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Objective. Flap necrosis in the distal area due to the deficiency of blood circulation is a major complication in flap treatment. In many previous studies, some natural substances such as chlorogenic acid, adrenomedullin (ADM), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been used to improve flap viability via their vasodilator, angiogenic, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study is to clarify the mechanism through the use of selective antagonists for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors and GLP-1,receptors such as CGRP-(8-37), exendin-(9-39), respectively, in the flap healing effects of ADM and GLP-1. The role of nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in the mechanism as well. Materials and Methods. Seventy adult female Wistar rats (200 g-250 g) were used in the study. The cutaneous skin flap (8 cm x 3 cm) on the abdominal wall was raised based on the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA). Single-dose substance injections were administered into the SIEA. Necrosis in the flap area was evaluated on postoperative day 7. The proportion of the necrosis area (necrosis area % = [necrosis area/ flap area] x 100) and vascularity (vascular number/cm(2)) in the distal area were calculated. Results. The administrations of ADM or GLP-1 increased the vascularity and decreased the necrosis area in the distal flap region. The ADM receptor antagonist, CGRP-(8-37), did not prevent the positive effects of ADM on flap healing and vascularity. A GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin-(9-39), prevented the effect of GLP-1 on flap healing and vascularity. Nitric oxide mediated the beneficial effects of both peptides on flap healing. Conclusion. The CGRP receptors have no direct role, but NO acts as a mediator in the beneficial effect of ADM on flap healing. The GLP-1 specific receptors and NO act as important interagents for the effects of GLP-1 on flap healing.

Background Acute mesenteric ischemia is a life-threatening clinical entity. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) is a membrane-permeable modulator of intracellular inositol triphosphate-induced calcium release. We investigated the effects of different 2-APB doses on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in an experimental rat model. Methods We divided 24 Wistar albino rats into four groups: sham, control, ischemia-reperfusion +2 mg/kg 2-APB, and ischemia-reperfusion +4 mg/kg 2-APB. The sham group only underwent laparotomy for 1 h 30 min. A 30-min period of mesenteric ischemia was induced in the control and two treatment groups, followed by 1 h of reperfusion. Before the laparotomy, 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg 2-APB was administered i.v. in the treatments groups, and blood samples were collected after reperfusion. Serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin-6 were analyzed. Intestinal tissues were taken for histopathological, DNA fragmentation, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling analyses to determine the proportion of apoptotic cells. Results 2-APB reduced serum malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and interleukin-6 levels. However, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity levels increased significantly in the 4-mg/kg 2-APB group (p < 0.05). The intestinal histopathological injury scores were significantly higher in the control group; these injuries were prevented in the 4-mg/kg 2-APB dose group. DNA damage after ischemia-perfusion decreased significantly in the 4-mg/kg 2-APB group compared with the control group. Conclusion 2-APB decreases oxidative stress and cell injury. Administering 4 mg/kg 2-APB prevented ischemia-perfusion injury by diminishing histological damage.

