Search

In this article, the authors methodically study the optimized distributed energy resources (DER)/ systems in terms of energy generation, consumption, transaction, and scheduling. They discovered a mathematical model that allows the users/ prosumers to arrive at the optimal trade-off among the three critical output functions including the output power, the energy benefit/cost, and its carbon footprint in operation. Systematic characterization in the given scenarios was discussed. Math model is classified into three or more eigenstates of the power utility matrix (PUM) model which is, in the linear algebra, also called the eigenstates approach [in Eigen space]. Mathematical model is a major discovery that has PUM and renders a transformation framework. This article investigates a type of so-called 3i3o model transforming three input variables/ parameters [or 3i parameters in the present case] into three output functions [or 3o functions]. Eigenstates approach of PUM may conveniently decouple the three critical outputs from one another; i.e., within a specified range, the user can increase the power output without affecting the amount of carbon by-product (output for DER, and with renewable energies). Furthermore, computer modeling is employed to resolve the optimal scheduling of energy within/ among the energy sources. Energy blockchain (EBC) approach further studies the values of several design rules. Theoretical model leads to a value dependency law that helps the users/ prosumers to benefit financially from DER. Finally, a carbon emission law of PUM is discovered within the DER design and is investigated in detail.

The generation, consumption, and transmission of distributed energy produced by a microgrid are becoming increasingly important topics in scientific research. As a power source that partly relies on renewable energy, microgrids play a vital role in the global energy network. In this study, the underlying principles and management techniques of microgrids are introduced. Microgrids can reduce the carbon footprint of the energy production process. This study also provides insight into how decision-makers can confidently mitigate the uncertainties inherent in this kind of renewable energy system by proposing an optimization algorithm for microgrid energy management. By investigating several commercial microgrid cases, a mathematical model that allows the user to arrive at the optimal trade-off between energy generation and carbon production in a given scenario is created. Careful analysis of energy transactions and distributed energy sources indicates that energy blockchain technology is a valuable asset for expanding the use of clean energies, reducing carbon emissions in power and optimizing microgrid power management. Finally, the challenges of microgrid energy management and potential transaction models for the energy blockchain are discussed.

Magnetic and electrical Freedericksz measurements were performed on the second generation monodendritic liquid crystal G2(OH). The deduced elastic constants were found to be exceptionally anisotropic: the splay elastic constant K11 is more than an order of magnitude larger than the bend elastic constant K33, and the twist constant K22 is approximately twice K33. The results are discussed in terms of molecular conformations.

Utilizing our high-resolution ac calorimeter, optical reflectivity, and electron diffraction, we have found a few very interesting phenomena associated with the free-standing films of the N-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4-n-octylaniline (4O.8) compound. Upon cooling from the smectic-A phase, the outer surface layers display a distinct hexatic-B order and subsequently transforms into crystal-B phase through a two-stage transformation. Each stage is found to be first order. The film exhibits a layer-by-layer ordering transitions developed from the film/vapor interface inwardly.

Publisher Summary The chapter introduces numerous problems for both human health and that a stable global climate are created due to the increase of greenhouse gas emission created. The scope of the challenges in both the energy and climate sectors are far-reaching. It directly relates to our dependence on traditional carbon-based fossil fuel. The rising energy consumption and fluctuating oil prices also cause increased national security concerns. The target of using a portfolio of renewable energies is gaining important government support and attracting significant private investment. Presently, the renewable energy technology is developing fast and is projected to soon become economically competitive. This situation is at present thought of as at the heart of our energy crisis. But most of the solar renewable energy is not available to us. Acquiring only about 0.01% solar energy is sufficient to meet the world's requirements today.