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1. Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a 60-year-old woman with decompensated type 2 diabetes: a case report

Author: O. V. Tsygankova, N. E. Evdokimova, S. S. Bayramova, and A. V. Susekov
Subjects: rhabdomyolysis, atorvastatin, diabetes, woman, case report, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Rhabdomyolysis is a very rare and most severe form of statin-induced muscle adverse event characterized by muscle pain, muscle necrosis with myoglobinemia and/or myoglobinuria with a very high risk of acute kidney injury and death. The article presents a case report of developing rhabdomyolysis in a middleaged female patient with hypertension, decompensated type 2 diabetes and albuminuria. A 60-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for emergency indications with complaints of severe muscle weakness that began in the neck, which spread over several days to the upper and lower extremities, with a symptoms progression up to paresis. According to the appointment of a primary care physician, three months before hospitalization, the patient was switched from therapy with European generic brand-name rosuvastatin 20 mg to the Russian generic unbranded atorvastatin in the same dose (20 mg), which is not comparable in lipid-lowering effect. In a laboratory study, an increase in creatine phosphokinase level by 348 times (50462 U/L) of upper normal limit in combination with severe hypokalemia 1б7 mmol/L in the absence of renal dysfunction was recorded. Cancellation of statin, metformin and empagliflozin, intensive infusion therapy and treating electrolyte imbalance made it possible to prevent the development of acute renal damage, life-threatening arrhythmias and completely stop muscle complaints within a few days. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 23rd day with reference clinical and laboratory values, including creatine phosphokinase.This case emphasizes the importance of maintaining clinical suspicion regarding rhabdomyolysis in patients receiving statin therapy in the presence of risk factors (in this case, female sex, hyperglycemia, chronic kidney disease, concomitant therapy), as well as the relevance of timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Published: 2021
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2. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: modern aspects of pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment

Author: V. К. Zafiraki, Е. D. Kosmacheva, I. N. Zakharova, V. A. Korneva, and A. V. Susekov
Subjects: homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, lipid-lowering therapy, Medicine
Abstract: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disease featuring extremely high of low-density lipoprotein blood level, cutaneous and tendon xanthomas and accelerated atherosclerosis with often manifestions in the first 2 decades of life, resulting to premature death due to atherosclerosis-related diseases. Modern combined lipid-lowering therapy is able to increase life duration considerably for these patients.
Published: 2018
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3. Statins in the practice of an internal medicine specialist: A review

Author: Andrey V. Susekov
Subjects: primary prevention, dyslipidemia, statins, ezetimibe, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, recommendations, cardiovascular risk, safety, diabetes mellitus, myopathies, hyperenzymemia, dementia, chronic renal failure, Medicine (General), R5-920, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract: Statins have been used in clinical practice for more than 40 years to treat and prevent atherosclerosis and its complications. The results of observational studies indicate that, despite a large evidence base, statins in Russia are still prescribed in low doses, for a maximum of 6 months, leading to a low percentage of achieving the target levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and, thus, to a high residual risk of cardiovascular complications. This paper presents a literature review and analysis of the basic principles of statin therapy in primary prevention, intensive lipid-lowering therapy in patients with very high cardiovascular risk, as well as key safety updates on cholesterol decrease for various organs and systems (liver, kidneys, muscles, nervous system), and carbohydrate metabolism. The article also provides a brief overview of new international guidelines to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias, which can be useful in the day-to-day practice of an internal medicine specialist.
Published: 2024
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4. RUSSIAN EXPERTS’ CONSENSUS ON METABOLIC SYNDROME PROBLEM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: DEFENITION, DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA, PRIMARY PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Author: N. M. Achmegdanov, S. A. Butrusova, I. I. Dedov, L. A. Zvenigorodskaya, O. A. Kislyak, O. A. Koshelskaya, I. V. Kuznecova, V. V. Kuharchuk, A. Yu. Litvin, I. V. Medvedeva, A. M. Mkrtumyan, V. B. Mychka, D. V. Nebieridze, S. V. Nedogoda, R. G. Oganov, M. Yu. Ogarkov, N. B. Perepech, V. I. Podzolkov, V. P. Smetnik, A. V. Susekov, V. N. Titov, T. V. Tyurina, A. N. Fursov, V. N. Hirmanov, I. E. Chazova, I. I. Chukaeva, M. V. Shestakova, and A. T. Shubina
Subjects: Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Russian Experts’ Consensus on Metabolic Syndrome Problem in the Russian Federation: Defenition, Diagnosis Criteria, Primary Prevention and Treatment.
Published: 2016
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5. LIPRIMAR®. FIFTEEN YEARS OF EVIDENCE

Author: A. V. Susekov and N. V. Khokhlova
Subjects: statins, atorvastatin, atherosclerosis, clinical trials, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: The evidences for statin use in cardiology are presented. Especially hypolipidemic efficacy of atorvastatin is demonstrated in according to comparative studies. Results of clinical studies on atorvastatin efficacy and safety in different groups of patients are also presented.
Published: 2016
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6. QUALITY OF LIFE AND COMPLIANCE TO THERAPY IN PATIENTS FOLLOWING SUCCESSFULTRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY, WHO WERE PRESCRIBED FLUVASTATIN EXTENDED RELEASE ADDED TO STANDARD THERAPY. PROTOCOL OF THE OPEN-LABEL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Author: A. V. Susekov, V. A. Bulatov, and A. V. Vigdorchik
Subjects: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, fluvastatin extended release, quality of life, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aim. To evaluate quality of life changes and compliance to therapy in patients following successful transluminal angioplasty, who have indications for fluvastatin extended release in addition to standard treatment.Material and methods. This is a national observational multicenter study. An inclusion of 60 investigator centers is planned (out-patient medical centers), the total number of patients to be included is 600. Patients (men and women) with coronary heart disease following successful transluminal coronary angioplasty, who were prescribed fluvastatinextended release (Lescol Forte, Novartis) 80 mg once daily will be included in the observation. The following efficacy and safety parameters will be evaluated: quality of life assessed with SF-36 scale before and during treatment; compliance to therapy; adverse events and serious adverse events. Observation period is planned for 6 months. During this period patient is expected to make 4 visits to treating physician. According to the physician’s decision, observation period can be extended to 12 months.Present study status. The study is completed. 524 patients completed the observation, including 116 patients who were followed up for 12 months. There are 414 men (79%) and 110 women (21%) among patients enrolled into the study.
Published: 2016
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7. QUALITY OF LIFE AND COMPLIANCE TO THERAPY IN PATIENTS FOLLOWING SUCCESSFUL TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY, WHO WERE PRESCRIBED LESCOL XL (FLUVASTATIN) ADDED TO STANDARD THERAPY. RESULTS OF THE LESQOL OPEN-LABEL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Author: A. V. Susekov, V. A. Bulatov, and A. V. Vigdorchik
Subjects: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, fluvastatin extended release, quality of life, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aim. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate quality of life changes and compliance to therapy in patients following successful transluminal angioplasty, who were prescribed fluvastatin extended release in addition to standard treatment.Material and methods. This was a national prospective multicenter observational study. Patients with coronary heart disease following successful transluminal coronary angioplasty, who were prescribed fluvastatin extended release (Lescol Forte, Novartis) 80 mg QD were included in the present observation. The following efficacy and safety parameters were evaluated: quality of life evaluated with SF-36 scale before and during treatment; hypolipidemic efficacy, compliance to therapy; adverse events and serious adverse events. Observation period was 6 months in all patients and 12 months in some patients at the discretion of the investigator.Results. 524 patients (79% men and 21% women) completed the 6 months observation period and 116 patients were followed up for 12 months. Significant increase of all measures of SF-36 scales, physical and mental health was observed in 6 and 12 months of fluvastatin extended release treatment. Total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction was 30.5% and 54.9% respectively, p
Published: 2016
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8. Current approaches to the treatment of dyslipidemia: from scholarly disputes to the individual patient