CDP-choline is an endogen molecule and also a drug that is used in several trauma and ischemic conditions. It has been demonstrated that it improves the hemodynamic parameters in different shock models and prevents tissue damage in rats. The current study tested the effect of CDP-choline on hypotension, inflammation and tissue injury induced by septic shock model in rats. Twenty-four adult, male Spraque-Dawley rats, weighing 250-300 g were used. Septic shock was induced by cecal ligation-incision (CLI). CDP-choline (100 mg/kg) injected intravenously (i.v.) at the 180th minute of the experiment. The animals were observed for 180 minutes after the injection, then blood and tissue samples were obtained for cytokine measurements and histological examinations, respectively. The cecal ligation-incision decreased arterial pressure and increased heart rate. Intravenous injection of CDP-choline reversed hypotension and increased arterial pressure up to control levels within the first 60 minutes without changing the increase in heart rate. The effect lasted for 3 hours. CDP-choline attenuated the increases in TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in septic shock. Moreover, the drug exerted protective effects for the injury induced by septic shock in lungs, liver and kidney tissues; whereas this effect was not present on spleen. In conclusion, the present data suggested that intravenous CDP-choline administration can improve the deteriorations in hemodynamic and inflammatory parameters and can prevent the tissue injury in septic shock-induced by CLI in rats, CDP-kolin, endojen bir molekül olmasının yanısıra travma ve iskemik koşullarda da kullanılan bir ilaçtır. Değişik şok modellerinde, sıçanlarda hemodinamik parametreleri iyileştirdiği ve doku hasarına karşı koruyucu etki gösterdiği ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışmada, CDP-kolin’in sıçanlarda septik şokun neden olduğu hipotansiyon, inflamasyon ve doku hasarı üzerine olan etkileri incelendi. Deneylerde, ağırlıkları 250-300 g arasında değiş en 24 adet Spraque-Dawley ırkı erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Septik şok modeli oluşturmak için çekal bağlama-kesme yöntemi uygulandı. CDP-kolin (100 mg/kg), deneyin 180. dakikasında intravenöz (i.v.) olarak uygulandı. Hayvanlar enjeksiyon sonrası 180 dakika daha gözlendikten sonra sitokin ölçümleri ve histolojik incelemeler için sırasıyla kan ve doku örnekleri toplandı. Çekal bağlama-kesme kan basıncını azaltırken kalp atım sayısını artırdı. İntravenöz CDP-kolin uygulaması hipotansiyonu düzeltti ve arteryel basıncı ilk 60 dakika içerisinde, kalp hızındaki yüksekliği değiştirmeden, kontrol düzeylerine kadar artırdı. Etki 3 saat kadar sürdü. CDP-kolin, septik şoktaki TNF-α, IL-1β ve IL-6 düzeylerindeki yükselmeleri de azalttı. Bu etkilere ek olarak ilaç; akciğer, karaciğer ve böbreklerde (ancak dalakta değil) septik şokun sebep olduğu hasara karşı koruyucu etki gösterdi. Sonuç olarak mevcut veriler intravenöz CDP-kolin uygulamasının; çekal bağlama-kesme ile oluşturulan septik şokun neden olduğu hemodinamik ve inflamatuar parametrelerdeki bozukluklarda iyileşmeye ve meydana gelen doku hasarına karşı koruyucu olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of M. bovis pneumonia in slaughtered cattle in Bursa region, to perform the histopathological investigation of these cases, to demonstrate the agent with bacteriological and immunohistological examination and to characterize the inflammatory response against the agent. A total of 1413 lungs were examined at slaughter houses and 136 lungs (9.63%) with signs of pneumonia were sampled. Ten pneumonic lungs from the department archive were also included in the study. Bacteriological and immunohistochemical examination revealed M. bovis as the cause of pneumonia in 39 animals. In the classification of pneumonia regarding the exudate and the anatomic pattern, the most common pneumonia type was fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia, non-purulent bronchointerstitial pneumonia and necrotic-fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia. Necrotic areas were observed in a total of 18 cases. The agent was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in 24 animals, bronchi and bronchiole epithelium being the most commonly invaded histological structures. Immmo-histochemistry revealed T cell as the most prominent inflammatory cell in M. bovis pneumonia, thus supporting the role of cellular defense in the pathogenesis of this pneumonia in cattle.

This study investigated the effects of hypoxic and hyperosmotic stresses on the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9) and their tissue inhibitors 2 and 1 (TIMP-2, TIMP-1) respectively in cultured lung fibroblasts from broiler chickens. Isolated and sub-cultured primary lung fibroblasts from 1-day-old broilers were exposed to hypoxia and hyperosmosis. The presence of the enzymes and the effects of hypoxia and hyperosmosis on the enzymes in cultured lung fibroblasts, and in the culture media, were evaluated with the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method and western blotting using commercially available primary monoclonal antibodies. Short (6 hours) and long term (12 hours) hypoxia, hypoxia + hyperosmosis (6 hours) and hyperosmosis (6 hours) triggered the release of both MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in experimental groups when compared with their controls. Neither MMP-9 nor TIMP-2 antibodies stained the fibroblast cells kept in normoxic, hypoxic or hyperosmotic conditions.

