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In this assessment, the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) offers the display of a diesel engine using biodiesel fuel to predict engine emissions and overall performance. In order to collect training and testing data for the planned ANN, a single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine will be powered with biodiesel and diesel fuel varieties and will be run at variable load at stable engine rpm. Preliminary outcomes revealed that blends of biodiesel offer higher performance of an engine and enhanced emission qualities. An ANN model was progressed to be envisioning a relationship between brake thermal performance and exhaust emanations, such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke intensity, the utilization of biodiesel-diesel blends and loads as input data. Approximately 70% of the overall experimental data was used for training, while 30% was used for testing. In this model, the standard Back-Propagation algorithm for the engine was used. It revealed that the ANN model can predict the engine output and exhaust emissions quite well with a regression coefficient lying closer to one, While the mean square error (MSE) was found to be very low.

This study uses cyclohexanol – a high-carbon, cyclic bio-alcohol which is a derivative of lignocellulosic biomass – in blended form with diesel to power a direct-injection single-cylinder diesel en...

Pentanol and Hexanol are two excellent biofuels that could be derived from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock without disturbing food-based sources. The present study utilizes these two alcohols as ...

This research focused on utilizing the waste plastic oil (WPO) effectively in a light-duty direct injection (DI) diesel engine that is predominantly used in the Indian agricultural sector. ...

This study aims at the effective utilisation of WPO in a light-duty, water-cooled, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine. For this purpose, WPO was extracted from mixed waste plastic via cata...

n-Octanol is a promising biofuel synthesized from biomass with several properties closer to diesel than the more popularly researched n-butanol. This study investigates the effects of injection tim...

n-Octanol (C8H17OH) is an advanced biofuel derived from ligno-cellulosic biomass that is suitable for compression ignition technology with several properties closer to fossil diesel. This study analyses the performance and emissions of a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with n-octanol/diesel blends containing 10% (OCT10), 20% (OCT20) and 30%(OCT30) by volume of n-octanol using a 3 × 3 full-factorial experimental design matrix that considers blend composition of n-octanol in diesel, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates of 10%, 15% and 20% and injection timings of 19°, 21° and 23° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC) as factors. Models for oxides of nitrogen (NOx), smoke, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were developed using response surface methodology (RSM) and were found to be significant statistically. The variation of EGR had a considerable effect on both BTE and BSFC of the engine followed by blend composition and injection timing. Best performance (BTE = 37.06%, BSFC = 0.23kg/kWh) was delivered by OCT10 at 10% EGR and 23°CA while the lowest performance (BTE = 30.95%, BSFC = 0.28kg/kWh) was by OCT30 at 20% EGR and 19°CA. Injection timing was found to have the highest effect on NOx emissions while EGR affected smoke opacity to the maximum. NOx was found to decrease from 1790 ppm (for OCT10 at 10% EGR and 23°CA) to as low as 410 ppm (for OCT30 at 20% EGR and 19°CA). Smoke opacity was found to decrease from 94.2% (for OCT10 at 20% EGR and 19°CA) to as low as 43% (for OCT30 at 10% EGR and 23°CA). Desirability approach was used to determine the best combination of blend composition of n-octanol, EGR and injection timing for minimising smoke, NOx and BSFC simultaneously. 17% by volume of n-octanol/diesel blend injected at 20° CA bTDC and 10% EGR was predicted to be optimum which delivered a simultaneous reduction of NOx (−47.4%), smoke (−21.08%) and BSFC (−8%) during confirmatory tests with a reasonable accuracy of within 4%. This method is robust and could be employed to other small engines for developing models that can predict engine characteristics with reasonable accuracy.

