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The aim of this paper is to better understand the dynamics of crystallogenic and starting activity in biological fluids of patients throughout surgery and the late postoperative phase in alveococcosis. Samples of saliva from 22 individuals with alveococcosis were included in the research. Biological fluid samples were taken at the time of admission and before the patient was discharged. Following that, slides were made utilizing the teziocrystalloscopy method, which incorporates the investigation of the crystal forming activity of mixed saliva with its starting characteristics using a 0.9 percent sodium chloride solution as the foundation ingredient. Using our own set of criteria, we evaluated the outcomes of crystalloscopic and tezigraphic experiments. Specrophotometric examination of tezigraphic and crystalloscopic facies was done using a PowerWave XS microplate spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 400, 350, and 300 nm to augment the results from ocular morphometry of dried saliva micro slides. Surgical therapy results in a partial normalization of physical and chemical parameters, as well as the composition of the patient's biological fluids after the patient is discharged from the hospital. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender melhor a dinâmica da atividade cristalogênica e inicial nos fluidos biológicos dos pacientes durante a cirurgia e na fase pós-operatória tardia da alveococose. Amostras de saliva de 22 indivíduos com alveococose foram incluídas na pesquisa. Amostras de fluidos biológicos foram coletadas no momento da admissão e antes da alta do paciente. Em seguida, foram confeccionadas lâminas utilizando a técnica de teziocristaloscopia, que combina a investigação da atividade formadora de cristais da saliva mista com suas características iniciais, utilizando uma solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% como ingrediente-base. Usando nosso próprio conjunto de critérios, avaliamos os resultados de experimentos cristaloscópicos e tezigráficos. O exame espectrofotométrico da fácies tezigráfica e cristaloscópica foi feito usando um espectrofotômetro de microplaca PowerWave XS nos comprimentos de onda de 400, 350 e 300 nm para aumentar os resultados da morfometria ocular de microplacas de saliva seca. A terapia cirúrgica resulta na normalização parcial dos parâmetros físicos e químicos, bem como da composição dos fluidos biológicos do paciente, após a alta hospitalar.

The kinetics of the solid-state reaction between nanolayers of polycrystalline copper and amorphous silicon (a-Si) has been studied in a Cu/a-Si thin-film system by the methods of electron diffraction and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), including the methods of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). It has been established that, in the solid-state reaction, two phases are formed in a sequence: Cu + Si → η″-Cu3Si → γ-Cu5Si. It has been shown that the estimated values of the kinetic parameters of the formation processes for the phases η″-Cu3Si and γ-Cu5Si, obtained using electron diffraction, are in good agreement with those obtained by DSC. The formation enthalpy of the phases η″-Cu3Si and γ-Cu5Si has been estimated to be: ΔHη″-Cu3Si = −12.4 ± 0.2 kJ/mol; ΔHγ-Cu5Si = −8.4 ± 0.4 kJ/mol. As a result of the model description of the thermo-analytical data, it has been found that the process of solid-state transformations in the Cu/a-Si thin-film system under study is best described by a four-stage kinetic model R3 → R3 → (Cn-X) → (Cn-X). The kinetic parameters of formation of the η″-Cu3Si phase are the following: Ea = 199.9 kJ/mol, log(A, s−1) = 20.5, n = 1.7; and for the γ-Cu5Si phase: Ea = 149.7 kJ/mol, log(A, s−1) = 10.4, n = 1.3, with the kinetic parameters of formation of the γ-Cu5Si phase being determined for the first time.

Aim: based on occlusion and temporomandibular health indicators, to improve clinical effectiveness of dental orthopedic treatment of patients with a need for a full mouth reconstruction. Materials and methods. A total of 647 patients with adentia and a need for a full mouth reconstruction received comprehensive examination and treatment. Patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=218) was exposed to standard treatment procedures. Group 2 (n=195) received certain elements of the interdisciplinary approach to dental orthopedic rehabilitation. Group 3 (n=234) was exposed to interdisciplinary approach towards dental orthopedic rehabilitation. The follow-up period was 7 years. A key step in the treatment of group 3 patients was to conduct full patient examinations sequentially. The corresponding procedures were supplemented with tests for temporomandibular disorder and occlusal relationships. In treatment planning, the cause-and-effect relationships between this disorder and malocclusion were identified. Results. It was found that the use of the present proposal contributes to the normalization of occlusion. For instance, the occlusal index dropped 2.1-fold (relative to that in the comparison groups). The frequency of ICP manifestations decreased by 2.1 to 4.3 times, the protrusion frequency decreased by 12.2 to 22.3 times, and the bruxism frequency became 4.8 to 5.2 times lower. Furthermore, the frequency of left and right mediotrusion detection dropped by 3.2—4.3 and 3.8—4.4 times, respectively. The revealed changes were persistent, and a positive effect maintained throughout the follow-up. Conclusion. The interdisciplinary approach to the restoration of the anatomical shape of teeth should involve the assessment and correction of occlusal disturbances.