Oxidative stress occurs following the impairment of pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in chronic wounds and leads to harmful delays in healing progress. A fine balance between oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidant defense system may be beneficial for wound healing under redox control. This study tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress in wound area can be controlled with systemic antioxidant therapy and therefore wound healing can be accelerated. We used chlorogenic acid (CGA), a dietary antioxidant, in experimental diabetic wounds that are characterized by delayed healing. Additionally, we aimed to understand possible side effects of CGA on pivotal organs and bone marrow during therapy. Wounds were created on backs of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. CGA (50 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally. Animals were sacrificed on different days. Biochemical and histopathological examinations were performed. Side effects of chronic antioxidant treatment were tested. CGA accelerated wound healing, enhanced hydroxyproline content, decreased malondialdehyde/nitric oxide levels, elevated reduced-glutathione, and did not affect superoxide dismutase/catalase levels in wound bed. While CGA induced side effects such as cyto/genotoxicity, 15 days of treatment attenuated blood glucose levels. CGA decreased lipid peroxidation levels of main organs. This study provides a better understanding for antioxidant intake on diabetic wound repair and possible pro-oxidative effects.

Previous studies showed that chlorogenic acid (CGA) accelerates wound healing via its antioxidant activity. We aimed to investigate the effect of CGA in an experimental epigastric abdominal skin flap model in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Rats were firstly divided into 2 groups: nondiabetic and diabetic. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Then, 4 subgroups were created for each group: vehicle as well as 0.2 mg/0.5 mL, 1 mg/0.5 mL, and 5 mg/0.5 mL CGA treatments. Right epigastric artery-based abdominal skin flaps were elevated and sutured back into their original position. Chlorogenic acid or vehicle was injected once into the femoral arteries by leaving the epigastric artery as the single artery feeding the flaps during the injection. On postoperative day 7, flap survivals were evaluated, and the rats were killed. Distal flap tissues were collected for histopathological and biochemical assays. Chlorogenic acid showed greater flap survival in both nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Capillary density was increased, and necrosis was reduced in the CGA-treated rats. Chlorogenic acid decreased malondialdehyde levels as well as increased reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels in the flap tissues. This study showed that CGA significantly improved flap survival by its antioxidant activities with intra-arterial local injections.

A 4-year old, primiparous, female Anatolian Shepherd dog was presented for evaluation of type II vaginal prolapse with alopecia of the left perineal skin. Hematological analyses demonstrated leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels were 156 pg/mL and 2.3 ng/mL, respectively. The vaginal smear was predominantly (at least 80%) made up of anuclear superficial cells. An abdominal ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous multicystic mass with anechoic areas adjacent to the caudal pole of the left kidney. An ovariohysterectomy was performed. Ten days after the surgery, the prolapsed vagina was completely regressed. A histopathological examination of the ovarian mass demonstrated that it was a granulosa cell tumor. Kangal ırkı 4 yaşlı, daha önce bir doğum yapmış dişi bir köpek sol perineal bölgede alopesi ile birlikte prolapsus vajina tip II şikayetleri ile Doğum kliniğine getirildi. Kan muayenesinde lökositosis ve trombositopeni tespit edildi. Östradiol (E2) ve progesteron (P4) seviyeleri sırasıyla 156 pg/mL ve 2.3 ng/mL idi. Vajinal smearda anükleer süperfi siyel hücreler (en az % 80) baskın hücre topluluğunu oluşturduğu dikkati, çekti. Ultrasonografi de sol böbreğin kaudaline yakın anekoik alanlar içeren heterojen multikistik bir kitle gözlendi. Overiohisterektomi sonrası operasyondan 10 gün sonra prolapsus vajinanın tamamen gerilediği görüldü. Ovaryumun histopatolojik muayenesinde granulosa hücre tümörü teşhis edildi.