Author: A. V. Susekov
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Lipid metabolism, and especially increased plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), are positively correlated with the incidence and number of cardiovascular events - heart attacks and ischemic strokes. [1--7] Randomized trials of statins and a series of meta-analyses of statin trials - Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (STT) Collaboration 2005, 2010, 2012 - demonstrated a close relationship between decrease in the "bad" cholesterol level on statin therapy and decrease in the number of cardiovascular (CV) complications. [8, 9] In the Russian Federation, despite advances in preventive cardiology in recent years, cardiovascular and total mortality rates remain high. Circulatory system diseases cause death of more than 1 million people in Russia annually; CS diseases account for more than 50% in the structure of total mortality. [5--7] Compared with other developed and developing countries, life expectancy in the Russian Federation, according to the WHO, remains low equalling an average of 66 years. Specifically in 2013, according to the WHO, average life expectancy of Russian people was low equalling an average of 66.05 in general, 59.1 years for men and 73 years for women. We are on the 129th place in the total list of countries, between Guyana and the Bahamas (Slide 1). One of the most challenging tasks in reducing CV mortality in this country is adequate monitoring of the key CV risk factors (diabetes, smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia)
Published: 2015
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9. STATINS IN PREVENTION OF ISCHEMIC STROKE

Author: A. V. Susekov, A. B. Blohin, Z. G. Luginova, E. J. Soloveva, N. V. Maltseva, O. E. Tarasova, and V. V. Kuharchuk
Subjects: сердечно-сосудистые осложнения, инсульт, статины, аторвастатин, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: The evidence base of statin therapy in primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke is surveyed. Results of classical trails with statins in ischemic stroke prevention as well as results of meta-analyses are discussed.
Published: 2015
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10. Statins at the equator of decades. 40 years since the study of 4S

Author: A. V. Susekov
Subjects: атеросклероз, клиническая липидология, лс, Medicine
Abstract: Interview with MD, leading researcher at clinical lipidology laboratory of the atherosclerosis unit, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, member of EAS/IAS/NLA/HEARTUK/ACC/AHA//CGAB/IAS Lipid Guidelines Committee/WCCL Advisory Board А.V. Susekov
Published: 2014
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11. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (H-LDL) and remnant non-HDL cholesterol: any reason to change the order when assessing cardiovascular risk?

Author: A. V. Susekov
Subjects: cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins, non-hdl cholesterol, lipid correcting therapy, cardiovascular risk factors, холестерин, липопротеины низкой плотности, холестерин не лвп, липидкоррегирующая терапия, факторы сердечно-сосудистого риска, Medicine
Abstract: The paper reviews the relevance of various types of cholesterol as factors of cardiovascular risks. According to recent recommendations, apart from the routinely evaluated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-H), clinicians now look at non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. The paper questions, whether there is enough clinical and scientific evidence to change priorities in the lipid assessment of cardiovascular risk: measurement and monitoring of non-HDL cholesterol vs. routine lipid markers - LDL cholesterol and plasma HDL cholesterol.
Published: 2013
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12. Persistent dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients: Russian real-world clinical practice data (Russian part of the DYSIS Study)

Author: R. G. Oganov, V. V. Kukharchuk, G. P. Arutyunov, A. S. Galyavich, V. S. Gurevich, D. V. Duplyakov, Yu. A. Karpov, Zh. D. Kobalava, V. O. Konstantinov, S. Yu. Martsevich, A. V. Panov, I. V. Sergienko, V. V. Skibitskyi, O. G. Smolenskaya, A. V. Susekov, V. P. Tyurin, S. V. Shalaev, O. A. Maneshina, and O. V. Brigida
Subjects: cardiovascular disease, cross-sectional study, dysisrussia study, dyslipidemia, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hydroxyl-methylglutaryl coa reductase inhibitors, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, risk, triglycerides, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: The high prevalence of persistent dyslipidemia in primary and specialized care patients treated with statins justifies the need to identify its reasons and develop the recommendations on the treatment optimization. At present, Russian studies focusing on the achievement of target lipid levels remain scarce, which emphasizes the importance of the problem and its further investigation. Aim. Cross-sectional epidemiological study which assessed the prevalence of persistent dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients and analysed the predictors of the achievement of target lipid levels. Material and methods. The lipid profile parameters were analysed in 1586 statin-treated out-patients with varied levels of cardiovascular risk, taking into account the type of lipid-lowering therapy and its doses. The assessment of the cardiovascular event (CVE) risk and the definition of target levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL–CH), as well as normal levels of triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL–CH), was based on the clinical recommendations by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC 2007) and by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS 2011). Results. The analysis based on the ESC 2007 recommendations has demonstrated that the target levels of LDL–CH (
Published: 2012
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13. Randomised study of ezetimibe, start doses of original statins, and their combination in patients with coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia Part 2. Therapy effects on the levels of C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines

Author: A. V. Susekov, M. Yu. Zubareva, T. A. Rozhkova, and V. P. Masenko
Subjects: statins, ezetimibe, combination therapy, pro-inflammatory cytokines, c-reactive protein, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aim. To assess the effects of original statins as monotherapy or in combination with ezetimibe on the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and hyperlipidemia (HLP). Material and methods. The study included 60 male and female patients with CHD, primary polygenic HLP, and the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) of 2,9-4,9 mmol/l. Monotherapy with original statins or ezetimibe lasted for 6 months, while the combination therapy lasted for 3 months. In all randomised patients, the levels of hsCRP, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks after the therapy started. Results. At baseline, median hsCRP levels in the groups of Ezetrol, Zocor, Liprimar, and Crestor monotherapy were 0,5-0,88 mg/l, with no significant dynamics after 3 months of the treatment. Baseline IL-6 levels across the monotherapy groups were 1,94-2,54 pg/ml; at 3 months, there was a non-significant reduction by 7-32 %. After 3 months of the therapy, the decrease in MCP-1 levels was not statistically significant (-1,3-7,7 %). The combined therapy did not result in a significant dynamics of hsCRP concentrations, with the exception of the group receiving Ezetrol and Liprimar. Although the combined therapy further reduced MCP-1 levels (by 30-78 pg/ml), these changes were not statistically significant. No significant difference was observed across statin and Ezetrol groups in terms of their effects on IL-6 and MCP-1 levels. Conclusion. The comparison of the three treatment schemes demonstrated similar, but not statistically significant reduction on the levels of hsCRP, IL-6, and MCP-1. No marked benefits were observed for either monotherapy or combination therapy over 12-24 weeks of the follow-up.
Published: 2011
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14. Atorvastatin: evidence base 15 years later

Author: A. V. Susekov and N. V. Khokhlova
Subjects: atorvastatin, statins, evidence base, effectiveness, safety, high doses, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: HMG-CoA inhibitors have been widely used in primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis for more than 30 years. The evidence base for statins includes dozens of randomized clinical trials (RCT), involving hundreds of thousands patients. According to the results of the latest meta-analyses, reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) level by 1 mmol/l in statin-treated patients could decrease cardiovascular risk by 0,8 %. Atorvastatin (Liprimar®) is a modern synthetic statin, which has been thoroughly studied in several RCTs over the last 15 years. These trials demonstrated its effectiveness and tolerability in patients with chronic coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension. In the studies comparing atorvastatin (10-80 mg/d) to other statins, baseline LDL-CH levels were reduced by 53 % in atorvastatintreated patients. Atorvastatin therapy was also well tolerated. Compared to placebo, atorvastatin therapy in the dose of 10 and 80 mg/d was associated with the incidence of hepatic transaminase elevation of 0,1 % and 0,6 %, respectively. This evidence base (in particular, the results of the trials on 80 mg/d atorvastatin therapy in ACS patients) has been a cornerstone of modern clinical guidelines, recommending target LDL-CH levels of 2 mmol/l. Currently, atorvastatin is the most widely prescribed statin in the majority of both developed and developing countries. Increasing initial dose and prescribing high-dose atorvastatin therapy (40-80 mg/d) could facilitate an improvement in treatment quality and a reduction in high levels of cardiovascular mortality inRussia.
Published: 2011
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15. ESCADRA: a randomised study. Part I: lipid-lowering effectiveness, safety and tolerability of ezetimibe, initial doses of original statins, and the combination of ezetimibe with initial doses of statins in patients with coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia

Author: M. Yu. Zubareva, T. A. Rozhkova, E. Yu. Solovyeva, and A. V. Susekov
Subjects: hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, ezetimibe, statins, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aim. To study the lipid-lowering effectiveness, as well as the effects on inflammatory markers and vascular wall function, of ezetimibe as monotherapy and in combination with initial doses of original statins (simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin). Material and methods. The study included 60 male and female patients with coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia. Mean age of the participants was 61,4 years; mean baseline level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) was 4,1 mmol/l. The participants were randomised into four groups: ezetimibe monotherapy (10 mg/d) for 24 weeks, or statin monotherapy (simvastatin, atorvastatin, or rosuvastatin; 10 mg/d) for 12 weeks with following assessment of LDL-CH levels. If target levels were not achieved on statin monotherapy, a combination of ezetimibe and statins was administered for the next 12 weeks. The effects of monotherapy and combined therapy on lipid profile, C-reactive protein, pro-inflammatory cytokines, vascular elasticity and stiffness, as well as treatment tolerability, were assessed. Results. After 3 months of the treatment, LDL-CH levels in statin monotherapy groups decreased to 2,66-2,98 mmol/l. The decrease in LDL-CH concentration in ezetimibe group (-16,4 %) was significant. After 3 months, the percentage of the patients with achieved target LDL-CH levels was 17 % for ezetimibe, 42 % for simvastatin, 31 % for atorvastatin, and 58 % for rosuvastatin. After 6 months, the patients receiving combined therapy demonstrated LDL-CH reduction by 39,5-50,6 %. From Month 3 to Month 6, the additional lipid-lowering effect of ezetimibe, as a part of combined therapy, varied from 13 % to 25,9 %. Conclusion: Adding ezetimibe (10 mg/d) to any statins reduces LDL-CH levels by extra 20-30 %. Combined therapy was required in over 50 % of the patients. Therefore, the response to statin monotherapy is not universal and in one-third of the patients could be regarded as poor. In these individuals, the “double inhibition” approach (combining statins with ezetimibe 10 mg/d) could control LDL-CH levels more effectively.
Published: 2010

16. Double cholesterol inhibition — a new approach to effective control of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis

Author: A. V. Susekov, N. B. Gornyakova, M. Yu. Zubareva, T. A. Rozhkova, and E. Yu. Solovyeva
Subjects: low-density cholesterol, statins, ezetimibe, inegi, target levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, effectiveness, safety, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: The increased level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) is one of the risk factors (RFs) of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Statins, with their vast evidence base on mortality reduction, are the principal medications in atherosclerosis treatment. The results of the recent controlled studies on CH reduction justified the decrease in target lipid levels: for LDL-CH — 2 mmol/l or less. Double CH inhibition is a new concept in plasma CH reduction by 50%, due to synthesis blockage (statins) and reduced intestinal reabsorption of dietary and biliary CH. The clinical trials of a fixed-dose combination Inegi ® (Ezetimibe / simvastatin) demonstrated its high effectiveness in achieving new target levels of LDL-CH, as well as good tolerability and safety, compared to statin monotherapy. The ongoing clinical trial IMPROVE-IT, assessing the effects of double CH inhibition on cardiovascular mortality, will clarify the role of Ezetimibe® and Inegi® in the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Published: 2009

17. Randomized study FARVATER: Part II. Atorvastatin effects on endothelial function, vascular wall distensibility and stiffness

Author: A. V. Susekov, T. A. Rozhkova, M. I. Tripoten’, O. A. Pogorelova, B. D. Kulev, T. V. Balakhonova, M. Yu. Zubareva, V. P. Masenko, A. N. Rogoza, and V. V. Kukharchuk
Subjects: atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, atorvastatin, vascular wall, endothelial function, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aim. To study atorvastatin (10 and 20 mg/d) effects on lipid, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels, vascular wall structure and function in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and primary hyperlipidemia (PHL). Material and methods. In total, 50 CHD and PHL patients were randomized into two stable-dose atorvastatin groups (10 or 20 mg/d) for 24 weeks. Atorvastatin effects on lipid levels, endothelial function, vascular wall distensibility and stiffness, as well as treatment tolerability, were examined. Results. Twenty-four-week atorvastatin therapy (10 or 20 mg/d) reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) level by 34,9% and 43,9%, respectively (p
Published: 2007

18. Randomized «FARVATER» study. Atorvastatin (10 and 20 mg/d) in treating patients with coronary heart disease and dyslipidemia: effects on lipids, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels

Author: A. V. Susekov, M. Yu. Zubareva, M. I. Tripoten’, T. A. Rozhkova, O. A. Pogorelova, T. V. Balakhonova, V. P. Masenko, and V. V. Kukharchuk
Subjects: atorvastatin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, c-reactive protein, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aim. To compare effects of atorvastatin in the doses of 10 and 20 mg/d on lipid profile, C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen levels, as well as vascular wall structure and function in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and primary hyperlipidemia (PHL). Material and methods. Fifty CHD and PHL patients were randomized to 10 or 20 mg/d atorvastatin doses (no titration), for 24-week period. Atorvastatin effects on lipids, treatment tolerability (symptoms ± increased hepatic enzymes), as well as on endothelial function, vessel elasticity and stiffness, were examined. Results. After 24 weeks of 10 mg/d atorvastatin treatment, levels of total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein CH (LDL-CH) significantly decreased – by 25,4%, 21,7%, 34,9%, respectively. In 20 mg/d group, these figures were 27%, 15,2%, and 43,9%, respectively. No significant inter-group difference in LDL-CH levels was registered. No substantial CRP and fibrinogen level reduction was observed. During 24 weeks, 7 adverse events were registered, only 2 (4%) being related to atorvastatin therapy. Conclusion. In patients with CHD and PHL, atorvastatin (10-20 mg/d) decreased LDL-CH levels by 35-44%, and was well-tolerated. The therapy did not affect hsCRP and fibrinogen levels.
Published: 2006

19. Topical issues concerning modern lipid-lowering therapy

Author: Andrey V. Susekov
Subjects: statins, ldl cholesterol, the elderly, chronic kidney disease, statin-associated myopathy, liver, a risk for cognitive impairment, ezetimibe, algorithms, guidelines, Medicine (General), R5-920, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract: Hypercholesterolemia (high levels of atherogenic lipoproteins) is the main modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in most of the populations, including the Russian population. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been used in clinical practice for more than 40 years and have a substantial evidence-based proof of efficacy and safety. Unfortunately, the most of the patients with high cardiovascular risk, including the Russian Federation, still receive initial statin doses and only in 10% of the cases we can reach the recommended target level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This article deals with the current principles of statin therapy according to the latest guidelines and shows updated information concerning the optimization of statin therapy in the elderly and in patients with chronic kidney disease. This article, as well, shows the safety of applying HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (impact on muscles, liver and cognitive impairments). In addition, the review presents the algorithms for the combination therapy of statins and ezetimibe.
Published: 2022
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20. Statin therapy and atherosclerosis regression

Author: A. V. Susekov
Subjects: statins, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, stabilisation, regression, coronary atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Various clinical forms and complications of atherosclerosis remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are the key components of pharmaceutical treatment in patients with dyslipidemia (DLP) and atherosclerosis. Statins have been thoroughly studied not only in randomised clinical trials with “hard” end-points, but also in the so called regression studies. The latter tested the hypothesis of qualitative and quantitative changes in coronary arteries (CA) due to aggressive reduction (-40-50% from baseline) of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The results of the first regression studies justified the increase of statin doses in clinical practice, as well as led to large randomised clinical trials of statin therapy. In current regression studies, vascular atherosclerosis is monitored using such methods as intima-media thickness assessment, magnetic resonance imaging, and intravascular ultrasound. Reduced progression of carotid atherosclerosis (METEOR Study, rosuvastatin 40 mg/d; ENHANCE Study, ezetimibe 10 mg/d plus simvastatin 20 mg/d) and CA atherosclerosis (REVERSAL Study, atorvastatin 80 mg/d), as well as atherosclerosis regression (ASTEROID Study, rosuvastatin 40 mg/d), was demonstrated. Aggressive lipid-lowering effect (-40-50%), observed for high statin doses in modern regression clinical trials, was well-tolerated, with no severe adverse events. The results and principles of regression studies could be widely used in clinical practice, to optimise the treatment of severe DLP and atherosclerosis.
Published: 1970

21. Patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: difficult to treat. Case report

Author: Andrey V. Susekov, Balakhonova T.V., Vladislav M. Soloviev, Yuliia S. Isaeva, Irina M. Miklashevich, and Irina V. Leontieva
Subjects: homozygous hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, rosuvastatin, ezetimibe, evolocumab, combination therapy, slowing the atherosclerosis progression, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a severe genetic disorder characterized by extremely high levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as by rapid atherosclerosis progression in various vascular territories. Objective examination of the affected patients often reveals multiple Achilles tendon xanthomas, xanthomas on the extensor surface of arms, knee joints, etc. The prevalence of such severe inherited hyperlipidemia in many populations is about 1 : 1 000 000, however, the family heterozygous type frequency increase leads to the decrease of this value and to the increase in the affected people number. The paper introduces case report for the patient V.I. aged 16 who was diagnosed with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia at the age of 12. DNA testing revealed pathogenic mutations in the LDL receptor gene which confirmed the diagnosis. The paper reports the results of the discussed patient treatment using triple-drug combination lipid-lowering therapy with rosuvastatin (40 mg/day), ezetimibe (10 mg/day) and evolocumab (420 mg/day) in the last two years. The total cholesterol level decreased from 20.8 mmol/L (baseline) to 7.3–12.00 mmol/L, and the LDL-C level decreased from 19.9 mmol/L to 4.6–9.9 mmol/L due to therapy, the treatment was well tolerated. During the observation period, a rapid regression of xanthomas on the buttocks, knee and elbow joints, and Achilles tendon was achieved. A series of baseline instrumental tests (2013) revealed severe atherosclerosis of carotid arteries (maximum stenosis up to 50%), and first symptoms of aortic valve stenosis. Another examination in the hospital (2019) revealed slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries and aorta, however, the arterial hypertension onset required additional prescription of a low dose of enalapril. Exercise testing and Holter ECG monitoring has yet identified no myocardial ischemia. Thus, the timely diagnosis together with long-term triple-drug intensive lipid-lowering therapy make it possible to slow down the atherosclerosis progression in the discussed rare and severe category of patients.
Published: 2020
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22. The Effects of Statin Dose, Lipophilicity, and Combination of Statins plus Ezetimibe on Circulating Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Author: Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Fatemeh Baratzadeh, Željko Reiner, Luis E. Simental-Mendía, Suowen Xu, Andrey V. Susekov, Raul D. Santos, and Amirhossein Sahebkar
Subjects: Pathology, RB1-214
Abstract: Background. Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Statins are the drugs of choice for decreasing LDL-C and are used for the prevention and management of ASCVD. Guidelines recommend that subjects with high and very high ASCVD risk should be treated with high-intensity statins or a combination of high-intensity statins and ezetimibe. The lipophilicity or hydrophilicity (solubility) of statins is considered to be important for at least some of their LDL-C lowering independent pleiotropic effects. Oxidative modification of LDL (ox-LDL) is considered to be the most important atherogenic modification of LDL and is supposed to play a crucial role in atherogenesis and ASCVD outcomes. Objective. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to find out what are the effects of statin intensity, lipophilicity, and combination of statins plus ezetimibe on ox-LDL. Methods. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 5, 2021, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent and blinded authors evaluated eligibility by screening the titles and abstracts of the studies. Risk of bias in the studies included in this meta-analysis was evaluated according to the Cochrane instructions. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) V2 software. Evaluation of funnel plot, Begg’s rank correlation, and Egger’s weighted regression tests were used to assess the presence of publication bias. Results. Among the 1427 published studies identified by a systematic databases search, 20 RCTs were finally included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 1874 patients are included in this meta-analysis. This meta-analysis suggests that high-intensity statin treatment is associated with a significant decrease in circulating concentrations of ox-LDL when compared with low-to-moderate treatment (SMD: -0.675, 95% CI: -0.994, -0.357, p
Published: 2021
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23. Icosapent Ethyl Reduces Ischemic Events in Patients With a History of Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: REDUCE-IT CABG