Objectives This article investigates the specific aspects of overactive or exaggerated vomiting reflexes affecting the procedure of dental examination and impression in patients with complete secondary adentia, who need orthopaedic dental treatment. Materials and Methods The prevailing manifestation degree of exaggerated vomiting reflex was diagnosed among patients with complete secondary adentia and exaggerated vomiting reflex. Statistical Analysis Exaggerated vomiting reflexes occur when a patient suffers from dentophobia, the term, which is otherwise known as the fear of dentists. The study was performed using methods of mathematical statistics, including the Pearson χ2 criterion and the statistical probability criterion (p). Results The role of an exaggerated vomiting reflex was revealed in the development of patients’ dentophobic experiences, and the nature of such experiences was established. Variations in dentophobic reactions were distinguished and management strategies were studied for patients with complete secondary adentia and exaggerated vomiting reflex. Conclusions These studies were aimed at preventing the development of vomiting reflex during dental procedures and at identifying an optimal strategy for stopping exaggerated vomiting reflex. The role of the vomiting reflex in the orthopaedic treatment of dental patients was determined.

Untimely diagnosis of the oral cavity leads to an underlying periodontal inflammation. Therefore, it was raised an issue of psychological correction in patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases where it was observed the role of mental state and the importance of the addition of this therapeutic component to a comprehensive program for the treatment of patients in dental clinics is emphasized. The study consisted of two stages: diagnostic and therapeutic. The first stage included 76 patients who needed an examination to detect periodontal inflammation; these patients were examined using the Fluorit-4S therapeutic and diagnostic device (TDD). The second stage of the study included 28 patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases. Patients of the study group (14 people) received treatment using a mesodiencephalic modulation method (MDM-therapy). It was proved the possibility of earlier detection of periodontal inflammation (even at the level of a "latent" process) using the Fluorit-4S device. Higher therapeutic efficacy of comprehensive dental treatment in patients with periodontal inflammation using the Fluorit-4S TDD and MDM-therapy was proved compared to standard therapeutic strategy in terms of more evident reduction in local discomfort (by 0.5 points compared to the control group), more significant decrease in the PMA index (an index that measures the presence or absence of gingival inflammation as occurring on the papillae or the marginal or attached gingivae) (by 0.9% compared to the control group), fuller elimination of the pathological focus, as well as a complete normalization of the emotional state. The use of the Fluorit-4S TDD in dental practice allows dentists to study the affected tissues more closely, resulting in objective conclusions on the pathological processes in the oral mucosa and, accordingly, the selection of adequate therapeutic strategies for individual clinical cases.

Целью нашего исследования явилось изучение влияния различных средств по гигиеническому уходу за съемными зубными протезами из различных термопластических материалов и акриловых пластмасс на адгезию микроорганизмов в сравнительном аспекте. Для проведения исследования было изготовлено 144 образца из полимерных материалов Dental D, Bio XS, Dentokeep PEEK, Vertex rapid simplified. Изучали индекс адгезии микроорганизмов St. aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans к образцам из вышеуказанных материалов до и после обработки различными средствами по гигиеническому уходу: антибактериальным жидким мылом и раствором активного очистителя для зубных протезов Protefix. 48 образцов выступали в качестве группы контроля и не были помещены в пробирки с данными антибактериальными средствами. В результате исследования было установлено, что после обработки образцов в антибактериальном мыле достоверного снижения индекса адгезии всех микроорганизмов не наблюдалось (p=0,861 для E. coli; p=0,53 для St. aureus; p=0,848 для Candida albicans). В результате обработки образцов раствором активного очистителя Protefix было выявлено достоверное снижение данного показателя в отношении всех образцов исследуемых материалов. Незначительное снижение индексов адгезии после обработки образцов антибактериальным мылом свидетельствует о его недостаточной эффективности. Напротив, достоверное снижение данного показателя подтверждает преимущество обработки съемных протезов раствором активного очистителя Protefix и позволяет рекомендовать его в качестве очищающего и дезинфицирующего средства по уходу за съемными протезами.