In the present study, an ileal leiomyoma encountered in a captive zebra (Equus burchelli) was reported. A 29-year-old, female zebra was found dead in the Bursa zoo. According to the referring veterinarian the most prominent clinical signs were intermittent colic (responsive to analgesics) and constipation. At post mortem examination, abdomen was severely distended. A firm, multilobular, well vascularized and encapsulated tumoural mass, 12 cm in diameter, embedded into the proximal part of the ileum wall, and protruded from the serosal surface was found. The cut section of the mass had whorled appearance, pale yellow to white in colour, and had no sign of coagulation necroses and haemorrhages. In the microscopical examination, it was observed that tumoural mass consisted of interlacing bundles of well-differentiated, haphazardly arranged, and smooth muscle cells. Mitotic figures were not common. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were stained strongly with alpha smooth muscle actin and the mass was diagnosed as leiomyoma. Bu çalışmada Bursa hayvanat bahçesinde ölü olarak bulunan 29 yaşlı, dişi bir zebrada karşılaşılan ileal leiomyoma olgusu sunulmaktadır. Alınan anemnezde hayvanın genel durumunun iyi olduğu ancak aralıklı kolik (ağrı kesicilerle hafifletilen) ve kabızlık şikayetinin bulunduğu bildirilmiştir. Postmortem muayenede karın duvarının aşırı gergin olduğu görüldü. İleumun proksimalinde 12 cm çapında, bağırsak duvarına gömülü ve serozal yüzeyden dışarıya çıkıntı yapan, nodüler görünümlü, bağ doku kapsülü ile sınırlandırılmış, fibroelastik kıvamlı, iyi vaskularize olmuş bir kitleye rastlandı. Kitlenin kesit yüzü açık sarı-beyaz renkteydi ve iç içe geçmiş kas demetlerini andıran yapılar mevcuttu. Mikroskobik incelemede kitlenin gelişi güzel dizilmiş ve yer yer birbirleri içerisine girmiş düz kas hücrelerinden oluştuğu görüldü. Mitotik figürler yaygın değildi. Kesitlere uygulanan Crossman boyama yöntemi ile kitleyi oluşturan hücrelerinin, bağırsak duvarındaki kas tabakası ile benzer boyanma özelliği gösterdiği tespit edildi. İmmunohistokimyasal olarak tümör hücrelerinin alpha smooth muscle actin ile pozitif olarak boyandığı görüldü ve tümör leiomyoma olarak teşhis edildi.

This report describes a case of multicentric intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma observed in a 13-year-old, male, Irish setter dog. The dog had a history of chronic inappetence, weight loss, intermittent icterus, and diarrhoea. In the ultrasonographic examination of the abdominal organs, 5 spherical masses were found in various liver lobes. The largest mass was 12 cm in diameter and was located on the quadrate lobe. It had spongy consistency and had several cystic structures, 3 mm-2.5 cm in diameter, on the cut surface. While this mass bulged through the normal outline of the liver, smaller masses were engraved within the liver parenchyma. Histopathologically, cystic glandular structures lined by cubical to columnar epithelial cells were observed. Immunohistochemically, tumoural cells stained positively with anti-cytokeratin 7 and anti-cytokeratin 19 antibodies. We report herein a rare case of multicentric biliary cystadenoma in an Irish setter dog with histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.

