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Bile duct injuries occur in 0.4 % of elective and 0.8 % of emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomies. The risk factors for bile duct damage and the optimal timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were studied. The emphasis is on theoretical and practical training of the surgeon as the main component of the prevention of bile duct injuries. The variant anatomy of vessels, bile ducts and important anatomical landmarks during the operation are described. During «complex cholecystectomy», «rescue strategies» are proposed and modern imaging techniques are reviewed. The concept of safe cholecystectomy is evaluated. The issues of damage classification are touched upon. Analysis of the literature showed that debate continues in the global surgical community about the correct tactics for managing these patients. There is also a problem in assessing complications and there is a lack of standardization of outcomes after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

INTRODUCTION. The frequency of parastomal hernias reaches 58 % and occurs with any type of stoma.The OBJECTIVE was to analyze the results of open retromuscular prosthetic repair of the abdominal wall with posterior separation of components in the treatment of parastomal hernias.METHODS AND MATERIALS. Between 2019 and 2023, 11 patients with end colostomies and parastomal hernias were operated on. The median age of patients was 72 years. There were 10 women, 1 man. According to the classification of the European Society of Herniology (2014), the distribution was as follows: type I – there were no patients, type II – 1 patient, type III – 5 patients, type IV – 5 patients. One patient had a recurrent parastomal hernia. All patients underwent open retromuscular prosthetic repair of the abdominal wall with posterior separation of components and formation of a colostomy in the same place.RESULTS. The treatment results were studied in 10 patients. There was fatal outcome in 1 patient with a type IV parastomal hernia due to infection with the development of necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis of the abdominal wall. In one case, necrosis of the colostomy occurred, which required laparoscopic mobilization and re-formation of the colostomy. Long-term results were monitored in 9 patients over a period of 1 to 4 years. Recurrence occurred in 4 patients: 1 patient with type III parastomal hernia and 5 patients with type IV (two patients had 2 relapses). With repeated relapses, in one case, there was a pinching of the section of the small intestine in the paracolostomy openingCONCLUSION. The results of treatment of parastomal hernias in our clinic were largely disappointing. Some success can be noted only in the treatment of type III parastomal hernias.

Abstract Human tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an intriguing multifunctional enzyme involved in various diseases, including celiac disease and neurological disorders. Although a number of tTG inhibitors have been developed, the molecular determinants governing ligand binding remain incomplete due to the lack of high-resolution structural data in the vicinity of its active site. In this study, we obtained the complete high-resolution model of tTG by in silico methods based on available PDB structures. We discovered significant differences in the active site architecture between our and known tTG models, revealing an additional loop which affects the ligand binding affinity. We assembled a library of new potential tTG inhibitors based on the obtained complete model of the enzyme. Our library substantially expands the spectrum of possible drug candidates targeting tTG and encompasses twelve molecular scaffolds, eleven of which are novel and exhibit higher binding affinity then already known ones, according to our in silico studies. The results of this study open new directions for structure-based drug design of tTG inhibitors, offering the complete protein model and suggesting a wide range of new compounds for further experimental validation.

Objective: to determine the current state of the digital financial assets market and the prospects for its development.Methods: the work uses comparative-logical methods, analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis in terms of comparing the theoretical aspects of the DFA market and the practical use of this technology; SWOT-analysis, the method of expert assessments.Results: in the era of digitalization of many economic processes, one of the key trends of financial markets is tokenization of assets. At the same time, there is a lack of a high-quality institutional system for managing digital financial assets. The authors identified the DFA market development trends, analyzed the market current state, researched the published scientific works and prepared a brief literature review, made a SWOT-analysis of the DFA market, and identified the advantages, potential and threats to this market development in Russia. The paper identifies trends in the DFA market development, taking into account the existing risks. This is relevant for investors when planning investments and selecting DFAs as an investment object, to diversify the investment portfolio.Scientific novelty: a narrative analysis of the digital financial assets market development was carried out. A comparative analysis of digital financial assets and traditional financial instruments was performed. The main regulatory solutions to the infrastructural problems were identified, that are necessary for the development of digital financial assets. The presented SWOT-analysis served as a basis for the formation of the author’s view DFA-technologies development in the country, which is relevant for researchers of regulatory aspects, system unification and harmonization of the regulatory framework and socio-economic relations.Practical significance: the study analyzed the volume of DFA issues and identified their most common types. DFA issuers, operators as organizers of DFA issues, and investors can use the study results to make decisions in activities using digital assets.

