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1. High-resolution temperature profiles retrieved from bichromatic stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS/Envisat

Author: Viktoria Sofieva, Francis Dalaudier, V. Kan, Alain Hauchecorne, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), and Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Physics, Atmospheric Science, Scintillation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric models, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars, Photometer, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Occultation, lcsh:Environmental engineering, law.invention, 13. Climate action, law, Radiosonde, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Gravity wave, lcsh:TA170-171, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: In this paper, we describe the inversion algorithm for retrievals of high vertical resolution temperature profiles (HRTPs) using bichromatic stellar scintillation measurements in the occultation geometry. This retrieval algorithm has been improved with respect to nominal ESA processing and applied to the measurements by Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) operated on board Envisat in 2002–2012. The retrieval method exploits the chromatic refraction in the Earth's atmosphere. The bichromatic scintillations allow the determination of the refractive angle, which is proportional to the time delay between the photometer signals. The paper discusses the basic principle and detailed inversion algorithm for reconstruction of high-resolution density, pressure and temperature profiles in the stratosphere from scintillation measurements. The HRTPs are retrieved with a very good vertical resolution of ∼200 m and high precision (random uncertainty) of ∼1–3 K for altitudes of 15–32 km and with a global coverage. The best accuracy is achieved for in-orbital-plane occultations, and the precision weakly depends on star brightness. The whole GOMOS dataset has been processed with the improved HRTP inversion algorithm using the FMI's scientific processor; and the dataset (HRTP FSP v1) is in open access. The validation of small-scale fluctuations in the retrieved HRTPs is performed via comparison of vertical wavenumber spectra of temperature fluctuations in HRTPs and in collocated radiosonde data. We found that the spectral features of temperature fluctuations are very similar in HRTPs and collocated radiosonde temperature profiles. HRTPs can be assimilated into atmospheric models, used in studies of stratospheric clouds and used for the analysis of internal gravity waves' activity. As an example of geophysical applications, gravity wave potential energy has been estimated using the HRTP dataset. The obtained spatiotemporal distributions of gravity wave energy are in good agreement with the previous analyses using other measurements.
Published: 2019
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2. Characterization of the stability and dynamics of a laser-produced plasma expanding across strong magnetic field

Author: Weipeng Yao, Julien Capitaine, Benjamin Khiar, Tommaso Vinci, Konstantin Burdonov, Jérôme Béard, Julien Fuchs, Andrea Ciardi, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LERMA Cergy (LERMA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), ANR-10-EQPX-0029,EQUIP@MESO,Equipement d'excellence de calcul intensif de Mesocentres coordonnés - Tremplin vers le calcul petaflopique et l'exascale(2010), and European Project: 787539,GENESIS - 10.3030/787539
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Space Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: International audience; Magnetized laser-produced plasmas are central to many new studies in laboratory astrophysics, inertial confinement fusion, and in industrial applications. Here we present the results of large-scale, three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of the dynamics of a laser-produced plasma expanding into a transverse magnetic field with strength of tens of Tesla. The simulations show the plasma being confined by the strong magnetic field into a slender slab structured by the magnetized Rayleigh-Taylor instability that develops at the plasma-vacuum interface. We find that by perturbing the initial velocity of the plume the slab can develops kink-like motion which disrupt its propagation, as observed in recent experiments.
Published: 2021
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3. Ground-based validation of the Copernicus Sentinel-5p TROPOMI NO2 measurements with the NDACC ZSL-DOAS, MAX-DOAS and Pandonia global networks

Author: Verhoelst, Tiji, Pinardi, Gala, Eskes, Henk J., Fjæraa, Ann Mari, Boersma, Klaas Folkert, Levelt, Pieternel F., Navarro-Comas, Monica, Piters, Ankie J. M., Sinyakov, Valery P., Strong, Kimberley, Veefkind, Pepijn J., Yela-González, Margarita, Verhoelst, Tijl, Compernolle, Steven, Pinardi, Gaia, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Eskes, Henk, Eichmann, Kai-Uwe, Fjaeraa, Ann, Granville, José, Niemeijer, Sander, Cede, Alexander, Tiefengraber, Martin, Hendrick, François, Pazmino, Andrea, Bais, Alkiviadis, Bazureau, Ariane, Folkert Boersma, K, Bognar, Kristof, Dehn, Angelika, Donner, Sebastian, Elokhov, Aleksandr, Gebetsberger, Manuel, Goutail, Florence, Grutter de la Mora, Michel, Gruzdev, Aleksandr, Gratsea, Myrto, Hansen, Georg, Irie, Hitoshi, Jepsen, Nis, Kanaya, Yugo, Karagkiozidis, Dimitris, Kivi, Rigel, Kreher, Karin, Levelt, Pieternel, Liu, Cheng, Müller, Moritz, Navarro Comas, Monica, Piters, Ankie, Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Portafaix, Thierry, Prados-Roman, Cristina, Puentedura, Olga, Querel, Richard, Remmers, Julia, Richter, Andreas, Rimmer, John, Rivera Cárdenas, Claudia, Saavedra De Miguel, Lidia, Sinyakov, Valery, Stremme, Wolfgang, Strong, Kimberly, Van Roozendaël, Michel, Pepijn Veefkind, J, Wagner, Thomas, Wittrock, Folkard, Yela González, Margarita, Zehner, Claus, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Kyrgyz National University of Jusup Balasagyn, Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, BK Scientific GmbH, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Science [&] Technology Corporation [Delft] (S [&] T), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics [Innsbruck], University of Innsbruck, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Space and Earth Observation Centre [Sodankylä], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation [Hefei], University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), University of Manchester [Manchester], Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), and University of Bremen
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; This paper reports on consolidated ground-based validation results of the atmospheric NO2 data produced operationally since April 2018 by the TROPOMI instrument on board of the ESA/EU Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5p) satellite. Tropospheric, stratospheric, and total NO2 column data from S5p are compared to correlative measurements collected from, respectively, 19 Multi-Axis DOAS (MAX-DOAS), 26 NDACC Zenith-Scattered-Light DOAS (ZSL-DOAS), and 25 PGN/Pandora instruments distributed globally. The validation methodology gives special care to minimizing mismatch errors due to imperfect spatio-temporal co-location of the satellite and correlative data, e.g., by using tailored observation operators to account for differences in smoothing and in sampling of atmospheric structures and variability, and photochemical modelling to reduce diurnal cycle effects. Compared to the ground-based measurements, S5p data show, on an average: (i) a negative bias for the tropospheric column data, of typically −23 to −37 % in clean to slightly polluted conditions, but reaching values as high as −51 % over highly polluted areas; (ii) a slight negative bias for the stratospheric column data, of about −0.2 Pmolec/cm2, i.e. approx. −2 % in summer to −15 % in winter; and (iii) a bias ranging from zero to −50 % for the total column data, found to depend on the amplitude of the total NO2 column, with small to slightly positive bias values for columns below 6 Pmolec/cm2 and negative values above. The dispersion between S5p and correlative measurements contains mostly random components, which remain within mission requirements for the stratospheric column data (0.5 Pmolec/cm2), but exceed those for the tropospheric column data (0.7 Pmolec/cm2). While a part of the biases and dispersion may be due to representativeness differences, it is known that errors in the S5p tropospheric columns exist due to shortcomings in the (horizontally coarse) a-priori profile representation in the TM5-MP chemistry transport model used in the S5p retrieval, and to a lesser extent, to the treatment of cloud effects. Although considerable differences (up to 2 Pmolec/cm2 and more) are observed at single ground-pixel level, the near-real-time (NRTI) and off-line (OFFL) versions of the S5p NO2 operational data processor provide similar NO2 column values and validation results when globally averaged, with the NRTI values being on average 0.79 % larger than the OFFL values.
Published: 2021
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4. Ground-based validation of the Copernicus Sentinel-5p TROPOMI NO2 measurements with the NDACC ZSL-DOAS, MAX-DOAS and Pandonia global networks

Author: Verhoelst, Tiji, Compernolle, Steven, Pinardi, Gala, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Eskes, Henk J., Eichmann, Kai-Uwe, Fjæraa, Ann Mari, Granville, José, Niemeijer, Sander, Cede, Alexander, Tiefengraber, Martin, Hendrick, François, Pazmino, Andrea, Bais, Alkiviadis, Bazureau, Ariane, Boersma, Klaas Folkert, Bognar, Kristof, Dehn, Angelika, Donner, Sebastian, Elokhov, Aleksandr, Gebetsberger, Manuel, Goutail, Florence, Grutter de la Mora, Michel, Gruzdev, Aleksandr, Gratsea, Myrto, Hansen, Georg, Irie, Hitoshi, Jepsen, Nis, Kanaya, Yugo, Karagkiozidis, Dimitris, Kivi, Rigel, Kreher, Karin, Levelt, Pieternel F., Liu, Cheng, Müller, Moritz, Navarro-Comas, Monica, Piters, Ankie J. M., Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Portafaix, Thierry, Puentedura, Olga, Querel, Richard, Remmers, Julia, Richter, Andreas, Rimmer, John, Rivera Cárdenas, Claudia, Saavedra De Miguel, Lidia, Sinyakov, Valery P., Strong, Kimberley, Van Roozendaël, Michel, Veefkind, Pepijn J., Wagner, Thomas, Wittrock, Folkard, Yela-González, Margarita, Zehner, Claus, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), Science [&] Technology Corporation [Delft] (S [&] T), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics [Innsbruck], University of Innsbruck, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Space and Earth Observation Centre [Sodankylä], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), BK Scientific GmbH, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation [Hefei], University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), University of Manchester [Manchester], Kyrgyz National University, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), and University of Bremen
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: This paper reports on consolidated ground-based validation results of the atmospheric NO2 data produced operationally since April 2018 by the TROPOMI instrument on board of the ESA/EU Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5p) satellite. Tropospheric, stratospheric, and total NO2 column data from S5p are compared to correlative measurements collected from, respectively, 19 Multi-Axis DOAS (MAX-DOAS), 26 NDACC Zenith-Scattered-Light DOAS (ZSL-DOAS), and 25 PGN/Pandora instruments distributed globally. The validation methodology gives special care to minimizing mismatch errors due to imperfect spatio-temporal co-location of the satellite and correlative data, e.g., by using tailored observation operators to account for differences in smoothing and in sampling of atmospheric structures and variability, and photochemical modelling to reduce diurnal cycle effects. Compared to the ground-based measurements, S5p data show, on an average: (i) a negative bias for the tropospheric column data, of typically −23 to −37 % in clean to slightly polluted conditions, but reaching values as high as −51 % over highly polluted areas; (ii) a slight negative bias for the stratospheric column data, of about −0.2 Pmolec/cm2, i.e. approx. −2 % in summer to −15 % in winter; and (iii) a bias ranging from zero to −50 % for the total column data, found to depend on the amplitude of the total NO2 column, with small to slightly positive bias values for columns below 6 Pmolec/cm2 and negative values above. The dispersion between S5p and correlative measurements contains mostly random components, which remain within mission requirements for the stratospheric column data (0.5 Pmolec/cm2), but exceed those for the tropospheric column data (0.7 Pmolec/cm2). While a part of the biases and dispersion may be due to representativeness differences, it is known that errors in the S5p tropospheric columns exist due to shortcomings in the (horizontally coarse) a-priori profile representation in the TM5-MP chemistry transport model used in the S5p retrieval, and to a lesser extent, to the treatment of cloud effects. Although considerable differences (up to 2 Pmolec/cm2 and more) are observed at single ground-pixel level, the near-real-time (NRTI) and off-line (OFFL) versions of the S5p NO2 operational data processor provide similar NO2 column values and validation results when globally averaged, with the NRTI values being on average 0.79 % larger than the OFFL values.
Published: 2020
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5. Intercomparison of NO2, O-4, O-3 and HCHO slant column measurements by MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky UV-visible spectrometers during CINDI-2