Author: Subodh Verma, Deepak L. Bhatt, Ph. Gabriel Steg, Michael Miller, Eliot A. Brinton, Terry A. Jacobson, Nitish K. Dhingra, Steven B. Ketchum, Rebecca A. Juliano, Lixia Jiao, Ralph T. Doyle, Craig Granowitz, C. Michael Gibson, Duane Pinto, Robert P. Giugliano, Matthew J. Budoff, R. Preston Mason, Jean-Claude Tardif, Christie M. Ballantyne, Fabrice M.A.C. Martens, Astrid Schut, Brian Olshansky, Mina Chung, Al Hallstrom, Lesly Pearce, Cyrus Mehta, Rajat Mukherjee, Anjan K. Chakrabarti, Eli V. Gelfand, Megan Carroll Leary, Duane S. Pinto, Yuri B. Pride, Steven Ketchum, Ramakrishna Bhavanthula, Gertrude Chester, Christina Copland, Katelyn Diffin, Ralph Doyle, Kurt Erz, Alex Giaquinto, Paula Glanton, Angela Granger, Richard H. Iroudayassamy, Rebecca Juliano, James Jin, Dimitry Klevak, Hardik Panchal, Robert Wang, Shin-Ru Wang, Gerard Abate, Peggy J. Berry, Rene Braeckman, Declan Doogan, Anne Elson, Amy HauptmannBaker, Isabel Lamela, Catherine Lubeck, Mehar Manku, Sabina Murphy, Monica Sanford, William Stirtan, Paresh Soni, Arnaud Bastien, Demetria Foster, Evangelito Gascon, Judith Johnson, Lasbert Latona, Gang Liu, Sandra Palleja, Nelly Sanjuan, Jimmy Shi, William Stager, Mukund Venkatakrishnan, Ahmed Youssef-Agha, Julie Zhu, Leela Aertker, Suresh Ankolekar, Lisa Goldberg, Natasa Rajicic, Jianfen Shu, Heng Zou, Magdy Mikhail, Gamil Dawood, N. Mathew Koshy, Sandip K. Mukherjee, Rafik Abadier, Andrea L. Lawless, William P. McGuinn, Howard Weintraub, Kathryn Rohr, Edmund Claxton, Robert J. Weiss, Terry D. Klein, Mani Nallasivan, Stephen Crowley, Marilyn King, Anthony D. Alfieri, David Fitz-Patrick, Irving Loh, Nolan J. Mayer, Rakesh Prashad, Samuel Lederman, Debra Weinstein, Harold E. Bays, Keith Chu, Alireza Maghsoudi, Paul D. Thompson, Jeff Carstens, Anna Chang, Kenneth R. Cohen, Julius Dean, Howard S. Ellison, Bernard Erickson, Enrique A. Flores, Daniel W. Gottlieb, Paul Grena, John R. Guyton, Peter H. Jones, John M. Joseph, Norman E. Lepor, Sam Lerman, Robert D. Matheney, Theodore R. Pacheco, Michael B. Russo, John Rubino, Edward S. Pereira, Albert A. Seals, Eduardo Viera, Alan D. Steljes, Jason Thompson, Shaival Kapadia, Michael McIvor, Jorge E. Salazar, Jose O. Santiago, Ralph Vicari, Martin R. Berk, William A. Kaye, Marcus McKenzie, David Podlecki, Brian D. Snyder, Stephen Nash, David M. Herrington, Wallace Johnson, Joseph R. Lee, Ronald Blonder, Alpa M. Patel, Ramon Castello, Susan Greco, Dean J. Kereiakes, Venkatesh K. Nadar, Mark Nathan, Ranganatha P. Potu, Robert Sangrigoli, Richard Smalling, Mitchell Davis, Robert Braastad, James McCriskin, Kunal Bodiwala, Joe L. Hargrove, Mark W. Graves, George Emlein, Raegan W. Durant, James W. Clower, Rohit Arora, Narendra Singh, Lisa Warsinger Martin, W Herbert Haught, Marc P. Litt, Michael D. Klein, Peter Hoagland, Michael Goldstein, Marco S. Mazzella, Daniel H. Dunker, Brian H. Kahn, Carlos S. Ince, Frank A. McGrew, Jay Lee, David Pan, Salman A. Khan, Uri Elkayam, Wasim Deeb, Anne C. Goldberg, Christopher S. Brown, Wayne N. Leimbach, Thomas S. Backer, David R. Sutton, Joel Gellman, Anu R. George, Alan S. Hoffman, Mark Kates, Kishlay Anand, Robert Bear, Brendan J. Cavanaugh, Ramon G. Reyes, Rodolfo Sotolongo, Kenneth Sabatino, Kevin Gallagher, Ehab Sorial, Chris Geohas, Kathleen E. Magness, Bernard P. Grunstra, Frederik A. Martin, William S. Knapp, Mel E. Lucas, John J. Champlin, Jason Demattia, Patrick H. Peters, Judith Kirstein, William J. Randall, Cezar S. Staniloae, Jennifer G. Robinson, Alexander Adler, Christopher Case, Andrew J. Kaplan, Gregory F. Lakin, Krishan K. Goyle, Michael J. DiGiovanna, Chester L. Fisher, Michael Lillestol, Michael Robinson, Robert G. Perry, Lawrence S. Levinson, Brian G. Everhart, Robert D. Madder, Earl F. Martin, Earl E. Martin, Imtiaz Alam, Jose Mari L. Elacion, Robina Poonawala, Taddese T. Desta, Jerome A. Robinson, Gilbert J. Martinez, Jakkidi S. Reddy, Jeffrey D. Wayne, Samuel Mujica Trenche, Westbrook I. Kaplan, Rubin H. Saavedra, Michael D. DiGregorio, Barry D. Bertolet, Neil J. Fraser, Terence T. Hart, Ronald J. Graf, David A. Jasper, Michael Dunn, Dan A. Streja, David J. Strobl, Nan Jiang, Vicki Kalen, Richard Mascolo, Mercedes B. Samson, Michael Stephens, Bret M. Bellard, Mario Juarez, Patrick J. McCarthy, John B. Checton, Michael Stillabower, Edward Goldenberg, Amin H. Karim, Naseem Jaffrani, Robert C. Touchon, Erich R. Fruehling, Clayton J. Friesen, Pradipta Chaudhuri, Frank H. Morris, Robert E. Broker, Rajesh J. Patel, Susan Hole, Randall P. Miller, Francisco G. Miranda, Sadia Dar, Shawn N. Gentry, Paul Hermany, Charles B. Treasure, Miguel E. Trevino, Raimundo Acosta, Anthony Japour, Samuel J. Durr, Thomas Wang, Om P. Ganda, Perry Krichmar, James L. Arter, Douglas Jacoby, Michael A. Schwartz, Amer Al-Karadsheh, Nelson E. Gencheff, John A. Pasquini, Richard Dunbar, Sarah Kohnstamm, Hector F. Lozano, Francine K. Welty, Thomas L. Pitts, Brian Zehnder, Salah El Hafi, Mark A. King, Arnold Ghitis, Marwan M. Bahu, Hooman Ranjbaran Jahromi, Ronald P. Caputo, Robert S. Busch, Michael D. Shapiro, Suhail Zavaro, Munib Daudjee, Shahram Jacobs, Vipul B. Shah, Frank Rubalcava, Mohsin T. Alhaddad, Henry Lui, Raj T. Rajan, Fadi E. Saba, Mahendra Pai N Gunapooti, Tshiswaka B. Kayembe, Timothy Jennings, Robert A. Strzinek, Michael H. Shanik, Pradeep K. Singh, Alastair C. Kennedy, Howard Rubenstein, Ramin Manshadi, Joanne Ladner, Lily Kakish, Ashley Kakish, Amy L. Little, Jaime Gerber, Nancy J. Hinchion, Janet Guarino, Denise Raychok, Susan Budzinski, Kathleen Kelley-Garvin, April Beckord, Jessica Schlinder, Arthur Schwartzbard, Stanley Cobos, Deborah Freeman, David Abisalih, Dervilla McCann, Kylie Guy, Jennifer Chase, Stacey Samuelson, Madeline Cassidy, Marissa Tardif, Jaime Smith, Brenna Sprout, Nanette Riedeman, Julie Goza, Lori Johnson, Chad Kraske, Sheila Hastings, Chris Dutka, Stephanie Smith, Toni McCabe, Kathleen Maloney, Paul Alfieri, Vinay Hosemane, Chanhsamone Syravanh, Cindy Pau, April Limcoiloc, Tabitha Carreira, Taryn S. Kurosawa, Razmig Krumian, Krista Preston, Ashraf Nashed, Daria Schneidman-Fernandez, Jack Patterson, John Tsakonas, Jennifer Esaki, Lynn Sprafka, Porous Patel, Brian Mitchell, Erin M. Ross, Donna Miller, Akash Prashad, Kristina M. Feyler, Natasha Juarbe, Sandra Herrera, Sarah M. Keiran, Becky Whitehead, Whitney