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Nipple adenoma, an uncommon benign tumor, typically appears between the fourth and fifth decades of life, occasionally manifesting in accessory breasts. The embryonic mammary ridges give rise to accessory breasts along the milk line, and the lack of involution results in supernumerary breasts, including accessory nipples. This study aims to report a case of adenoma originating from an accessory breast nipple. The present study describes the case of a 23-year-old female patient who presented with right axillary discomfort and swelling. A physical examination revealed a tender, non-inflamed lump. A breast ultrasonography revealed features compatible with an accessory nipple, confirmed by excisional biopsy revealing adenoma. Throughout the 4-month follow-up period, no signs of recurrence were observed. Although rare, accessory breast tissue can harbor neoplasms, with nipple adenoma posing a diagnostic challenge often confounded with Paget's disease. Histologically, nipple adenomas exhibit diverse patterns, emphasizing the importance of a precise diagnosis. Adenoma of the accessory nipples is a rare condition that necessitates proper clinical assessment. Surgical excision remains the standard, yielding favorable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is a well-differentiated malignancy, while insular thyroid carcinoma (ITC) is a very rare and poorly differentiated tumor. The present study reports a case of ITC arising within the background of FTC. A 52-year-old housewife presented with an anterior neck swelling for a duration of 6 months. An ultrasound examination revealed a well-defined solid nodule measuring ~58x37x28 mm in the mid-lower third of the right thyroid lobe, and two small nodules of <3 mm in size in the left lobe. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the lesion led to the suspicion of follicular neoplasm. A right thyroid lobectomy was performed, and the histopathological examination revealed poorly differentiated insular carcinoma arising in the background of FTC. As a result of this diagnosis, a completion thyroidectomy was performed. ITC is a rare and highly aggressive thyroid malignancy that is morphologically and biologically regarded as an intermediate between fully differentiated and undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. In comparison to patients solely with follicular carcinoma, patients with insular carcinoma are older, more often male, have larger tumor sizes, are at greater risk of metastasis, and have a lower survival rate. Poorly differentiated ITC with follicular carcinoma is a very rare and aggressive condition that could be managed by thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraparotid gland neurofibroma is a rare benign tumor that arises from Schwann cells of the facial nerve within the parotid gland. This case report discusses a 41-year-old woman who experienced a painless preauricular swelling on her right side for over 5 years. Clinical examination and ultrasound revealed a well-defined mass in the parotid gland. The patient underwent total mass excision, resulting in transient facial nerve dysfunction but complete recovery. These tumors often manifest as solitary masses in the parotid region and may compress nearby structures, causing facial paralysis or numbness. Their diagnosis can be challenging due to similarities with other parotid gland tumors and possible associations with neurofibromatosis. Managing intraparotid tumors, including neurofibromas, involves a multidisciplinary approach with input from cytopathologists, radiologists, and surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal inclusion cyst (EIC) is a benign lesion rarely discovered within lymph nodes. The present case report introduces an EIC incidentally discovered during an axillary lymph node biopsy in a patient with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. A 55-year-old woman presented with a breast mass. Ultrasound revealed a suspicious mass, and a core needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma. Lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsies were performed. Histopathological examination revealed tumor-free lymph nodes, with one of them harboring a keratinous EIC. EICs typically arise from entrapped epidermal cells. Their presence in lymph nodes is exceptionally rare. While the origin of such inclusions remains unclear, various theories exist, including anomalous embryonic development, implantation, and metaplasia. This report highlights the unique presentation of an EIC within an axillary lymph node. Recognizing this entity is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis of malignancy and unnecessary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulomatous mastitis (GM) in accessory breast tissue is rare. The present study aimed to report a rare case of GM in accessory breast tissue. A 39-year-old female patient presented with right axillary discomfort and swelling for ~5 days. On clinical examination, a tender, firm lump was detected in the right axillary region. The ultrasound showed diffuse parenchymal heterogeneity and surrounding edema in the right accessory breast associated with reactive axillary lymph nodes. Following unresponsiveness to conservative treatment, a surgical procedure was performed in the form of an excisional biopsy and the lesion was diagnosed as GM. During the six-month follow-up, there were no recurrences. The exact cause of GM remains uncertain and the etiology within accessory breast tissue is even less understood. Proposed mechanisms suggest that it may result from an exaggerated immune response triggered by various factors, such as infection, autoimmunity or hormonal fluctuations. GM