Author: Kreher, Karin, Van Roozendael, Michel, Hendrick, Francois, Apituley, Arnoud, Dimitropoulou, Ermioni, Friess, Udo, Richter, Andreas, Wagner, Thomas, Lampel, Johannes, Abuhassan, Nader, Ang, Li, Anguas, Monica, Bais, Alkis, Benavent, Nuria, Boesch, Tim, Bognar, Kristof, Borovski, Alexander, Bruchkouski, Ilya, Cede, Alexander, Chan, Ka Lok, Donner, Sebastian, Drosoglou, Theano, Fayt, Caroline, Finkenzeller, Henning, Garcia-Nieto, David, Gielen, Clio, Gomez-Martin, Laura, Hao, Nan, Henzing, Bas, Herman, Jay R., Hermans, Christian, Hoque, Syedul, Irie, Hitoshi, Jin, Junli, Johnston, Paul, Butt, Junaid Khayyam, Khokhar, Fahim, Koenig, Theodore K., Kuhn, Jonas, Kumar, Vinod, Liu, Cheng, Ma, Jianzhong, Merlaud, Alexis, Mishra, Abhishek K., Mueller, Moritz, Navarro-Comas, Monica, Ostendorf, Mareike, Pazmino, Andrea, Peters, Enno, Pinardi, Gaia, Pinharanda, Manuel, Piters, Ankie, Platt, Ulrich, Postylyakov, Oleg, Prados-Roman, Cristina, Puentedura, Olga, Querel, Richard, Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, Schoenhardt, Anja, Schreier, Stefan F., Seyler, Andre, Sinha, Vinayak, Spinei, Elena, Strong, Kimberly, Tack, Frederik, Tian, Xin, Tiefengraber, Martin, Tirpitz, Jan-Lukas, van Gent, Jeron, Volkamer, Rainer, Vrekoussis, Mihalis, Wang, Shanshan, Wang, Zhuoru, Wenig, Mark, Wittrock, Folkard, Xie, Pinhua H., Xu, Jin, Yela, Margarita, Zhang, Chengxin, Zhao, Xiaoyi, BK Scientific GmbH, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Belarusian State University, Meteorologisches Institut München (MIM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), School of Earth and Space Sciences [Hefei], University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), National University of Sciences and Technology [Islamabad] (NUST), Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Mohali], Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences [Innsbruck] (ACINN), Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institute for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute for Meteorology and Climatology [Vienna] (BOKU-Met), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University [Blacksburg], Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Liaoning Technical University [Huludao], Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University [Shanghai], DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Environment and Climate Change Canada, and Electrical and Computer Engineering
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Science & Technology, RAMAN-SCATTERING, RETRIEVAL, CROSS-SECTIONS, BRO, RADIATIVE-TRANSFER, Physical Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, OPTICAL-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, FORMALDEHYDE, CAMPAIGN, NITROGEN-DIOXIDE, AEROSOL EXTINCTION
Abstract: In September 2016, 36 spectrometers from 24 institutes measured a number of key atmospheric pollutants for a period of 17 d during the Second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2) that took place at Cabauw, the Netherlands (51.97 degrees N, 4.93 degrees E). We report on the outcome of the formal semi-blind intercomparison exercise, which was held under the umbrella of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The three major goals of CINDI-2 were (1) to characterise and better understand the differences between a large number of multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and zenith-sky DOAS instruments and analysis methods, (2) to define a robust methodology for performance assessment of all participating instruments, and (3) to contribute to a harmonisation of the measurement settings and retrieval methods. This, in turn, creates the capability to produce consistent high-quality ground-based data sets, which are an essential requirement to generate reliable long-term measurement time series suitable for trend analysis and satellite data validation. The data products investigated during the semi-blind intercomparison are slant columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the oxygen collision complex (O-4) and ozone (O-3) measured in the UV and visible wavelength region, formaldehyde (HCHO) in the UV spectral region, and NO2 in an additional (smaller) wavelength range in the visible region. The campaign design and implementation processes are discussed in detail including the measurement protocol, calibration procedures and slant column retrieval settings. Strong emphasis was put on the careful alignment and synchronisation of the measurement systems, resulting in a unique set of measurements made under highly comparable air mass conditions. The CINDI-2 data sets were investigated using a regression analysis of the slant columns measured by each instrument and for each of the target data products. The slope and intercept of the regression analysis respectively quantify the mean systematic bias and offset of the individual data sets against the selected reference (which is obtained from the median of either all data sets or a subset), and the rms error provides an estimate of the measurement noise or dispersion. These three criteria are examined and for each of the parameters and each of the data products, performance thresholds are set and applied to all the measurements. The approach presented here has been developed based on heritage from previous intercomparison exercises. It introduces a quantitative assessment of the consistency between all the participating instruments for the MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky DOAS techniques. Netherlands Space Office (NSO); ESA through the CINDI-2 (ESA) project [4000118533/16/I-Sbo]; ESA through the FRM4DOAS (ESA) project [4000118181/16/I-EF]; EU 7th Framework Programme QA4ECV projectEuropean Union (EU) [607405]; Austrian Science Fund (FWF)Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [I 2296-N29]; Canadian Space Agency (AVATARS project); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (PAHA project); Canada Foundation for InnovationCanada Foundation for Innovation; UVAS ("Ultraviolet and Visible Atmospheric Sounder") projects SEOSAT/INGENIO [ESP2015-71299-R]; DFG project RAPSODI [PL 193/17-1]; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)Centre National D'etudes Spatiales; National funding project HELADO [CTM2013-41311-P]; National funding project AVATAR [CGL2014-55230-R]; Russian Science FoundationRussian Science Foundation (RSF) [16-17-10275]; Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [16-05-01062, 18-35-00682]; ACTRIS-2 (H2020 grant) [654109]; NASA's Atmospheric Composition ProgramNational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) [NASA-16-NUP2016-0001]; US National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [AGS-1620530]; NASANational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of Bremen; DFG Research Center/Cluster of Excellence "The Ocean in the Earth System-MARUM"German Research Foundation (DFG); University of Bremen Institutional Strategy of the DFG; Luftblick through the ESA Pandonia Project; NASA Pandora Project at the Goddard Space Flight Center under NASA Headquarters' Tropospheric Composition Program CINDI-2 received funding from the Netherlands Space Office (NSO). Funding for this study was provided by ESA through the CINDI-2 (ESA contract no. 4000118533/16/I-Sbo) and FRM4DOAS (ESA contract no. 4000118181/16/I-EF) projects and partly within the EU 7th Framework Programme QA4ECV project (grant agreement no. 607405). The BOKU MAX-DOAS instrument was funded and the participation of Stefan F. Schreier was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): I 2296-N29. The participation of the University of Toronto team was supported by the Canadian Space Agency (through the AVATARS project) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (through the PAHA project). The instrument was primarily funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation and is usually operated at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC). Funding for CISC was provided by the UVAS ("Ultraviolet and Visible Atmospheric Sounder") projects SEOSAT/INGENIO, ESP2015-71299-R, MINECO-FEDER and UE. The activities of the IUP-Heidelberg were supported by the DFG project RAPSODI (grant no. PL 193/17-1). SAOZ and Mini-SAOZ instruments are supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). INTA recognises support from the National funding projects HELADO (CTM2013-41311-P) and AVATAR (CGL2014-55230-R). AMOIAP recognises support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 16-17-10275) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant nos. 16-05-01062 and 18-35-00682). Ka L. Chan received transnational access funding from ACTRIS-2 (H2020 grant agreement no. 654109). Rainer Volkamer recognises funding from NASA's Atmospheric Composition Program (NASA-16-NUP2016-0001) and the US National Science Foundation (award AGS-1620530). Henning Finkenzeller is the recipient of a NASA graduate fellowship. Mihalis Vrekoussis recognises support from the University of Bremen and the DFG Research Center/Cluster of Excellence "The Ocean in the Earth System-MARUM". Financial support through the University of Bremen Institutional Strategy in the framework of the DFG Excellence Initiative is gratefully appreciated for Anja Schonhardt. Pandora instrument deployment was supported by Luftblick through the ESA Pandonia Project and NASA Pandora Project at the Goddard Space Flight Center under NASA Headquarters' Tropospheric Composition Program. The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by BK Scientific.
Published: 2020
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6. Impact of Arctic sea ice variations on winter temperature anomalies in northern hemispheric land areas

Author: Tao Wang, Justin J. Wettstein, Shuting Yang, Vladimir A. Semenov, Guillaume Gastineau, Yongqi Gao, Yvan J. Orsolini, Lingling Suo, Noel Keenlyside, Fumiaki Ogawa, Torben Koenigk, Tetsu Nakamura, Tian Tian, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Stockholm University, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Bergen (UiB), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Institute of Geography of RAS, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Oregon State University (OSU), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Climate Research, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Lead (sea ice), Forcing (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Arctic ice pack, Klimatforskning, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Middle latitudes, Sea ice, Environmental science, Sea ice concentration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Coordinated numerical ensemble experiments with six different state-of-the-art atmosphere models have been used in order to evaluate the respective impact of the observed Arctic sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) variations on air temperature variations in mid and high latitude land areas. Two sets of experiments have been designed; in the first set (EXP1), observed daily sea ice concentration and SST variations are used as lower boundary forcing over 1982-2014 while in the second set (EXP2) the SST variations are replaced by the daily SST climatology. The observed winter 2 m air temperature (T2m) variations are relatively well reproduced in a number of mid and high latitude land areas in EXP1, with best agreement in southwestern North America and northern Europe. Sea ice variations are important for the interannual T2m variations in northern Europe but have limited impact on all other mid and high latitude land regions. In particular, sea ice variations do not contribute to the observed opposite variations in the Arctic and mid latitude in our model experiments. The spread across ensemble members is large and many ensemble members are required to reproduce the observed T2m variations over northern Europe in our models. The amplitude of T2m anomalies in the coldest observed winters over northern Europe is not reproduced by our multi-model ensemble means. However, the sea ice conditions in these respective winters and mainly the thermodynamic response to the ice anomalies lead to an enhanced likelihood for occurrence of colder than normal winters and extremely cold winters. Still, the main reason for the observed extreme cold winters is internal atmospheric dynamics. The coldest simulated northern European winters in EXP1 and EXP2 between 1982 and 2014 show the same large scale T2m and atmospheric circulation anomaly patterns as the observed coldest winters, indicating that the models are well able to reproduce the processes, which cause these cold anomalies. The results are robust across all six models used in this study.
Published: 2019
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7. High-resolution temperature profiles (HRTP) retrieved from bi-chromatic stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS/Envisat

Author: Viktoria F. Sofieva, Francis Dalaudier, Alain Hauchecorne, Valery Kan, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), and Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract: In this paper, we describe the inversion algorithm for retrievals of high vertical resolution temperature profiles using bi-chromatic stellar scintillation measurements in the occultation geometry. This retrieval algorithm has been improved with respect to nominal ESA processing and applied to the measurements by Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) operated on board Envisat in 2002–2012. The retrieval method exploits the chromatic refraction in the Earth's atmosphere. The bi-chromatic scintillations allow the determination of the refractive angle, which is proportional to the time delay between the photometer signals. The paper discusses the basic principle and detailed inversion algorithm for reconstruction of high resolution density, pressure and temperature profiles (HRTP) in the stratosphere from scintillation measurements. The HRTP profiles are retrieved with very good vertical resolution of ~200 m and high accuracy of ~1–3 K for altitudes of 15–32 km and with a global coverage. The best accuracy is achieved in in-orbital-plane occultations, and the accuracy weakly depends on star brightness. The whole GOMOS dataset has been processed with the improved HRTP inversion algorithm using the FMI's Scientific Processor; and the dataset (HRTP FSP v1) is in open access. The validation of small-scale fluctuations in the retrieved HRTP profiles is performed via comparison of vertical wavenumber spectra of temperature fluctuations in HRTP and in collocated radiosonde data. We found that the spectral features of temperature fluctuations are very similar in HRTP and collocated radiosonde temperature profiles. HRTP can be assimilated into atmospheric models, used in studies of stratospheric clouds and in analysis of internal gravity waves activity. As an example of geophysical applications, gravity wave potential energy has been estimated using the HRTP dataset. The obtained spatio-temporal distributions of gravity wave energy are in good agreement with the previous analyses using other measurements.
Published: 2018
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8. Cyclostrophic vortices in polar regions of rotating planets

Author: Vadim Pavlov, V. P. Goncharov, EGU, Publication, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), UFR de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies
Subjects: Physics, Field (physics), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:QC801-809, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Mechanics, Rotation, Curvature, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:QC1-999, Vortex, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Physics::Fluid Dynamics, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Nonlinear system, Classical mechanics, Inviscid flow, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Compressibility, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Polar, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Multi-petal, rotating vortices can form in two-dimensional flows consisting of an inviscid incompressible fluid under certain conditions. Such vortices are principally nonlinear thermo-hydrodynamical structures. The proper rotation of these structures which leads to time-dependent variations of the associated temperature field can be enregistred by a stationary observer. The problem is analyzed in the framework of the contour dynamics method (CDM). An analytical solution of the reduced equation for a contour curvature is found. We give a classification of the solutions and compare the obtained results with observational data.
Published: 2018

