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Upper Campanian Scaglia-type limestones in the transition zone between the Internal and External Dinarides (Placer 2008) contain two layers of bentonitic clays. The first 110 cm thick, and the second 10 cm thick. The geochemical composition of the bentonites indicates a rhyolitic volcanic source within an active continental margin. According to the mineralogy of the clay, the layers can be interpreted as deposition of volcanic-ash in a marine sedimentary environment with admixture of carbonates. The encompassing carbonate succession was deposited in a deeper marine environment of the Slovenian Basin. The limestones are composed of (hemi)pelagic mudstones to wackestones and thin- to medium-grained calcarenites, originating from the adjacent Adriatic Carbonate Platform. Similar Upper Cretaceous successions containing Campanian bentonitic clay horizons have been described in the Central Apennines (Graziano and Adabbo 1996; Bernoulli et al. 2004). The most likely source of these volcanoclastics is the bimodal rhyolitic/basaltic magmatic activity within the Sava suture zone, located in the present day Dinarides (Ustaszewski et al. 2009; Cvetković et al. 2014; Prelević et al. 2017; Schmid et al. 2020). Bernoulli, D., Schaltegger, U., Stern, W. B., Frey†, M., Caron, M., & Monechi, S. (2004). Volcanic ash layers in the Upper Cretaceous of the Central Apennines and a numerical age for the early Campanian. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 93(3), 384–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0389-4 Cvetković, V., Šarić, K., Grubić, A., Cvijić, R., & Milošević, A. (2014). The Upper Cretaceous ophiolite of North Kozara–remnants of an anomalous mid-ocean ridge segment of the Neotethys? Geologica Carpathica, 65(2), 117–130. Graziano, R., & Adabbo, M. R. (1996). Segnalazione di un livello cineritico nella serie di scarpata senoniana del Gargano meridionale. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana, 115(2), 459–466. Placer, L. (2008). Principles of the tectonic subdivision of Slovenia. Geologija Revija, 51(2), 205–217. Prelević, D., Wehrheim, S., Reutter, M., Romer, R. L., Boev, B., Božović, M., et al. (2017). The Late Cretaceous Klepa basalts in Macedonia (FYROM)—Constraints on the final stage of Tethys closure in the Balkans. Terra Nova, 29(3), 145–153. Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kounov, A., Maţenco, L., Nievergelt, P., Oberhänsli, R., et al. (2020). Tectonic units of the Alpine collision zone between Eastern Alps and western Turkey. Gondwana Research, 78, 308–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.005 Ustaszewski, K., Schmid, S. M., Lugović, B., Schuster, R., Schaltegger, U., Bernoulli, D., et al. (2009). Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic magmatism in the internal Dinarides (northern Bosnia and Herzegovina): Implications for the collision of the Adriatic and European plates. Lithos, 108(1), 106–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.09.010

The pre-Alpine Marmarosh Massif is a tectonically complex unit of the crystalline basement within the Eastern Outer Carpathians. In the eastern (Ukrainian) segment of this massif, two units have been identified-the Bilyi Potok Nappe and the Dilove Nappe. Petrological investigations coupled with zircon U-Pb dating were performed on metavolcanic rocks (porphyroids) and their phyllite host rocks, sampled from three locations within the Dilove Nappe. The geochemical characteristics of the meta-rhyodacite porphyroids revealed a volcanic arc affinity of the protolith, with U-Pb zircon ages of 452.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 461.5 ± 1.6 Ma and zircon saturation temperatures in the range of 823-892 °C. The phyllite host rocks (meta-tuff) yield a U-Pb zircon maximum estimate for the eruption age at 584.7 ± 2.9 Ma. Peak amphibolite-facies metamorphism (M1) was estimated at the pressure of 600-900 MPa with a temperature range of 560-600 °C. Retrogression (M2), possibly related to Alpine nappe stacking and shearing, is assumed to have taken place at 200-250 MPa and 384-222 °C. The volcanic arc is interpreted as an early Caledonian arc that was subsequently accreted to the margin of Baltica during the closure of the easternmost Tornquist Ocean rather than Cenerian (early Paleozoic) orogenic events on the margin of East Gondwana.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00531-022-02228-8.

Nowadays, the issue of health safety is gaining importance, and the last months of the pandemic confirm the legitimacy of the interest in this topic. In order to effectively minimize health risks, especially those related to neglect in the area of public health, decisive educational activities should be undertaken, prior to the diagnosis of the level of knowledge and beliefs in this area. The effectiveness of these activities will largely depend on the ability to properly identify educational needs, but also to know the barriers that may hinder this process. The aim of this study is to present the methodology of researching students’ opinions on health safety, with particular emphasis on the structure and principles of using the proprietary questionnaire. The designed research tool – a questionnaire for researching students ‘opinions on health safety in a pandemic state (BOS-Bezp’21) – is designed to identify students’ opinions on selected aspects of institutional activities as well as personal beliefs and activities undertaken in the context of the prevailing virus pandemic Sars-Cov-2. The conducted statistical analyzes allow for the recognition of BOS-Bezp’21 as a reliable diagnostic tool.