in accessory breast tissue is a rare and challenging clinical condition to be diagnosed. Due to the rarity of this condition, it highlights the importance of including GM in the differential diagnosis of axillary masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) are unusual remnants of the thyroid gland that are rarely observed in association with carcinoma. The present study aimed to showcase the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management of patients with TGDC carcinoma. It was a single-center study conducted from February 2016 to February 2020. The study involved the retrospective analysis of a series of cases with TGDC carcinoma. A total of 10 patients were included in the study, of whom eight (80%) were females. Their age ranged from 25 to 48 years with a mean age of 39.1 years. A total of five cases (50%) underwent only Sistrunk's procedure, four patients (40%) underwent total thyroidectomy along with Sistrunk's procedure and one patient (10%) was treated by Sistrunk operation and lobectomy. In all of the cases (100%), histopathological examination confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma in TGDCs. In addition, in the thyroid tissue, 2 cases (20%) also had papillary thyroid carcinoma and 3 cases (30%) had papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Radioiodine was administered in one patient (10%) with suppressive thyroxine. A three-year follow-up with ultrasound revealed no suspicious lesions in any of the cases. Although rare, carcinoma may develop in the thyroglossal cysts. In this situation, both the thyroid gland and different lymph node compartments should be evaluated for malignancy. Surgical intervention is the cornerstone of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol granulomas (ChGs) are benign fibro-granulomatous lesions that develop following trauma and inflammation. The most common sites of presentation are the middle ear, paranasal sinuses and petrous apex; however, they can present in any area of the body where cholesterol deposition can occur. The present study describes the case of a 62-year-old male who presented with a painless right scrotal mass that had been there for the past 6 years. Upon a physical examination, a hard non-tender mass at the lower pole of the right testis with normal overlying scrotal skin was detected. Blood analyses revealed normal levels of tumor markers (β-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase) and a normal lipid profile. A right scrotal color Doppler ultrasound revealed a well-defined hypoechoic 13x14 mm lower pole testicular mass. Scrotal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined nodule (13x11x12 mm) at the lower pole of the right testis near the epididymis. Under spinal anesthesia, via inguinal incision, a right partial orchiectomy was performed. The post-operative period was uneventful. The results of the histopathological examination were consistent with testicular ChG. ChG of the testis is extremely rare, and only one other case has been recorded in the literature to date, at least to the best of our knowledge. Differentiating between ChGs of the testis and testicular tumors before surgery can be relatively challenging. This should be regarded as a differential diagnosis in cases of testicular masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC) is a rare variant of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It is predominately observed in adults and is generally considered an indolent variant with a better prognosis relative to the other forms of RCC. The present study describes the case of a 69-year-old male patient with a prior history of renal cyst who presented with a 3-month history of back and abdominal pain. The patient had right-sided loin tenderness. An abdominal ultrasound showcased a well-defined hypoechoic lesion, which measured 23x26 mm, found on the lateral aspect of the right kidney. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and abdomen with contrast material revealed evidence of a well-defined exophytic mass (3x3 cm) within the lower pole of the right kidney. The patient was managed through a right partial nephrectomy, and the histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of MTSCC. At 3 months after the surgery, there was no recurrence or distant metastasis on the CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Due to its rarity, there is limited information available regarding the treatment of MTSCC. Usually, tumors with no metastasis are managed by surgical excision, while metastatic MTSCCs have a very controversial approach, mainly consisting of immunotherapy. The case described herein underscores the importance of including MTSCC in the differential diagnoses for RCC. Partial nephrectomy and tumor excision may have a good outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastofibroma dorsi (EFD) is a rare benign lesion characterized by elastic fiber proliferation in a collagenous stroma with adipose tissue. It is typically asymptomatic and found in the infrascapular region. The present study describes the case of a patient with bilateral symptomatic EFD, which caused pain and restricted the daily activity of the patient. The patient was a 51-year-old female who presented with a 4-month history of bilateral masses in the scapular region. She complained that the lesion was limiting her daily activities and was painful. She underwent surgery for the excision of both masses. This type of lesion is usually found incidentally since it is asymptomatic. However, symptomatic cases do exist, with pain being the most common complaint. As the clinical presentation of this type of tumor is not always clear, imaging is required for the diagnosis. The main modality for managing symptomatic EFD is the surgical excision of the mass. