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Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the serum levels of adiponectin and TNF-α, as well as insulin sensitivity, and to elucidate the possible relationship among the parameters and negative energy balance during the periparturient period of dairy cows. Material and Methods: Thirty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected for the study. Blood samples were collected from each cow seven days before the expected calving date, on the calving day, and 7, 14, and 21 days after calving. Blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and TNF- α levels were measured. Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (rQUICKI) was calculated using data on NEFA, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Results: When compared to prepartum levels, serum concentration of adiponectin significantly increased on day 21 postpartum. The rQUICKI increased and NEFA levels decreased on day 7 after parturition. Insulin and glucose levels decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 postpartum when compared with prepartum levels. BHBA levels decreased on day 21 and TNF- α concentration also decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 postpartum. Adiponectin levels positively correlated with NEFA during the preparturient period. Negative correlation was detected between adiponectin and rQUICKI on calving day and on 14th day after parturition. TNF- α concentration positively correlated with glucose levels on day 7 prepartum and on 21st day postpartum and with rQUICKI on 21st day postpartum. Negative correlation was detected between adiponectin level and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, we concluded that adiponectin could possibly increase insulin sensitivity when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated.

Increasing energy demands of high-yielding dairy cow in postpartum period results almost always with negative energy balance (NEB). According to the degree of NEB, dairy cows could suffer from clinical or subclinical ketosis. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the incidence and difference between incidences of clinical and subclinical ketosis in three regions with highest cattle population in Turkey; Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean regions. Cattle (n = 980) from three regions (2 farms from each region) were selected for the study. Milk yields, management and feeding factors of all farms were similar. Blood samples were collected on days 14-21 and sixth week after calving. Blood beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and glucose levels were measured. Cows with serum BHBA > 1.2 mmol/l and negative urine ketone test were designated as suffering subclinical ketosis (SCK). Cows with serum BHBA > 1.2 mmol/l, positive urine test and clinical findings such as anorexia, fatigue, depression, constipation and decrease in contractions of rumen were designated as suffering clinical ketosis (CK). Animals without any clinical finding and serum BHBA levels lower than 1.2 mmol/l at the time of sampling were designated as healthy. In Mediterranian region, 12 (3,8%) and 46 (14,8%) of 315; in Aegean region, 24 (7,3%) and 54 (16,6%) of 325, and in Maramara region, 33 (9,7%) and 76 (22,3%) of 340 cows were suffered from CK and SCK respectively in postpartum period. Blood glucose levels of CK cows was lower than SCK cows and blood glucose levels of both types of ketosis were lower than healthy animals in animals from all three regions. The results of the presented study indicate that incidence of CK and SCK is much higher than average incidence rates in other surveys. Especially incidence higher than 20% in Marmara region demonstrates that there are crucial errors in management and feeding in that region. Postpartum dönemde yüksek süt verimli ineklerde artan enerji gereksinimi neredeyse her zaman negatif enerji dengesi (NED) ile sonuçlanır. NED’nin derecesine göre süt sığırlarında klinik veya subklinik ketozis meydana gelebilir. Sunulan çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de en çok sığır popülasyonunun bulunduğu üç bölgede; Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz’de ketozis ve subklinik ketozis insidansı ve insidanslar arasındaki farkı değerlendirmekti. Çalışma için sığırlar (n: 980) üç bölgeden (her bölgeden 2 çiftlik) seçildi. Süt verimleri, yönetim ve beslenme faktörleri bütün çiftliklerde benzerdi. Kan numuneleri postpartum 14-21. günlerde ve 6. haftada alındı. Kan Beta Hidroksi Bütirik Asit (BHBA) ve glukoz seviyeleri ölçüldü. Serum BHBA seviyesi > 1.2 mmol/l ve idrar keton testi negatif olan inekler subklinik ketozis (SKK), serum BHBA > 1.2 mmol/l ve idrar testi pozitif, anoreksi, halsizlik, depresyon, konstipasyon ve rumen kontraksiyonu azalmış olan inekler klinik ketozis (KK) olarak belirlenmiştir. Herhangi bir klinik bulgu göstermeyen ve örnekleme sırasında serum BHBA seviyesi 1.2 mmol/l’den düşük hayvanlar sağlıklı olarak belirlenmiştir. Akdeniz bölgesinde postpartum dönemdeki 315 inekten 12’si (%3,8) ve 46’sı (%14,8); Ege bölgesinde 325 inekten 24’ü (%7,3) ve 54’ü (%16,6) ve Marmara bölgesinde 340 inekten 33 (%9,7) ve 76’sı (%22,3) sırası ile KK ve SKK’li olarak tespit edildi. KK’li ineklerde kan glukoz seviyesi SKK’li ineklerden daha düşüktü ve üç bölgede de her iki tip ketozisli hayvanların kan glukoz seviyesi sağlıklı hayvanlardan daha düşüktü. Sunulan çalışmanın sonuçları göstermektedir ki KK ve SKK insidansı diğer araştırmalardaki ortalama insidanstan daha yüksektir. Özellikle Marmara bölgesinde insidansın % 20’den daha yüksek olması gösteriyor ki bu bölgede önemli beslenme ve yönetim hataları bulunmaktadır.