9. Hamiltonian approach to the derivation of evolution equations for wave trains in weakly unstable media

Author: N. N. Romanova, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: Physics, Dynamical systems theory, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:QC801-809, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Instability, Linear coupling, lcsh:QC1-999, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Nonlinear system, symbols.namesake, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Classical mechanics, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], symbols, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Wavenumber, Train, lcsh:Q, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics), Shear flow, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The dynamics of weakly nonlinear wave trains in unstable media is studied. This dynamics is investigated in the framework of a broad class of dynamical systems having a Hamiltonian structure. Two different types of instability are considered. The first one is the instability in a weakly supercritical media. The simplest example of instability of this type is the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The second one is the instability due to a weak linear coupling of modes of different nature. The simplest example of a geophysical system where the instability of this and only of this type takes place is the three-layer model of a stratified shear flow with a continuous velocity profile. For both types of instability we obtain nonlinear evolution equations describing the dynamics of wave trains having an unstable spectral interval of wavenumbers. The transformation to appropriate canonical variables turns out to be different for each case, and equations we obtained are different for the two types of instability we considered. Also obtained are evolution equations governing the dynamics of wave trains in weakly subcritical media and in media where modes are coupled in a stable way. Presented results do not depend on a specific physical nature of a medium and refer to a broad class of dynamical systems having the Hamiltonian structure of a special form.
Published: 2018

10. Evaluating Impacts of Recent Arctic Sea Ice Loss on the Northern Hemisphere Winter Climate Change

Author: Noel Keenlyside, V. E. Semenov, Torben Koenigk, Yongqi Gao, Tao Wang, Jinro Ukita, Nour-Eddine Omrani, Ho Nam Cheung, Guillaume Gastineau, Fumiaki Ogawa, Tetsu Nakamura, Lingling Suo, Shuting Yang, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Niigata University, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), NordForsk GREENICE project (Project 61841), European Project: 648982,H2020,ERC-2014-CoG,STERCP(2015), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: geography, Climate Research, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global warming, Lead (sea ice), Northern Hemisphere, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Arctic ice pack, Klimatforskning, Sea surface temperature, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Polar amplification, Sea ice, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Understanding the mechanism governing the ongoing global warming is a major challenge facing our society and its sustainable growth. Together with the CO2-forced warming, the concurrent polar sea ice loss might also have contributed to the observed Arctic warming amplification and also to the cooling trends over Eurasia through a dynamical teleconnection. However, previous individual modeling studies suggest widely different findings on the role of sea ice loss in Northern Hemisphere climate change. To help resolve this controversy, we used satellite-derived sea ice and sea-surface temperature to run coordinated hindcast experiments with five different atmospheric general circulation models. The multimodel ensemble-mean results presented in the paper reduce biases of each model and eliminate atmospheric internal unforced variability, and thus provide the best estimate to date of the signal of the polar sea ice loss. The results suggest that the impact of sea ice seems critical for the Arctic surface temperature changes, but the temperature trends elsewhere seem rather due to either sea-surface temperature changes or atmospheric internal variability. They give clear guidance on how to provide society with more accurate climate change attributions. Our work is of interest to stakeholders of countries in the Northern Hemisphere middle and high latitudes.
Published: 2018
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11. Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Database and Metrics Data of Global Surface Ozone Observations

Author: Schultz, Martin G., Schröder, Sabine, Lyapina, Olga, Cooper, Owen, Galbally, Ian, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, von Schneidemesser, Erika, Tanimoto, Hiroshi, Elshorbany, Yasin, Naja, Ma, Seguel, Rodrigo, Dauert, Ute, Eckhardt, Paul, Feigenspahn, Stefan, Fiebig, Ma, Hjellbrekke, Anne-Gunn, Hong, You-Deog, Christian Kjeld, Peter, Koide, Hiroshi, Lear, Gary, Tarasick, David, Ueno, Mikio, Wallasch, Ma, Baumgardner, Darrel, Chuang, Ming-Tung, Gillett, Robert, Lee, Meehye, Molloy, Suzie, Moolla, Raeesa, Wang, Tao, Sharps, Katrina, Adame, Jose A., Ancellet, Gérard, Apadula, Francesco, Artaxo, Paul, Barlasina, Ma, Bogucka, Ma, Bonasoni, Paolo, Chang, Limseok, Colomb, Aurélie, Cuevas, Emilio, Cupeiro, Ma, Degorska, Anna, Ding, Aijun, Fröhlich, Ma, Frolova, Ma, Gadhavi, Harish, GHEUSI, François, Gilge, Stefan, Gonzalez, Ma, Gros, Valérie, Hamad, Samera H., Helmig, Detlev, Henriques, Diamantino, Hermansen, Ove, Holla, Robert, Huber, Jacques, Im, Ulas, Jaffe, Daniel A., Komala, Ninong, Kubistin, Dagmar, Lam, Ka-Se, Laurila, Tuomas, Lee, Haeyoung, Levy, Ilan, Mazzoleni, Claudio, Mazzoleni, Lynn, McClure-Begley, Audra, Mohamad, Maznorizan, Murovic, Marijana, Navarro-Comas, M., Nicodim, Florin, Parrish, David, Read, Katie A., Reid, Nick, Ries, Ludwig, Saxena, Pallavi, Schwab, James J., Scorgie, Yvonne, Senik, Irina, Simmonds, Peter, Sinha, Vinayak, Skorokhod, Andrey, Spain, Gerard, Spangl, Wolfgang, Spoor, Ronald, Springston, Stephen R., Steer, Kelvyn, Steinbacher, Martin, Suharguniyawan, Eka, Torre, Paul, Trickl, Thomas, Weili, Lin, Weller, Rolf, Xu, Xiaobin, Xue, Likun, Zhiqiang, Ma, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), CSIRO Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Centro Nacional de Medio Ambiente (CENMA), German Federal Environmental Agency / Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), National Institute of Environmental Research [South Korea] (NIER), European Environmental Agency (EEA), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Office of Air and Radiation (OAR), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Korea], Korea University [Seoul], School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies [Johannesburg] (GAES), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Hong Kong] (CEE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [Hong Kong] (POLYU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Bangor] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE), Instituto de Fisica da Universidade de São Paulo (IFUSP), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Servicio Meteorológico Nacional [Buenos Aires], Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMGW - PIB), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet), Iinstitute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute (IOS-PIB), School of Atmospheric Sciences [Nanjing], Nanjing University (NJU), Umweltbundesamt GmbH = Environment Agency Austria, Latvian Environment Geology and Meteorology Centre (LEGMC), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory [Tirupati] (NARL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Zentrum für Medizin-Meteorologische Forschung (ZMMF), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMD School of Public Health, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), University of Colorado [Boulder], Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IMPA), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Department of Environmental Science [Roskilde] (ENVS), Aarhus University [Aarhus], School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Bothell] (STEM), University of Washington-Bothell, Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS), Air Quality and Climate Change Division [Jerusalem], Israël Ministry of Environmental Protection, Michigan Technological University (MTU), Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation [Malaysia] (MOSTI), Slovenian Environment Agency, Administratia Nationala de Meteorologie, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Auckland Council, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), School of Chemistry [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), South Australia Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Thun] (EMPA), Indonesian Meteorological, Climatologicall and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), Environment Protection Authority Victoria (EPA ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Shandong University, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Fisica [Sao Paulo], Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Umweltbundesamt GmbH/Environment Agency Austria, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory [Tirupathi] (NARL), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, tropospheric ozone, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Monitoring, ground-level ozone, monitoring, database, Tropospheric ozone, Ecology and Environment, Atmospheric Sciences, Database, Earth sciences, ddc:550, Data and Information, Ground-level ozone, lcsh:Environmental sciences
Abstract: In support of the first Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) a relational database of global surface ozone observations has been developed and populated with hourly measurement data and enhanced metadata. A comprehensive suite of ozone data products including standard statistics, health and vegetation impact metrics, and trend information, are made available through a common data portal and a web interface. These data form the basis of the TOAR analyses focusing on human health, vegetation, and climate relevant ozone issues, which are part of this special feature. Cooperation among many data centers and individual researchers worldwide made it possible to build the world’s largest collection of in-situ hourly surface ozone data covering the period from 1970 to 2015. By combining the data from almost 10,000 measurement sites around the world with global metadata information, new analyses of surface ozone have become possible, such as the first globally consistent characterisations of measurement sites as either urban or rural/remote. Exploitation of these global metadata allows for new insights into the global distribution, and seasonal and long-term changes of tropospheric ozone and they enable TOAR to perform the first, globally consistent analysis of present-day ozone concentrations and recent ozone changes with relevance to health, agriculture, and climate. Considerable effort was made to harmonize and synthesize data formats and metadata information from various networks and individual data submissions. Extensive quality control was applied to identify questionable and erroneous data, including changes in apparent instrument offsets or calibrations. Such data were excluded from TOAR data products. Limitations of a posteriori data quality assurance are discussed. As a result of the work presented here, global coverage of surface ozone data for scientific analysis has been significantly extended. Yet, large gaps remain in the surface observation network both in terms of regions without monitoring, and in terms of regions that have monitoring programs but no public access to the data archive. Therefore future improvements to the database will require not only improved data harmonization, but also expanded data sharing and increased monitoring in data-sparse regions. This work is part of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) which was supported by the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Forschungszentrum Jülich, and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). Many institutions and agencies sup¬ported the implementation of the measurements, and the processing, quality assurance, and submission of the data contained in the TOAR database.
Published: 2017
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12. Nuclear Spin Symmetry Conservation in 1H2 16O Investigated by Direct Absorption FTIR Spectroscopy of Water Vapor Cooled Down in Supersonic Expansion

Author: Pierre Asselin, P. Soulard, Pascale Roy, Martin Fournier, Olivier Pirali, Thérèse R. Huet, Xavier Michaut, A.A. Vigasin, Audrey Moudens, Manuel Goubet, Robert Georges, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LERMA Cergy (LERMA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), De la Molécule aux Nanos-objets : Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies (MONARIS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ligne AILES, Synchrotron SOLEIL, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), The authors are grateful to SOLEIL and the AILES staff for providing technical support under the proposal 20120156. X.M. and A.M. are grateful to the French National Research Agency (Project ANR GASOSPIN No. 09-BLAN-0066-01) for the financial support of the calculation code development. A.V. acknowledges partial support from the RFBR Grant 15-05-00736 and the Russian Acad. Sci. Program 7. This work was supported by the Programme National 'Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire' (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP cofunded by CEA and CNES. The authors warmly thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which have helped to improve the quality of our manuscript., ANR-09-BLAN-0066,GASOSPIN(2009), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Expansion, Absorption of water, Supersonic expansions, Stretching vibrations, Vapour pressure of water, Analytical chemistry, Rotational temperature, chemistry.chemical_element, Spin dynamics, 010402 general chemistry, Mole fraction, Water-molecule clustering, 01 natural sciences, Rovibrational lines, Isomers, Nuclear spin isomer, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Equilibrium temperatures, Stretching, Physics::Chemical Physics, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010306 general physics, Water vapor, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Argon, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy, CRESU, Molecules, Vapor partial pressure, 0104 chemical sciences, Oxygen, chemistry, Mixtures, Water absorption, Reservoirs (water), Absorption (chemistry), Molecular physics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; We report the results of an experimental study related to the relaxation of the nuclear spin isomers of the water molecule in a supersonic expansion. Rovibrational lines of both ortho and para spin isomers were recorded in the spectral range of H2O stretching vibrations at around 3700 cm-1 using FTIR direct absorption. Water vapor seeded in argon, helium, or oxygen or in a mixture of oxygen and argon was expanded into vacuum through a slit nozzle. The water vapor partial pressure in the mixture varied over a wide range from 1.5 to 102.7 hPa, corresponding to a water molar fraction varying between 0.2 and 6.5%. Depending on expansion conditions, the effect of water vapor clustering was clearly seen in some of our measured spectra. The Boltzmann plot of the line intensities allowed the H2O rotational temperatures in the isentropic core and in the lateral shear layer probed zones of the planar expansion to be determined. The study of the OPR, i.e., the ratio of the ortho to para absorption line intensities as a function of Trot, did not reveal any signs of the OPR being relaxed to the sample temperature. In contrast, the OPR was always conserved according to the stagnation reservoir equilibrium temperature. The conservation of the OPR was found irrespective of whether water molecule clustering was pronounced or not. Also, no effect of the paramagnetic oxygen admixture enhancing OPR relaxation was observed. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
Published: 2017
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13. Variable anisotropy of small-scale stratospheric irregularities retrieved from stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS/Envisat