Background First vaccines for prevention of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are becoming available but there is a huge and unmet need for specific forms of treatment. In this study we aimed to evaluate the anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 effect of siRNA both in vitro and in vivo. Methods To identify the most effective molecule out of a panel of 15 in silico designed siRNAs, an in vitro screening system based on vectors expressing SARS‐CoV‐2 genes fused with the firefly luciferase reporter gene and SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected cells was used. The most potent siRNA, siR‐7, was modified by Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) to obtain siR‐7‐EM with increased stability and was formulated with the peptide dendrimer KK‐46 for enhancing cellular uptake to allow topical application by inhalation of the final formulation – siR‐7‐EM/KK‐46. Using the Syrian Hamster model for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection the antiviral capacity of siR‐7‐EM/KK‐46 complex was evaluated. Results We identified the siRNA, siR‐7, targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) as the most efficient siRNA inhibiting viral replication in vitro. Moreover, we showed that LNA‐modification and complexation with the designed peptide dendrimer enhanced the antiviral capacity of siR‐7 in vitro. We demonstrated significant reduction of virus titer and lung inflammation in animals exposed to inhalation of siR‐7‐EM/KK‐46 in vivo. Conclusions Thus, we developed a therapeutic strategy for COVID‐19 based on inhalation of a modified siRNA‐peptide dendrimer formulation. The developed medication is intended for inhalation treatment of COVID‐19 patients., siR‐7, targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 RdRp inhibits viral replication in vitro. LNA‐modification and complexation with peptide dendrimer KK‐46 enhanced the antiviral capacity of siR‐7 in vitro. Inhalation exposure of SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected Syrian Hamsters with siR‐7‐EM/KK‐46 reduces the virus titer and lung inflammation. ​

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pathology of the lower respiratory tract in infants, immunocompromised people, and elderly. Despite decades of research, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV, and many therapeutic drugs are still under development. Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV infection pathology can accelerate the development of efficacious treatment. Current studies on the RSV pathogenesis are based on the analysis of biopsies from the infected patients; however deeper understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV pathology could be achieved using animal models. Mice are the most often used model for RSV infection because they exhibit manifestations similar to those observed in humans (bronchial obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, and pulmonary inflammation mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils). Additionally, the use of mice is economically feasible, and many molecular tools are available for studying RSV infection pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This review summarizes new data on the pathogenesis of RSV infection obtained in mouse models, which demonstrated the role of T cells in both the antiviral defense and the development of lung immunopathology. T cells not only eliminate the infected cells, but also produce significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Recently, a new subset of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) was identified that provide a strong antiviral defense without induction of lung immunopathology. These cells accumulate in the lungs after local rather than systemic administration of RSV antigens, which suggests new approaches to vaccination. The studies in mouse models have revealed a minor role of interferons in the anti-RSV protection, as RSV possesses mechanisms to escape the antiviral action of type I and III interferons, which may explain the low efficacy of interferon-containing drugs. Using knockout mice, a significant breakthrough has been achieved in understanding the role of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung immunopathology. It was found that in addition to TNFα and IFNγ, the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, and TSLP mediate the major manifestations of the RSV pathogenesis, such as bronchial obstruction, mucus hyperproduction, and lung infiltration by pro-inflammatory cells, while IL-6, IL-10, and IL-27 exhibit the anti-inflammatory effect. Despite significant differences between the mouse and human immune systems, mouse models have made a significant contribution to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathology of human RSV infection.