Asher, Coury Hobbs, Abbey Elie, Jean Brooks, Amanda L. Zaleski, Brenda Foxen, Barb Lapke, Philippa Wright, Bristol Pavol, Gwen Carangi, Marla Turner, Katharine W. Sanders, Rikita S. Delamar, Virginia L. Wilson, Sarah M. Harvel, Alison M. Cartledge, Kaitlyn R. Bailey, Kathleen Mahon, Timothy Schuchard, Jen Humbert, Mark C. Hanson, Michael P. Cecil, James S. Abraham, Lorie Benedict, Claudia Slayton, Curtis S. Burnett, Rachel W. Ono-Lim, Sharon Budzinski, Shubi A. Khan, Sharon Goss, Terry Techmanski, Farida Valliani, Rimla Joseph, Edith Flores, Laurn Contreras, Ana Aguillon, Carrie-Ann Silvia, Maria Martin, Edmund K. Kerut, Leslie W. Levenson, Louis B. Glade, Brian J. Cospolich, Maureen W. Stein, Stephen P. LaGuardia, Thelma L. Sonza, Tracy M. Fife, Melissa Forschler, Jasmyne Watts, Judy Fritsch, Emese Futchko, Sarah Utech, Scott B. Baker, Miguel F. Roura, Scott A. Segel, James S. Magee, Cathy Jackson, Rebecca F. Goldfaden, Liudmila Quas, Elizabeth C. Ortiz, Michael Simpson, Robert Foster, Christopher Brian, James Trimm, Michael Bailey, Brian Snoddy, Van Reeder, Rachel Wilkinson, Harold Settle, Cynthia Massey, Angela Maiola, Michele Hall, Shelly Hall, Wanda Hall, Mark Xenakis, Janet Barrett, Giovanni Campanile, David Anthou, Susan F. Neill, Steven Karas, Enrique Polanco, Norberto Schechtman, Grace Tischner, Kay Warren, Cynthia St Cyr, Menna Kuczinski, Latrina Alexander, Maricruz Ibarra, Barry S. Horowitz, Jaime Steinsapir, Jeanette Mangual-Coughlin, Brittany Mooney, Precilia Vasquez, Kathleen Rodkey, Alexandria Biberstein, Christine Ignacio, Irina Robinson, Marcia Hibberd, Lisa B. Hoffman, Daniel J. Murak, Raghupathy Varavenkataraman, Theresa M. Ohlson Elliott, Linda A. Cunningham, Heather L. Palmerton, Sheri Poole, Jeannine Moore, Helene Wallace, Ted Chandler, Robert Riley, Farah Dawood, Amir Azeem, Michael Cammarata, Ashleigh Owen, Shivani Aggarwal, Waqas Qureshi, Mohamed Almahmoud, Abdullahi Oseni, Adam Leigh, Erin Barnes, Adam Pflum, Amer Aladin, Karen Blinson, Vickie Wayne, Lynda Doomy, Michele Wall, Valerie Bitterman, Cindi Young, Rachel Grice, Lioubov Poliakova, Jorge Davalos, David Rosenbaum, Mark Boulware, Heather Mazzola, J. Russell Strader, Russell Linsky, David Schwartz, Elizabeth Graf, Alicia Gneiting, Melissa Palmblad, Ashley Donlin, Emily Ensminger, Hillary Garcia, Dawn Robinson, Carolyn Tran, Jeffrey Jacqmein, Darlene Bartilucci, Michael Koren, Barbara Maluchnik, Melissa Parks, Jennifer Miller, Cynthia DeFosse, Albert B. Knouse, Amy Delancey, Stephanie Chin, Thomas Stephens, Mag Sohal, Juana Ingram, Swarooparani Kumar, Heather Foley, Nina Smith, Vera McKinney, Linda Schwarz, Judith Moore, Hildreth Vernon Anderson, Stefano Sdringola-Maranga, Ali Denktas, Elizabeth Turrentine, Rhonda Patterson, John Marshall, Terri Tolar, Donna Patrick, Pamela Schwartzkopf, Anthony M. Fletcher, Frances R. Harris, Sherry Clements, Tiffany Brown, William Smith, Stacey J. Baehl, Robin Fluty, Daniel VanHamersveld, Dennis Breen, Nancy Bender, Beverly Stafford, Tamika Washington, Margaret N. Pike, Mark A. Stich, Evyan Jawad, Amin Nadeem, Jill Nyland, Rhonda Hamer, Kendra Calhoun, Charlotte Mall, Samuel Cadogan, Kati Raynes, Richard Katz, Lorraine Marshall, Rashida Abbas, Jay L. Dinerman, John T. Hartley, Beth Lamb, Lisa Eskridge, Donna Raymond, Kristy Clemmer, Denise M. Fine, Paula Beardsley, Janet Werner, Bette Mahan, Courtney VanTol, Robert Herman, Christine Raiser-Vignola, Felicia McShan, Stefanie A. Neill, David R. Blick, Michael J. Liston, Denetta K. Nelson, Sandra K. Dorrell, Patricia Wyman, Ambereen Quraishi, Fernando Ferro, Frank Morris, Vicki J. Coombs, Autumn M. Mains, Austin A. Campbell, Jeanne Phelps, Cheryl A. Geary, Ellen G. Sheridan, Jean M. Downing, Arie Swatkowski, Tish Redden, Brian Dragutsky, Susan Thomas, Candace Mitchell, Diana Barker, Elanie Turcotte, Deborah Segerson, Jill Guy, Karena De La Mora, Jennifer Hong, Dennis Do, Rose Norris, Faisal Khan, Hector Montero, Stacy Kelly-White, Alan Cleland, Rosalyn Alcalde-Crawford, Melissa Morgan, Brijmohan Sarabu, Megan Minor, Shweta Kamat, Stephanie M. Estes, Nancee Harless, Alicia Disney, Jodi L. Pagano, Chad M. Alford, Noel W. Bedwell, Warren D. Hardy, Kevin DeAndrade, Jessica G. Elmore, Eric Auerbach, Anthony W. Haney, Miriam H. Brooks, Jose Torres, Lois Roper, Terry Backer, Katie Backer, John G. Evans, Ricardo A. Silva, Lorraine H. Dajani, Veronica Yousif, Tammy Ross, Sion K. Roy, Ronald Oudiz, Sajad Hamal, Ferdinand Flores, Amor Leahy, Debra Ayer, Swapna George, Chrisi Carine Stewart, Elvira Orellana, Cristina Boccalandro, Mary Rangel, Suzanne Hennings, Carl Vanselow, Teri Victor, Darlene Birdwell, Paul Haas, Anthony Sandoval, Gina Ciavarella, Caroline Saglam, Amy Bird, Keith Beck, Brian Poliquin, David Dominguez, Brittany Tenorio, Harvonya Perkins, Esther San Roman, Paris Bransford, Christy Lowrance, Marcy Broussard, Mary Ellis, Bobbi Skiles, Jessica Hamilton, Kathryn Hall, Diego Olvera, Julee A. Hartwell, Nevien Sorial, Mary Rickman, Kevin Berman, Nirav Mehta, Annie Laborin, Rodger Rothenberger, Sarah Beauvilliers, Kathy Morrell, Michael P. Schachter, Cindy L. Perkins, Elizabeth A. Gordon, Jennifer Lauer, Kim Bichsel, Kelly Oliver, Leslie J. Mellor, Candice Demattia, Jennifer Schomburg, Yenniffer Moreno, Eduardo Mansur-Garza, Lena Rippstein, Lorie Chacon, Andrea Pena, Michelle King, Susan Richardson, Annette Jessop, Nicole Tucker, Whitney Royer, Gilbert Templeton, Ann Moell, Christine Weller, Melissa J. Botts, Gretel Hollon, Elsa Homberg-Pinassi, Paula Forest, Aref Bin Abhulhak, Devona Chun-Furlong, Deborah Harrington, Emily Harlynn, Marjorie Schmitt, Constance Shelsky, Patricia Feldick, Mary Cherrico, Courtney Jagle, Nicholas Warnecke, Debra Myer, Deanna J. Ruder, Albina Underwood, Alan Rauba, George Carr, Barbara Oberhaus, Jessica Vanderfeltz, Mary Jo Stucky-Heil, Dale R. Gibson, Vonnie Fuentes, Kimberly L. Talbot, William C. Simon, Katlyn J. Grimes, Christina R. Wheeler, Cassaundra Shultz, Rhonda A. Metcalf, Jennifer L. Hill, Michelle R. Oliver, Basharat Ahmad, Fouzal Azeem, Abdul Rahim, George H. Freeman, Dawn Bloch, Heather Freeman, Jamie Brown, Sarah Rosbach, Pamela Melander, Nick Taralson, Alex Liu, Katlyn Harms, Mahfouz Michale, Jose Lopez, Maria Revoredo, Shari Edevane, Sarah Shawley, Timothy L. Jackson, Michael J. Oliver, Dina