Author: V. Kan, Viktoria Sofieva, Francis Dalaudier, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Density of air, lcsh:TA170-171, Anisotropy, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Physics, Scintillation, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Isotropy, Photometer, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Computational physics, Satellite, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: In this paper, we consider possibilities for studying the anisotropy of small-scale air density irregularities using satellite observations of bi-chromatic stellar scintillations during tangential occultations. Estimation of the anisotropy coefficient (the ratio of the characteristic horizontal to vertical scales) and other atmospheric parameters is based on the comparison of simulated/theoretical and experimental auto-spectra and coherency spectra of scintillation. Our analyses exploit a 3-D model of the spectrum of atmospheric inhomogeneities, which consists of anisotropic and isotropic components. For the anisotropic component, a spectral model with variable anisotropy is used. Using stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) fast photometers, estimates of the anisotropy coefficient are obtained for atmospheric irregularities with vertical scales of 8–55 m at altitudes of 43–30 km. It is shown that the anisotropy increases from about 10 to 50 with increasing vertical scales.
Published: 2014
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14. Satellite nadir NO2 validation based on zenith-sky, direct-sun and MAXDOAS network observations

Author: Pinardi, Gaia, Van Roozendael, Michel, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Granville, José, Hendrick, François, Gielen, Clio, Cede, Alexander, Kanaya, Ygo, Irie, Hitoshi, Wittrock, Folkard, Richter, Andreas, Peters, Enno, Wagner, Thomas, Gu, Myojeong, Remmers, Julia, Lampel, Johannes, Friess, Udo, Vlemmix, Tim, Piters, Ankie, Hao, Nan, Tiefengraber, Martin, Herman, Jay, Abuhassan, Nader, Holla, Robert, Bais, Alkis, Balis, Dimitris, Drosoglou, Theano, Kouremeti, Natalia, Hovila, Jari, Chong, J., Postylyakov, Oleg, Ma, Jianzhong, Goutail, Florence, Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Pazmino, Andrea, Navarro, Monica, Puentedura, Olga, Yu, Huan, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics [Innsbruck], University of Innsbruck, Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology [Baltimore] (JCET), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)-University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Cardon, Catherine, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, and Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Since more than fifteen years, total and tropospheric NO2 columns have been retrieved from nadir space-borne sensors such as SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT, OMI on AURA and GOME-2 on MetOp platforms. The NO2 data products are generally retrieved in three main steps: (1) a DOAS spectral analysis yielding the total column amount of NO2 along the slant optical path, (2) an estimation of the stratospheric NO2 column, to be subtracted from the total column to derive the tropospheric contribution, and (3) a conversion of the total and tropospheric slant columns into vertical columns based on airmass factor calculations which require a-priori knowledge of the NO2 vertical distribution and surface albedo, as well as information on cloud cover and height.In this study we combine correlative measurements available from several ground-based remote sensing networks to address the validation of (1) the GOME-2 GDP 4.8 NO2 products generated within the EUMETSAT O3M-SAF project, and (2) the SCIAMACHY, OMI and GOME-2 TEMIS product. Zenith-sky DOAS/SAOZ measurements from the NDACC network are used to assess the stratospheric NO2 columns retrieved from the satellite, while the consistency of the total and tropospheric NO2 columns in urban, sub-urban and back-ground conditions is investigated using direct-sun Pandora and multi-axis MAXDOAS data sets from about 40 stations. Where available, vertical profile information from MAXDOAS measurements is used to assess the reliability of the different satellite a-priori profile shapes.Results are discussed in terms of observed biases between satellite and ground-based data sets, their dependence on location, season and cloud conditions. For stratospheric columns, the uncertainty related to the correction applied for ensuring the photochemical matching between satellite and ground-based observations is also evaluated. The satellite pixels resolution effect is statistically explored in relation to the typical extent of the emission sources at urban site locations, using data from SCIAMACHY 60x30 km², GOME-2 40x80 km² and OMI 13x24 km².
Published: 2016

15. Anisotropy of small-scale stratospheric irregularities retrieved from scintillations of a double star α-Cru observed by GOMOS/ENVISAT

Author: Francis Dalaudier, V. Kan, Viktoria Sofieva, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars, Double star, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Density of air, lcsh:TA170-171, Anisotropy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Scintillation, lcsh:TA715-787, Isotropy, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Photometer, Geodesy, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Satellite, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss estimating anisotropy of air density irregularities (ratio of characteristic horizontal and vertical scales) from satellite observations of bi-chromatic scintillations of a double star whose components are not resolved by the detector. The analysis is based on fitting experimental auto- and cross-spectra of scintillations by those computed using the 3-D spectral model of atmospheric irregularities consisting of anisotropic and isotropic components. Application of the developed method to the scintillation measurements of the double star α-Cru by GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) fast photometers results in estimates of anisotropy coefficient of ~15–20 at altitudes 30–38 km, as well as other parameters of atmospheric irregularities. The obtained estimates of the anisotropy coefficient correspond to small-scale irregularities, close to the buoyancy scale.
Published: 2012
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16. Temperature trends in the middle atmosphere as seen by historical Russian rocket launches: Part 2, Heiss Island (80.6°N, 58°E)

Author: George S. Golitsyn, Philippe Keckhut, Marie-Lise Chanin, Agnès Kubicki, Evgeny Lysenko, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), and Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Rockesonde, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mesosphere, Atmosphere, Altitude, 0103 physical sciences, Trend surface analysis, Trend, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Quasi-biennial oscillation, Temperature, Northern Hemisphere, Solar-cycle, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Middle latitudes, Environmental science
Abstract: Long-term changes of the temperature of the middle atmosphere are investigated using a data bank obtained by Russian rocketsondes at Heiss Island (80.6°N, 58°E). The major interest of the data series is that it is one of the longest and uninterrupted records obtained at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere over 25 years, from 1969 to 1994. Previous estimates using this dataset has shown the largest trends. The revised analysis performed here took into account all possible discontinuities in the data series, such as a change in the time-of-measurement, T0, and in the type of sensor. For this purpose, some data were filtered out, and a statistical model based on multiple regression analyses included step functions to take into account such discontinuities. The temperature responses to different sources of variability (solar activity, volcanic aerosols) were retrieved for summer and winter periods. The response to the 11-year solar cycle in the winter period is found to be largely positive in the stratosphere (∼+4 K) and largely negative in the mesosphere (∼−8 K), with a smaller and opposite response in summer. This response depends on the phase of the QBO, as already shown by previous studies. The response to volcanic aerosols is found to be significantly positive in the upper mesosphere, in good agreement with numerical simulations and with observations above France. The long-term trend resulting from this reanalysis indicates a cooling of the middle atmosphere, increasing with altitude from −2 K/decade at 40 km to a maximum of −6 K/decade around 65 km. This result is slightly larger than the trend observed at mid-latitude but quite smaller than previous estimates.
Published: 2008
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17. Algebraic instability in shallow water flows with horizontally nonuniform density

Author: Vadim Pavlov, V. P. Goncharov, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Waves and shallow water, Jet (fluid), Boundary layer, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, Base (geometry), Geometry, Stage (hydrology), Hydrostatic equilibrium, Algebraic number, Instability, law.invention
Abstract: International audience; The regimes and mechanisms of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability have been studied in the scope of the nonhydrostatic shallow water model with horizontally nonuniform density. As analysis shows, the nonhydrostaticity has a crucial influence on the instability. It is for this reason that at the final stage a collapse tendency predicted on the base of the hydrostatic scenario slows down and turns into the regime of algebraic instability. The numerical testing has shown that in spite of its simplicity, the model is quite able to describe realistically a number of effects. For example, the model captures the shallowing effect, which manifests itself as profile concavities on either side of the jet coming out of the boundary layer.
Published: 2015
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18. Effect of nonhydrostaticity on the final stage of instability in shallow water with a horizontally nonuniform density

Author: Vadim Pavlov, V. P. Goncharov, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Waves and shallow water, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), law, Stage (hydrology), Mechanics, Hydrostatic equilibrium, Instability, Linear stability, law.invention, Active layer
Abstract: International audience; A model of an active layer of shallow water with horizontally nonuniform density has been developed in the nonhydrostatic approximation. Rayleigh-Taylor instability regimes, as well as the mechanism of the formation of self-similar jets (fingers), have been studied within this model. Their linear stability has been analyzed. It has been shown that nonhydrostaticity decisively affects instability at the final stage. For this reason, collapse predicted for hydrostatic models at this stage slows down and is transformed to the algebraic instability regime.
Published: 2015
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19. Brewer, SAOZ and Ozonesonde Observations in Siberia

Author: Alexander Makshtas, C. T. McElroy, Valery Dorokhov, Dmitry Shepelev, Florence Goutail, N. Tereb, Hideaki Nakajima, Jean-Pierre Pommereau, David W. Tarasick, G. A. Ivlev, Andrea Pazmino, V. Savinykh, Vladimir Yushkov, Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Laboratory of Theoretical Spectroscopy [Tomsk] (LTS), V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS)-Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Institute of Experimental Meteorology (IEM), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), York University [Toronto], STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Ozone, Stratosphere, Observation, Total ozone, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, The arctic, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemistry, Arctic, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climate change, Polar
Abstract: International audience; Regular ground-based measurements of total ozone are available over the full Russian territory using M-124 filter ozonometers, Brewer spectrophotometers, and Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénithale (SAOZ) spectrometers in the Arctic region where these observations are essential for evaluating ozone loss in winter. Daily measurements are performed by three Brewer spectrophotometers; these are located in Kislovodsk (43.7°N, 42.7°E), Obninsk (55.1°N, 36.6°E), and Tomsk (56.5°N, 85.1°E). Two SAOZ spectrometers are deployed at the Arctic Circle in Salekhard (66.5°N, 66.7°E) and Zhigansk (66.8°N, 123.4°E). In addition, regular winter-spring ozonesonde soundings are carried out in Salekhard. Altogether, they have provided the unique measurements over the eastern Arctic required for characterizing ozone loss during each winter and will also monitor the anticipated ozone recovery following the reduction of chlorine and bromine ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere. RÉSUMÉ [Traduit par la rédaction] Des mesures de l'épaisseur totale de la colonne d'ozone faites régulièrement depuis le sol sont disponibles pour l'ensemble du territoire russe avec des ozonomètres à filtre M-124 et des spectrophotomètres Brewer ainsi que des spectromètres SAOZ (Système d'analyse par observation zénithale) dans la région arctique, où elles sont essentielles pour évaluer la perte d'ozone en hiver. Trois spectrophotomètres Brewer prennent des mesures quotidiennement; ils sont situés à Kislovodsk (43,7°N, 42,7°E), Obninsk (55,1°N, 36,6°E) et à Tomsk (56,5°N, 85,1°E). Deux spectromètres SAOZ sont déployés sur le cercle arctique à Salekhard (66,5°N, 66,7°E) et à Zhigansk (66,8°N, 123,4°E). De plus, des sondages par ozonosondes sont régulièrement effectués en hiver et au printemps à Salekhard. Tous ensemble, ces instruments ont fourni pour l'est de l'Arctique des mesures uniques nécessaires pour étudier la perte d'ozone durant chaque hiver et ils surveilleront aussi le rétablissement attendu de la couche d'ozone par suite de la réduction des substances chlorées et bromées dans l'atmosphère qui détruisent la couche d'ozone.
Published: 2015
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20. Comparison of long-term Moscow and Danish NLC observations: statistical results

Author: Sheila Kirkwood, O. Hansen, H. Andersen, V. Romejko, Peter Dalin, N. N. Pertsev, EGU, Publication, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), The Danish Association for NLC research, Lyngvej 36, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and The Moscow Association for NLC research
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Atmospheric composition, Atmosphere, Trend surface analysis, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), lcsh:Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QC801-809, Geology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, lcsh:QC1-999, Term (time), lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Atmosphere of Earth, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Mesopause, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Time variations, Atmospheric dynamics, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Noctilucent clouds (NLC) are the highest clouds in the Earth's atmosphere, observed close to the mesopause at 80–90 km altitudes. Systematic NLC observations conducted in Moscow for the period of 1962–2005 and in Denmark for 1983–2005 are compared and statistical results both for seasonally summarized NLC parameters and for individual NLC appearances are described. Careful attention is paid to the weather conditions during each season of observations. This turns out to be a very important factor both for the NLC case study and for long-term data set analysis. Time series of seasonal values show moderate similarity (taking into account the weather conditions) but, at the same time, the comparison of individual cases of NLC occurrence reveals substantial differences. There are positive trends in the Moscow and Danish normalized NLC brightness as well as nearly zero trend in the Moscow normalized NLC occurrence frequency but these long-term changes are not statistically significant. The quasi-ten-year cycle in NLC parameters is about 1 year shorter than the solar cycle during the same period. The characteristic scale of NLC fields is estimated for the first time and it is found to be less than 800 km.
Published: 2006
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21. On the role of the stratosphere in the process of overflow of mesoscale mountains