We have investigated the spin and oxidation states of Co in Co3BO5 using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and dc magnetic susceptibility measurements. At low temperatures, XMCD experiments have been performed at the Co K-edge in Co3BO5 and Co2FeBO5 single crystals in the fully ferrimagnetically ordered phase. The Co (K-edge) XMCD signal is found to be related to the Co2+ magnetic sublattices in both compounds, providing strong experimental support for the low-spin (LS) Co3+ scenario. The paramagnetic susceptibility is highly anisotropic. An estimation of the effective magnetic moment in the temperature range 100–250 K correlates well with two Co2+ ions in the high-spin (HS) state and some orbital contribution, while Co3+ remains in the LS state. The crystal structure of the Co3BO5 single crystal has been solved in detail at the T range 296–703 K. The unit cell parameters and volume show anomalies at 500 and 700 K. The octahedral environment of the Co4 site strongly changes with heating. The generalized gradient approximation with Hubbard U correction calculations have revealed that, at low-temperatures, the system is insulating with a band gap of 1.4 eV, and the Co2+ ions are in the HS state, while Co3+ are in the LS state. At high temperatures (T > 700 K), the charge ordering disappears, and the system becomes metallic with all Co ions in 3d7 electronic configuration and HS state., We are grateful to the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 20-02-00559) and President Council on Grants (Project No. МК-2339.2020.2) for supporting this paper. This paper was carried out within the state assignment of the Russian Ministry of Science and High Education via program “Quantum”’ (No. AAAA-A18-118020190095-4). We also acknowledge support by Russian Ministry of Education and Science via Contract No. 02.A03.21.0006. We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO, Grant No. MAT2017-83468-R) and from the regional Government of Aragon (E12-20R RASMIA project).

The development and introduction into production of functional and specialized products is one of the most important directions of the UN humanistic program of human nutrition. In this regard, in accordance with the modern provisions of nutritiology and nutrimetabolomics, national programs to improve the health of the population are being developed and implemented all over the world. Nutrition has a significant impact on the development and manifestation of various kinds of diseases, including those associated with a predisposition to impaired bone metabolism. The main reason for this condition is a significant lack of minerals in the bone tissue, which causes a violation of calcium and hormonal metabolism, as a result of which bone tissue resorption occurs. The most prone to this condition are elderly people, as well as individuals with a genetic predisposition. The article shows the possibility of modelling (designing) food mixtures for gerontological nutrition using mathematical methods. This approach will expand the range of industrial food production; in the context of a shortage of protein-containing raw materials, as well as optimize the conditions for its use and involve non-traditional sources of increasing nutritional value in the consumption sphere.

We determined the thermo-optic coefficients of C r 3 + -doped beryllium hexaaluminate crystal ( C r 3 + : B e A l 6 O 10 ) for light polarizations E | | N p , N m , and N g , and present the thermo-optic dispersion formulas for the principal thermo-optic coefficients of C r 3 + : B e A l 6 O 10 . We also measured the linear thermal expansion coefficients for this crystal in the directions of optical indicatrix axes N p , N m , and N g . Finally, we modeled the thermo-optic dispersion data in accordance with theory, taking into account contributions both from the change of the electronic bandgap with temperature and from the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient.

The paper studies the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of mesodiencephalic modulation in patients with type II diabetes mild-to-moderate and undergoing dental prosthetics using dental implantation. The influence of mesodiencephalic modulation on the concentration of glucose in the blood, the cardiac rate and the emotional state of patients in the pre-implantation and post-implantation period is considered. The influence of mesodiencephalic modulation on the restoration of quality of life in the early postoperative period of dental implantation, including due to its local therapeutic effect, is estimated.

In this article considered the current vision of the problem of the influence of dental status in patients on the occurrence and/or development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the mucous membrane of the mouth (MMOC). On the basis of the some studies have noted a relationship between low level of the oral hygiene and the sharp edges of the teeth or dentures and the risk of developing this disease. Also revealed a correlation between periodontal disease and the possible development of SCC MMOC that corresponds to the main prediction about the risk of the development of this pathology on the background of the effects of chronical infection in the oral cavity. Significant correlation between the presence of carious lesions and the risk of developing SCC MNOC in contrast, is not detected. But clearly expressed role in the development of the cancers are galvanism and precancerous diseases of the oral mucous membrane and the red border of the lips.