Disposal of waste plastic accumulated in landfills is critical from the environmental perspective. The energy embodied in waste plastic could be recovered by catalytic pyrolysis as waste plastic oil (WPO) and could be recycled as a fuel for diesel engines. This method presents a sustainable solution for waste plastic management as the gap between global plastic production and waste plastic generation keeps widening. The present study investigates the combined influence of EGR and injection timing on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with neat WPO. Experiments were conducted at three injection timings (21°, 23° and 25°CA bTDC) and EGR rates (10, 20 and 30%) at the engine’s rated power output. When compared to diesel, the combustion event occurred closer to the TDC when the injection timing is delayed from 25°CA bTDC to 21°CA bTDC. The peak in-cylinder pressures and HRRs dropped gradually as the injection timing was delayed from 25°CA bTDC to 21°CA bTDC at all EGR rates. The engine delivered diesel-like fuel consumption with 5.1% higher brake thermal efficiency. NOx decreased up to 52.4% under 30% EGR when WPO was injected lately 21°CA bTDC. Smoke density remained lower by 46% and 9.5% for 10% and 20% EGR rates respectively for WPO only at early injection timing of 25°CA bTDC. HC and CO emissions stayed lower at early injection timing of 25°CA bTDC under 10% EGR. WPO injected at the advanced injection timing of 25°CA bTDC and low EGR rate of 10% was found to simultaneously reduce smoke and NOx by 46% and 38% respectively.

1-Hexanol is a high-carbon bio-alcohol with higher cetane number and higher energy density than the popularly researched 1-butanol that makes it an attractive fuel for diesel engines. Studies are rapidly emerging on high-yield bio-synthesis of 1-hexanol from glucose and ligno-cellulosic biomass feedstock using engineered micro-organisms like E. coli and Clostridium species. Despite its favorable properties and promising prospects for production in bio-refineries, 1-hexanol has been barely investigated in engines. This study utilized three blends of 1-hexanol viz., HEX10, HEX20 and HEX30 obtained by mixing 10, 20 and 30% by vol. as blend component with diesel respectively. Engine tests were carried out at all loads to study the effects of 1-hexanol addition on combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine. Results indicated that addition of 1-hexanol to fossil diesel resulted in longer ignition delays with enhanced premixed combustion phase characterized by higher peaks of pressures and heat release rates (HRR) at the engines standard injection timing without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). NOx emissions increased at high loads while smoke density reduced at all loads with increasing 1-hexanol content in the blends. Later tests were extended to investigate the effects of injection timing (21°, 23° and 25° CA bTDC) and EGR rates (10, 20 and 30%) on engine characteristics for all blends at high engine loads. HEX30 injected at 25°CA bTDC under 30% EGR presented the longest ignition delay with ≈2% increase in peak pressure and peak HRRs when compared to baseline diesel operation. HEX30 at similar conditions was also beneficial in terms of reduced smoke density by 35.9% with a slight penalty in NOx emissions by ≈3%. Biomass-derived 1-hexanol could be a promising and viable biofuel for existing diesel engines with some modifications.

With growing global energy demands, recovering energy from waste plastic presents an attractive avenue to explore as it promotes recycling. Oil synthesized from waste plastic can be excellent fuel for diesel engines but yields higher carcinogenic smoke emissions and poor performance than fossil diesel (D). This study demonstrates the extraction and characterization of waste plastic oil (WPO) obtained by pyrolysis in a laboratory scale batch reactor and later sets out to investigate the effects of adding a renewable oxygenated component in the form of n -butanol (B), a naturally occurring biofuel. Three ternary blends, D50-WPO40-B10, D50-WPO30-B20 and D50-WCO20-B30 were strategically prepared to utilize both a recycled component (WPO by up to 40%) and a renewable component ( n -butanol by up to 30%). The performance and emissions of DI diesel engine when fueled with these blends was then analyzed in comparison with both neat WPO and diesel operation. Results indicated that n -butanol addition presented lower smoke emissions and higher HC emissions when compared to diesel. Addition of 10% n -butanol by vol . to WPO/ULSD blend reduced NO x emissions favorably when compared to both WPO and diesel. However NO x emissions were higher than the corresponding WPO case for higher volume n -butanol blends. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine increased with increasing n -butanol fraction in the blends when compared to WPO. Fuel consumption of ternary blends was found to be better than WPO. D50-WPO40-B10 blend presented less NO x and smoke emissions with improvement in engine performance when compared to diesel. Study revealed that n -butanol could be a viable additive for diesel engines operating with WPO extracted from mixed waste plastic.

Biodiesel is revealed as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for a CI engine and it can palliate regulated and unregulated emissions. Biodiesel is substantially found to reduce the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter, but increasing (10–15%) oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions compared with conventional diesel fuel. The accurate cause for NOx emission is still vague. This paper reviews the effect of biodiesel properties and formation of NOx emissions and it is classified in three sections. The first section bestows the NOx formation mechanisms. The second edition deals with the influence of formation and biodiesel properties on NOx emissions. Finally, a few prevailing conclusions are epitomised, and more researches are pointed out.