Author: K. B. Moiseenko, EGU, Publication, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), and Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Troposphere, Wave drag, Stream function, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), lcsh:Science, Stratosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Turbulence, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QC801-809, Geology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Lapse rate, Mechanics, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Space and Planetary Science, Drag, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, Tropopause, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: A 2-D, two- and three-layer stratified airflow over a mountain of arbitrary shape is considered on the assumptions that upstream wind velocity and static stability within each layer are constant (Long's model). The stratosphere is simulated by an infinitely deep upper layer with enhanced static stability. The analytical solution for the stream function, as well as first (linear) and second order approximations to the wave drag, are obtained in hydrostatic limit N1L/U0→∞, where N1 is the Brunt-Väsälä frequency in the troposphere, L is a characteristic length of the obstacle, and U0 is upstream velocity. The results of numerical computations show the principal role of long waves in the process of interaction between the model layers for a typical mesoscale mountains for which the hydrostatic approximation proves valid in a wide range of flow parameters, in accordance with the earlier conclusions of Klemp and Lilly (1975). Partial reflection of wave energy from the tropopause produces strong influence on the value of wave drag for typical middle and upper tropospheric lapse rates, leading to a quasi-periodic dependance of wave drag on a reduced frequency ( is tropopause height) in the troposphere. The flow seems to be statically unstable for k≥2 for sufficiently large obstacles (whose height exceeds 1 km). In this case, vast regions of rotor motions and strong turbulence are predicted from model calculations in the middle troposphere and the lower stratosphere. The model calculations also point to a testify for possible important role of nonlinear effects associated with finite height of the mountain on the conditions of wave drag amplification in the process of overflow of real mountains.
Published: 2005

22. Estimation of past solar and upper atmosphere conditions from historical and modern auroral observations

Author: W. Schröder, H.-J. Treder, N. N. Shefov, EGU, Publication, Geophysical Station [Bremen], Universität Bremen, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and Commission for the History of Geophysics and Cosmical Physics
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Magnetosphere, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Observation data, lcsh:Science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Low latitude, integumentary system, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QC801-809, food and beverages, Geology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar atmosphere, lcsh:QC1-999, Solar wind, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Space and Planetary Science, Middle latitudes, biological sciences, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Visual observation, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: On the basis of the analysis of the data of auroral observations at middle latitudes during low solar activity, and modern spectrophotometric research, the feasibility of their joint use for the estimation of the level of the solar activity during periods without instrumental measurements is discussed. In this paper an attempt is undertaken to determine quantitative information on solar activity by comparing the data of visual auroral observations with the modern parameter of their luminescence.
Published: 2004

23. The choice of optimal Discrete Interaction Approximation to the kinetic integral for ocean waves

Author: V. G. Polnikov, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Basis (linear algebra), Electromagnetic spectrum, lcsh:QC801-809, Frame (networking), [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Kinetic energy, lcsh:QC1-999, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Nonlinear system, Classical mechanics, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Kinetic equations, Simple (abstract algebra), Wind wave, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Applied mathematics, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics, Mathematics
Abstract: A lot of discrete configurations for the four-wave nonlinear interaction processes have been calculated and tested by the method proposed earlier in the frame of the concept of Fast Discrete Interaction Approximation to the Hasselmann's kinetic integral (Polnikov and Farina, 2002). It was found that there are several simple configurations, which are more efficient than the one proposed originally in Hasselmann et al. (1985). Finally, the optimal multiple Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA) to the kinetic integral for deep-water waves was found. Wave spectrum features have been intercompared for a number of different configurations of DIA, applied to a long-time solution of kinetic equation. On the basis of this intercomparison the better efficiency of the configurations proposed was confirmed. Certain recommendations were given for implementation of new approximations to the wave forecast practice.
Published: 2003
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24. Numerical wind wave model with a dynamic boundary layer

Author: Yu. A. Volkov, V. G. Polnikov, F. A. Pogarskii, EGU, Publication, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), and Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS)
Subjects: Physics, Source function, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Planetary boundary layer, Mathematical analysis, Fetch, lcsh:QC801-809, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:QC1-999, Wind wave model, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Boundary layer, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Wind profile power law, Classical mechanics, Log wind profile, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Wind wave, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: A modern version of a numerical wind wave model of the fourth generation is constructed for a case of deep water. The following specific terms of the model source function are used: (a) a new analytic parameterization of the nonlinear evolution term proposed recently in Zakharov and Pushkarev (1999); (b) a traditional input term added by the routine for an atmospheric boundary layer fitting to a wind wave state according to Makin and Kudryavtsev (1999); (c) a dissipative term of the second power in a wind wave spectrum according to Polnikov (1991). The direct fetch testing results showed an adequate description of the main empirical wave evolution effects. Besides, the model gives a correct description of the boundary layer parameters' evolution, depending on a wind wave stage of development. This permits one to give a physical treatment of the dependence mentioned. These performances of the model allow one to use it both for application and for investigation aims in the task of the joint description of wind and wave fields.
Published: 2002

25. Gravity wave and turbulence spectra parameters retrieved from scintillation measurements by GOMOS/Envisat

Author: Sofieva, Viktoria, Dalaudier, Francis, Gurvich, Alexandre S., Kan, Valery, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract: International audience; Satellite measurements of stellar scintillation in limb-viewing geometry provide unique information about small-vertical-scale gravity waves (GW) in the stratosphere and their breaking into turbulence. In our presentation, we show the results of analyses of scintillation measurements carried out by GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) fast photometers on board the Envisat satellite in 2002-2012. GOMOS scintillation measurements allow retrievals of inner of outer scales of gravity waves, GW structure characteristic and potential energy per unit mass, as well as reconstruction of turbulence structure characteristic C _{T} (2) in the stratosphere. GW and turbulence spectra parameters are retrieved by fitting modeled scintillation spectra to measured spectra. In our presentation, we explain the data analysis and show spatio-temporal distributions of gravity wave and turbulence spectra parameters in the stratosphere.
Published: 2014

26. Total ozone and ozone profile observations by SAOZ, Brewer and ozonesondes in Russia

Author: Dorokhov, Valery, Yushkov, Vladimir, Makshtas, Aleksander, Tereb, Nikolay, Ivlev, Georgii, Savinykh, Vladimir, Shepelev, Dmitry, Goutail, Florence, Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Pazmino, Andrea, Nakajima, Hideaki, Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Institute of Experimental Meteorology (IEM), Laboratory of Theoretical Spectroscopy [Tomsk] (LTS), V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS)-Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Chukotka UGMS, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: Daily total ozone measurements are carried out in Kislovodsk, Obninsk, European Russia, and in Tomsk, Central Siberia, using the Brewer MKII N°043, Brewer MKII N°044 and Brewer MKIV N°049 spectrophotometers. The accuracy of routine total ozone observation at direct sun measurement is 2-3%. Under cloudless conditions at air mass factor less than 4, the accuracy of total ozone direct sun measurements approaches 1%. The SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenitale) is UV-visible (300-650 nm) diode array spectrometer developed at the Service d'Aeronomie, CNRS, France for monitoring stratospheric ozone and NO2. Zenith sky measurements of atmospheric gases at twilight (86 < solar zenith angle < 91 ) are used. There are 15 SAOZ instruments in the SAOZ network around the world. Two instruments are located at the Arctic Circle in Russia at Zhigansk since 1992 and Salekhard since 1998. The accuracy of total ozone measurement is 6% and 10% for nitrogen dioxide observations. The ozonesonde observations of atmospheric ozone profiles at Salekhard aerological station are carried out since 1997. Currently, we use 2Z-ECC ozonesondes for ozone profile observations in the winter-spring periods. The results of ozonesounding at Salekhard station are in the NDACC database. In December 2012 and in January 2013 we plan to upgrade this ozonesounding station with the iMet-1 radiosonde and ECC 2Z-V7 ozonesonde. This type of ozonesonde will be used in the winter-spring season of 2013. The resulting total ozone and ozonesonde profile measurements recorded in 2012 and in January-March 2013 by the SAOZ, Brewer and ozonesode instruments will be presented and discussed.
Published: 2013

27. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF COLLAPSES IN SHALLOW WATER FLOWS WITH HORIZONTALLY NONUNIFORM DENSITY

Author: Vadim Pavlov, V. P. Goncharov, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Phase portrait, Isotropy, General Physics and Astronomy, Collapse (topology), Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, Instability, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Gravity current, Waves and shallow water, Classical mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Contact area
Abstract: International audience; The mechanisms and structural elements of instability whose evolution results in the occurrence of the collapse are studied in the scope of the rotating shallow water model with a horizontally nonuniform density. The diagram stability based on the integral collapse criterion is suggested to explain system behavior in the space of constants of motion. Analysis of the instability shows that two collapse scenarios are possible. One scenario implies anisotropic collapse during which the contact area of a collapsing drop-like fragment with the bottom contracts into a rotating segment. The other implies isotropic contraction of the area into a point.
Published: 2013

28. Simple model of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, collapse, and structural elements

Author: Vadim Pavlov, V. P. Goncharov, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Isotropy, Collapse (topology), Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, Power law, Instability, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Waves and shallow water, 0103 physical sciences, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Contact area
Abstract: International audience; The mechanisms and structural elements of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability whose evolution results in the occurrence of the collapse have been studied in the scope of the rotating shallow water model with horizontal density gradient. Analysis of the instability mechanism shows that two collapse scenarios are possible. One scenario implies anisotropic collapse during which the contact area of a collapsing fragment with the bottom contracts into a spinning segment. The other implies isotropic contracting of the area into a point. The rigorous integral criteria and power laws of collapses are found.
Published: 2013
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29. Giant magnetocapacitance of strained ferroelectric-ferromagnetic hybrids

Author: Pertsev, N., Prokhorenko, S., Dkhil, B., A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des solides (SPMS), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci]
Abstract: International audience; We report a theoretical calculation of the strain-mediated magnetocapacitance of ferroelectric-ferromagnetic heterostructures. Our nonlinear theory predicts that this magnetocapacitance strongly depends on the strain state of a ferroelectric constituent. For multiferroic hybrids comprising a BaTiO3 or Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 film and a FeBSiC, Terfenol-D, or FeGa substrate, the magnetocapacitive coefficient generally has a giant value ∼10−4 Oe−1. Remarkably, its magnitude further increases drastically near the strain-induced phase transition at which the out-of-plane polarization appears in the ferroelectric film. As a result, the magnetocapacitance of hybrids including Terfenol-D may exceed 100% already at the magnetic field of about 600 Oe. These theoretical results provide guidelines for the fabrication of multiferroic heterostructures exhibiting a strong magnetodielectric effect.
Published: 2012
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30. Blow-up instability in shallow water flows with horizontally-nonuniform density

Author: V. P. Goncharov, Vadim Pavlov, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Density gradient, Isotropy, Collapse (topology), Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, Power law, Instability, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Waves and shallow water, 0103 physical sciences, Development (differential geometry), 010306 general physics, Anisotropy
Abstract: The mechanisms of instability, whose development leads to the occurrence of the collapse (blow up), have been studied in the scope of the rotating shallow water flows with horizontal density gradient. Analysis shows that collapses in such models are initiated by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and two scenarios are possible. Both the scenarios evolve according to a power law (t 0 − t)γ, where t 0 is the collapse time, with γ = −1, −2, and γ = −2/3, −1 for the isotropic and anisotropic collapses, respectively. The rigorous criterion of collapse is found on the base of integrals of motion.
Published: 2012

