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This study evaluated the effect of silicon (Si)-supplementation in controlling the fusariosis in two Piper nigrum cultivars (Bragantina and Kottanadan). We hypothesized that susceptible cultivar improves the photosynthetic performance with Si-supplementation. Under greenhouse conditions, six-month-old plants were treated with silicon 30 and 15 d before inoculation with Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis and compared with untreated plants and with healthy control plants. All samples remained photosynthetically active after infection. Chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and leaf gas-exchange parameters were less affected in Si-supplemented plants as well as healthy control plants. The net carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance, associated with higher internal carbon values suggest that the lower CO2 influx in inoculated plants of Bragantina cultivar was caused by photochemical and biochemical limitations. Si-supplementation reduced the disease severity improving protection, apparently associated with the preservation of photosynthetic performance, especially for Bragantina cultivar.

In large companies, warehouse logistics usually include shuttle pallet carriers that are responsible for the transportation of various goods and products. These shuttles run along steel rails, which are usually produced from thin metal sheets that are cold roll-formed into the desired section. These shuttles also work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so the rails are very sensitive to fatigue phenomena, caused by the cyclic loading of the moving shuttles, moreover, cracks due to material fatigue have already been observed in these types of rails. In addition, the competitiveness of the European industrial sector is pushing the design of these profiles to lower thickness requirements, which further increases concerns about their fatigue performance. Within this background, the FASTCOLD European project has been carried out, whose research plan consists in developing fatigue design rules for the mentioned applications, which are not covered by existing Eurocode 3 rules, which only addresses thick hot-rolled sections. Experimental fatigue testing has been carried out backed by numerical simulations of these tests. A new fatigue setup has been developed to generate representative fatigue cracking to the shuttle cyclic loads. Numerical simulations of the cold roll-forming fabrication process are also being carried out to determine the importance of the residual stresses in the fatigue life of the rail. With the experimental data obtained from fatigue testing backed by numerical simulations, important contributions are made to the design codes (e.g. Eurocode 3) in dealing with the fatigue design of such critical details.

Cold-formed structural steel profiles are currently used in various industrial sectors, namely in rack structures for logistics warehouses because they are flexible, economic and sustainable. On the other hand, storage and retrieval (S/R) machines that carry weighty goods at high speeds over these structures, raises fatigue issues in those structures. Currently in EN 1993-1-3 standard there is no reference about fatigue design of structural solutions made of cold-formed thin-walled profiles. FASTCOLD project intends to develop a new fatigue regulation for cold-formed structural steel details, with special focus on logistics industry.

• Cold roll forming is a continuous process aiming for progressive bending of sheet metal using stations with rotating rolls without changing material thickness; • The racking systems installed in warehouses are almost exclusively made of thin-walled cold-formed sections; • Fatigue design rules for cold formed steel sections are missing on a European level - FASTCOLD project aims at developing these rules. The study aims to: • Evaluate the distribution and magnitude of residual stresses for two profiles (U-channel and Z-section) due to the roll forming process; • Apply mechanical cyclic loads in the simulation models (U-channel and Z-section). Study the influence of existing residual stresses (due to the roll forming process) combined with external cyclic loads on the fatigue resistance of the profiles.

Cold roll forming is a continuous process aiming a progressive bending of sheet steel using stations with rotating rolls, without changing material thickness [1]. Racking systems used today in logistic industries are normally made of thin-walled cold formed steel members. Cold roll forming processes introduce residual stresses in steel components and when combined with service loading stresses (e.g. due to the passage of shuttles in racking systems), these stresses may change the resulting stress range or average, affecting fatigue life of these components. FASTCOLD project purpose is to develop fatigue design rules for cold formed steel members. Design rules already exist for hot-rolled steel details in EN1993-1-9 [2]. However, for cold formed steel sections, they are missing on a European level (EN1993-1-9: Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue does not present fatigue design rules or classification of cold-formed thin-walled details) [2]. Due to the lack of these fatigue design rules for cold rolled formed steel members, this paper aims at analysing the stresses induced by roll forming and propose a setup for testing representative rail profiles under fatigue loadings that could arise from shuttle moving loads.

ISSN 1613-0073

This study examines the relationship between speed reserve (SRes), critical swimming speed (CSS), and anaerobic distance capacity (ADC) and their efficacy in determining training adaptations. Swimmers with previous competitive experience participated in an 8-week aerobic training program (experimental group: E; n 15, age: 22.29 ± 0.95 years) and a control group refrained from training during the same period (C; n 6, age: 22.25 ± 2.22 years). Speed reserve was determined before and after training from the speed difference between the 50 and 400 m maximum tests. Both CSS and ADC were calculated using 2 different combinations of distances (50 and 400 m: CSS 2 /ADC 2; 50, 100, and 400 m: CSS 3 /ADC 3) by applying the distance-time linear regression model. CSS 2 and CSS 3 of the E group showed a negative correlation, whereas ADC 2 and ADC 3 showed a positive correlation, with SRes before and after the training period (r ≥ -0.66, r ≥ 0.88, p ≤ 0.05). CSS 2 and CSS 3 increased by 5.5 ± 3.2 and 6.0 ± 3.2%, whereas ADC 2, ADC 3, and SRes decreased by 12.0 ± 9.4, 9.0 ± 11.2, and 8.1 ± 8.4% with the training program (p ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that SRes, as calculated from distances of 50 and 400 m, shows strong relationships with CSS and ADC and may be used as an indicator of training-induced changes. This information is expected to facilitate training control and evaluation in a day-to-day basis. © 2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association.