Abstract Understanding the distribution and biodiversity of marine species is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies and maintaining the health of global ecosystems. Advancements in molecular data utilization have significantly improved our understanding of biodiversity within the genus Terebellides. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on polychaete samples from the Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, revealing their affiliation with a putative undescribed species of the genus Terebellides found in two locations of the North Sea. Interestingly, this species was not detected in the Norwegian and Barents Seas, leading us to propose a disjunct distribution scenario for this Terebellides species. This unique distribution pattern might be attributed to the succession of polychaetes by new species, facilitated by the Gulf Stream and a climate change role in driving shifts in species' ranges and altering marine ecosystem dynamics.

Objective: to analyze the transforming socio-economic relations of the new “digital normality”, to which end the task is solved of bringing into line the terminology used in business turnover between various participants in the digital assets market, in the practical financial activities of economic entities arising in a specific territory, in a certain legal field, and contained in the recommendatory technical documentation (standards).Methods: the article uses systematic and analytical approaches, logical and comparative methods.Results: despite the active use of distributed ledger technologies, theory and practice are currently characterized by a large number of legal and business definitions describing the organization of business processes in this area. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the meaning of various terms of the digital economy was studied. In the course of studying technical terminology, such concepts as a distributed ledger, network nodes, blockchain, etc. were defined. The analysis of financial and economic terms is based on fintech definitions, such as digital asset, cryptocurrency, digital currency, digital financial asset, token, etc. The terms of the digital economy are considered from the perspective of so-called tokenomics, including such as token ecosystem, DLT user, DLT platform, decentralized application, etc.Scientific novelty: the terminology obtained was structured as a theoretical basis with a specification for the digital asset market and use in financial market reform.Practical significance: this review has been prepared: 1) to systematically familiarize the professional community with existing trends; 2) to harmonize socio-economic relations by developing common local recommendations (standards); 3) to develop the market for digital assets produced using distributed ledger technologies through understanding basic concepts.

The article is devoted to the study of the essence and various consequences of the shadow economy. The most significant feature of the shadow economy is the fact that it has a significant negative impact on the economy of the region, country and/or economic unions. It is worth noting the fact that quite successful work has been carried out to combat the shadow economy for quite a long time, all the same, the threats emanating from it remain quite high. Based on the results of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to further improve the work of state bodies and business structures aimed at working together to counter the shadow economy.

In modern economic and political conditions, the main task of Russia is to fully realize its foreign economic potential, which means an increase in the efficiency of foreign economic transit. The development of the logistics potential of the Russian Federation is of paramount importance not only for the transport area of the state, but also for geopolitics, the economy in general, and the social sphere.For a progressive increase in economic indicators in the freight transit of the Russian Federation, there is one «bottleneck» — at present, the state of the transport infrastructure — in most regions of Russia, it is completely impossible to ensure the necessary efficiency of transit freight traffic, thus there is a need to competently form the transport and logistics infrastructure and clearly identify where problems may arise and prepare the necessary solutions in advance.

All existing companies today want not only to remain in the service market, but also to gain a foothold in it, and methodically develop from year to year. And in the modern world, this is simply impossible to imagine without corporate intelligence. Those firms that did not realize this in time simply went bankrupt or their business does not develop, and economic indicators remain in one place from year to year. Today, there is a wide variety of ways of business intelligence in the world. All types of competitive intelligence can be divided into two large groups: direct and indirect business intelligence. Let’s look at each of them in more detail. A separate subspecies is business intelligence, which can relate to both indirect and direct intelligence, depending on the surrounding circumstances.

The article analyzes the world experience in the field of security. The existing experience, the possibility of its use in modern conditions in Russia is analyzed. Analysis of foreign experience has shown that the current state of transport security requires serious study and clearer measures, but they are not possible without improving legal regulation and without introducing modern technologies.