31. Hamiltonian description of wave dynamics in nonequilibrium media

Author: N. N. Romanova, EGU, Publication, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), and Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Wave packet, lcsh:QC801-809, Mathematical analysis, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:QC1-999, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, symbols.namesake, Nonlinear system, Canonical variable, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Normal mode, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, symbols, Wavenumber, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics), Linear combination, lcsh:Physics, Mathematics
Abstract: We consider Hamiltonian description of weakly nonlinear wave dynamics in unstable and nonequilibrium media. We construct the appropriate canonical variables in the whole wavenumber space. The essentially new element is the construction of canonical variables in a vicinity of marginally stable points where two normal modes coalesce. The commonly used normal variables are not appropriate in this domain. The mater is that the approximation of weak nonlinearity breaks down when the dynamical system is written in terms of these variables. In this case we introduce the canonical variables based on the linear combination of modes belonging to the two different branches of dispersion curve. As an example of one of the possible applications of presented results the evolution equations for weakly nonlinear wave packets in the marginally stable area are derived. These equations cannot be derived if we deal with the commonly used normal variables.
Published: 1994
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32. Satellite- and ground-based CO total column observations over 2010 Russian fires: accuracy of top-down estimates based on thermal IR satellite data

Author: L. Larrabee Strow, V. Rakitin, E. I. Grechko, Lesley Ott, E. Semutnikova, Maya George, A. V. Dzhola, A. Karpov, R. Shumsky, Thomas August, G. Gorchakov, Scott E. Hannon, E. Fokeeva, L. Yurganov, Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology [Baltimore] (JCET), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)-University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Mosecomonitoring Environmental Protection Institution, and Russian Federation
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, MOPITT, lcsh:Chemistry, Thermal, Near Infrared Red (NIR), Surface layer, Carbon monoxide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, High Performance Computing Facility (HPCF), Spectrometer, column observations, lcsh:QC1-999, Plume, Volume (thermodynamics), lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, thermal IR satellite data, Environmental science, Satellite, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: CO total column data are presented from three space sounders and two ground-based spectrometers in Moscow and its suburbs during the forest and peat fires that occurred in Central Russia in July–August 2010. Also presented are ground-based in situ CO measurements. The Moscow area was strongly impacted by the CO plume from these fires. Concurrent satellite- and ground-based observations were used to quantify the errors of CO top-down emission estimates. On certain days, CO total columns retrieved from the data of the space-based sounders were 2–3 times less than those obtained from the ground-based sun-tracking spectrometers. The depth of the polluted layer over Moscow was estimated using total column measurements compared with CO volume mixing ratios in the surface layer and on the TV tower and found to be around 360 m. The missing CO that is the average difference between the CO total column accurately determined by the ground spectrometers and that retrieved by AIRS, MOPITT, and IASI was determined for the Moscow area between 1.6 and 3.3 × 1018 molec cm−2. These values were extrapolated onto the entire plume; subsequently, the CO burden (total mass) over Russia during the fire event was corrected. A top-down estimate of the total emitted CO, obtained by a simple mass balance model increased by 40–100 % for different sensors due to this correction. Final assessments of total CO emitted by Russian wildfires obtained from different sounders are between 34 and 40 Tg CO during July–August 2010.
Published: 2011
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33. Detection of OH+ and H2O+ towards Orion KL

Author: Maryvonne Gerin, G. A. Blake, J. Stutzki, Shanshan Yu, S. Wang, Paul Hartogh, D. Johnstone, Thomas F. Giesen, Goutam Chattopadhyay, M. Perault, José Cernicharo, Ryszard Szczerba, Rudolf Schieder, Fabien Daniel, S. D. Lord, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Rafael Bachiller, Nathan R. Crockett, Alexandre Karpov, Neal R. Erickson, William B. Latter, John Gill, N. Harada, C. Joblin, P. Zaal, Marie-Lise Dubernet, Erich Schlecht, David A. Neufeld, P. F. Goldsmith, J. A. Murphy, René Liseau, Eric Herbst, C. Comito, Neil Trappe, H. Gupta, E. A. Bergin, A. C. A. Boogert, D. C. Lis, J. R. Goicoechea, Michael Olberg, Jacob Kooi, Jean-Michel Krieg, Frank Maiwald, W. Baechtold, Laurent Pagani, H. W. Yorke, T. A. Bell, F. F. S. van der Tak, Peter Schilke, Martin Emprechtinger, Cecilia Ceccarelli, Volker Ossenkopf, Stephan Schlemmer, Bengt Larsson, Paul B. Rimmer, W. D. Langer, P. J. Encrenaz, R. H. Lin, S.-L. Qin, N. Honingh, J. C. Pearson, Pierrick Martin, M. Salez, S. Cabrit, Emmanuel Caux, Thomas G. Phillips, Karl M. Menten, Sébastien Maret, Rene Plume, Patrick W. Morris, M. C. Diez-Gonzalez, Jesús Martín-Pintado, L. Nordh, Lorene Samoska, R. Güsten, Holger S. P. Müller, Charlotte Vastel, E. Falgarone, Gary J. Melnick, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Ohio State university Departement of Physic, Colombus, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Ohio State university Departement of Astronomy, Colombus, Ohio State university Departement of Chemistry, Colombus, foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron & Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, Ohio State University Dept Chemistry, Department of Astronomy [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Millimeter-Wave Electronics Laboratory [ETH Zürich] (MWE), Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering [Zürich] (D-ITET), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS INSU, UMR 5187, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France, UMR 5187 Toulouse, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de Radioastronomie (LRA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7 Canada, Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, Laboratoire de Modélisation Multi-échelles des Combustibles (LM2C), Service d'Etudes de Simulation du Comportement du combustibles (SESC), Département d'Etudes des Combustibles (DEC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Département d'Etudes des Combustibles (DEC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Calgary], University of Calgary, I. Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Laboratoire de Didactique André Revuz (LDAR (EA_4434)), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Univ Toulouse UPS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Centre Etud Spatiale Rayonnements Toulouse, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA, CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Universität zu Köln, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université d'Artois (UA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Department of Physics [Columbus], Department of Astronomy [Columbus], Department chemistry and Biochemistry [Columbus], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Laboratoire de Cosmologie, Astrophysique Stellaire & Solaire, de Planétologie et de Mécanique des Fluides (CASSIOPEE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatorio de Yebes, Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN), Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid 28850, Spain, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany, Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, and Astronomy
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], HERSCHEL OBSERVATIONS, Analytical chemistry, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, LINE, Astrophysics, LASER MAGNETIC-RESONANCE, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, ISM: abundances, outflows, Ion, STAR-FORMATION, REGION, NEBULA, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Absorption (logic), 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, SPECTROSCOPY, astrochemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, INTERSTELLAR H3O+, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, DIFFUSE CLOUDS, molecular processes, [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, COMET-KOHOUTEK, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), stars: winds, submillimeter: ISM, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Order of magnitude, line: identification
Abstract: We report observations of the reactive molecular ions OH$^+$, H$_2$O$^+$, and H$_3$O$^+$ towards Orion KL with Herschel/HIFI. All three $N=1-0$ fine-structure transitions of OH$^+$ at 909, 971, and 1033GHz and both fine-structure components of the doublet {\it ortho}-H$_2$O$^+$ $1_{11}-0_{00}$ transition at 1115 and 1139GHz were detected; an upper limit was obtained for H$_3$O$^+$. OH$^+$ and H$_2$O$^+$ are observed purely in absorption, showing a narrow component at the source velocity of 9 kms$^{-1}$, and a broad blueshifted absorption similar to that reported recently for HF and {\it para}-H$_{2}^{18}$O, and attributed to the low velocity outflow of Orion KL. We estimate column densities of OH$^+$ and H$_2$O$^+$ for the 9 km s$^{-1}$ component of $9 \pm 3 \times 10^{12}$cm$^{-2}$ and $7 \pm 2 \times 10^{12}$cm$^{-2}$, and those in the outflow of $1.9 \pm 0.7 \times 10^{13}$cm$^{-2}$ and $1.0 \pm 0.3 \times 10^{13}$cm$^{-2}$. Upper limits of $2.4\times 10^{12}$cm$^{-2}$ and $8.7\times 10^{12}$cm$^{-2}$ were derived for the column densities of {\it ortho} and {\it para}-H$_3$O$^+$ from transitions near 985 and 1657GHz. The column densities of the three ions are up to an order of magnitude lower than those obtained from recent observations of W31C and W49N. The comparatively low column densities may be explained by a higher gas density despite the assumption of a very high ionization rate., 5 pages, 1 figure. Accepted to and to be published in the Herschel HIFI special issue of A\&A Letters
Published: 2010
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34. Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): detecting spiral arm clouds by CH absorption lines

Author: R. Bachille, T. A. Bell, H. Gupta, A. C. A. Boogert, H. W. Yorke, Martin Emprechtinger, Nathan R. Crockett, Cecilia Ceccarelli, P. J. Encrenaz, M. Perault, José Cernicharo, Laurent Pagani, Volker Ossenkopf, Eric Herbst, R. Rolffs, D. C. Lis, Pierrick Martin, Thomas F. Giesen, Emmanuel Caux, C. Joblin, E. Falgarone, Karl M. Menten, D. Johnstone, S.-L. Qin, T. Möller, Gary J. Melnick, Peter Schilke, J. R. Goicoechea, Michael Olberg, M. Salez, Sébastien Maret, Rene Plume, Jacob Kooi, Stephan Schlemmer, Patrick W. Morris, Jesús Martín-Pintado, Thomas G. Phillips, J. C. Pearson, W. Baechtold, Arnaud Belloche, Goutam Chattopadhyay, S. D. Lord, Alexandre Karpov, N. Honingh, Charlotte Vastel, C. Comito, E. A. Bergin, Neil Trappe, J. L. Gill, J. Stutzki, J.-M. Krieg, Fabien Daniel, L. H. Nordh, Jonas Zmuidzinas, S. Cabrit, M. C. Diez-Gonzalez, Maryvonne Gerin, Rudolf Schieder, F. F. S. van der Tak, Paul Hartogh, W. D. Langer, Marie-Lise Dubernet, S. Wang, G. A. Blake, Shanshan Yu, R. Güsten, Holger S. P. Müller, David A. Neufeld, P. F. Goldsmith, J. A. Murphy, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), I. Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor HASYLAB at Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY (HASYLAB), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Hamburg] (DESY), Université de Cologne, Institut de Physique 1, Université de Cologne, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Astronomy [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ Toulouse UPS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Centre Etud Spatiale Rayonnements Toulouse, CNRS INSU, UMR 5187, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France, UMR 5187 Toulouse, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Laboratoire de Radioastronomie (LRA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron & Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7 Canada, Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, Laboratoire de Modélisation Multi-échelles des Combustibles (LM2C), Service d'Etudes de Simulation du Comportement du combustibles (SESC), Département d'Etudes des Combustibles (DEC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Département d'Etudes des Combustibles (DEC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA, CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Calgary], University of Calgary, Laboratoire de Didactique André Revuz (LDAR (EA_4434)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université d'Artois (UA), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Millimeter-Wave Electronics Laboratory [ETH Zürich] (MWE), Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering [Zürich] (D-ITET), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Faure, Alexandre, Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany, Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid 28850, Spain, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Astronomy
Subjects: Physics, Spiral galaxy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Absorption spectroscopy, Experimental Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Line width, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, ISM: abundances, ISM: molecules, Linear relationship, [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Spectral resolution, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We have observed CH absorption lines ($J=3/2, N=1 \leftarrow J=1/2, N=1$) against the continuum source Sgr~B2(M) using the \textit{Herschel}/HIFI instrument. With the high spectral resolution and wide velocity coverage provided by HIFI, 31 CH absorption features with different radial velocities and line widths are detected and identified. The narrower line width and lower column density clouds show `spiral arm' cloud characteristics, while the absorption component with the broadest line width and highest column density corresponds to the gas from the Sgr~B2 envelope. The observations show that each `spiral arm' harbors multiple velocity components, indicating that the clouds are not uniform and that they have internal structure. This line-of-sight through almost the entire Galaxy offers unique possibilities to study the basic chemistry of simple molecules in diffuse clouds, as a variety of different cloud classes are sampled simultaneously. We find that the linear relationship between CH and H$_2$ column densities found at lower $A_V$ by UV observations does not continue into the range of higher visual extinction. There, the curve flattens, which probably means that CH is depleted in the denser cores of these clouds., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, HIFI Special Issue
Published: 2010
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35. Mapping gravity waves and turbulence in the stratosphere using satellite measurements of stellar scintillation

