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The goal of this study is to calculate the eigenvalues that provide the eigenfrequencies and the critical loads for two heterogeneous beams with three supports: the (first) [second] beam is (fixed)[pinned] at the left end, the intermediate support is a roller while the right end of the beams can move vertically but the rotation is prevented there. The beams are referred to as FrsRp and PrsRp beams. Determination of the (eigenfrequencies) [critical loads] leads to three point eigenvalue problems associated with homogeneous boundary conditions. With the Green functions that belong to these eigenvalue problems we can transform them into eigenvalue problems governed by homogeneous Fredholm integral equations. The eigenvalue problems can then be reduced to algebraic eigenvalue problems that are solvable numerically by utilizing effective solution algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is devoted to the issue of what effect the axial load (compressive or tensile) has on the eigenfrequencies of a heterogeneous pinned-pinned beam with an intermediate roller support (called a PrsP beam). This problem is a three point boundary value problem (eigenvalue problem) associated with homogeneous boundary conditions. If the Green functions of the three point boundary value problem (BVP) are known the eigen-value problem that provide the eigenfrequencies for the beam loaded axially can be transformed into an eigenvalue problem governed by a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation. The later eigenvalue problems can be reduced to an algebraic eigenvalue problem which then can be solved numerically by using an effective solution algorithm which is based on the boundary element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacokinetic parameters of Bot venom were determined in a rabbit model using a specific sandwich type ELISA. After intravenous injection, Bot venom seems to follow a three-compartment pharmacokinetic open model. However, after subcutaneous injection, the distribution and elimination kinetics of Bot venom are best characterized by a bi-compartment pharmacokinetic open model. Bot venom is completely absorbed from its SC injection site, since the absolute bioavailability is higher than 95%; the maximum plasma venom concentration is reached between 30 and 60 min after venom injection. Bot venom diffuses rapidly to tissues and is distributed in a high body volume. The total body clearance of Bot venom is relatively high in agreement with a low mean residence time. Antivenom immunotherapy experiments were carried out in the rabbit model, in order to select the most appropriate strategy for the adequate use of this treatment. The effects of the route, the dose and the delay of antivenom injection on Bot venom pharmacokinetic parameters and on the antivenom immunotherapy efficacy were then studied. These studies indicated in particular that: (1) the injection of a minimal neutralizing antivenom dose is required for a complete and permanent neutralization of circulating venom antigens; this dose is named minimal (threshold) efficacious antivenom dose; (2) the intramuscular route is not the most appropriate way for antivenom injection; and (3) a delayed antivenom immunotherapy remains efficacious especially on the neutralization of the remaining circulating venom. In short, these experimental studies show that early intravenous injection of an appropriate antivenom dose (at least the threshold efficacious dose) is the indicated way for a rapid and permanent neutralization of circulating scorpion venom toxins.