assignment, the authors analyze the structure, application, and products of the “Urban Abstraction and Mapping” project. The study adopted the case-study method as part of qualitative research approach and dwelled on researchers’ first-hand interaction with a phenomenon within its real-life context, ARCH/MIM101 studios. The findings showed that abstraction and mapping strategies based on students’ bodily experiences in urban contexts raised awareness of design as a generative and iterative research process. Students who were able to reveal and reconstruct the relationship between different forms of knowledge through experiential and conceptual levels of the design process managed to develop heuristic 2D and 3D design strategies. The findings of this study provide a ground for discussions on the effectiveness of teaching/learning methods applied in the introductory level of design education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstraction is one of the building blocks in computer science (CS) and is described as omitting details and focusing on the necessary information. One of the approaches in teaching CS is puzzle based learning (PBL) approach which models problem solving process. Individual differences, on the other hand, exist as a mere fact in learning. Therefore, when designing instructional materials, it is essential to understand the interaction between individual differences along with the teaching paradigms. The first aim of this research is to investigate how students' working memory capacities (WMCs) and different learning environments based on puzzle based learning affect students' abstraction performance. 2X2 factorial design was utilized in the study. The second aim of the study was to investigate whether students' logical reasoning capacities (LRCs) and abstraction ability capacities (AACs), in each learning environments, had an effect on students' abstraction performances when their WMCs were controlled. According to the results of the research it was found that students' gender, abstraction skills and the learning environments had no effect on students' learning performances. In the other hand; the students with higher working memory capacities versus the students with low working memory capacities; the students with higher and medium logical reasoning level versus the students with lower logical reasoning level were found to have significantly higher learning performance. Also it was seen that logical reasoning levels of the students had predicted the learning performance but working memory performances of the students had not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In learning biologically inspired design (BID), the mapping process from problem to biological inspirations is crucial for generating novel ideas. This study determines the effects of knowledge representations related to design problems and inspirations on students' novelty of ideas generated in BID. Forty-four industrial design undergraduates were divided into four groups in four BID workshops. In each workshop, the design problem was represented in rule- and case-based formats while 220 biocards (inspirations were in concrete and abstract formats. Each group took turns to create ideas using one of four knowledge representation combinations of rule- or case-based design problems with concrete or abstract inspirations in each workshop and completed all of them throughout the workshops. Results showed that both ideas generated using the rule-based design problem with the concrete inspiration and the case-based design problem with the abstract inspiration had higher mean novelty scores than others. That implies that exclusively using highly structured representation in learning BID is not conducive to generating creative ideas. Accordingly, this study proposes a dual-track process for helping students achieve better innovation by balancing abstraction of knowledge representation in problem-solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to teach Computational Thinking (CT) skills to young students, Block-Based Programming Environments (BBPEs) are integrated into secondary school computer science (CS) education curricula. As a CT skill, abstraction is one of the prominent skills, which is difficult to enhance and measure. Researchers developed some scales for measuring abstraction in BBPEs; however, it is still quite difficult to measure abstraction and understand students' abstraction behaviors. The aim of this study is to suggest tasks that could help enhance students' abstraction skills while teaching CT via block-based programming. In addition, a rubric to score the students' abstraction behaviors in the problem solving process was created and validated. A framework with regard to the definitions of abstraction skill was adopted and the way to isolate it from other CT-skills was proposed. As a result, pattern recognition, generalizing, decomposition, focusing and eliminating were defined as indicators of abstraction in the problem solving process via BBPEs. The study also informed computer science educators about the relations between teaching CT via BBPEs, affordances of BBPEs and nature of abstraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Abstraction is at the intersection of opinions between components of CT. • Researchers predict that CSUnplugged will improve CT (hence abstraction too). • 11 activities were used, and the abstraction skill test was developed in the research. • CS unplugged significantly affected the students' abstraction skills. • The development of abstraction resulted from the progress of 11 abstracting steps. Since computational thinking is a high-level cognitive skill and its conceptual framework has not yet been clarified, the assessment of this skill is problematic. While there is no consensus in the literature about the components of computational thinking, the abstraction component is located at a point where opinions intersect. In addition, it is predicted that computer science unplugged activities will improve computational thinking, and there is limited research examining this effect. As a result, this research aims to demonstrate the alleged effects of computer science unplugged activities on abstraction skill which is considered the critical component of computational thinking. The study, which was planned with a mixed methods research design, lasted 8 weeks. Quantitative data were obtained from the abstraction skill test developed by the researchers, while qualitative data were obtained from observations and task- based interviews after each activity. Quantitative findings showed that computer science unplugged activities significantly improve abstraction skills and thus computational thinking. Qualitative findings not only revealed that developments in the six abstracting steps caused this significant difference but also identified abstracting steps where the effect of each activity was limited. Suggestions for organizing activities to improve these steps are given. Finally, suggestions are presented for the conceptual framework of computational thinking based on abstraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of ideas of the late twentieth and early twenty-fist centuries requires to take into account new forms of media expression such as video games. Video games have been an integral part of our entertainment culture for more than 40 years and are an international billion dollar business. Questions like "What is power? What does justice mean in politics? Who should govern whom?" are not only encountered in political essays and parliamentary debates. In order to understand how people have thought about domination in concrete societies over the past 40 years, we also have to examine the games that were played. Games cannot be imagined as an element of our societies and cultures independently of them; they are spaces of discourse where statements are constructed and communicated, and political ideas can be tested and applied in a playful way. As a medium, they thus provide a necessary space of communication within our highly complex societies, and as models of abstraction they also offer very specific access to a (very specific?) political reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opponent modeling is the ability to use prior knowledge and observations in order to predict the behavior of an opponent. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of existing opponent modeling techniques for adversarial domains, many of which must address stochastic, continuous, or concurrent actions, and sparse, partially observable payoff structures. We discuss all the components of opponent modeling systems, including feature extraction, learning algorithms, and strategy abstractions. These discussions lead us to propose a new form of analysis for describing and predicting the evolution of game states over time. We then introduce a new framework that facilitates method comparison, analyze a representative selection of techniques using the proposed framework, and highlight common trends among recently proposed methods. Finally, we list several open problems and discuss future research directions inspired by AI research on opponent modeling and related research in other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This interview with M. Beatrice Fazi explores in detail her work on computation. Focusing in particular upon her recent publications, it covers the themes of contingency and indeterminacy. The questions explore Fazi's perspectives on computational aesthetics, abstraction and experience. Through an interrogation of the conceptual insights that Fazi's recent work offers, the interview outlines an agenda for future work in the philosophy of computation and sets forward a series of conceptual policies for seeing the digital, software and data in a fresh light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we "think like a computer scientist," we are able to systematically solve problems in different fields, create software applications that support various needs, and design artefacts that model complex systems. Abstraction is a soft skill embedded in all those endeavours, being a main cornerstone of computational thinking. Our overview of abstraction is intended to be not so much systematic as thought provoking, inviting the reader to (re)think abstraction from different - and perhaps unusual - perspectives. After presenting a range of its characterisations, we will explore abstraction from a cognitive point of view. Then we will discuss the role of abstraction in a range of computer science areas, including whether and how abstraction is taught. Although it is impossible to capture the essence of abstraction in one sentence, one section or a single paper, we hope our insights into abstraction may help computer science educators to better understand, model and even dare to teach abstraction skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: A hairy requirements engineering (RE) task involving natural language (NL) documents is (1) a non-algorithmic task to find all relevant answers in a set of documents, that is (2) not inherently difficult for NL-understanding humans on a small scale, but is (3) unmanageable in the large scale. In performing a hairy RE task, humans need more help finding all the relevant answers than they do in recognizing that an answer is irrelevant. Therefore, a hairy RE task demands the assistance of a tool that focuses more on achieving high recall, i.e., finding all relevant answers, than on achieving high precision, i.e., finding only relevant answers. As close to 100% recall as possible is needed, particularly when the task is applied to the development of a high-dependability system. In this case, a hairy-RE-task tool that falls short of close to 100% recall may even be useless, because to find the missing information, a human has to do the entire task manually anyway. On the other hand, too much imprecision, too many irrelevant answers in the tool's output, means that manually vetting the tool's output to eliminate the irrelevant answers may be too burdensome. The reality is that all that can be realistically expected and validated is that the recall of a hairy-RE-task tool is higher than the recall of a human doing the task manually. Objective: Therefore, the evaluation of any hairy-RE-task tool must consider the context in which the tool is used, and it must compare the performance of a human applying the tool to do the task with the performance of a human doing the task entirely manually, in the same context. The context of a hairy-RE-task tool includes characteristics of the documents being subjected to the task and the purposes of subjecting the documents to the task. However, traditionally, many a hairy-RE-task tool has been evaluated by considering only (1) how high is its precision, or (2) how high is its F-measure, which weights recall and precision equally, ignoring the context, and possibly leading to incorrect — often underestimated — conclusions about how effective it is. Method: To evaluate a hairy-RE-task tool, this article offers an empirical procedure that takes into account not only (1) the performance of the tool, but also (2) the context in which the task is being done, (3) the performance of humans doing the task manually, and (4) the performance of those vetting the tool's output. The empirical procedure uses (I) on one hand, (1) the recall and precision of the tool, (2) a contextually weighted F-measure for the tool, (3) a new measure called summarization of the tool, and (4) the time required for vetting the tool's output, and (II) on the other hand, (1) the recall and precision achievable by and (2) the time required by a human doing the task. Results: The use of the procedure is shown for a variety of different contexts, including that of successive attempts to improve the recall of an imagined hairy-RE-task tool. The procedure is shown to be context dependent, in that the actual next step of the procedure followed in any context depends on the values that have emerged in previous steps. Conclusion: Any recommendation for a hairy-RE-task tool to achieve close to 100% recall comes with caveats and may be required only in specific high-dependability contexts. Appendix C applies parts of this procedure to several hairy-RE-task tools reported in the literature using data published about them. The surprising finding is that some of the previously evaluated tools are actually better than they were thought to be when they were evaluated using mainly precision