The high pure synthetic zeolite have a large application in industry and agriculture, being nowadays in majority imported in Brazil. The biomass like rice hull ash (RHA), a rice industry waste, can be real advantageous in manufacture of different materials, since that is produced in large scale in the country. The silica extraction from RHA by alkaline leaching is a low energetic coast process and high efficiency, obtaining high pure silica with high reactive amorphous structure, very interesting for zeolite production. In this work was developed a economically feasible route for the production of high purity and crystallinity ZSM-5 zeolite, free of expensive template, starting from a low value intake, a industrial waste, producing a high value materials. The extracted silica from RHA in sodium silicate form is precipitated in the proper zeolite formation reactional mixture. The ZSM-5 have a lot of industrial applications due your high selectivity in catalytic reactions and high thermal and acid stability.

Seismic actions, settlements and landslides, accidental loads, fluctuations in the layers of permafrost and pipelines reeling induce large plastic deformations, with widespread yielding in the pipelines which may lead to failure, either due to monotonic loading or due to cyclic plastic strain fluctuations with high amplitude and short duration (Nf

Luis De Molina develops a very complex theory of war, in which different levels of requirements have to be balanced: to find a moral order to the actions of a violent multitude, to preserve the conscience of the sovereign of the danger of mortal sins, to justify the change in the order of property, to assure the compatibility of warfare with the Christian faith, to define the conditions according to which warfare was allowed, and to discuss the economic advantages of warfare. All of these requirements were present in every case related to war and had to be considered. As the highest premise that is present in the whole reflection, Molina places the supernatural end of mankind, which the Catholic church pursued, as a principle that gives internal coherence to the theory, and leaves it open to consider the permanently changing events of the human world. Keywords: Catholic church; Luis De Molina; mortal sins; theory of war

Wave direction has for the first time been consistently, accurately and unambiguously evaluated from array measurements using the phase/time/path difference (PTPD) methods of Esteva in case of polygonal arrays and Borgman in case of linear arrays. We have used time series measurements of water surface elevation at a 15-gauge polygonal array, in ≅8 m water depth, operational at the CERC's Field Research Facility at Duck, North Carolina, USA. Two modifications have been made in the methodology. One modification is that we use the true phase instead of the apparent phase, the other modification being that estimates of wave direction are registered only if the relevant gauges in the array are coherent at 0.01 significance level. PTPD methods assume that in a spectral frequency band the waves approach from a single direction, and are simple, expedient and provide redundant estimates of wave direction. Using Esteva's method with the above modifications, we found that at Duck: (i) the directions of swell and surf beat, when energetic swell is present, conform to the schematic diagram of surf beat generation given by Herbers et al., (ii) surf beat of remote origin occurs when the significant wave height, H mo , falls below 0.41 m, (iii) the surf beat of remote origin is not normally incident at the shore contrary to Herbers et al. In fact we found that the surf beat of remote origin is incident at angles in excess of 45° with respect to the shore normal, and (iv) the surf beat of remote origin is largely trans-oceanic in origin.

Gaussian smoothed SAR image spectra have been evaluated from 512 x 512 pixel subscenes of image mode ERS-1 SAR scenes off Goa, Visakhapatnam, Paradeep and Portugal. The two recently acquired scenes off Portugal showed the signature of swell of wavelength s 200m and internal waves of wavelength > 400m. Only internal waves of wavelength > 400m were seen in the scene off Goa observed on 11 March 1992. The scenes off Visakhapatnam and Paradeep did not show any wave like features, the latter appearing to be of "white noise" nature. There exists a 180° ambiguity in wave direction observed from radar imageries. Based on the method of Atanassov et al (1985), a computer program has been developed for the removal of the 180° ambiguity by using two images of the same area separated by a time interval which is small compared to the period of the dominant waves. The computer program has been successfully tested with computer simulated images.

Investigaram-se as causas da mortalidade de peixes ocorrida em janeiro de 2005 na bacia do Rio Sao Francisco, Brasil. Edwardsiella tarda foi isolada dos rins de pacu Myleus micans. O isolado, denominado Et-LIS, caracterizado por bastonetes Gram negativos moveis, foi identificado por testes bioquimicos e confirmado pelo kit comercial Bactray. A susceptibilidade a 10 drogas das 12 testadas foi determinada pelo metodo de difusao de discos, enquanto as caracteristicas de virulencia foram avaliadas mediante inoculacao experimental em Cyprinus carpio e em Oreochromis spp. Ambas as especies desafiadas apresentaram sinais compativeis com infeccao por E. tarda. As tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) morreram 48h apos a inoculacao, enquanto as carpas (Cyprinus carpio) sobreviveram por 72h. Este e o primeiro relato da ocorrencia de E. tarda em pacu.