Background: To investigate the protective effect of 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat kidney by an experimental study. Materials and methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: (1) sham group, (2) I/R group, and (3) I/R + 2-APB group. Renal I/ R injury was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle for 45 min after right nephrectomy, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. The therapeutic agent 2-APB was administered intravenously at a dose of 2 mg/kg 10 min before renal ischemia. Glutathione, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor a, interleukin 6, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine levels were measured from blood samples, and the rats were sacrificed subsequently. Tissue samples were scored histopathologically. Visualization of apoptotic cells was performed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining method. Results: 2-APB significantly reduced serum malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor a, interleukin 6, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine levels in the I/R injury group. However, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity levels increased significantly. Histopathologic scores were significantly better and the rate of apoptosis was lower in the 2-APB group. Conclusions: 2-APB reduces oxidative stress and damage caused by renal I/R injury. The results of this study demonstrate that 2-APB can be used as an effective agent against I/R injury in the kidney.

About 100 moribund rainbow trout fry (2-3 g) were brought to the laboratory for examination after an epizootic of citrobacteriosis on a farm in Bursa Province, northwest Turkey, in late March 2012. The dominant bacterium was identified by biochemical, API 20E, and VITEK II rapid tests. Colonies grown on xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar were yellow with an intensive yellow center and a surrounding zone of yellow precipitation. The fish displayed hyperemia of the mouth, dark color, bilateral exophthalmia, pale liver, and necrotic kidney symptoms. The possible etiologic agent was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Citrobacter braakii (GenBank accession number JX518488). Histopathological examination of the diseased fish revealed vacuolar degeneration in the liver epithelium, round and limited focal necrotic areas in the liver, desquamation in the intestine epithelium and glands that settled in the propria mucosa, and vacuolar degeneration of the intestinal epithelium. According to ATB VET and antibiogram disc diffusion, the isolated C. braakii strain was sensitive to apramycin, cefoperazone, chloramphenicol, colistin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, spectinomycin, and streptomycin but resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefalotine, cotrimoxazole, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, fusidic acid, kanamycin, lincomycin, metronidazole, neomycin, oxacilline, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, pristinamycin, rifampicin, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline, and tylosin. We found the bacteria sensitive to 4 mg/l doxycycline in the ATB VET test strip but resistant to 30 mu g/l doxycycline in the antibiogram disc diffusion test.

A 2-year-old, female Persian cat was presented with a history of distocia. In her first pregnancy, she had whelped four kittens and had eaten all of them right after parturition. She had mated again with the same tomcat. Well-developed foetuses with weak foetal heart beats were observed in the ultrasonographic examination. En block ovariohysterectomy was performed. Three live and mature foetuses were obtained from the uterus; two of them were female foetuses and had no anatomical problem but the third one exhibiting multiple malformations was a male and diagnosed as 'schistosoma reflexum' (SR). The vertebral column deviated markedly to the right (scoliosis) at thoracolumbar region, and the middle lumbar and the sacral vertebrae were directed dorsocranially (lordosis). The entire small intestine, a part of large intestine, stomach, spleen and the right kidney were displayed out of the body, and it seemed that the listed internal organs were protruded from an abdominal cleft associated with the allantoic membrane. Liver, lungs and heart were hypoplastic. The large intestine was seen to have blind end (atresia recti), but anus was normal. Cerebrum and cerebellum were noticed as normal in sizes. Chromosome preparations from lymphocyte cultures of the foetus showed chromosomal aberrations including chromatid and chromosome breaks, exchange figures, non-homologous pairing, whereas no abnormalities were detected in the chromosome preparations from mother's cultures. This is probably the first case of SR in a cat, which was examined in detail from clinical, pathological, radiological and chromosomal angles.