A solid-state reaction process in Ag/Al multilayer thin films has been investigated by the methods of in situ electron diffraction, simultaneous thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction with the aim of studying the phase formation kinetics of intermetallic compounds. The sequence of the phase transformations in the solid-state reaction has been established: Ag+Al→(Ag)+(Al)→(Ag)+δ-Ag2Al→μ-Ag3Al. The process of the solid-state interaction has been shown to consist of two steps; each of them is described by a kinetic model of the nth order reactions with autocatalysis. The kinetic parameters of the autocatalytic process of the phase formation for δ-Ag2Al and µ-Ag3Al, have been determined, in particular, their apparent activation energy: 126 kJ/mol and 106 kJ/mol, respectively.

Education for sustainable development is an evolving concept aimed at providing an understanding of the relationship between sustainable development issues and the development of knowledge, skills, perspectives and values, which will enable people of all ages to commit themselves to creating a sustainable future. The aim of the study is the development of a widely applicable model of e-learning, which consists of seven consecutive levels of professional and personal development and is conceptually associated with a self-regulation strategy. The methodological core of such model creation is the theory of niche construction. Its application to the understanding of the systemic educational process allowed the assumption that, under the evolutionary pressure of the educational environment, a person is engaged in self-learning and self-development processes. Thus, needing to adapt to the educational niche&rsquo, s interaction, the individual affects its development through active inclusion in the training process, showing a personal evolutionary impulse. The system, in turn, affects one&rsquo, s individual growth through the socialization of his/her personal and professional qualities. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the proposed widely applicable, presumably universal model of distance education, which consists of seven levels of professional development. The results show progress in students&rsquo, mastery of skills, which are an integral part of education for sustainable development (ESD), namely, foresight, critical thinking and reflection, systemic thinking, building partnerships, and participating in decision-making. This article also demonstrates the existing functionality of platforms that technologically support the educational process, indicates their strengths and defines areas for further improvement and development within the framework regarding the concept of education for sustainable development. The study outcomes confirm the effectiveness of a universal distance education model for the stable professional growth of tourism and hospitality staff. Thus, it is advisable to implement the model&rsquo, s conceptual structure into educational programs of modern e-learning systems. Supposed universality of the model opens up the possibility of its use in almost all fields for training personnel.

We report on the development of novel saturable absorbers for erbium lasers based on transparent glass-ceramics (GCs) containing a mixture of cobalt-doped β-willemite, Co

A diode-pumped Tm,Ho:KLu(WOsub4/sub)sub2/submicrochip laser passively Q-switched with a Cr:ZnS saturable absorber generated an average output power of 131 mW at 2063.6 nm with a slope efficiency of 11% and a Q-switching conversion efficiency of 58%. The pulse characteristics were 14 ns/9 μJ at a pulse repetition frequency of 14.5 kHz. With higher modulation depth of the saturable absorber, 9 ns/10.4 μJ/8.2 kHz pulses were generated at 2061.1 nm, corresponding to a record peak power extracted from a passively Q-switched Tm,Ho laser of 1.15 kW. A theoretical model is presented, predicting the pulse energy and duration. The simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results.

The paper understands cross-border natural resources as a totality of characteristics of local ecological systems, which can act as regulators of human’s life space. Authors state that uniqueness of this phenomenon is defined by the fact that all natural resources act as a single system of planet scale. The problem distinguished in the paper is based on the fact that in the period of ecological systems and natural resources development a little attention is paid to cross-border management on the part of nations they belong to. The research subject is an indicator of stability and quality of management of cross-border natural resources in the aspect of their even existing and carrying out of their functions. Scientific novelty of the research is that it’s proved for the first time that each ecological system has s number of parameters, one of which shows how much it resistant to human impact. The system of providing biodiversity is one of such parameters. In the paper the legal characteristics of the issue are identified with the actual state of interstate cooperation and the opportunity of its expansion within the already existing interstate formation is determined. The example of such formation is European Union. The areas of further research can be defined as an expansion of specified cooperation of Asian and South American continent.

An approximate method of calculating the nonstationary temperature fields for the case of rapid and intensive heating of bodies is considered. The fast heating of a body is simulated by various boundary conditions at its heated surface. An approximate method is proposed in a one-dimensional formulation to solve the unsteady-state heat conduction equation with these boundary conditions. The applicability of this method in practice is confirmed by comparing the approximate temperature fields with the exact solution. An approximate temperature field is constructed for a particular case with consideration of a temperature dependence of thermal parameters, which allows one to describe the heat localization in a heated zone.