Monensin is a carboxylic polyether ionophore producedby a naturally occurring strain of Streptomycescinnamonensis. 1 Monensin is available in variousforms for use in cattle. It can be incorporated into feed as a powderor given as a ruminal bolus by the use of controlled releasedcapsules. 2–4 The capsules consist of a plastic cylinder with foldingwings, which allow the capsule to be retained in the rumen. 1,3 Monensin improves the efficiency of energy metabolism, increasesthe flow of protein to the small intestine, alters mineral metabolismand decreases the occurrence of ruminal disorders, includingbloat and lactic acidosis. 2 Its effects on energy metabolism are todecrease butyrate concentration, increase propionate concentra-tion, a glycogenic effect that is independent of rumen fermenta-tion, and to decrease the circulation of free fatty acids. 2,3 Therefore, the potential effects of monensin on glucose productionare of great importance to dairy cows in early lactation, especiallythose with a negative energy balance and at risk for ketosis. 1–3,5 The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy ofthe monensin controlled release capsule (Rumensin® CRC),administered prepartum, on blood metabolites in periparturientdairy cows.

Left displaced abomasum (LDA) affects high-yielding dairy cattle, but the aetiopathogenesis for this condition is not clearly understood. Studies conducted on the aetiology of LDA have recognised breed, age, diet, genetics and metabolic disorders as factors that can predispose dairy cows to developing LDA (Coppock 1974, Varden 1979). Specifically, negative energy balance and ketosis are among the many factors implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of LDA (LeBlanc and others 2005). By monitoring energy balance in postpartum dairy cattle via the milk protein/fat (P/F) ratio, it is possible to identify cows predisposed to LDA. In addition to the negative energy balance, sub-acute ruminal acidosis plays an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of LDA because the flow of rumen-derived gases (CO2 and CH4) and excess volatile fatty acids from the rumen to the abomasum increases the abomasal pH, enabling bacterial fermentation and resulting in additional gas production (Svendsen 1970, Gregory and Miller 1989). Milk fat and protein levels and the ratio between the two are often used to monitor energy balance in postpartum cows (Gantner and others 2009). Geishauser and others (1997) previously investigated the relationship between P/F ratios and abomasal displacement, but they used different sample collection times from those used in the work presented here. Standardisation of sampling times could improve the accuracy of milk P/F ratios, resulting in a more reliable indicator for LDA, especially in herds where development of the condition is related to ketosis. This study aimed to evaluate the milk P/F ratio as a potentially cheap, useful and accurate predictive tool for LDA. High-yielding dairy cows (n = 154) in their second lactation and without a …

TOXIC epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare dermatological disorder characterised by widespread erythema, necrosis and bullous detachment of the epidermis and mucous membranes, resulting in exfoliation of the skin and possibly leading to sepsis and/or death (Lyell 1956, Lebargy and others 1997). The epithelium of the gut and airways can also be affected, causing clinical signs such as profuse diarrhoea and respiratory distress. Studies conducted in human beings have revealed that detachment of the epidermis is a result of disseminated apoptosis of keratinocytes and that the death of these cells is most likely caused by cytotoxic lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages (Paul and others 1996). TEN in human beings is most commonly a drug-induced disease caused by antibiotics (such as sulfonamids, macrolides, penicillins, ampicillin and some quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin), antiepileptic drugs and NSAIDs. However, the disorder has other potential aetiologies in human beings, including Mycoplasma pneumonia infection, malignancy and vaccinations (Fournier and others 1995, Tay and others 1996). M pneumonia -related TEN cases in human beings are usually milder than drug-induced ones, and generally only 10 per cent of the skin is involved (Tay and others 1996). The pathophysiology of TEN has not been fully elucidated, but it has been suggested that this disease is an immune-related cytotoxic reaction that destroys keratinocytes expressing a foreign antigen (Paul and others 1996). TEN is a clinical diagnosis confirmed by histopathological analysis of skin lesions. There are only two reports regarding TEN in cattle (Yeruham and others 1999a, b). These studies reported cases of TEN in calves; however, because no underlying cause for disease was detected, the cases were classified as idiopathic (Yeruham and others 1999b). This short communication describes an association …