As the equilibrium between cell division and cell death (apoptosis) determines the growth of a tumour, the aim of the study was to evaluate the apoptosis frequency in dog mammary tumours both by the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end Libelling (TUNEL) method and by the ELISA detection of nucleosoms in cell homogenates. For that, apoptosis rates were investigated in 35 malignant tumours (16 malignant mixed tumours, 12 lobular adenocarcinomas, 3 cirrhotic adenocarcinomas and 4 myoepitheliomas) and in 10 normal mammary tissues. Whereas the apoptotic cells were found abundant and homogeneously distributed throughout the healthy breast tissues by the TUNEL method, they appeared less numerous in malignant tumours and were essentially located within mammary acini in few areas. The average amounts of nucleosoms proportional to the absorbance at 405 nm in the ELISA test in cell homogenates from malignant tumours were lower than in the healthy mammary tissues but according to the tumour type, the difference with controls was significant only for the malignant mixed tumours (P < 0.05). These results show that apoptosis rate tended globally to decrease in dog malignant mammary tumours, favouring in this way the selection and expansion of apoptosis-resistant neoplastic cells.

The present report describes a giant cell type of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), diagnosed in soft parts of the right abdominal mammary region, in an 11-year old, 8 kg, nulliparous female Ankara (Angora) cat diagnosed in soft parts of the right abdominal mammary region. The tumor, surgically excised from the abdominal region, had a flexible consistency with ulcerated overlying skin. The tumor was elliptical (8.0 cm x 7.0 cm x 5.0 cm) with a necrotic area of 3.0 cm x 1.5 cm x 1.0 cm in the middle of the cut surface. Microscopically, the tumor was subcutaneous and unencapsulated. Tumor cells were comprised of a mixture of fibroblast-like spindle and histiocytic-like cells with a pale pink cytoplasm. Cells were oval or elongated with a round, large nucleus, and small single nucleoli. In addition, an abundant number of multi-nucleated giant cells were observed. In some fields, there was a dense collagen connective tissue, foci of cartilaginous, bony metaplasia, and hemorrhage surrounding necrosis. Bu rapor, 11 yaşında, 8 kg ağırlığında, hiç doğum yapmamış dişi bir Ankara kedisinin sağ abdominal meme bölgesinde bulunan dev hücreli tip malign fibröz histiyositom (MFH)’u tarif etmektedir. Cerrahi müdahale ile sağ karın bölgesinden alınan, kesit yüzünün merkezi kısmında 3 × 1.5 × 1 cm boyutlarında nekrotik alana sahip olan eliptik (8 × 7 × 5 cm) tümör’ün kıvamı esnekti ve üstü ülserli deri ile kaplıydı. Gözle görülür bir şekilde, hemen epitel katman altından başlayan, kapsülsüz tümöral alan, oval veya uzamış, yuvarlak, iri çekirdek ve küçük tek çekirdekçikten ve açık pembe sitoplazmaya sahip histiyosit benzeri hücreler ile fibroblast benzeri hücrelerin karışımından oluşmuştu. Bu hücrelerin yanı sıra, tümöral alanda çok sayıda çok hücreli dev hücrelere rastlandı. Tümöral doku içerisinde nekrozu çevreleyen yoğun kollagen bağ dokusu, kıkırdakımsı kitle, kemiksi metaplazi ve kanamalar görüldü.

The presence of HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) oncoprotein, oestrogen-α receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) in hyperplastic endometrial polyps (EPs) of two cats with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra (CEH-P) complex was investigated. Immunohistochemistry assay for ER, PR and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in the glandular and stromal tissue of the EPs was performed. ER and c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the glandular epithelium of the EPs whereas PR immunoreactivity was detected only in the stromal fibroblasts. The c-erbB-2 oncoprotein may play a role with the ER in the pathogenesis of the hyperplastic EPs, although the role of this oncoprotein in the pathogenesis of EPs has yet to be determined.