Mediation as an alternative method of conflict resolution has increasingly become the subject of numerous studies. Due to its interdisciplinary nature, mediation can be viewed from the perspective of different sciences. This article analyzes the economic component of the mediator’s role as a key figure in the negotiation process and offers a phenomenological model of economic risks in dispute resolution with his participation.

Life does not stand still, it is constantly evolving. Digitalization has affected absolutely all spheres of human activity, especially in various industries. The transport and logistics area was no exception, which every year is more and more susceptible to this phenomenon. The article analyzes the trends in the development of transport and logistics in the context of digitalization.

Corporate intelligence — this term has only recently appeared in our country, but it is already widely used in business. And even managed to acquire stereotypes: some consider corporate intelligence analogous to industrial espionage, others imagine it as a game of office workers in « James Bond», and the rest do not understand why it is needed in the enterprise.Corporate intelligence specialists analyze available information and check all market sources in order to make an assessment of all possible threats and risks to the business.

The development of the speed of information exchange and data transfer require vendors to provide new technological solutions. The article discusses the development prospects and capabilities of 5th generation (5G) networks in such areas as industry, smart technologies, and transport.

The Development of economic crime occurred in Russia in the «dashing 90s», at the same time the first economic crimes are known in the era of ancient Rome and Egypt, and each era is somehow connected with new economic crimes that have their own characteristics and specificity. The problem of preventing crimes in the economic sphere is complex, requiring all third-party study in a specific period of time and countering them depends directly on the mechanisms that are currently in the state and law enforcement agencies.The article analyzes the peculiarity of the use of digital technologies aimed at combating economic crime.

The Development of modern foreign economic activity and logistics has undergone major changes in the message of5 years. The main advantage of the blockchain platform is that users get a completely secure system in which there is no possibility of manipulation or falsification related to data transmission, and in the era of the digital economy this is a great achievement. The article discusses some aspects of the use of blockchain in foreign economic activity and logistics. The analysis of existing practices, typical errors and the possibility of their exclusion is made.

The development of modern market trade has changed radically over the past 15 years. Digital tools «collapsed» state borders and thus new forms of trade were opened, among them trade on the stock exchange. The article discusses some theoretical and practical aspects of trading on stock exchanges. An analysis of existing practices, typical errors and the possibility of eliminating them.

The article deals with topical issues of recruitment of large and medium-sized companies, as well as issues related to the process of adaptation of personnel in the new environment. In this article, the authors will try to consider modern methods of recruitment and selection of personnel.

The article deals with the problems ofdevelopment and use ofIT-Technologies in air cargo transportation,as well as a number of aspects of the interaction of air cargo carriers and customs services in the conditions of Russia’s membership in the EAEU.

The article describes aspects of the city’s land for development of housing construction in the Tver region. Particular attention is given to the current legal and economic basis of housing in the region.

This article describes the offshore as a tool for the global economy. Assessment of his scheme, scope, Offshoring economy and their impact on the national economy. Offshoring problems and threats, development of the national economy, and its method of deofshorizatsii.

This article discusses one of the most pressing problems arising in the Russian mortgage market, which has arisen as a result of hasty decisions on the part of borrowers, and not thought out a number of banks and credit policy of the country. Borrowers who received mortgage loans in hard currency, but receiving income in rubles, faced with the «payment shock» when the ruble income was not enough to pay the monthly payments due to a sharp increase in the cost of foreign exchange.

This article describes the current status of private banking in Russia in terms of the slowdown of the economy, and mass withdrawal of licenses from commercial banks. The article analyzes the experience of the Russian private banking, its advantages and disadvantages.

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive psychological study of the professional network community of the Institute for the development of leaders as a strategic initiative, “Agency for strategic initiatives to promote new projects” (ASI). Based on its results, the authors attempt to formalize and justify the psychological determinants of personality, the purposeful impact and education of the younger generation, nudge and the correction of “mature” entrepreneurs will directly affect their personal growth, correspond to their individual development path, activate the activity “under the flag” of the National technology initiative (NTI) and the strategy of national technological development (NTD). The article presents the results of the study of individual psychological indicators of the professional community representatives of the Institute for Leadership Development ASI. Only representatives of the russian technological elite can be the main drivers of socio-economic growth of the national economy in the next 5–10–20 years. The Government of the Russian Federation has relied on the development of science and technology in its development Strategy.