Nine Holstein cows were died between 3 October and 13 December of 2009 in Turkey. On this farm, all the dairy cattle (350) were being fed in two groups by the owner. The only difference between the rations was that the ration of group 2 was containing hairy vetch hay. It was noticed that all (except one dead) animal were in the Group 2. Clinical signs in affected animals prior to death were generally dramatic drop in milk yield, inconsistent fever, diarrhea, cutaneous lesions, listless, ruminal stasis, conjunctivitis, icterus, red urine and abortion in the pregnant animal. Anemia and Babesia bigemina were detected in hematologic analysis. There was disseminated vacuolar degeneration around vena centralis in liver, and the epithelium of the proximal tubules had severe swelling and had deeply eosinophilic epithelial cells and the lumens of tubules were disappeared in kidneys. It is considered that the cases presented here are mainly caused by hairy vetch as no more clinical signs and deaths were seen after 10 days of removal of hairy vetch from the animals' ration.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate tylosine efficacy administered by intramuscular for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected goat kids. These animals were randomly assigned to test group (n=10) and control (n=10) group after routine clinical examination. All kids showed mild mental depression, decrease in suckling reflex and diarrhea in different severity. Fecal samples were analyzed via virological, bacteriological and coccidial examinations. The consistency of feces was assessed as pastose, semiliquid, or liquid. The rates of infection of the samples were evaluated semi-quantitatively. Tylosine was given by intramuscular route to test group - 2 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, twice a day for 5 days. However, isotonic saline solution (1.0 ml) was used by intramuscular route to the control group, once a day for 5 days. Hematological results of all the kids were within normal limits except for hematocrit rates which were mild high in 15 kids as a result of dehydration. However, OPG was not detected in both of group after treatment. It was suggests that tylosine applied animals has been shown more rapid recovery than control group. Tylosine may be useful in order to reduce of treatment period in the disease. In future, more detailed studies which evaluate the effects of tylosine in goat kids with cryptosporidiosis are needed.

A Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infection was diagnosed in a 10-month-old lamb from a Turkish flock. The animal suddenly showed nervous signs and died within 2 days. At necropsy, different pulmonary and nervous lesions were observed. A Coenurus cerebralis cyst was also present in the right-brain hemisphere. Severe nonpurulent meningoencephalitis and lymphoproliferative pneumonia were detected by histopathology. MVV proviral DNA was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples collected from the brain and the lungs. This unusual report in a young animal confirms that not only adult sheep but also lambs can develop MVV disease. The hypothesis that concurrent nervous and pulmonary diseases increase the severity of the lesions due to MVV and reduce the incubation time should be better evaluated.

Outbreak of malignant oedema in sheep following vaccination with a multivalent clostridial bacterin-toxoid

Three dogs, which had either had endosulfan applied, for ectoparasitic control, or ingested endosulfan-contaminated food, had been referred with the signs of tonic-clonic convulsions, disorientation and dyspnoea, or vomiting, abdominal pain and respiratory distress. Fever, hypothermia and tachypnoea were also detected. Neutrophilic leukocytosis was observed in all dogs and serum biochemical analyses revealed increased levels of total protein, globulin and glucose. Treatment included administration of electrolyte solutions, diazepam and atropine. The dogs completely recovered within 12 to 72 hours. The clinical signs observed in these cases suggest that endosulfan poisoning should be taken into consideration during the diagnostic work-up of dogs suffering from vomiting, tonic-clonic convulsions, disorientation and respiratory dysfunction.

In 2007, an outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) occurred in Turkey. On the basis of clinical investigation, 41 cattle were suspected to have EHD. Reverse transcription-PCR and sequence analyses indicated that the virus belonged to EHD virus serotype 6, thus confirming EHD virus infection of cattle in Turkey. UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001144) UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001159) UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001446)

Summary Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the results of routine haematological, serum iron and iron binding capacity analyses in cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Material and methods: Thirty-eight cows were included in the study. An ELISA for MAP, intradermal Johnin test and microscopic examination of the animals faecal smears for acid fast organisms were performed. According to the results 19 cows (4–8 years old) were found positive and 19 cows (4–7 years old) from the same herd were negative and served as control group. In all cows routine haematological values as well as serum iron level and iron binding capacity were evaluated. Results: When compared with control animals, routine haematological values including haematocrit, haemoglobin and erythrocyte counts were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in positive cows. Also serum iron level (p < 0.01) and iron binding capacity (p < 0.01) were significantly lower in positive cows than in the control group. Conclusion: As a result, these parameters can be important for the mechanism of the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis.