or an unweighted F-measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The management of wavelength routed optical mesh networks is complex with many potential light path routes and numerous physical layer impairments to transmission performance. This complexity can be reduced by applying the ideas of abstraction from computer science where different equipment is described in the same basic terms. The noise-to-signal ratio can be used as a metric to describe the quality of transmission performance of a signal propagated through a network element and accumulates additively through a sequence of such elements allowing the estimation of end-to-end performance. This study aims to explore the robustness of the noise-to-signal ratio metric in an installed fibre infrastructure. We show that the abstracted noise-to-signal ratio is independent of the observers and their location. We confirm that the abstracted noise-to-signal ratio can reasonably predict the performance of light-paths subsequently set in our network. Having a robust network element abstraction that can be incorporated into routeing engines allows the network management controller to make decisions on the most effective way to use the network resources in terms of the routeing and data coding format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SPARC instruction set architecture (ISA) has been used in various processors in workstations, embedded systems, and in mission-critical industries such as aviation and space engineering. Hence, it is important to provide formal frameworks that facilitate the verification of hardware and software that run on or interface with these processors. In this work, we give the first formal model for multi-core SPARC ISA and Total Store Ordering (TSO) memory model in Isabelle/HOL. We present two levels of modelling for the ISA: The low-level ISA model, which is executable, covers many features specific to SPARC processors, such as delayed-write for control registers, windowed general registers, and more complex memory access. We have tested our model extensively against a LEON3 simulation board, the test covers both single-step executions and sequential execution of programs. We also prove some important properties for our formal model, including a non-interference property for the LEON3 processor. The high-level ISA model is an abstraction of the low-level model and it provides an interface for memory operations in multi-core processors. On top of the high-level ISA model, we formalise two TSO memory models: one is an adaptation of the axiomatic SPARC TSO model (Sindhu et al. in Formal specification of memory models, Springer, Boston, 1992; SPARC in The SPARC architecture manual version 8, 1992. http://gaisler.com/doc/sparcv8.pdf), the other is a new operational TSO model which is suitable for verifying execution results. We prove that the operational model is sound and complete with respect to the axiomatic model. Finally, we give verification examples with two case studies drawn from the SPARCv9 manual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital age, museums are becoming increasingly integrated with media technology. The interactive mode of museum education brought about by new digital communication technology can increase the audience's participation and interest in museum education content. This paper attempts to use Mobile Augment Reality (MAR) technology to design museum education content under the guidance of the principle of abstraction hierarchy from the theory of education optimization. With the help of MAR technology, museum education content can move up and down at different levels of information abstraction. The purpose is to help the audience move between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge and improve their ability to understand. The evaluation results show that this style of interactive teaching content can promote visitors' understanding, thinking and interest in the cultural content of museum exhibits. It is also can helps visitors use a more professional-level vocabulary and more detailed descriptions about the cultural content of museum exhibits. The design and implementation method detailed in this paper has a certain guiding value for museum education development as well as utilization of MAR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous rising abstraction resolution of distant police work sensors sets new interest for applications victimization this information. For mining valuable information from far flung police work data, various classifiers hooked in to the supernatural examination of individual pixels are projected and big advancement has been accomplished. Even so, these methodologies have their restrictions, for the foremost half they manufacture "salt and pepper" boisterous outcomes. to beat such problems, object-arranged image examination strategy hooked in to multi-resolution division methodology was advanced and it's been used for various application functions effectively. During this examination, a productive remotely detected image smart understanding technique hooked in to image division and geographical information framework (GIS) was projected, within the 1st place, division hooked in to mean shift was utilized to amass the underlying parts from distant police work footage. At that time, apply vectorization (Raster to Vector Convertor) strategy to supply polygons from the divided image and highlight attributions, as an example, ghostly, shape, surface then on square measure removed by zonal investigation hooked in to distinctive formation and polygons. At last, creating getting ready take a look at and administered characterization square measure dispensed. just about all means that square measure accomplished in geo-data framework with the exception of image division. supported the investigation, we have a tendency to engineered up a product arrangement of remotely detected image examination. Contrasted and also the understanding methodology of a business programming eCognition, the projected one was gettable and practiced once applied to the Quick bird remotely detected footage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elicitation of precise software requirements is a complex task involving multiple stakeholders with disparate concerns and viewpoints about the intended software. The need to build frameworks with tool supports to aid communications among these stakeholders has come to the fore in recent times. This paper presents a requirements elicitation framework that leverages the principles of the Zachman's Enterprise Architecture to classify requirements elicitation interview questions into categories that address different aspects of a software system and allocate the categories to suitable (groups of) stakeholders. The proposed framework uses a two-dimensional matrix to allocate questions to stakeholders based on the domain abstraction covered by the question and the stakeholder's perspective of the domain. This paper presents a formal specification of the framework, its supporting algorithms and a prototype implementation which is used as a proof of concept to classify and allocate the elicitation questions for a local software development project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]