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine uses a relatively new mode of combustion technology. In principle, there is no spark plug or injector to assist the combustion process, and the combustion starts at multiple spots once the mixture has reached its auto-ignition temperature. The challenges over the operation of HCCI-mode engines are the difficulties of controlling the auto-ignition of the mixture, operating range, homogeneous charge preparation, cold start, controlling knock and emissions of unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO), which needed to be overcome to achieve successful operation of HCCI-mode engine. This paper reviews the working principle of HCCI-mode engine and analyse the knocking in the HCCI combustion. And it also reviews the impact of homogeneous charge on HCCI combustion parameters, such as heat-release rate and maximum pressure. Furthermore, it reviews the performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine. For each of these parameters, the th...

In this work, experimental investigations were carried out on a diesel-fuelled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine with different inlet charge temperatures such as 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C and 120°C. Initially, the HCCI engine was operated under normal room temperature from no load to full load. Secondly, the HCCI engine was operated with different inlet charge temperatures and the effect of charge temperature on the HCCI engine output was analysed. In general, the HCCI engine has ultra-low NOx and smoke emissions. From this study, it was observed that the level of NOx emission increased with increasing inlet charge temperature within a certain limit and then reduced. However, smoke emission was reduced with increasing inlet charge temperature. The charge temperature of 100°C shows the maximum reduction of smoke emission is about 23 HSU. Similarly the exhaust emissions of CO and HC were reduced than the other charge temperatures. The specific fuel consumptions were increased with increas...

In the present study, the effects of late injection timings and EGR rates on combustion, performance and emission characteristics were evaluated in a single cylinder diesel engine that utilizes oil extracted from waste HDPE which was blended with diesel at 30% by vol. (called as D70H30 blend). The experiments were conducted by delaying the injection timing viz., 23°bTDC, 18°bTDC, and 13°bTDC at various bmep. Later the effects of increasing EGR rates viz., 0%, 10% and 20% were studied at late injection timings at peak load condition. The results reveal that the peak cylinder pressure decreases and combustion duration gets shorter with delayed injection timing. For the same SoI timing escalating the EGR rates reduced the mean gas temperature which is reflected in lower HRR peaks. The BTE of the engine deteriorated by 4.6% when the injection timing is retarded from 23°bTDC to 13°bTDC and 3.2% when the EGR rate was escalated from 0% to 20% at peak load. NOx emission significantly decreased by 80% with retarded injection timing and further decreased with the application of EGR. On the other hand, smoke emission aggravated by 22% with retarded injection timing and 24.5% with maximum EGR addition. The HC and CO emissions followed the same trend of smoke emission. It can be concluded that, utilizing 30% waste HDPE oil blend with minimal modification like retarding injection timing and low EGR rates was beneficial in effectively reducing NOx emission with a slight drop in performance.

Energy recovery and utilization from waste presents an attractive alternative solution to compensate fossil fuel demands and reduces the risk of environmental hazards. The present study aims to investigate, the effect of increasing anisole fraction in the biodiesel extracted from waste cooking oil in a diesel engine. Tests were performed by blending anisole with waste cooking oil methyl ester up to 30% vol. and the results were compared with baseline diesel and biodiesel operation. The results reveal that, increasing the anisole content in biodiesel prolongs the ignition delay period. The in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate increase with higher anisole fraction. Among the test fuels, W90A10 blend shown 1.6% better BTE than biodiesel. The NOx emission was lowest when the engine is operated with W90A10 blend, at peak load, it decreased by 17% and 11% against diesel and biodiesel operation. The smoke opacity for neat biodiesel was highest and the addition of anisole suppressed the soot formation tendency of the biodiesel significantly. HC and CO emissions are generally high when the engine is operated with biodiesel. Blending anisole with biodiesel had a positive effect on both HC and CO emissions. From the findings, it is concluded that waste cooking oil methyl ester blended with 10% by vol. of anisole can be effectively utilized in diesel engine applications with lower emissions.

