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The development of novel predictors of immunotherapy efficacy is a clinically important and rapidly developing area. The currently existing predictors (PD-L1, MSI tumor status) do not always guarantee a positive treatment result. In addition, performing these analyses is characterized by the complexity, high cost, and long execution period. Thus, identifying potential new biomarkers in peripheral blood, which would be more accurate and accessible from a technical and economic point of view, is of great interest and is the object of active research. The article is a literature review of the currently available studies written worldwide on the topic of potential markers of the immunotherapy effectiveness. The most interesting and promising studies with intermediate conclusions are presented. We highlighted a number of clinical studies on the use of various assays and platforms for monitoring peripheral immune status. These studies point to the usefulness of these biomarkers as potential prognostic indicators.

Aim of study. To specify the peculiarities in spatial arrangement of arterial branches in the area of anterior perforated substance. Material and methods. The work was carried out using brain material of 25 people of both genders from the archive of the Department of Anatomy at the FSBEI HE Ryazan State Medical University MOH RF. In order to verify the arteries before formaldehyde fi xation of brain, their injection with gelatine solution was performed. Th e peculiarities in origin of central arteries from the internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery as well as their calibres and quantity were examined. Results. The study has shown that the spatial arrangement of the perforating arteries in the anterior perforated substance depends on the particular site of origin. Th e origins of arterial branches flowing through the anterior perforated substance are the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery and anterior choroidal artery. Perforating branches originating from the internal carotid artery were registered in both hemispheres in 98 % of the cases. Unilateral (left ) absence of branches originating from the C4 segment was only noted in one case. The largest quantity of arteries originated from M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery. Th erewith, the majority of the branches belonged to the lateral group exceeding the quantity of such branches in the medial group by 2.3 times on average. Th ereat, the quantity of branches in each group showed no valid diff erence in relation to the side of the body. Conclusion. Knowledge of the anatomy of the anterior perforated substance, the peculiarities in spatial arrangement of the branches of middle cerebral artery and the anterior choroidal artery is important and is of interest for clinicians from the perspective of diagnosis and timely treatment of cerebral tumours and aneurisms of its arterial ring

Используя техническую характеристику прицепного лемешно-отвального плуга ПБС-10П и результаты испытаний плугов серии ПБС на ФГБНУ «Поволжская машиноиспытательная станция», результаты испытаний тракторов лабораторией Nebraska Tractor Test США установлена величина крюкового усилия тракторов John Deer 9120 (196кВт), New Holland 9282 (175кВт), Versatile 375 (268кВт), Case Magnum 340 (251кВт), Challenger MT 835 (267кВт), Fendt 926 (200кВт), Massey Fergusson 8480 (200кВт) и тягового сопротивления прицепного плуга ПБС-10П на соответствующих скоростях движения, определены аналитические зависимости крюкового усилия тракторов и тягового сопротивления плуга от скорости движения. Графоаналитическим методом рассчитаны оптимальные эксплуатационные показатели скомплектованных пахотных агрегатов и дана их сравнительная теоретическая оценка по производительности на основной обработке почвы в разных условиях. Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований пахотного агрегата Case Magnum 340+ПБС-10П в условиях хозяйства Саратовской области и проверена сходимость полученных теоретических и экспериментальных исследований.

Modern treatment of chronic paraproctitis is aimed at preserving the integrity of the anal sphincter in order to reduce the risk of incontinence. One of these techniques is the operation of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT). The data are presented in the article about the results of sphincter-saving operation of the LIFT and comparison of the effectiveness with the traditional method of treatment-fistula excision with the sphincter suture. The main and control group included 36 patients with transsphincteric fistula-in-ano. Primary recovery in the first group was 77,7 %. Disease recurrence occurred in 16,7 % cases as intersphincteric fistula, 5,6 % developed a «complete» fistula. In the second group, the relapse occurred in 25 % cases and exclusively by the type of «complete» fistula. The phenomena of incontinence were noted only in the control group.

