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The literature on conceptual combination has thus far been limited to research at the aggregate level investigating adjective-noun and noun-noun combinations. One well-established phenomenon within this literature is that of concept dominance (Hampton, 1988), which is the finding that the relative contribution of constituent concepts (for example sport or game) to their conjunction (sport that is also a game) is often very unequal. This exploratory study investigated individual differences in how people understand adjective-adjective-noun combinations, such as long blue coat. Participants rated images of coats varying along the perceptual dimensions of length and color for typicality in two different conjunctions, namely long blue coat and long purple coat. We used multidimensional scaling (MDS) to construct an aggregate coat space from similarity data collected with the Spatial Arrangement Method (SpAM). Using external unfolding, we modeled participants' typicality judgements by representing their individual typicality data as vectors within the aggregate MDS space, such that orthogonal projections from the coats onto the vectors represent their perceived typicality in the conjunctions. We did not find strong evidence for concept dominance at the aggregate level; however, we did find evidence for concept dominance at the individual level, with marked individual differences in the extent of dominance and which dimension was dominant. The validation of external unfolding for research into conceptual combination comes with new research possibilities, several of which are proposed.

The photo-taking-impairment effect refers to the detrimental impact photo taking has on one's memory for the photographed object. We explored the role of two mechanisms that have been said to underlie the effect, namely offloading and attentional disengagement. In this online study 107 undergraduate students were shown 3x5 paintings and were instructed to simply observe them, take a picture that would be available for later usage, or take a picture and delete it. Afterwards, they were presented with a visual details multiple-choice test. It was expected that if attentional disengagement was the mechanism underlying the photo-taking-impairment effect, then the effect would not be present in the current study. This expectation was due to the non-distracting nature of the photo taking task that was used in the study. The results were in line with the expectations and did not indicate the presence of the photo-taking-impairment effect. Consequentially, it supported the hypothesis that attentional disengagement, rather than offloading, is the mechanism underlying this effect.

The recent surge in the use of AI-powered chatbots such as ChatGPT has led to new challenges in academia. These chatbots can enable student plagiarism and the submission of misleading content, undermining educational objectives. With plagiarism detectors unreliable in the face of this issue, educational institutions have been struggling to update their policies apace. This study assesses the effectiveness of sending warning messages - a common strategy used to discourage unethical use of ChatGPT - and investigates the use of the illusion of explanatory depth (IOED) paradigm as an alternative intervention. An international sample of students was asked to rate their understanding of, likelihood to use, and moral stance toward ChatGPT-generated text in assignments both before and after either reading a cautionary university message or explaining how ChatGPT works. Results showed that the explanation task did lead to the expected reduction in ratings of understanding, but despite this, neither moral acceptability nor likelihood to use decreased along with it. Similarly, reading the cautionary message neither resulted in a change in likelihood to use nor in moral acceptability, although it unexpectedly increased ratings of understanding. The results suggest that tackling students' understanding of ChatGPT is insufficient when it comes to deterring its unethical use, and that future interventions might want to have students reflect on moral issues surrounding the use of AI-powered chatbots.

Abstract The onset of autonomous inland shipping comes with regulatory challenges. First, regulations currently in place do not permit the operation of autonomous ships, mainly due to crewing requirements. Second, autonomous transport modes are deemed to be disruptive technologies that present a particular challenge to public regulators with regard to their potential for unforeseen risks and uncertainties inherent to their implementation. From a public regulator’s perspective, it is, therefore, of the utmost importance to identify and regulate the factors currently hindering the introduction of autonomous inland shipping, on the one hand, and the newly emerging issues, on the other hand, to minimise potential risk and uncertainty as much as possible. This paper presents a systematic literature review which was conducted to answer the research question: What factors influence the regulation of autonomous inland shipping? Following the outcome of the literature review, various factors could be identified, and four main categories of factors were established: technological, infrastructure, institutional and socio-economic readiness. The identified factors were subsequently discussed with regard to their significance for the regulatory agenda in light of factors found in the literature on autonomous maritime ships. The findings are of relevance for public regulators and policymakers working in the field of autonomous inland shipping. Moreover, the results presented in this paper might be also of interest for those seeking regulatory innovation regarding autonomous processes in other modes of transport.

Abstract One of the finest fifteenth-century portraits of the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good resides in the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Dijon. This small yet exceptionally crafted panel holds significance for both historians and art historians alike. Surprisingly, prior to this study, the context, the dating and the authorship of the piece remained obscure, and the widely circulated hypothesis of it being “a copy of a lost portrait by Rogier van der Weyden” has never been corroborated by convincing arguments. Clarifying the context, dating and authorship of the painting were the primary objectives of the investigations discussed in the article. Therefore, this painting underwent a multidisciplinary investigation spanning both the positive and human sciences. Macro-XRF scans were conducted alongside hyperspectral reflectance scans, multispectral imaging in the visible and infrared range, and optical coherence tomography. These analyses were complemented by an art historical study. As a result, a precise delineation between authentic and retouched sections was achieved. This article does not merely present the various perspectives separately but constructs a coherent narrative based on all these foundations. This holistic multidisciplinary research methodology produced a clear account, albeit with some scope for future inquiry. The involvement of the painter Pieter Cristus was conclusively demonstrated. This painter, whether himself personally, an assistant in the workshop or a contemporary follower, is attributed to the genesis of this work, which is presumed to be not the original portrait but a contemporaneous copy, possibly commissioned by the Burgundian Duke himself. While we no longer remain in the dark and have lifted some veils, this study also paves the way for further investigation into this panel and the numerous other portraits of Philip the Good.