This article contains analysis of thermal stresses that are the result of fast local heating of material. Such kind of stresses may appear, for example, at welding joints in cosmic devises and under laser irradiation. Thermal conductivity equation is solved analytically with regard to thermal dependence of thermophysical properties of materials. The probability of elastoplastic yielding in the compression area is investigated. Residual stresses that are generated on the heated surface after its cooling are studied. It is indicated that residual stresses may result in surface cracking that strongly increases deterioration of effective area at a certain ratio between heating parameters and material properties. Residual stresses suppression mechanisms are suggested.

Compact Yb:KLu(WO4)2 and Yb:LuVO4 lasers diode-pumped at 978 nm are passively Q-switched by a single- layer graphene saturable absorber. The Yb:KLu(WO4)2 laser generated 165 ns/0.49 ¿J pulses at 1030 nm with 170 mW average output power and 12 % slope efficiency. With the Yb:LuVO4 laser, 152 ns/0.83 ¿J pulses were achieved. The output power reached 300 mW at 1024 nm, and the slope efficiency was 10 %. Laser operation in a plano-plano cavity is achieved with both crystals with thermal lensing playing a key role in their performance. A model describing graphene Q-switched Yb lasers is developed. Our results indicate the potential of graphene for passive Q-switching of ~1 ¿m bulk lasers.

We study the processes of quasistatic deformation and fracture of brittle materials under the action of rapidly varying temperature fields. As a fracture criterion, we use the condition of attainment of the critical levels of stresses. The analyses of the stressed state and crack growth are performed under the assumptions that the corresponding elements of the stress field are equal to zero on the newly formed free surfaces and that the conditions of the fracture criterion are satisfied at the ends of the crack. It is shown that the process of crack propagation is unstable for the major part of modes of thermomechanical loading: as soon as the critical stresses are attained at a certain point of the body, the crack instantaneously propagates to a critical size corresponding to a new stable state. It is shown that the mechanical overloading of a specimen can substantially weaken the effect of instability of development of the fracture zone. Examples of fracture of elastic brittle bodies are presented. We also perform the numerical analyses of the processes of initiation and propagation of cracks with regard for the plasticity of the material near its heated surface.

Increase in academic performance of medical universities' students is one of the most significant tasks of the modern education and healthcare systems as a factor contributing to high quality of the future doctors' qualification. Increased level of anxiety and depression negatively correlate with the level of the students' academic performance. Such a method of physiotherapy as mesodiencephalic modulation takes a stabilising effect on psychoemotional state of a person. The paper contains the analysis of emotional state of the students from the Faculty of Dentistry, defines the level of anxiety and depression, and notes their correlational interconnection with the level of academic performance in their study. The authors have practically stated positive influence of the mesodiencephalic modulation sessions on psychoemotional state of the students and indirectly on the level of their educational academic performance.

The possibility of measuring the time of flight of minimum-ionizing particles with high accuracy and efficiency using a gaseous parallel-plate detector operating in avalanche gas-amplification mode is demonstrated in principle.

Dissolution enthalpy of liquid glycerol trinitrate, diethyleneglycol dinitrate for comparison inseveral organic solvents, enthalpies of their interaction with arsenicum trichloride and titanium tetrachloridein dichloroethane, calculated interaction enthalpies of glycerol trinitrate with cellulose dinitrate in a wide concentration range at 298 K. Excess enthalpy value for glass-like state of cellulose nitrate relatively to those for high-elastic state and interaction enthalpy of interaction of glycerol trinitrate with high-elastic cellulose are estimated.

Nonlinear absorption of sol-gel-type glasses containing oxidized Cu2Se nanoparticles (25 nm in radius) is investigated with the aid of the picosecond excitation-probing technique. The oxidation of Cu2Se nanoparticles leads to the appearance of a wide absorption band, which has a maximum roughly at 1 µm and which is bleached on exposure to laser pulses. The time of relaxation of the bleached state approaches 300 psec, and the cross section for absorption at 1.06 µm is equal to about 1.3·10−16 cm2, as evaluated from the measured absorption saturation curve. The regime of Q-switching is obtained for a number of solid-state lasers with generation wavelengths 1.06, 1.34, and 1.54 µm, when sol-gel-type glasses containing oxidized Cu2Se nanoparticles were used as passive shutters.