DeSalle, Patricia J. Matlock, Ionna M. Beraun, Heather Hendrix, Garrett Bromley, Ashley Niemerski, Gabby Teran, Sonia Guerrero, Murtaza Marvi, Zehra Palanpurwala, Andrea Torres, Patty Gloyd, Michelle Conger, Aziz Laurent, Olia Nayor, Catalina S. Villanueva, Munira Khambati, Tabetha J. Mumford, Melanie J. Castillo, Taddese Desta, Jerome Robinson, La Shawn Woods, Anita Bahri, Nancy Herrera, Cecilia Casaclang, Jeffrey R. Unger, Geraldine Martinez, Mia K. Moon, Stephen M. Mohaupt, Larry Sandoval, Louisito Valenzuela, Victora Ramirez, Nelly Mata, Veronica Avila, Marisol Patino, Cynthia Montano-Pereira, Omar Barnett, William M. Webster, Lorraine M. Christensen, Leighna Bofman, Melanie Livingston, Stacey Adams, Joseph Hobbs, Leesa Koskela, Mia Katz, Samuel Mujica-Trenche, Franklin Cala, Noreen T. Rana, Jennifer Scarlett, Milagros Cala Anaya, Marsha R. Jones, Kelly D. Hollis, Debbie Roth, Kristin Eads, Tina Watts, Judy Perkins, Alice Arnold, Daniel C. Ginsberg, Denise Quinn, Nicole Cureton, David B. Fittingoff, Mohammed I. Iqbal, Stephen R. White, Edith Sisneros, Michelle Ducca, David Streja, Danny Campos, Jennifer L. Boak, Farzeen Amir, Felice Anderson, James J. Kmetzo, Mary O. Bongarzone, Dawn Scott, Mary Grace De Leon, Cynthia Buda, William Graettinger, Michelle Alex, Erika Hess, James Govoni, Melissa Bartel, Travis L. Monchamp, Julie S. Roach, Sara Gibson, Amy M. Allfrey, Kristen Timpy, Kathy Bott, Karin A. Soucy, Jean Willis, Cecilia A. Valerio, Anusha Chunduri, Rebecca Coker, Nicole Vidrine, Ellen A. Thompson, Mark A. Studeny, Melissa K. Marcum, Tammy S. Monway, Douglas L. Kosmicki, Melissa J. Kelley, Corey M. Godfrey, Susan L. Krenk, Randy R. Holcomb, Deb K. Baehr, Mary K. Trauernicht, David Rowland Lowry, Betty Bondy Herts, Jeanne E Phelps, Jean-Marie Downing, Carol Gamer Dignon, Elisabeth S. Cockrill, Pravinchandra G. Chapla, Diane Fera, Margaret Chang, Patricia Fredette, Tamie Ashby, Renee Bergin, Zebediah A. Stearns, David B. Ware, Rachael M. Boudreaux, Joanna Rodriguez, Robert McKenzie, Amanda Huber, Rebecca Sommers, Heather Rowe, Stacy McLallen, Michale Haynes, Ashley Adamson, Janice Henderson, Lori McClure, Beverly A. Harris, Laura Ference, Sue Meissner-Dengler, Lisa Treasure, Doreen Nicely, Timothy L. Light, Tracey A. Osborn, Kimberly J. Mai, Pablo Vivas, Jose Rios, Dunia Rodriguez, Roger DeRaad, James Walder, Oscar Bailon, Denice Hockett, Debbie Anderson, Kelli McIntosh, Amber Odegard, Andrew Shepherd, Mary Seifert, Laurence Kelley, Rajendra Shetty, Michael Castine, David Brill, Gregory Fisher, Nicole Richmond, Kathleen Gray, Patricia Miller, Charlene Coneys, Yarixa Chanza, Monica Sumoza, Victoria M. Caudill, Kelly D. Harris, Courtney A. Manion, Melody J. Lineberger-Moore, Julie J. Wolfe, Barbara J. Rosen, Patricia DiVito, Janet L. Moffat, Christina Michaelis, Prashant Koshy, Diana Perea, Ghaith Al Yacoub, Stephanie Sadeghi, Thomas D. LeGalley, Rudolph F. Evonich, William J. Jean, Gary M. Friesen, John M. Pap, David A. Pesola, Mark D. Cowan, Kristofer M. Dosh, Dianna Larson, Adele M. Price, Jodi A. Nease, Jane E. Anderson, Lori A. Piggott, Robert Iwaoka, Kevin Sharkey, Edward McMillan, Laurie Lowder, Latisha Morgan, Kyle Davis, Tara Caldwell, Erica Breglio, Jasmine Summers, Rachel Poulimas, Muhammad Zahid, Hamid Syed, Maria Escobar, Jacob Levy, Rahma Warsi, Carol Ma, Puxiao Cen, Kimberly A. Cawthon, Delores B. Barnes, Deanna G. Allen, Margaret L. Warrington, Carol R. Stastny, Robin J. Michaels, Mohamad Saleh, John Sorin, Sunny Rathod, Urakay Juett, Steven Spencer, Aziza Keval, Jill McBride, Shane Young, Catherine Baxter, Carol Rasmussen, Shari L. Coxe, Luis Campos, Shahin Tavackoli, Diana Beckham, Darlynee Sanchez, Karanjit Basrai, Dorian Helms, Erica Clinton, Kasie Smith, Henry Cusnir, Mary Klaus Clark, Madhavagopal V. Cherukuri, Ameta Scarfaru, Stephen D. Nash, Loretta C. Grimm, Anna Grace, Kylie McElheran, Dino Subasic, Zedrick Buhay, Janet Litvinoff, Deepak Shah, Shannon Cervantes, Freda Usher, Farra Yasser, Theodore Trusevich, Ronnie L. Garcia, Jamison Wyatt, Rahul Bose, Holllilyn Miska, Traci Spivey, Amy B. Wren, Katie E. Vance, Lani L. Holman, Pam Gibbons, Elaine Eby, Sandra Shepard, Soratree Charoenthongtrakul, Brett Snodgrass, Mohammed Nazem, Shelly Keteenburg, Prathima Murthy, Frederic Prater, Ashley Rumfelt, Christina Eizensmits, Lisa Iannuzzi, Pourus R. Patel, Clellia Bergamino, Elizabeth McFeaters, Botros Rizk, Emiljia Pflaum, Danny Kalish, Rex Ambatali, Mona Ameli, Delaina Sanguinetti, Rakesh Vaidya, Martinus A.W. Broeders, Dorman Henrikus, Adrianus F.M. Kuijper, Nadea Al-Windy, Michael Magro, Karim Hamraoui, Ismail Aksoy, Guy L.J. Vermeiren, H.W.O. Roeters van Lennep, Gerard Hoedemaker, Johannes Jacobus Remmen, Kjell Bogaard, Dirk van der Heijden, Nicole MJ Knufman, Joost Frederiks, Johannes Willem Louwerenburg, Piet van Rossum, Johannes Milhous, Peter van der Meer, Arno van der Weerdt, Rob Breedveld, Mitran Keijzers, Walter Hermans, Ruud van de Wal, Peter A.G. Zwart, Marc M.J.M. van der Linden, Gerardus Zwiers, Dirk J. Boswijk, Jan Geert Tans, Jacob van Eck, Maarten V. Hessen, Barnabas J.B. Hamer, Stieneke Zoet-Nugteren, Lucien Theunissen, E.A. van Beek, Remco Nijmeijer, Pieter R. Nierop, Gerard Linssen, H.P. Swart, Timo Lenderink, Gerard L. Bartels, Frank den Hartog, Brian J. Berg van den, Wouter van Kempen, Susanne Kentgens, Gloria M. Rojas Lingan, Martinus M. Peeters, Hilligje Keterberg, Melchior Nierman, Annemieke K. den Hollander, Jacqueline Hoogendijk, Christine Voors-Pette, Vicdan Kose, Peter Viergever, Larysa Yena, Viktor Syvolap, Mykola P. Kopytsya, Olga Barna, Svitlana S. Panina, Mykhailo I. Lutai, Oxana V. Shershnyova, Iryna Luzkiv, Larysa S. Bula, Sergii Zotov, Ivan Vyjhovaniuk, Olena Lysunets, Volodymyr I. Koshlia, Nataliya Sydor, Myroslava F. Vayda, Olexiy Ushakov, Mykola Rishko, Viktor P. Shcherbak, Yevgeniya Svyshchenko, Vira Tseluyko, Andriy Yagensky, Viktoriia I. Zolotaikina, Olga Godlevska, Larysa Ivanova, Olena Koval, Olena I. Mitchenko, Galyna Y. Kardash, Yurii S. Rudyk, Mykola Stanislavchuk, Volodymyr Ivanovych Volkov, Olena G. Karlinskaya, Susanna A. Tykhonova, Nikolay Vatutin, Ganna Smirnova, Volodymyr M. Kovalenko, Viktor Lizogub, Denys Sebov, Oleksandr Dyadyk, Svetlana Andrievskaya, Mykola P. Krasko, Alexander N. Parkhomenko, Lidiya Horbach, Iryna G. Kupnovytska, Tetyana