Objective: to develop a new methodological approach to the evaluation of innovative projects and technological startups which organize ICO.Methods: method of comparative analysis, method of measurement, inductive method of cognition, logical methods of cognition.Results: the paper discusses the events taking place in the market of alternative finances and demonstrates a new methodological approach to assessing the investment and innovation potential of startups implementing the ICO procedure.The methodology of evaluating the ICO startups is presented, which enables to make a choice and selection of target projects groups in a particular field of activity (for example, in fintech, insurtech). The stages of this assessment are considered. The developed method has been applied in practice for the evaluation (rating) of ICO projects in the insurance sector, and showed its efficiency. Its use allowed the authors to identify the fraudulent project and choose the “best” one using the rating results. Scientific novelty: a methodology was created which enables to conduct expert evaluation of ICO projects.Practical significance: the main provisions of the article can be used in the evaluation of start-up projects, in the work on ratings development. Also, the method of expert evaluation can be used in academic and pedagogical activities on the subject of alternative finances - ICO.

A multicenter retrospective clinical trial was conducted between January 2003 to December 2013 in patients undergoing elective and emergency colon cancer resections. The patients were divided into 4 groups with different methods of colonic anastomoses. According to the comparative evaluation of early postoperative complications, there was a statistically significant decrease in the total number of complications (n=1; 1,4%) in the study group with using compression anastomotic device. All three methods of compression anastomosis had statistically and significantly fewer anastomotic leaks (P

Objective of the study is to analyze immunological structure of the mountain souslik, habitant in various zones of natural focality in the Central-Caucasian natural plague focus.Materials and methods. The data on serological investigations conducted on the mountain souslik, within the periods of 1974–1988 and 2001–2004 have been obtained from FGHI “Kabardino-Balkaria Plague Control Station” of the Rospotrebnadzor. Applying passive hemagglutination test and indirect hemagglutination test, with the help of Excel Microsoft Office 2010, evaluated have been 63147 blood survey results.Conclusions. It is established that the highest ratio of the souslik with low antibody titer in blood, which characterizes initial contact with plague infection, is observed at the peak of epizootic activity. In the mountain steppe of the eastern focal part, the apex coincides with June, in the western part, as well as in the Alpine and Subalpine zones of the eastern one – with August. Animals with high antibody titers, i.e. secondarily infected, emerge in vast numbers at the peak of mountain souslik lethality. In the mountain steppe this period falls upon June, i.e. simultaneously with the peak of epizootic activity. In the western part lethality apex is also observed in June, but maximum epizootic activity takes place in August. In Alpine and Subalpine zones of the eastern focal part, peaks of epizootic activity and lethality among the souslik populations concur and fall upon August. Isolation of plague microbe cultures alongside with positive serological tests is reasonably more often observed in the mountain steppe of the river Baksan, than in other areas of natural focality.

Abstract: Management of projects in Russia in recent years is widely used in various fields and industries. Projects in various fields, various specialists have significant differences among themselves. Therefore, to select the optimal approach to the management of the specific project you first need to identify the distinctive features of this type and type of project. The use of the classification of projects as the basis of the structural vision allows optimizing methods and tools for the management of specific projects and increase the effectiveness of their implementation. In the article the analysis of the classification of projects in project management.Identified the main classification criteria and types of projects that are widely used in the scientific literature and practice. In the course of the analysis, identified new approaches to the classification of the various projects of Russian and foreign authors, the author gives his own evaluation of such approaches, and reveals the positive aspects and shortcomings of such approaches. During the conducted research it is established that the presented approaches to the classification of project management did not sufficiently take into account the area of the economy in which they are implemented. So, the projects implemented in various areas of the economy, as a rule, have different objectives. Consequently, the classification of projects in project management for individual sectors may be applied only for that sector of the economy the shape and type of the project and have their classification criteria. As a separate sector of the economy considered the oil and gas industry, which forms the basis of the state budget of many States, including the Russian Federation. The article describes the most well-known oil and gas projects implemented in recent years. Analysis we analyzed projects have shown that they have several features that differ from other projects. Therefore, for a detailed classification of oil and gas projects us presents the author's classification criteria for projects that have a significant impact on the financial costs and timing of oil and gas project.