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The need to record clinical images, for use in documenting treatments, patient education, patient contracting, referral letters and sharing information with colleagues, is increasing. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of 35 mm and digital photography.

Objectives : Anaerobic adhesives are capable of bonding copper-containing metal attachments to etched human enamel, where the latter surface has been rendered reactive by the use of a copper-containing surface activator. The aims of the present study were to determine whether copper attachments could also be successfully bonded to etched human enamel, using anaerobic adhesives, where no such surface activator was used. In addition, the effect of alteration in the copper content of the attachment alloy was also investigated. Methods : Metal attachments suitable for use with anaerobic adhesives were made from one of three copper-containing alloys. Their copper contents were 8%, 19% and 99.9%. They were bonded to human enamel, which had been ground flat and etched with 37% o -phosphoric acid, using one of three anaerobic adhesives. After bench curing for one of four time periods, 10 min, 1 h, 24 h and 2 weeks, shear testing to failure was performed. The load at debond was recorded in each case. Results : The results were analysed using mean force to debond (N) and 95% confidence intervals. Kaplan–Meier survival probabilities and log-rank tests were performed for the 10 min and 1 h test times. Conclusions : Each of the three anaerobic adhesives under test demonstrated a concentration effect for the copper in the metal attachments. The higher the copper content of the attachment the greater the measured force to debond and the more rapid its attainment. As determined by measured force to debond, only one adhesive, Loctite 326, underwent any significant degree of activation and, therefore, polymerisation by the lowest copper content alloy under test.

Objectives: Single-component anaerobic adhesives are in common use in the electronics and engineering industries. They are generally diacrylate monomers which do not require conventional sources of heat, light or chemicals for activation. Their advantages include activation by the bonding substrate, as well as inhibition of polymerisation until the necessary anaerobic environment is created. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether metal attachments could be successfully bonded to enamel in vitro by such adhesives. Methods: Metal attachments capable of providing an anaerobic environment were fabricated from one of three alloys: stainless steel, copper or cobalt–chromium. They were bonded to prepared human enamel with one of four adhesives: Orthodontic Concise, as a control, and three anaerobic adhesives, Perma Metal, Permabond A134 and Loctite 326. The specimens were then bond tested in shear to failure after bench curing for one of four time periods. Results: The results were analysed in terms of mean force to debond (N) and 95% confidence intervals. Kaplan–Meier survival probabilities and log-rank tests were performed for the 10 min test times. Conclusions: Both Orthodontic Concise and the three anaerobic adhesives displayed a specificity towards different attachment alloys. Whereas Orthodontic Concise displayed the highest force to debond with stainless steel attachments, for the anaerobic adhesives this was true of the copper attachments. With stainless steel attachments, however, the force to debond with the anaerobic adhesives was similar to that observed with Orthodontic Concise and steel, at least after the relatively short 10 min bench curing time.

This critical review of the published literature on dental materials for the year 1996 has been compiled by the Dental Materials Panel of the UK. It continues the series of annual reviews started in 1973 and published in the Journal of Dentistry. Emphasis has been placed upon publications which report upon the materials science or clinical performance of the materials. The review has been divided by accepted materials classifications (fissure sealants, glass polyalkenoate cements, dentine bonding, dental amalgam, endodontic materials, casting alloys, resin-bonded bridges and ceramo-metallic restorations, ceramics, denture base resins and soft lining materials, impression materials, implants materials, orthodontic materials, biomechanics and image processing, resin composites and casting investment materials and waxes). Three hundred and thirteen articles have been reviewed.

This critical review of the published literature on dental materials for the year 1995 has been compiled by the Dental Materials Panel of the United Kingdom. It continues the series of annual reviews started in 1973 and published in the Journal of Dentistry. Emphasis has been placed upon publications which report upon the materials science or clinical performance of the materials. The review has been divided by accepted materials classifications (fissure sealants, glass polyalkenoate cements, resin composites, dentine bonding, dental amalgam, endodontic materials, casting alloys, investment materials, resin-bonded bridges and ceramo-metallic restorations, all ceramic restorations, denture base and soft lining materials, impression materials, dental implants, orthodontic materials and biomechanics). Three hundred and thirty articles published in 68 titles have been reviewed.