Współcześnie problematyka bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego zyskuje na znaczeniu, a ostatnie miesiące pandemii potwierdzają zasadność zainteresowania tym tematem. Aby skutecznie minimalizować zagrożenia zdrowotne, a zwłaszcza te, związane z zaniedbaniami w obszarze zdrowia publicznego, należy podjąć zdecydowane działania o charakterze edukacyjnym, uprzednio diagnozując poziom wiedzy i przekonań w tym obszarze. Skuteczność tych działań będzie w dużej mierze zależeć od umiejętności właściwego zidentyfikowania potrzeb edukacyjnych, ale także poznania barier, które mogą ten proces utrudniać. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zaprezentowanie metodyki badania opinii studentów na temat bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem budowy i zasad stosowania autorskiego kwestionariusza ankiety. Zaprojektowane narzędzie badawcze – kwestionariusz do badania opinii studentów na temat bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego w stanie pandemii (BOS-Bezp’21) – przeznaczone jest do rozpoznania opinii studentów na temat wybranych aspektów działań instytucjonalnych, a także osobistych przeświadczeń, przekonań i podjętych aktywności w kontekście panującej pandemii wirusa Sars-Cov-2. Przeprowadzone analizy statystyczne pozwalają uznać BOS-Bezp’21 za rzetelne narzędzie diagnozy. Nowadays, the issue of health safety is gaining importance, and the last months of the pandemic confirm the legitimacy of the interest in this topic. In order to effectively minimize health risks, especially those related to neglect in the area of public health, decisive educational activities should be undertaken, prior to the diagnosis of the level of knowledge and beliefs in this area. The effectiveness of these activities will largely depend on the ability to properly identify educational needs, but also to know the barriers that may hinder this process. The aim of this study is to present the methodology of researching students’ opinions on health safety, with particular emphasis on the structure and principles of using the proprietary questionnaire. The designed research tool – a questionnaire for researching students ‘opinions on health safety in a pandemic state (BOS-Bezp’21) – is designed to identify students’ opinions on selected aspects of institutional activities as well as personal beliefs and activities undertaken in the context of the prevailing virus pandemic Sars-Cov-2. The conducted statistical analyzes allow for the recognition of BOS-Bezp’21 as a reliable diagnostic tool. Wydawnictwo zostało sfinansowane ze środków JM Rektora UAM przyznanych w ramach grantu pn. "Mobilne punkty pomocy medycznej, modułowe szpitale polowe. Doświadczenia organizacyjne i logistyczne COVID-19.Projekt rozwiązań systemowych w Wielkopolsce".

The Dukla Nappe in the Skrzydlna area exposes two types of melange reflecting two different phases of basinal and tectonic evolution of the Outer West Carpathian orogen in its Polish sector. The Oligocene-age sedimentary melange (olistostrome) is related to growth of the accretionary wedge, whereas the Miocene-age diapiric melange postdates the orogenic thrusting. Textural and structural features of the very coarse-grained sedimentary melange suggest non-cohesive debris flows and high-density turbidity currents as predominant emplacement mechanisms. Growth strata, associated with progressive unconformities, and facies contrast between the underlying fine-grained unit and the overlying olistostrome reflect a considerable uplift of the source area and rotation of the adjacent part of the basin floor. The olistostrome and the overlying turbidite succession form a retrogressive sequence interpreted as a submarine canyon infill grading to a small submarine fan. The diapiric melange, injected into the Oligocene-age succession of the Dukla Nappe, contains the Early and Late Cretaceous-age blocks and matrix derived from the underlying Silesian Nappe. The features reflecting diapiric emplacement include matrix proportion increase and block content decrease towards the melange margins, scaly fabric and shear zones. Both melanges, interpreted in the past as chaotic bodies, upon detailed examination reveal genesis-related subtle internal organization.

The Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) is located in the suture zone between the Central and Outer (Flysch) Carpathians. Its structure is an effect of prolonged processes of the Cretaceous–Miocene folding, thrusting and uplifting. In this zone, tectonic components of different ages and features, including strike-slip-bounded tectonic blocks, thrust units, as well as toe-thrusts and olistostromes, result in the present-day mélange characteristics of the PKB, where individual tectonic units are difficult to distinguish. In the PKB, both tectonic and sedimentary events triggered the mélange creation. The name “Klippen Belt” is derived from cliffs (German Klippen). These cliffs form harder, more erosion-resistant elements of the mélange, residing within less competent clastic deposits, sandstones, shales and marls that form flysch complexes. The cliffs often represent olistoliths, which glided down from elevated areas to the deeper basinal zones. Two olistostrome belts were distinguished. The older one resulted from subduction of the southern part of the Alpine Tethys, and the younger originated in response to the northward shift of the accretionary wedge. The other cliffs were placed within the surrounding clastic by tectonic deformational processes. The flower structure of the PKB was formed during the collision and strike-slip movement of the lithospheric plates. This structure is limited on both sides by deep-rooted faults. Several evolutionary stages could be distinguished in these areas. The rift-related stage is expressed by the opening of the Alpine Tethys that contains two major basins—Magura and Pieniny (Złatne) basins, separated by Czorsztyn Ridge. The reorganization of the Alpine Tethys basins and the development of the accretionary prism happened during the synorogenic stage. This process was initiated by the movement of the Central Carpathians. Thick flysch sequences with olistostromes were deposited in these basins. The Czorsztyn Ridge was destroyed during the late orogenic stages.