For many children in Flanders, Belgium, the language of instruction is not their first language. Allowing children to use their heritage languages in the classroom has been argued to have functional and socioemotional benefits. In two exploratory studies, we introduced a multilingual task in four classrooms across three linguistically and socially diverse primary schools, where Dutch was the language of instruction, to determine how students experience the opportunity to use their linguistic repertoire in class. The multilingual task was preceded by an assessment of students' emotional reactions to the languages they speak through the Self-Assessment Manikin gauging students' emotional responses (pleasure, arousal, and dominance), and followed by a semistructured interview on students' language choices. Both studies yielded similar results. Students generally indicated that they felt happy, calm, and in control when speaking their heritage language. Despite these positive assessments, many students refrained from using their heritage language in the multilingual tasks. A qualitative analysis revealed a variety of language-related reasons leading to linguistic insecurity, language anxiety, and not using the heritage language: perceived language proficiency, language norms, language status, and appropriate contexts for language use. Conversely, we also identified several students who felt proud to showcase their heritage language. While multilingual tasks have the potential to induce positive emotions in students, teachers need to be aware of potential backlash and prepared to navigate the negative emotions surrounding contested language choices.

Within citizen science projects, learning about natural resources can encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. More empirical understanding is needed on how citizen science projects facilitate learning outcomes to support sustainable resource management, such as agrobiodiversity. Here we present the learning outcomes of a citizen science project where participants interacted with agrobiodiversity in landscape observatories in Flanders (Belgium). The observatories consisted of square-meter (m[superscript 2]) gardens planted with vegetable crops. Participants were asked to visit their m[superscript 2]-garden and to perform tasks according to a scientific protocol (e.g. harvesting). Most of the knowledge gained was practical, while some was more in-depth. More than half of the respondents changed their views on agrobiodiversity and about a third changed their actions related to agrobiodiversity. Transformative learning outcomes were more likely when participants reported having less prior knowledge. Participants cited the tactile tool of the m[superscript 2] gardens and frequent written and informal communication as key learning tools.

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of medical conditions and risk factors correlating with insulin resistance that increase the risk of developing cardiometabolic health problems. The specific criteria for diagnosing MetS vary among different medical organizations but are typically based on the evaluation of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. A unique, quantitative and independent estimation of the risk of MetS based only on quantitative biomarkers is highly desirable for the comparison between patients and to study the individual progression of the disease in a quantitative manner. Methods We used NMR-based metabolomics on a large cohort of donors (n = 21,323; 37.5% female) to investigate the diagnostic value of serum or serum combined with urine to estimate the MetS risk. Specifically, we have determined 41 circulating metabolites and 112 lipoprotein classes and subclasses in serum samples and this information has been integrated with metabolic profiles extracted from urine samples. Results We have developed MetSCORE, a metabolic model of MetS that combines serum lipoprotein and metabolite information. MetSCORE discriminate patients with MetS (independently identified using the WHO criterium) from general population, with an AUROC of 0.94 (95% CI 0.920–0.952, p

Abstract Aims Chronic heart failure is associated with a bone‐catabolic state and increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Prospective studies investigating the clinical relevance of bone disease in heart failure are lacking. We aimed to assess the prevalence and prognostic impact of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures (VFs) in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods and results Symptomatic outpatients with chronic heart failure and a previous diagnosis of overtly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction

IntroductionAlthough drought resistance of a plant may be achieved through morphological, structural, physiological, cellular, and molecular adaptations, most studies remain limited to quantifying the effect of drought on biomass.MethodsUsing a highthroughput phenotypic imaging system, we evaluated the drought resistance of 151 bean accessions (Phaseolinae; Fabaceae) in an explorative approach, by quantifying five different traits simultaneously: biomass, water use efficiency (WUE), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (NDVI), and root/shoot ratio. Since crop wild relatives are important resources for breeding programs, we analyzed both wild and cultivated accessions, most of which have never been evaluated for drought resistance before. ResultsWe demonstrate that the five traits are affected very differently by drought in the studied accessions, with significant correlations existing only between the biomass and WUE indicators (r=0.39), and between the RWC and NDVI indicators (r=0.40). When grouping accessions by subgenus or by species, large intraspecific and withinsubgenus variation was found. For this reason, we performed a cluster analysis, which grouped the accessions into five distinct clusters with similar response profiles. We also correlated the drought resistance for each accession to local climate variables at their original collection sites. The biomass, WUE, and RWC indicators were significantly correlated to annual precipitation (r=0.40, r=0.20, r=0.22, respectively), confirming that accessions from arid environments are generally more drought resistant.DiscussionOur results demonstrate that the drought resistance of Phaseolinae beans is a multifaceted characteristic and cannot be simply quantified through biomass. Furthermore, the broader knowledge of the drought resistance of the accessions studied here may prove an invaluable resource for future crop production.