Author: Viktoria Sofieva, Alexandre S. Gurvich, Francis Dalaudier, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Scintillation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Turbulence, Flux, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Computational physics, Atmosphere, Optics, 13. Climate action, Satellite, Density of air, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Stratosphere, Mathematical Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; If stellar light passed through the atmosphere is measured on board a satellite with a high-frequency device, the stellar flux exhibits fluctuations that may exceed the mean value by several hundred per cent. This effect is called scintillation. Stellar scintillations are caused by air density irregularities generated mainly by internal gravity waves (GWs) and turbulence. Exploitation of stellar scintillation is a new approach in studying small-scale air density irregularities in the stratosphere. In this paper, we explain the methodology for reconstructing GW and turbulence spectra parameters from scintillation measurements. The analysis is based on fitting the modeled scintillation spectra to the measured ones. We use a two-component spectral model of air density irregularities: the first anisotropic component corresponds to the GW spectrum, while the second one describes locally isotropic turbulence resulting from GW breaking and other instabilities. The retrieval of GW and turbulence spectra parameters--structure characteristics, inner and outer scales of the GW component--is based on the maximum-likelihood method. We review the main results of analyses of the scintillation measurements by GOMOS fast photometers on board the Envisat satellite and discuss the global distributions of turbulence structure characteristic CT2 in the stratosphere, at altitudes of 30-50 km.
Published: 2010
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36. Instability of gravity flows on a slope

Author: V. P. Goncharov, Vadim Pavlov, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, Mechanics, 16. Peace & justice, Surface shape, 01 natural sciences, Instability, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Poisson bracket, symbols.namesake, Singularity, Homogeneous, 0103 physical sciences, Vortex sheet, symbols, Compressibility, 010306 general physics, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
Abstract: International audience; A Hamiltonian version of contour dynamics is formulated for the model of a potential slope flow of homogeneous incompressible fluid. The particle-like solutions that play the role of structural elements in the disintegration of strongly perturbed slope flows are studied in terms of this approach. Investigation of the solution instability mechanism has shown that two collapse scenarios are realized, depending on the slope steepness. The singularity for the surface shape develops according to the law (t − t 0)−1/3 on a vertical slope and slightly more slowly, according to the law (t − t 0)−2/7, where t 0 is the collapse time, on a nonvertical slope. A sufficient collapse criterion that allows this effect to be judged from the first three integrals of motion has been established.
Published: 2010
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37. Gravity wave spectra parameters in 2003 retrieved from stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS

Author: Viktoria Sofieva, Francis Dalaudier, A.S. Gurvich, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Academy of Finland, and RFBR grant 06-05-64357.
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Scintillation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gravitational wave, Turbulence, Gravity waves, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Computational physics, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Satellite, Density of air, Gravity wave, Stellar scintillations, GOMOS, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; Using satellite measurements of stellar scintillation allows quantifying gravity waves (GW) in the stratosphere and their breaking into turbulence. GW and turbulence spectra parameters are retrieved by fitting modeled scintillation spectra to measured spectra. We use a two-component spectral model of air density irregularities: the first component corresponds to the gravity wave spectrum, while the second one describes patches of locally isotropic turbulence. In this paper, we show global distributions and seasonal variations of the GW spectra parameters (structure characteristic, inner and outer scales) retrieved from GOMOS/Envisat scintillation measurements in 2003, for altitudes 30–50 km, and discuss peculiarities of these distributions. The use of outer scale estimations has enabled us to obtain self-consistent estimates of GW potential energy Ep per unit mass. GW parameters retrieved from scintillations are in good agreement with those from other measurements at overlapping altitudes and locations.
Published: 2009
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38. Influence of scintillation on quality of ozone monitoring by GOMOS

Author: Francis Dalaudier, Viktoria Sofieva, Filip Vanhellemont, V. Kan, Jean-Loup Bertaux, Alain Hauchecorne, Erkki Kyrölä, Didier Fussen, Johanna Tamminen, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, lcsh:Chemistry, law, Distortion, 0103 physical sciences, Density of air, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Scintillation, Photometer, lcsh:QC1-999, Stars, Atmosphere of Earth, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Satellite, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Stellar light passing through the Earth atmosphere is affected by refractive effects, which should be taken into account in retrievals from stellar occultation measurements. Scintillation caused by air density irregularities is a nuisance for retrievals of atmospheric composition. In this paper, we consider the influence of scintillation on stellar occultation measurements and on the quality of ozone retrievals from these measurements, based on experience of the GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) instrument on board the Envisat satellite. In GOMOS retrievals, the scintillation effect is corrected using scintillation measurements by the fast photometer. We present quantitative estimates of the current scintillation correction quality and of the impact of scintillation on ozone retrievals by GOMOS. The analysis has shown that the present scintillation correction efficiently removes the distortion of transmission spectra caused by scintillations, which are generated by anisotropic irregularities of air density. The impact of errors of dilution and anisotropic scintillation correction on the quality of ozone retrievals is negligible. However, the current scintillation correction is not able to remove the wavelength-dependent distortion of transmission spectra caused by isotropic scintillations, which can be present in off-orbital-plane occultations. This distortion may result in ozone retrieval errors of 0.5–1.5% at altitudes 20–40 km. This contribution constitutes a significant percentage of the total error for bright stars. The advanced inversion methods that can minimize the influence of scintillation correction error are also discussed.
Published: 2009
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39. Technical note: Scintillations of the double star α Cru observed by GOMOS/Envisat

Author: Viktoria Sofieva, Alexandre S. Gurvich, V. Kan, Francis Dalaudier, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), and Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Scintillation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Field of view, Double star, Astrophysics, Photometer, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Density of air, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Anisotropy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss scintillation time-spectra of the double star α Cru, which were measured by the GOMOS/Envisat photometer. The components of α Cru are not resolved by the angular field of view of the detector. The double structure of the light source reveals itself in the modulation of the observed scintillation spectra; this modulation is caused by anisotropic irregularities of the stratospheric air density. We present a qualitative and quantitative explanation of the properties of the double-star scintillation spectra. Possibilities of using double star scintillations for studying atmospheric air density irregularities are also discussed in the paper.
Published: 2009
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40. The effect of the solar rotational irradiance variation on the middle and upper atmosphere calculated by a three-dimensional chemistry-climate model

Author: Guy Brasseur, Aleksandr N. Gruzdev, Hauke Schmidt, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Chemistry, Irradiance, Forcing (mathematics), Atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Mesosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, Atmosphere, Amplitude, lcsh:QD1-999, Climatology, Solar rotation, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Thermosphere, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of the solar rotational (27-day) irradiance variations on the chemical composition and temperature of the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere as simulated by the three-dimensional chemistry-climate model HAMMONIA. Different methods are used to analyze the model results, including high resolution spectral and cross-spectral techniques. Shortcomings of the frequently applied correlation (regression) method are revealed. To force the simulations, an idealized irradiance variation with a constant period of 27 days (apparent solar rotation period) and with constant amplitude is used. While the calculated thermal and chemical responses are very distinct and permanent in the upper atmosphere, the responses in the stratosphere and mesosphere vary considerably in time despite the constant forcing. The responses produced by the model exhibit a non-linear behavior. In general, the response sensitivities decrease with increasing amplitude of the forcing. In the extratropics the responses are, in general, seasonally dependent with frequently stronger sensitivities in winter than in summer. Amplitude and phase lag of the ozone response in the tropical stratosphere and lower mesosphere are in satisfactory agreement with available observations, while discrepancies between calculated and observed ozone responses become larger above ~75 km. The agreement between the calculated and observed temperature response is generally worse than in the case of ozone.
Published: 2008

41. Vulnerability of east Siberia's frozen carbon stores to future warming

Author: Khvorostyanov, D., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Zimov, S. A., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Northeast Science Station, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: permafrost modeling carbon cycle, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, global warming
Abstract: International audience; East Siberia's permafrost contains about 500 GtC of frozen highly labile carbon deposits, a so-called Yedoma. Using a permafrost carbon cycle model we analyzed mobilization of this huge carbon stock in a future warming. Conditions necessary to trigger the irreversible Yedoma thawing maintained by deep respiration and methanogenesis are studied. Once started, this process could release 2.0–2.8 GtC yr−1 during years 2300–2400 transforming 75% of initial carbon stock into CO2 and methane. The time when the fast deep-soil decomposition starts is inversely proportional to the warming rate, while the corresponding (critical) temperature anomaly slightly increases at larger warming rates. This second-order effect is due to the deep-soil heat storage caused by external warming, which leads to more homogeneous soil heating when the warming is slower, and so a smaller external warming is needed to thaw the permafrost. The effect of specific microbial heat that accompanies oxic decomposition is of comparable importance to that of the warming rate on the critical temperature anomaly, while it is of minor importance on the time when deep decomposition starts.
Published: 2008
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42. Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to global warming. Part I: model description and role of heat generated by organic matter decomposition

Author: Philippe Ciais, D. Khvorostyanov, Sergei Zimov, Martin Heimann, Gerhard Krinner, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Northeast Science Station, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Hydrology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 2. Zero hunger, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil organic matter, Yedoma, Soil carbon, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Permafrost, Atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Soil respiration, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Organic matter, Permafrost carbon cycle, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We constructed a new model to study the sensitivity of permafrost carbon stocks to future climate warming. The one-dimensional model solves an equation for diffusion of heat penetrating from the overlying atmosphere and takes into account additional in situ heat production by active soil microorganisms. Decomposition of frozen soil organic matter and produced CO2 and methane fluxes result from an interplay of soil heat conduction and phase transitions, respiration, methanogenesis and methanotrophy processes. Respiration and methanotrophy consume soil oxygen and thus can only develop in an aerated top-soil column. In contrast, methanogenesis is not limited by oxygen and can be sustained within the deep soil, releasing sufficient heat to further thaw in depth the frozen carbon-rich soil organic matter. Heat production that accompanies decomposition and methanotrophy can be an essential process providing positive feedback to atmospheric warming through self-sustaining transformation of initially frozen soil carbon into CO2 and CH4. This supplementary heat becomes crucial, however, only under certain climate conditions. Oxygen limitation to soil respiration slows down the process, so that the mean flux of carbon released during the phase of intense decomposition is more than two times less than without oxygen limitation. Taking into account methanogenesis increases the mean carbon flux by 20%. Part II of this study deals with mobilization of frozen carbon stock in transient climate change scenarios with more elaborated methane module, which makes it possible to consider more general cases with various site configurations. Part I (this manuscript) studies mobilization of 400 GtC carbon stock of the Yedoma in response to a stepwise rapid warming focusing on the role of supplementary heat that is released to the soil during decomposition of organic matter. [References: 55]
Published: 2008
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43. The YAK-AEROSIB transcontinental aircraft campaigns: new insights on the transport of CO 2 , CO and O 3 across Siberia

Author: Paris, J.-D., Ciais, P., Nedelec, P., Ramonet, M., Belan, B., Arshinov, M. Yu., Golitsyn, G., Granberg, I., Stohl, A., Cayez, G., Athier, G., Boumard, F., Cousin, J.-M., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; Two airborne campaigns were carried out to measure the tropospheric concentrations and variability of CO 2 , CO and O 3 over Siberia. In order to quantify the influence of remote and regional natural and anthropogenic sources, we analysed a total of 52 vertical profiles of these species collected in April and September 2006, every ∼200 km and up to 7 km altitude. CO 2 and CO concentrations were high in April 2006 (respectively 385-390 ppm CO 2 and 160-200 ppb CO) compared to background values. CO concentrations up to 220 ppb were recorded above 3.5 km over eastern Siberia, with enhancements in 500-1000 m thick layers. The presence of CO enriched air masses resulted from a quick frontal uplift of a polluted air mass exposed to northern China anthropogenic emissions and to fire emissions in northern Mongolia. A dominant Asian origin for CO above 4 km (71.0%) contrasted with a dominant European origin below this altitude (70.9%) was deduced both from a transport model analysis, and from the contrasted CO/ CO 2 ratio vertical distribution. In September 2006, a significant O 3 depletion (∼-30 ppb) was repeatedly observed in the boundary layer, as diagnosed from virtual potential temperature profiles and CO 2 gradients, compared to the free troposphere aloft, suggestive of a strong O 3 deposition over Siberian forests.
Published: 2008
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44. Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to global warming. Part II: sensitivity of permafrost carbon stock to global warming