In this work, performance and emission characteristics tests are conducted on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)-mode engine using mango seed methyl ester. And also the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emission of HCCI engine is analysed. The three different percentages of EGR were added with intake fresh air at 15%, 30% and 45%. The objective of this work is to obtain the optimum EGR percentage based on engine performance and emissions. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) slightly increased than conventional unmodified direct injection (DI) diesel engine. 15% of EGR shows higher BTE than other percentages of EGR added with HCCI engine. Specific fuel consumption of HCCI-mode engine is lower than the normal diesel engine. The exhaustion of harmful emission of oxides of nitrogen has been reduced when biodiesel is used in HCCI-mode engine. However, smoke and CO emissions were reduced in HCCI-mode engine compared with DI diesel engine and further decreased by using EGR i...

The combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled and direct injection (DI) diesel engine fuelled with methyl ester of cotton seed oil (MECSO) and its blends with neat diesel fuel were examined. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed under steady-state condition with a Kirloskar TAF 1 engine. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), cumulative heat release rate (CHRR), maximum cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration of MECSO and its blends with diesel were evaluated and compared with those of diesel fuel. From the analysis, it was found that the peak cylinder pressure and HRR of diesel were higher when compared with those of MECSO blends. The ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration decreased for MECSO blends compared to those of diesel. However, the CHRR of MECSO and its blends were higher than that of diesel. Finally, the study showed that B25 ...

Urban planning and development is a decisive factor that increases the automobile numbers which leads to increased energy demand across the globe. In order to meet the escalating requirements of energy, it is necessary to find viable alternatives. Waste plastic oil (WPO) is one such alternative which has dual benefits as it reduces the environmental pollution caused by plastic waste and it could possibly meet the energy requirement along with fossil fuels. The study attempted to reduce emissions from a DI diesel engine fueled with WPO using 30% by volume of n-pentanol with fossil diesel (WPO70P30). EGR (10, 20, and 30%) and injection timing modifications were made with the intention to find optimum engine operating conditions. The experimental results indicated that addition of renewable component like n-pentanol had improved the combustion characteristics by igniting WPO more homogeneously producing a higher premixed combustion phase. Smoke density for WPO70P30 was found to be twice lower than that of neat WPO at standard injection timing of 23°CA bTDC at any given EGR rate, NOx emissions were slightly on the higher side about 12% for WPO70P30 blend against WPO at same operating conditions. WPO70P30 showed lowest smoke and carbon monoxide emissions than diesel and WPO while delivering BTE’s higher than WPO and closer to diesel at all EGR and injection timings. However NOx and HC emissions increased with n-pentanol addition. The use of EGR reduced NOx emissions but was found to aggravate other emissions. It was concluded WPO70P30 can be favorably used in a DI diesel engine at the engines advanced injection timing for better performance than diesel with a slight penalty in NOx emissions.

Petroleum based fuels worldwide have not only resulted in the rapid depletion of conventional energy sources, but have also caused severe air pollution. The search for an alternate fuel has led to many findings due to which a wide variety of alternative fuels are available at our disposal now. The existing studies have revealed the use of vegetable oils for engines as an alternative for diesel fuel. However, there is a limitation in using straight vegetable oils in diesel engines due to their high viscosity and low volatility. In the present work, neat cotton seed oil is converted into their respective methyl ester through transesterification process. Experiments were conducted using various blends of methyl ester of cotton seed oil with diesel in a single cylinder, four stroke vertical and air cooled Kirloskar diesel engine. The results showed higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption for B25 when compared to other blends . There is an appreciable decrease in HC emission while the decrease in CO emission is marginal. However, there is an increase in the emission of NOx. Reduction in smoke emission is observed for B25 at all loads, particularly there is a marked decrease of 5.4% at full load when compared to diesel. It was observed that the combustion characteristics of the blends of methyl ester of cotton seed oil with diesel followed closely with that of the base line diesel.

The objective of this investigation was to improve the performance of a diesel engine by adding oxygenated fuel additives of known percentages. The fuel additives di-methoxy-methane (DMM) and di-methoxy-propane (DMP) were separately blended with diesel fuel in proportions of 1 ml, 3 ml and 5 ml. The experimental study was carried out on a single cylinder DI diesel engine. The result showed an appreciable reduction of emissions such as smoke density, particulate matter and marginal increase in the performance when compared with normal diesel run. The same engine was employed with diesel particulate trap (DPT) in the exhaust pipe to study its influence on the emission analysis.