Purulent diseases in surgery are the oldest and at the same time not-over-the-topical problem, accounting for at least a third of all surgical diseases, 12 % of deaths after planned and 27 % after emergency operations. There is a constant search for new methods of treatment. The most promising are methods with the use of physical influence on the wound. One of such, known for a long time, but has become widespread only recently is the use of ultra-low temperatures in wound processing -local cryotherapy It has both advantages for the all physical methods: lack of microorganisms resistant to intensive exposure, locality of action, absence of significant side effects and allergic reactions, and unique features for local cryotherapy -it does not cause severe tissue damage, anesthetic properties, efficacy in chronic processes, ease of use for complex cavities debridment. At the same time, the local cryotherapy is largely unexplored topic, requiring further study and adaptation of the technique for the purulent surgery requirements.

The article presents clinical case report of treatment of a severe anaerobic, nonclostridialphlegmon of the abdominal wall as a complication after a typically performed appendectomy without draining the abdominal cavity is given. A feature of the treatment in this clinical case is the use of cryodebridement with liquid nitrogen on the purulent cavity of the wound, which predetermined the rapid subsidence of the symptoms of purulent inflammation and created a condition for early and complete closure of the wound by secondary sutures. This case is one of the examples of effective application of local cryoexposure in the direction of purulent surgery of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which is still poorly understood for this method.

The viability of pollen of 5 collectible varieties of Russian plum of the Pushkinskiye and Pavlovskiye VIR Laboratories SPB before and after cryopreservation was studied. It was found that a significant factor for the level of pollen viability is “variety” (p=0.07), the factors “cryopreservation” (p=0.457), “year” (p=0.221), as well as the interaction of the factors “variety× cryopreservation” (p=0.172), were not significant at the p

Background. This study shows the influence of the configuration of the base of the skull on the size of mammillary bodies in the evolutionary aspect. Objective. The purpose of the study was to analyze the values of basilar angle of the scull in representatives of different taxonomic groups; since this parameter determines the configuration of the internal base of the skull and the degree of expression of mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. Methods. The study was performed using 355 MRI images of people of both genders aged from 1 to 87 years old and scanned copies of the X-ray of the head of some animals: rats, cats, dogs. The configuration of the base of the skull was determined by x-ray and MRI images in the sagittal projection. Results. The study of the basilar angle in animals (rat, cat, dog) and humans showed a correlation between its values and the shape of mammillary bodies. It was revealed that the greatest angle is in rodents (170º) and the least – in humans (123º). It is noted that at a large angle, the brain tightly adherent to the bones of the skull base and mammillary body unexpressed. If the head is offset from the main axis of the body and the value of basilar angle decreased (cats, dogs, people), mammillary bodies are defined as separate anatomical structures. Conclusion. We can assume that the degree of expression of mammillary bodies depends on the configuration of the skull base. Citation: Pavlov AV, Zherebiateva SR, Lazutina GS, Ovchinnikova NV. [Basilar angle of skull as a form factor of hypothalamic mammillary bodies]. Morphologia. 2015;9(3):54-7. Russian.

The lands that turned out to be unclaimed for agrarian production pass into the category of waste, due to the spread of weeds on them. At the first stage, such lands pass through a wild grass stage with typical weed-field vegetation, where annual dicotyledons predominate, subsequently these plants are supplanted by perennial grasses, overgrown with shrubs and tree growth, and waste lands become uncultivated deposits. The presence of vegetation cover with a height of 1-1.7 m not only complicates the conduct of mechanical tillage, but also requires large amounts of energy. On lands left out of agricultural use, there is a noticeable change in soil properties. All agrochemical parameters of deposits have a lower value than arable land. On abandoned fields, along with a decrease in nutrients in the soil, there is a change in water and air conditions, which complicates the process of tilling. Entering abandoned fields in crop rotation for the production of agricultural products is an important economic problem of the day. The aim of the work is to develop the technology of the main tillage and dump plow for its implementation, ensuring the incorporation of tall plants in abandoned fields at low energy costs and high agrotechnical indicators.