Fatal pulmonary aspergillosis and AA type amyloid accumulations in the liver and spleen are described in a female ostrich (Struthio camelus). The animal had had respiratory problems and long-term inappetence over an 8-week period. Necropsy revealed that several soft, grayish to white nodules ranging from 1 to 3 mm in diameter were scattered throughout the lungs and thoracic air sacs. Prominent enlargement of the liver and spleen was observed. No gross lesions were found in the other organs studied. The microscopic examination showed severe, necrotizing, granulomatous pneumonia, and air sacculitis. Aspergillus fumigatus was recovered from the lungs and air sacs as pure culture colonies. Amyloid deposition was demonstrated in the liver and spleen slides by Congo red and immunohistochemistry. To the authors' knowledge, to date no case of amyloid accumulation in ostrich has been reported. We report, for the first time, diffuse AA amyloidosis in the liver and spleen of an ostrich, probably occurring secondary to aspergillosis.

The presence of oestrogen-alpha receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) oncoprotein in the uterine walls of 10 healthy cats and 20 subjects with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra (CEH-P) were evaluated. Lesions were graded according to the severity of cystic dilation, hyperplasia and inflammation, and were classified as normal, mild uterine hyperplasia and severe uterine hyperplasia. The ER, PR and c-erbB-2 expression in the endometrium, glandular epithelium, stromal fibroblasts and myometrial smooth muscle cells was quantified by immunohistochemistry. The ER, PR and c-erbB-2 staining patterns differed between normal uteri and uteri with CEH-P. The ER expression was tended to be higher in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium in the severe hyperplasia group (P > 0.05) and significantly lower in the mild hyperplasia cases compared with normal endometrium (P < 0.05), whereas the PR expression in both severe and mild hyperplasia cases tended to be higher in stromal cells and glandular epithelium than those in the normal uteri. C-erbB-2 immunoreactivity was observed only in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium of the uterine wall and immunostaining was found to be highest in cases with severe hyperplasia. As a conclusion, we suggest that c-erbB-2 oncoprotein may play a role in the pathogenesis of the CEH together with the ER and PR in cats, and that ER does not have a role in the mechanism of pyometra, whereas PR plays a role in the pathogenesis of both CEH and pyometra.

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 using immunohistochemistry in the ascites syndrome of broiler chickens in a salt-induced experimental model. The presence of the enzymes in the lung, heart, liver, kidney and brain was evaluated semi-quantitatively with the streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase (Strep-ABC) method using commercially available primary monoclonal antibodies. Immunostaining of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was more intense and extensive in ascitic broilers than in the controls, although a decrease was seen with increasing age both in normal and ascitic chickens. The presence of MMP-9 enzyme was negatively correlated with the presence of TIMP-1 enzyme. It is suggested that MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes might play a role in the permeability increase of vessel walls by the destruction of the basement membranes in the salt-induced experimental ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Identificat...

A 14-year-old male cocker spaniel was diagnosed with sebaceous gland adenoma in the right external ear canal. Macroscopically, a whitish nodular mass, 3.1 x 3.5 x 2.2 cm in size, moderate to firm in consistency, was seen. The cut surface of the tumoral mass was solid. In the microscopical examination, the tumoral mass was formed by many lobules composed of 2 types of different cells (basaloid and sebaceous cells). Because of the mass within the external ear canal, the dog had severe otitis externa and problems in hearing.

This study describes a salmonella infection in a chinchilla farm of 40 families in the Yalova region. Twenty-four families were affected in a 10-day period after the outbreak of the disease and the clinical signs were apathy, anorexia, diarrhoea with or without hemorrhage, tremors, local paralysis, mucopurulent or hemorrhagic vaginal secretion in some females, abortions in 1 to 2 month-pregnant animals and death. The newborn and pregnant animals were affected more severely. Two live chinchillas with clinical signs were euthanized and gross pathological, histopathological and microbiological examinations were performed. In the gross and microscopical examinations, the most severe lesions were due to enteritis together with findings suggestive of septicemia. Inflammation of the uterus with slightly hemorrhagic, mucopurulent exudate was also seen. Isolation and identification of Salmonella enteritidis and S, typhimurium were carried out during the microbiological examination of the sampled tissues. The isolated Salmonella strains were found to be sensitive to enrofloxacin, amoxycillin and gentamicin, and resistant to erythromycin and ampicillin.