This paper invests in the potentiality of transmission capability flexibilization of power system to improve the margin of stability system. Series compensation is introduced to change the transmission line reactance by means of controlled switching strategy. This switching attends the concepts of variable structure control to carry the system on stabilization sliding mode where the oscillations are attenuate quickly. A switching strategy can be created to guarantee the existence of this sliding mode. Another strategy, based in Lyapunov direct method, will guarantee the asymptotic stability inside the region. A third strategy, combine both earlier, will permit to reach more quickly the sliding surface in stability region. In addition, it is applied the control Lyapunov functions to specific verification, using the concepts of negative derivative of this function for asymptotic stability of electric system. A power system consisting of two electric subsystems interconnected by a line reactance with series compensation is used as a case study. The integrated control strategy is applied in this power system and assures a fast converge towards a stable equilibrium state.

This work presents some improvements to the Bayesian network approach to face detection. Feature selection is directed towards avoiding the problems caused by considering feature fragments as complete features. More selective criteria for grouping are applied, thus reducing the number of candidate groups that must be considered. Statistical measures dependent on the feature size are used to increase the detection reliability, especially in images of groups of people.

Two key issues that have militated against popular adoption of methods based on phase/time/path difference concepts for the determination of wave direction from array measurements are addressed in this paper: the first issue being insufficient documentation of Borgman (1974) in case of linear arrays; and the second issue being the failure of Esteva (1976, 1977) to correctly determine wave directions over the design range 25 to 7 sec of his polygonal array. This paper presents requisite documentation for linear arrays, and shows that Esteva's array can, in fact, be used to advantage over the entire design range. For simulated sinusoidal wave trains, analysis of both linear and polygonal arrays consistently yielded directions accurately, within ±1 degree in case of polygonal arrays. Results were unaffected when random noise was included for representing ocean waves more realistically.

We present a unified treatment of wave scattering from a rough boundary, which was originally developed by Nakayama et al. The stationary nature of the boundary process is used to show that the wave field is also stationary, and therefore can be represented byf an Ito-Wiener-Hermite series. We then use this formalism to study the reflection of Rossby and Poincare waves from continental edges. The presence of new, roughness-generated trapped waves is predicted in both cases. An incoming Rossby wave is shown to transfer energy to a set of Rossby waves with wavenumbers covering a wide range. In the case of Poincare wave scattering, a sink of energy exists at the coast which is attributed to the presence of a natural trapped mode, the Kelvin wave.

Delft University of Technology, under its “Green Village” programme, has an initiative to build a power plant (car parking lot) based on the fuel cells used in vehicles for motive power. It is a trigeneration system capable of producing electricity, heat, and hydrogen. It comprises three main zones: a hydrogen production zone, a parking zone, and a pump station zone. This study focuses mainly on the hydrogen production zone which assesses four different system designs in two different operation modes of the facility: Car as Power Plant (CaPP) mode, corresponding to the open period of the facility which uses fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) as energy and water producers while parked; and Pump mode, corresponding to the closed period which compresses the hydrogen and pumps to the vehicle’s fuel tank. These system designs differ by the reforming technology: the existing catalytic reformer (CR) and a solid oxide fuel cell operating as reformer (SOFCR); and the option of integrating a carbon capture and storage (CCS). Results reveal that the SOFCR unit significantly reduces the exergy destruction resulting in an improvement of efficiency over 20% in SOFCR-based system designs compared to CR-based system designs in both operation modes. It also mitigates the reduction in system efficiency by integration of a CCS unit, achieving a value of 2% whereas, in CR-based systems, is 7–8%. The SOFCR-based system running in Pump mode achieves a trigeneration efficiency of 60%.

This paper presents experimental research aimed at addressing the fatigue behaviour of thin-walled cold roll-formed steel sections, very commonly used in rack structures. This research is performed under the FASTCOLD-RFCS project, which aims to fill an existing gap on fatigue design rules. A new design S-N curve is derived from an innovative testing methodology, which supports the current revision of the Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-9). Additionally, a local fatigue approach, encompassing residual stresses from numerically simulating the manufacturing process and structural elastoplastic stress analysis supported by the Theory of Critical Distances, returned consistent fatigue life predictions for the tested profiles.

The goal of this research is to increase the understanding of risk analysis methods used in product development (PD) through a comparative study of these methods used in different phases within PD processes. After extensive literature review and analysis of risk management methods, criteria were established for selection of appropriate risk analysis methods according to their characteristics and characteristics of PD environment. Mapping of identified methods will provide information and recommendations about utilization of certain risk analysis methods in the product development process in order to facilitate more successful risk management implementation in PD. The validation of proposed mappings is based on inquiry of PD organizations by interviews.