Domestic higher medical education is going through a difficult period of reform of its training programs. These reforms are aimed at integrating Russian specialists into the global professional community. At the same time, the teaching of basic morphological disciplines, such as human anatomy and topographic anatomy with operative surgery, in most universities does not correspond to the main vectors of this process. In the presented article the main problems of teaching these disciplines are examined and ways of their solution are suggested. To maintain the background level of knowledge on human anatomy, two blocks are proposed: "General Anatomy” for the first year and "Special Anatomy” for the fourth year. This from the author's point of view makes it easier to learn the basics of body structure by undergraduate students and motivates undergraduates to more detailed study of anatomy in close integration with the clinic. Teaching of topographic anatomy and operative surgery is suggested to be carried out not only on 3-4 courses, but also on the postgraduate stage of training, then the level of training of specialists in domestic medicine will be higher.

The addition of ZnO, depleted in the Zn-64 isotope, to the water of boiling water nuclear reactors lessens the accumulation of Co-60 on the reactor interior surfaces, reduces radioactive wastes and increases the reactor service-life because of the inhibitory action of zinc on inter-granular stress corrosion cracking. To the same effect depleted zinc in the form of acetate dihydrate is used in pressurized water reactors. Gas centrifuge isotope separation method is applied for production of depleted zinc on the industrial scale. More than 20 years of depleted zinc application history demonstrates its benefits for reduction of NPP personnel radiation exposure and combating construction materials corrosion.

In the article, the authors investigate the political and the ideological components of the animated cartoon serial «The Simpsons» that enjoys vast popularity all over the world, Russia being no exception. The interest of philosophers and political researchers for the animated cartoon serial which has proved a significant cultural phenomenon that has influenced the values and convictions of a whole generation, is quite understandable. The authors analyze the outer political context in which the serial exists, and they are also seeking to make out what political values it has in itself. They come to the conclusion that «The Simpsons» present a distinctive expression of the neoliberal ideology of late 20th century capitalism, one of the manifestations of which is the culture of postmodernism.

Measurements of electron densities, Ne, and temperatures, Te, at Millstone Hill are compared with results from the time-dependent mathematical model of the Earth's ionosphere during 5–12 April, 1997. To agree the measured and modelled hmF2 an additional plasma drift is added to compensate inaccuracies of the model input parameters. The height variations in plasma drifts decrease NmF2 up to 24 % in agreement with early results of Schlesier and Buonsanto (1999). The comparison of the measured and modelled altitude profiles of Ne shows that anomalously low values of the main F-region peak altitude (< 200 km) seen as a “G condition” on ionograms and observed on April 11 exist in the ionosphere due to a decrease of O+ ion production rates resulting from low values of [O] and an increase of molecular ions resulting from high values of [N2] and [O2] in comparison with the MSIS-86 neutral densities. The G conditions observed on 7 April can be explained by deviations of [O], [N2], and [O2] from the MSIS-86 neutral densities, and the solar flare and post-flare increase of the incident solar flux. The ionospheric storm dusk effect observed on 10 April, 1997, can result from (1) the F2 layer uplifting to more high altitudes due to an enhanced equatorward neutral wind, resulting in an decreased O+ recombination rate and an electron density enhancement, and (2) increase by a factor of 1.9 in [O] from 17:00 LT to 18:30 LT on 10 April in comparison with the MSIS-86 [O]. The explanation of the observed negative phases in Ne is presented.

The paper presents calculation results for predictive conditions of blast furnace operation with the use of converter slag in the iron ore portion of the blast furnace burden. It shows that addition of converter slag in the sinter and blast-furnace burden without correction of the operating conditions is not reasonable as it significantly worsens parameters of blast furnace operation. Long-term operation of blast furnaces with addition of converter slag in the burden will be accompanied by gradual accumulation of phosphorus in metal and will lead to increasing problems regarding phosphorus removal at the converter production stage. The use of converter slag makes it possible to increase the consumption of non-fluxed pellets without changing the sinter basicity and improve parameters of blast-furnace smelting. The problem of efficient and continuous use of converter slag in blast furnaces can be solved by the complex analysis of this problem: evaluation of economic feasibility of its use as a fluxing agent; feasibility study of this issue for the “blast-furnace production – converter production” complex; analysis of environmental problems during operation at the factory and in the region. Keywords: blast-furnace process, converter slag, slag conditions, iron composition, smelting parameters, coke consumption