Abstract Cdk8 in Drosophila is the orthologue of vertebrate CDK8 and CDK19. These proteins have been shown to modulate transcriptional control by RNA polymerase II. We found that neuronal loss of Cdk8 severely reduces fly lifespan and causes bang sensitivity. Remarkably, these defects can be rescued by expression of human CDK19, found in the cytoplasm of neurons, suggesting a non-nuclear function of CDK19/Cdk8. Here we show that Cdk8 plays a critical role in the cytoplasm, with its loss causing elongated mitochondria in both muscles and neurons. We find that endogenous GFP-tagged Cdk8 can be found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. We show that Cdk8 promotes the phosphorylation of Drp1 at S616, a protein required for mitochondrial fission. Interestingly, Pink1, a mitochondrial kinase implicated in Parkinson’s disease, also phosphorylates Drp1 at the same residue. Indeed, overexpression of Cdk8 significantly suppresses the phenotypes observed in flies with low levels of Pink1, including elevated levels of ROS, mitochondrial dysmorphology, and behavioral defects. In summary, we propose that Pink1 and Cdk8 perform similar functions to promote Drp1-mediated fission.

Abstract Background Reports show a high complication rate when starting with the Direct Anterior Approach (DAA) in a supine position for hip arthroplasty. The DAA with the patient in lateral decubitus position may avoid this problem because it supposedly provides better visibility, especially on the femoral side. However, this approach did show a rather high complication rate during the adoption of the approach at 1 year follow up in our previous report. We were interested what the overall 7 year survival estimate would be and whether improvement could be seen with growing experience. Methods A cohort of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty right from the start of applying the DAA in lateral decubitus position was analysed. Results In total 175 hip prostheses (162 patients) were evaluated. The 7-year survival estimate was 95.1%, 95 CI: 91.8–98.4%. In 6 of 8 revisions there was aseptic loosening of the stem. By dividing the cohort into 3 consecutive groups in time we did not see a significantly improving revision rate. Conclusions In our experience, the adoption of the direct anterior approach in lateral decubitus position caused a relatively low 7-year survival estimate without an apparent decrease with growing experience, however given the low number of cases further research is needed to investigate the long-term risk of adopting a new approach.

Abstract Plant diversity effects on community productivity often increase over time. Whether the strengthening of diversity effects is caused by temporal shifts in species-level overyielding (i.e., higher species-level productivity in diverse communities compared with monocultures) remains unclear. Here, using data from 65 grassland and forest biodiversity experiments, we show that the temporal strength of diversity effects at the community scale is underpinned by temporal changes in the species that yield. These temporal trends of species-level overyielding are shaped by plant ecological strategies, which can be quantitatively delimited by functional traits. In grasslands, the temporal strengthening of biodiversity effects on community productivity was associated with increasing biomass overyielding of resource-conservative species increasing over time, and with overyielding of species characterized by fast resource acquisition either decreasing or increasing. In forests, temporal trends in species overyielding differ when considering above- versus belowground resource acquisition strategies. Overyielding in stem growth decreased for species with high light capture capacity but increased for those with high soil resource acquisition capacity. Our results imply that a diversity of species with different, and potentially complementary, ecological strategies is beneficial for maintaining community productivity over time in both grassland and forest ecosystems.

Abstract Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel pathways of biodiversity–health linkages. Here, we assess the role of tree species richness, both actual and perceived, and how stress reduction and attention restoration can serve as potential mediating pathways to achieve positive mental health and well‐being outcomes. We conducted an experimental, multicentric field study in three peri‐urban forests in Europe, employing a mixed design with 223 participants, that comprised 20‐min stays in forests with either low, medium or high tree species richness or a built control. Participants' short‐term mental health and well‐being and saliva cortisol as a biomarker of stress were measured before and after the intervention. Forest visits for 20 min were found to be beneficial for participants' short‐term mental health, short‐term mental well‐being, subjective stress, subjective directed attention and perceived restorativeness compared with a built environment. No differences were found for the physiological stress indicator saliva cortisol, which decreased in both the forest and the built environments. Increased perceived biodiversity—possibly linked to structural forest attributes—was significantly associated with well‐being outcomes, while no association was found for differences in actual tree species richness. Structural equation modelling indicates that higher levels of perceived biodiversity had an indirect effect on short‐term mental health and well‐being through enhancing perceived restorativeness. While we found no evidence of actual tree species richness effects, perceived biodiversity was associated with positive short‐term mental health and well‐being outcomes. Understanding these biodiversity–health linkages can inform conservation management and help develop effective nature‐based interventions for promoting public health through nature visits. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.