Author: C. Corradi, Sergei Zimov, Georg Guggenberger, Philippe Ciais, D. Khvorostyanov, Gerhard Krinner, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Northeast Science Station, UNITUS, University of Tuscia, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global warming, Yedoma, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, Tundra, Carbon cycle, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Permafrost carbon cycle, Climate model, Physical geography, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In the companion paper (Part I), we presented a model of permafrost carbon cycle to study the sensitivity of frozen carbon stocks to future climate warming. The mobilization of deep carbon stock of the frozen Pleistocene soil in the case of rapid stepwise increase of atmospheric temperature was considered. In this work, we adapted the model to be used also for floodplain tundra sites and to account for the processes in the soil active layer. The new processes taken into account are litter input and decomposition, plant-mediated transport of methane, and leaching of exudates from plant roots. The SRES-A2 transient climate warming scenario of the IPSL CM4 climate model is used to study the carbon fluxes from the carbon-rich Pleistocene soil with seasonal active-layer carbon cycling on top of it. For a point to the southwest from the western branch of Yedoma Ice Complex, where the climate warming is strong enough to trigger self-sustainable decomposition processes, about 256 kgC m -2 , or 70% of the initial soil carbon stock under present-day climate conditions, are emitted to the atmosphere in about 120 yr, including 20 kgC m -2 released as methane. The total average flux of CO 2 and methane emissions to the atmosphere during this time is of 2.1 kgC m -2 yr -1 . Within the Yedoma, whose most part of the territory remains relatively cold, the emissions are much smaller: 0.2 kgC m -2 yr -1 between 2050 and 2100 for Yakutsk area. In a test case with saturated upper-soil meter, when the runoff is insufficient to evacuate the meltwater, 0.05 kgCH 4 m -2 yr -1 on average are emitted as methane during 250 yr starting from 2050. The latter can translate to the upper bound of 1 GtC yr -1 in CO 2 equivalent from the 1 million km2 area of the Yedoma. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00336.x
Published: 2008
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45. Global distribution ofCT2at altitudes 30–50 km from space-borne observations of stellar scintillation

Author: Viktoria Sofieva, Francis Dalaudier, Alexandre S. Gurvich, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Service d'aéronomie (SA), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: stellar scintillation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, 010309 optics, 0103 physical sciences, Gravity wave, Stratosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Polar night, Turbulence, turbulence, Orography, Geophysics, GOMOS/Envisat, Atmosphere of Earth, 13. Climate action, Physics::Space Physics, Turbulence kinetic energy, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Geology
Abstract: Locally isotropic turbulence in the stratosphere consists of isolated sporadic patches with random values of temperature structure characteristic CT2. Stellar scintillations measured aboard GOMOS/ENVISAT through the Earth atmosphere provided the first global distribution of the effective characteristic C2 averaged along sounding ray. For zonal mean, the largest values are achieved in winter polar regions. This observed intense turbulence is probably related to the polar night jet. Relatively weak turbulence is observed at low latitudes. Turbulence intensity map is shown for altitude 42 km in the latitude band ±35°, where the maxima follow the sub-solar latitude, with enhancements located mainly over continents. Turbulence enhancements are not related with orography. Despite a noticeable correlation with typical regions of deep convection, the overall distribution of CT,eft 2 displays a more complicated structure. Analyzed data suggest that the main turbulence sources, at altitudes 〜40 km, are instabilities of stratospheric circulation and gravity wave breaking.
Published: 2007
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46. Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols between Moscow and Vladivostok

Author: Nikolay F. Elansky, Markku Kulmala, Eija Vartiainen, S. Kuokka, Mika Aurela, Markus Sillanpää, Risto Hillamo, Karri Saarnio, Andrey Skorokhod, Kimmo Teinilä, I. B. Belikov, V.-M. Kerminen, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of Helsinki, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: Total organic carbon, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Levoglucosan, 010501 environmental sciences, Inorganic ions, Particulates, Aethalometer, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Particle, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The TROICA-9 expedition (Trans-Siberian Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) was carried out at the Trans-Siberian railway between Moscow and Vladivostok in October 2005. Measurements of aerosol physical and chemical properties were made from an observatory carriage connected to a passenger train. Black carbon (BC) concentrations in fine particles (PM2.5, aerodynamic diameter ?, NO3?, SO42?, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, oxalate and methane sulphonate) were measured continuously by using an on-line system with a 15-min time resolution. In addition, particle volume size distributions were determined for particles in the diameter range 3?850 nm using a 10-min. time resolution. The continuous measurements were completed with 24-h. PM2.5 filter samples which were stored in a refrigerator and later analyzed in chemical laboratory. The analyses included mass concentrations of PM2.5, ions, monosaccharide anhydrides (levoglucosan, galactosan and mannosan) and trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn). The mass concentrations of PM2.5 varied in the range of 4.3?34.8 ?g m?3 with an average of 21.6 ?g m?3. Fine particle mass consisted mainly of BC (average 27.6%), SO42? (13.0%), NH4+ (4.1%), and NO3? (1.4%). One of the major constituents was obviously also organic carbon which was not determined. The contribution of BC was high compared with other studies made in Europe and Asia. High concentrations of ions, BC and particle volume were observed between Moscow and roughly 4000 km east of it, as well as close to Vladivostok, primarily due to local anthropogenic sources. In the natural background area between 4000 and 7200 km distance from Moscow, observed concentrations were low, even though there were local particle sources, such as forest fires, that increased occasionally concentrations. The measurements indicated that during forest fire episodes, most of the aerosol mass consisted of organic particulate matter. Concentrations of biomass burning tracers levoglucosan, oxalate and potassium were elevated close to the forest fire areas observed by the MODIS satellite. The polluted air masses from Asia seem to have significant influences on the concentration levels of fine particles over south-eastern Russia.
Published: 2007

47. Global analysis of scintillation variance: Indication of gravity wave breaking in the polar winter upper stratosphere

Author: Gilbert Barrot, O. Fanton d' Andon, Laura Thölix, Thorsten Fehr, A.S. Gurvich, Erkki Kyrölä, L. Saavedra, V. Kan, Francis Dalaudier, S. Hassinen, J. L. Bertaux, Viktoria Sofieva, Filip Vanhellemont, M. Guirlet, Johanna Tamminen, Annika Seppälä, Antoine Mangin, R. Fraisse, R. Koopman, Paul Snoeij, Didier Fussen, Leif Backman, Alain Hauchecorne, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Astrium [Toulouse], EADS - European Aeronautic Defense and Space, and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Physics, Scintillation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Polar night, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Breaking wave, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, Atmosphere of Earth, Altitude, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Polar, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Gravity wave, Stratosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Stellar scintillations observed through the Earth atmosphere are caused by air density irregularities generated mainly by internal gravity waves and turbulence. We present global analysis of scintillation variance in two seasons of year 2003 based on GOMOS/Envisat fast photometer measurements. Scintillation variance can serve as a qualitative indicator of intensity of small-scale processes in the stratosphere. Strong increase of scintillation variance at high latitudes in winter is observed. The maximum of scintillation variance can be associated with the polar night jet. The simplified spectral analysis has shown the transition of scintillation spectra toward small scales with altitude, which is probably related with turbulence appearing as a result of wave breaking. The breaking of gravity waves in the polar night jet seems to start in the upper stratosphere, a predicted, but not confirmed by observations before, feature. Weaker enhancements in tropics are also observed; they might be related to tropical convection.
Published: 2007
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48. Comparison of box-air-mass-factors and radiances for Multiple-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) geometries calculated from different UV/visible radiative transfer models

Author: Wagner, T., Burrows, J. P., Deutschmann, T., Dix, B., Friedeburg, C., Frieß, U., Hendrick, F., Heue, K. -P, Irie, H., Iwabuchi, H., Kanaya, Y., Keller, J., Mclinden, C. A., Oetjen, H., Palazzi, E., Petritoli, A., Platt, U., Oleg Postylyakov, Pukite, J., Richter, A., Roozendael, M., Rozanov, A., Rozanov, V., Sinreich, R., Sanghavi, S., Wittrock, F., EGU, Publication, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Wiley-VCH, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Environment and Climate Change Canada, CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department [MPIC], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract: International audience; The results of a comparison exercise of radiative transfer models (RTM) of various international research groups for Multiple AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) viewing geometry are presented. Besides the assessment of the agreement between the different models, a second focus of the comparison was the systematic investigation of the sensitivity of the MAX-DOAS technique under various viewing geometries and aerosol conditions. In contrast to previous comparison exercises, box-air-mass-factors (box-AMFs) for different atmospheric height layers were modelled, which describe the sensitivity of the measurements as a function of altitude. In addition, radiances were calculated allowing the identification of potential errors, which might be overlooked if only AMFs are compared. Accurate modelling of radiances is also a prerequisite for the correct interpretation of satellite observations, for which the received radiance can strongly vary across the large ground pixels, and might be also important for the retrieval of aerosol properties as a future application of MAX-DOAS. The comparison exercises included different wavelengths and atmospheric scenarios (with and without aerosols). The strong and systematic influence of aerosol scattering indicates that from MAX-DOAS observations also information on atmospheric aerosols can be retrieved. During the various iterations of the exercises, the results from all models showed a substantial convergence, and the final data sets agreed for most cases within about 5%. Larger deviations were found for cases with low atmospheric optical depth, for which the photon path lengths along the line of sight of the instrument can become very large. The differences occurred between models including full spherical geometry and those using only plane parallel approximation indicating that the correct treatment of the Earth's sphericity becomes indispensable. The modelled box-AMFs constitute an universal data base for the calculation of arbitrary (total) AMFs by simple convolution with a given trace gas concentration profile. Together with the modelled radiances and the specified settings for the various exercises, they can serve as test cases for future RTM developments.
Published: 2007

49. Reconstruction of internal gravity wave and turbulence parameters in the stratosphere using GOMOS scintillation measurements

Author: Viktoria Sofieva, A.S. Gurvich, Francis Dalaudier, Valery Kan, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Occultation, law.invention, 010309 optics, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Density of air, Gravity wave, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Scintillation, Ecology, Gravitational wave, Turbulence, Paleontology, Forestry, Photometer, Computational physics, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science
Abstract: Exploitation of stellar scintillation allows studying air density irregularities in the stratosphere. In this paper, we develop a methodology for reconstruction of internal gravity wave (IGW) and turbulence parameters using scintillation measurements by the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Star (GOMOS) fast photometers on board the Envisat satellite. The forward model is based on a two-component spectral model of air density irregularities: the first component corresponds to the gravity wave spectrum, while the second one describes locally isotropic turbulence resulting from internal gravity wave breaking. The retrieval of parameters of IGW and turbulence spectra is based on the maximum likelihood method. The developed algorithm is tested on simulated and real data, and its accuracy is assessed. It is shown that the measured scintillation spectra are in good agreement with the proposed model and that structure characteristics and inner and outer scales of the anisotropic component can be reconstructed from scintillation spectra. The developed method can provide information about global distribution of parameters of IGW and turbulence spectra in the stratosphere at altitudes from 25 to 50 km.
Published: 2007
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50. Lagrangian structures in time-periodic vortical flows

Author: A. A. Khapaev, I. G. Yakushkin, S. V. Kostrykin, V. M. Ponomarev, EGU, Publication, Institute of Numerical Mathematics [Moscou] (INM-RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP)
Subjects: Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Oscillation, lcsh:QC801-809, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Mechanics, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:QC1-999, Hamiltonian system, Vortex, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Physics::Fluid Dynamics, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Classical mechanics, Flow (mathematics), [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines, Vector field, lcsh:Q, Adiabatic process, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics, Sign (mathematics)
Abstract: The Lagrangian trajectories of fluid particles are experimentally studied in an oscillating four-vortex velocity field. The oscillations occur due to a loss of stability of a steady flow and result in a regular reclosure of streamlines between the vortices of the same sign. The Eulerian velocity field is visualized by tracer displacements over a short time period. The obtained data on tracer motions during a number of oscillation periods show that the Lagrangian trajectories form quasi-regular structures. The destruction of these structures is determined by two characteristic time scales: the tracers are redistributed sufficiently fast between the vortices of the same sign and much more slowly transported into the vortices of opposite sign. The observed behavior of the Lagrangian trajectories is quantitatively reproduced in a new numerical experiment with two-dimensional model of the velocity field with a small number of spatial harmonics. A qualitative interpretation of phenomena observed on the basis of the theory of adiabatic chaos in the Hamiltonian systems is given. The Lagrangian trajectories are numerically simulated under varying flow parameters. It is shown that the spatial-temporal characteristics of the Lagrangian structures depend on the properties of temporal change in the streamlines topology and on the adiabatic parameter corresponding to the flow. The condition for the occurrence of traps (the regions where the Lagrangian particles reside for a long time) is obtained.
Published: 2006

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