A 19-year-old girl with mild asthma had had 16 months of orthodontic treatment as part of the joint orthodontic/orthognathic approach to her 9.5 mm overjet. At the time of banding her second molars she developed latex protein allergy as a reaction to the operator's non-sterile powdered latex gloves. She also gave a history of allergy to other substances as well as of eczema. The patient was confirmed as allergic to latex protein by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for IgE, requiring precautions be taken during further orthodontic procedures as well as during the subsequent orthognathic surgery for the underlying Class II skeletal pattern.

This review of the published literature on dental materials for the year 1997 has been compiled by the Dental Materials Panel of UK. It continues a series of annual reviews started in 1973. Emphasis has been placed upon publications, which report upon the materials science or clinical performance of the materials. The review has been divided by accepted materials classifications (fissure sealants, glass polyalkenoate cements, dentine bonding, dental amalgam, endodontic materials, casting alloys, ceramometallic restorations and resin-bonded bridges, ceramics, denture base resins and soft lining materials, impression materials, dental implant materials, orthodontic materials, biomechanics and image processing, resin composites, and casting investment materials and waxes). Three hundred and thirty three articles have been reviewed.

This critical review of the published literature on dental materials for the year 1996 has been compiled by the Dental Materials Panel of the UK. It continues the series of annual reviews started in 1973 and published in the Journal of Dentistry. Emphasis has been placed upon publications which report upon the materials science or clinical performance of the materials. The review has been divided by accepted materials classifications (fissure sealants, glass polyalkenoate cements, dentine bonding, dental amalgam, endodontic materials, casting alloys, resin-bonded bridges and ceramo-metallic restorations, ceramics, denture base resins and soft lining materials, impression materials, implants materials, orthodontic materials, biomechanics and image processing, resin composites and casting investment materials and waxes). Three hundred and thirteen articles have been reviewed.

A 32 year old man was brought by emergency ambulance to the Accident and Emergency (A & E) Department at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, arriving at 0349 hrs. He had been stabbed once in the chest with an unknown weapon. On examination there was a wound 2 cm to the left of the sternum in the 6th intercostal space. There were no other external injuries. Initial assessment revealed a clear airway, respirations of 4O/min, pulse rate of 125/min, and blood pressure (BP) of 140/120 mmHg. The trachea was central with normal bilateral air entry. He was drowsy (Glasgow Coma Scale E3 M6 V4) and smelled of alcohol, but was orientated and obeying commands. He was cold, clammy and sweaty and had distended neck veins. Treatment was started with high flow oxygen, two wide bore peripheral intravenous cannulae and a rapid infusion of two litres of crystalloid. Eight units of group specific blood were requested. A cardiothoracic opinion was sought urgently as the likely diagnosis was cardiac tamponade and equipment was prepared for an emergency room thoracotomy. A chest radiograph was normal. A right internal jugular cannula was inserted and a central venous pressure (CVP) of 20 cm H,O was measured as his BP dropped to 85/50 mmHg. An emergency echocardiogram was performed in the resuscitation room, which confirmed cardiac tamponade. A 4 cm effusion was demonstrated anteriorly with right sided chamber collapse. Pericardiocentesis was carried out under echocardiographic guidance using a 14 gauge needle and a single lumen central venous catheter (Leader Cath, Vygon UK Ltd, Gloucestershire, England) was inserted into the pericardium over a guidewire (F@w 2); 150 ml of blood drained in 5 min with an immediate improvement in his haemodynamic status (pulse 98 bpm, BP 98/59 mmHg, GCS E4 M6 V4). He was then transferred to the Cardiothoracic Surgical Intensive Care Unit for observation. He remained haemodynamically stable over the next few hours. The CVP remained normal and there was no evidence of pulsus paradoxus. He was given intravenous antibiotics and during the first 72 h he drained a further 350 ml of blood (via the catheter) but remained haemodynamically stable. He was transferred to the main cardiothoracic ward 28 h after admission and the catheter was removed on the third day after a repeat echocardiogram confirmed the absence of pericardial fluid. He was discharged the following day without complication. At outpatient review the heart size was normal and no other abnormality was seen on electrocardiography or the chest radiograph.

This report illustrates two cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the maxilla arising in sites which had been irradiated. The prognosis for such tumours in the jaws appears to be very poor.