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that EFD is a rare benign tumor, that can be symptomatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare inflammatory disorder that infrequently occurs with synchronous breast carcinoma. The present study reports the case of a patient who was initially diagnosed with recurrent GM, which eventually proved to be masking an underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). A 30-year-old female presented with left breast pain. On clinical examination, there was a large, palpable and painful lump in the left breast, with axillary lymphadenopathy. Initially, the diagnosis was GM and conservative treatment was applied. Surgical resection was decided upon for the condition after it became recurrent, and the histopathological examination revealed extensive DCIS with GM. Later on, the patient underwent a mastectomy with an axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy. The postoperative follow-up was uneventful. In conclusion, tissue diagnosis has a key role in detecting DCIS masked by GM, especially in young females who are not undergoing regular mammogram screening. The present study shows the challenge that the specialists in this field may face when dealing with recurrent GM of the breast, and warns them to search for a second pathology such as the DCIS presented in the current case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary osseous metaplasia is a disease in which mature bone is found within the parenchyma of the lung. The current study presents a case of pulmonary osseous metaplasia in a 64-year-old female. The patient was previously diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the lower ureter. During a routine check-up, an enhancing basal lung nodule was found on chest computed tomography scan, which was suspected to be metastatic lung disease. The patient underwent a thoracoscopic resection of the nodule. The histopathological examination of the specimen confirmed it to be myeloid osseous metaplasia. The disease usually has no significant complications and can also be found in association with other pulmonary diseases. Very limited information is available on the phenomenon; therefore, there is no exact treatment guide for clinicians to follow. In conclusion, myeloid osseous metaplasia of the lung is a rare finding, and based on this report, it may be associated with TCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare clonal proliferative tumor arising from mesenchymal cells in the fascia and musculoaponeurotic structures. The aim of the present study was to describe several cases of extra-abdominal recurrent aggressive fibromatosis. The present study was a single-center retrospective case series of patients with recurrent aggressive fibromatosis. The cases were managed at a single private facility. A total of 9 patients with recurrent fibromatosis were included. The mean and median ages of the patients were 29 and 30 years, respectively. In total, two thirds (66.67%) of the cases were female. A negative previous medical history was reported in 7 cases (77.7%), and diabetes and hypertension were reported in 1 case (11.1%). Overall, only 1 case (11.1%) had a family history of breast fibromatosis. The time interval between primary tumor resection and recurrent presentation was 28 months. In 6 cases (66.7%), the tumor was located in the extremities. Pain was the most common presenting symptom in 6 cases (66.7%). All patients had their recurring tumor surgically removed, followed by radiation in 5 cases. The resection margin was positive in 4 cases (44.4%). Each patient was subjected to a careful three-month follow-up for recurrences. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that despite the fact that several therapeutic approaches for extra-abdominal recurrent aggressive fibromatosis have been described in the literature, there is a significant likelihood of recurrence following resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies on the etiology and other aspects of granulomatous mastitis (GM) have been performed; however, a lot of controversies have arisen. The present study aimed to present the clinicopathological findings and identify the sensitivity and resistance of isolated bacteria in patients with GM. In this cross-sectional study 63 female patients with a confirmed histopathological diagnosis of GM were included. A core needle biopsy was conducted for the patients to obtain a sample for histopathological examination and bacterial culture. In total, 46 types of antibiotics were used to determine the sensitivity and resistance of each isolated bacterial species. All the medical and clinical records of the patients were acquired through the completion of a questionnaire form in person or, if necessary, through the evaluation of their medical records in the database of the relevant center. The majority of the patients were in the premenopausal or perimenopausal period. GM was unilateral in 58.7% of the patients. The most common symptom was pain, followed by fever and chills. The mean ranges of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-17, C5a, white blood count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prolactin tests were significantly elevated in comparison to the normal ranges. In total, nine different bacterial species were isolated from the bacterial culture of the core biopsy samples, and 50% of the isolated bacterial species were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Since there is no consensus on the etiology of GM, any additional studies related to this aspect expand the current understanding of this puzzling condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]