Summary Objective: Description of clinical, biochemical and haematological changes in Saanen goat kids post-exposure to a naturally occurring heat stroke. Material and methods: The experimental group consisted of goats of different age (1–4 months) and sex (8 males, 12 females) with an average weight of 7.2 ± 3.1 kg. Twenty clinically healthy, three to four months old, Saanen goat kids (sex-ratio 1:1) were used as a control. The average body weight in this group was 9.4 ± 2.6 kg. Case history, clinical signs, and results of haematology and blood biochemistry were documented in all goat kids. Results: Most common findings were hyperthermia, ataxia, muscle tremor and depression. Increased serum urea, creatinine, potassium and plasma lactate concentrations as well as an increase in aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activity were observed in goats post-exposure to heat stroke when compared to the control group. Two goat kids died despite supportive treatment. Physical and biochemical blood parameters improved following treatment. Conclusion: This is the first study on heat stroke in Saanen goat kids. Heatstroke may be fatal in Saanen goat kids, despite appropriate treatment, and may lead to secondary complications. Plasma lactate concentration seems to be a reliable indicator for the prognosis of heat stroke in goat kids.

Objective To determine the clinical efficacy of subconjunctival injection of clindamycin in the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Animals studied Clinically, out of 81 animals examined, 46 were found to be suffering from IBK of variable severity. The ocular secretions were collected and cultured for Moraxella bovis. The study included 36 Holstein cattle from which M. Bovis was isolated. These animals ranged between 4 and 28 months of age. Procedures The severity of the clinical findings were scored as normal, mild, moderate, and severe. Clindamycin was injected subconjunctivally at a total dose of 150 mg (1 mL), once daily for 3 days to the test group (n = 18); isotonic saline solution (1 mL) was administered to the control group. After treatment, all cattle were re-examined and clinical response was evaluated on days 3, 7 and 15 post-treatment. Results Compared with the control group and prior to treatment, all active lesions such as blepharospasm, epiphora, photophobia, chemosis, corneal edema, and corneal ulceration were generally resolved by day 15 after subconjunctival injection of clindamycin. Severity of IBK lesions increased on days 3 and 7, compared to baseline in the control group administered isotonic saline solution. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that subconjunctival injection of clindamycin is effective in the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

A two-year-old, female, domestic short-haired cat was presented with visual impairment, tetraparesis, depression, head tilt and nystagmus. Serum and CSF were positive for coronavirus antibody and hydrocephalus secondary to feline infectious peritonitis was diagnosed based on clinical, laboratory and computed tomography findings. Medical treatment was not effective. This report presents a case of hydrocephalus in a cat suspected to be secondary to feline infectious peritonitis.

Periparturient recumbency is a common problem in dairy cows (Blood and Rodostits, 1989). There are a number of causes of this condition, including metabolic diseases such as hypocalcaemia and hypophosphatemia, malnutrition and septic conditions (Blood and Rodstits, loc. cit.; Clark et al., 1987; Gerloff and Swenson, 1996; Smith et al., 1990). Biochemical and haematological tests have been used by several workers to identify factors involved in the recumbency, predict the likely outcome and determine treatment plan (Clark et al., loc. cit.). The purpose of the study was to evaluate clinical, haematological and biochemical test results derived from periparturient recumbent cows.

Pyometra is the accumulation of purulent material within the lumen of the uterus (Leib et al., 1997). It is regarded as one of the most common illnesses in bitches. Pyometra must be considered if depression, lethargy, anorexia and polyuria with poydipsia occur in the intact bitch (Borresen, 1980; Leib et al., loc. cit.) Renal failure and urinary tract infection may occur in bitch with pyometra (De Schepper et al., 1987: Stone et al., 1988, Leib et al., loc. cit.). The aim of this study was to investigate the link between renal failure and pyometra.

In the present study, a total of 100 urine samples obtained by antepubic cystocentesis from dogs with symptoms of urinary tract infection were examined bacteriologically. Bacteria were isolated from 38 of 100 urine samples. No significant difference was determined when the frequency of bacteriuria was compared between female and male dogs and in 2 different age groups (

PARATUBERCULOSIS is a debilitating disease of livestock caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Its control is very important for the industry because of the economic loss caused by decreased milk yield, pregnancy rate and increased veterinary costs ([Murray and Smith 2002][

In this study, the clinical findings and results of haematological and biochemical analyses of 26 cattle with botulism were evaluated. The most important clinical signs in the affected cattle included: decreased appetite, ataxia, difficulty to rise, loss of tongue tone, salivation and bradycardia. A definitive diagnosis of botulism was based on demonstration of the preformed toxin in ruminal and intestinal contents and feed materials including poultry litter, by mouse inoculation test. This study is the first confirmation, by direct toxin isolation, of Clostridium botulinum type C and Clostridium botulinum type D in cattle, in Turkey.