The applicability of the immunoperoxidase (IP) technique in unfixed-fresh tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) was investigated for rapid detection of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). For this purpose, TOCs prepared from one-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with IBV M41 strain in serial dilutions. IBV antigen detected by IF technique in TOCs 18 h postinoculation. IF staining was observed before siliostasis in all dilutions. The IP technique was also applied to detect IBV antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of TOCs inoculated with IBV M41 strain. Viral antigen was also detected in these sections. Histopathological examinations of IBV M41 infected tracheal rings showed loss of cilia, flattening of lamina epithelialis, and rounding and desquamation of epithelial cells.

This study was performed to determine the incidence and anatomo-pathologic aspects of reproductive organ tumors in laying chickens. For this research, 10,475 16-18-month-old, commercial laying hens of the Babcock genotype were obtained from four flocks in Afyon city. They were examined right after slaughtering, and reproductive organ tumors in 804 hens (7.67%) were observed. Out of these 804 hens, leiomyoma was found in 760 hens (7.25%), oviduct adenocarcinoma in 39 hens (0.37%) and leiomyoma together with oviduct adenocarcinoma in 5 hens (0.05%) were detected. Oviduct adenocarcinomas were observed in the magnum of the oviduct in 43 cases (0.41%) and in the isthmus in one case (0.01%). Leiomyomas were detected in the ventral ligament of the oviduct in 763 cases (7.28%) and in the magnum of the oviduct in 2 cases (0.02%). In 40 cases of oviduct adenocarcinomas, metastases were observed in the intestines, pancreas, mesentery, spleen, gizzard and ovary. The macroscopic and light microscopic characteristics of these tumors were reported in detail.

In 2005, the deaths of three dogs were reported in Erdek, Turkey. Examining appropriate historical and clinical signs, postmortem findings and the discovery of cyanide in their stomachs and intestinal contents and livers supported a diagnosis of cyanide poisoning.

Background: In classical scrapie, the disease-associated abnormal isoform (PrPSc) of normal prion protein accumulates principally in the nervous system and lymphoid tissues of small ruminants. Lymph nodes traffic leukocytes via lymphatic and blood vasculatures but hemal nodes lack lymphatic vessels and thus traffic leukocytes only via the blood. Although PrPSc accumulation profiles are well-characterized in ovine lymphoid tissues, there is limited information on such profiles in hemal nodes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the follicular accumulation of PrPSc within hemal nodes and lymph nodes by prion epitope mapping and western blot studies. Results: Our studies found that PrPSc accumulation in 82% of animals' abdominal hemal nodes when PrPSc is detected in both mesenteric and retropharyngeal lymph nodes collected from preclinical and clinical, naturally and experimentally (blood transfusion) scrapie-infected sheep representing all three major scrapie-susceptible Prnp genotypes. Abdominal hemal nodes and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were then used to analyze immune cell phenotypes and PrPSc epitope mapping by immunohistochemistry and PrPSc banding patterns by western blot. Similar patterns of PrPSc accumulation were detected within the secondary follicles of hemal nodes and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, where cellular labeling was mostly associated with macrophages and follicular dendritic cells. The pattern of PrPSc accumulation within hemal nodes and retropharyngeal lymph nodes also did not differ with respect to epitope mapping with seven mAbs (N-terminus, n = 4; globular domain, n = 2; C-terminus, n = 1) in all three Prnp genotypes. Western blot analysis of hemal node and retropharyngeal lymph node homogenates revealed identical three banding patterns of proteinase K resistant PrPSc. Conclusion: Despite the anatomical difference in leukocyte trafficking between lymph nodes and hemal nodes, the follicles of hemal nodes appear to process PrPSc similarly to lymph nodes. USDA Agricultural Research Service under CRIS (5348-32000-030-00 D)