Pertseva, Oleksandr Karpenko, Dmytro Reshotko, Svitlana V. Zhurba, Leonid Rudenko, Viktoriia Yu Zharinova, Valerii B. Shatylo, Yuriy I. Karpenko, Mariya A. Orynchak, Tatiana R. Kameneva, Elena Zherlitsina, Diana N. Alpenidze, Grigoriy P. Arutyunov, Elena Baranova, Boris Bart, Dmitriy I. Belenkiy, Svetlana A. Boldueva, Elena A. Demchenko, Vera V. Eltishcheva, Alexander M. Gofman, Boris M. Goloshchekin, Ivan Gennadyevich Gordeev, Nikolay Gratsianskiy, Gadel Kamalov, Niyaz R. Khasanov, Irina M. Kholina, Zhanna D. Kobalava, Elena V. Kobeleva, Alexandra O. Konradi, Victor A. Kostenko, Andrey Dmitrievich Kuimov, Polina Y. Ermakova, Sofia K. Malyutina, Alexey V. Panov, Natalia V. Polezhaeva, Olga Reshetko, Nataliya P. Shilkina, Sergey B. Shustov, Elena A. Smolyarchuk, Raisa I. Stryuk, Elena Yurievnar Solovieva, Andrey V. Susekov, Natalia Vezikova, Svetlana N. Ivanova, Alexander A. Petrov, Vladimir O. Konstantinov, Alina S. Agafina, Victor Gurevich, Konstantin N. Zrazhevskiy, Tatiana V. Supryadkina, Nikita B. Perepech, Vadim L. Arkhipovskiy, Dmitry Yu Butko, Irina A. Zobenko, Olga V. Orlikova, Viktor Mordovin, Olga L. Barbarash, Anastasiya Lebedeva, Vladimir Nosov, Oleg V. Averkov, Elena P. Pavlikova, Yuri B. Karpov, Marina Lvovna Giorgadze, Oleg A. Khrustalev, Mikhail Arkhipov, Tatiana A. Raskina, Julia V. Shilko, Yulia Samoilova, Elena D. Kosmacheva, Sergey V. Nedogoda, Kathleen Coetzee, Lesley J. Burgess, F.C.R. Theron, Iftikhar O. Ebrahim, Gerbrand A. Haasbroek, Maria Pretorius, Julien S. Trokis, Dorothea V. Urbach, Mark J. Abelson, Adrian R. Horak, Aysha E. Badat, Ellen M. Makotoko, Hendrik Du Toit Theron, Padaruth Ramlachan, Clive H. Corbett, Ismail H. Mitha, Hendrik F.M. Nortje, Dirkie J. Jansen van Rensburg, Peter J. Sebastian, F.C.J. Bester, Louis J. van Zyl, Brian L. Rayner, Elżbieta Błach, Magda Dąbrowska, Grzegorz Kania, Agata E. Kelm-Warchol, Leszek P. Kinasz, Janusz Korecki, Mariusz Kruk, Ewa Laskowska-Derlaga, Andrzej Madej, Krzysztof Saminski, Katarzyna Wasilewska, Katarzyna Szymkowiak, Małgorzata Wojciechowska, Natalia Piorowska, Andrzej Dyczek, Rajpal K. Abhaichand, Ramesh B. Byrapaneni, Basavanagowdappa Hattur, Malipeddi Bhaskara Rao, Nitin Ghaisas, Sujit Shankar Kadam, Jugal B. Gupta, Santhosh M. Jayadev, V.A. Kothiwale, Atul Mathur, Vijay Bhaskar, Ravi K. Aluri, Udaya P. Ponangi, Mukesh K. Sarna, Sunil Sathe, Manish K. Sharma, Jilendra Pal Singh Sawhney, Chakrabhavi B. Keshavamurthy, Arun Srinivas, Hemant P. Thacker, A. Sharda, Johny Joseph, Sunil Dwivedi, Viswanathan Mohan, Rajendra K. Premchand, Jacques Bedard, Jean Bergeron, Ronald Collette, David Crowley, Richard Dumas, Sam Henein, Geoff Moran, William F. O’Mahony, Michael O’Mahony, Sammy Chan, Mark H. Sherman, Graham C. Wong, Brian D. Carlson, Milan K. Gupta, David Borts, Sean R. Peterson, Martyn Chilvers, Allan J. Kelly, Jean C. Gregoire, Simon Kouz, Josep Rodés Cabau, Minodora Andor, Mircea Cinteza, Radu Ciudin, Radu I. Cojan, Roxana O. Darabont, Dan-Lucian Dumitrascu, Carmen Fierbinteanu-Braticievici, Ana Gabriela Fruntelata, Constantin Militaru, Bogdon E. Minescu, Doina Luminita Serban, Florin Mitu, Dorel Nastase Melicovici, Ovidiu Petrascu, Octavian M. Pirvu, Cristian Podoleanu, Calin Pop, Rodica-Valentina V. Stanescu-Cioranu, Adrian Tase, Cristina Voiculet, Constantine N. Aroney, Anthony M. Dart, Timothy Davis, Karam Kostner, David N. O’Neal, Peter W. Purnell, Bhuwanendu B. Singh, David R. Sullivan, Peter Thompson, Gerald F. Watts, Adam F. Blenkhorn, John V. Amerena, Rafeeq Samie, Randall Hendriks, Joseph Proietto, Nikolai Petrovsky, Alan Whelan, David Colquhoun, Russell S. Scott, Simon C. Young, Tammy Pegg, Samuel JS Wilson, Andrew W. Hamer, Richard A. Luke, Hamish H. Hart, Gerard P. Devlin, Gerard T. Wilkins, Ian F. Ternouth, Samraj Nandra, Bruno S. Loeprich, Nicole McGrath, Stuart L. Tie, Rob J. Bos, Alexandra Wils, Tamara Jacobs, Erik A. Badings, Lillian A. Ebels-Tuinbeek, Mayke L. Scholten, Esther Bayraktar-Verver, Debby Zweers, Manoek Schiks, Carolien Kalkman, Tineke Tiemes, Jeanette Mulderij, Katarzyna Dabrowska, Wilma Wijnakker, Riny Van de Loo, Jeanne de Graauw, Giny Reijnierse, Mirjam van der Zeijst, Mariska Scholten, Henk R. Hofmeijer, Antoinette van Dijk-van der Zanden, Dineke J. van Belle, Jan Van Es, Gera Van Buchem, Wendy Zijda, Harald Verheij, Linnea Oldenhof-Janssen, Martina Bader, Marije Löwik, Sandra Stuij, Pascal Vantrimpont, Krista van Aken, Karen Hamilton, Han Blömer, Gabriela van Laerhoven, Raymond Tukkie, Maarten Janssen, Gerard Verdel, Jon Funke Küpper, Bob van Vlies, Caroline Kalkman, Joke Vooges, Marinella Vermaas, Rachel Langenberg, Niek Haenen, Frans Smeets, Arko Scheepmaker, Marcel Grosfeld, Ilvy Van Lieshout, Marleen van den Berg, Marian Wittekoek, Petra Mol, Antionette Stapel, Margaretha Sierevogel, Nancy van der Ven, Annemiek Berkelmans, Eric Viergever, Hanneke Kramer, Wilma Engelen, Karen V. Houwelingen, Thierry X. Wildbergh, Arend Mosterd, Coriet Hobé-Rap, Marjan van Doorn, Petra Bunschoten, Michel Freericks, Mireille Emans, Petra Den Boer-Penning, Els Verlek, Christine Freericks, Cornelis de Nooijer, Christina Welten, Ingrid Groenenberg, Claudia van der Horst, Esther Vonk, Geert Tjeerdsma, Gerard M. Jochemsen, Corinne van Daalen, Ingrid Y. Danse, Lucy Kuipers, Anke Pieterse, Antonius Oomen, Daan de Waard, Willem Jan Flu, Zusan Kromhout, Petra Van der Bij, Rob Feld, Brigitta Hessels-Linnemeijer, Rob Lardinois, Jan L. Posma, Zwanette R. Aukema-Wouda, Marjolijn Hendriks-van Woerden, Desiree van Wijk, Driek P. Beelen, Ingrid H. Hendriks, Jan J. Jonker, Stefanie Schipperen, Vicdan Köse, Gloria Rojas, Linda Goedhart, Hanneke van Meurs, Jacqueline Rijssemus, Lindy Swinkels-Diepenmaat, Marloes de Louw-Jansen, Dominique Bierens-Peters, Willem W. van Kempen, Marianne E. Wittekoek, Irmaina Agous, Geert Schenk, Janneke Wittekoek, Kevin Cox, Deborah F. Julia, Jan J.C. Jonker, Roel Janssen, Melchor Nierman, Hilligje Katerberg, Irene van der Haar, Willem W. Van Kempen, Taco van Mesdag, Leyda M. Alvarez Costa, Manon Schensema, Salomé Zweekhorst, Deborah Font Julia, Lauri Hanewinckel, Joyce Olsthoorn, Johan C. Berends, Arie C. van der Spek, Roy van der Berg, Rob J. Timmermann, Ingrid Boerema, Iryna Mudruk, Anna Khrystoforova, Serhii Kyselov, Yaroslava V. Hilova, Pavlo Logoida, Nataliia A. Sanina, Ilona P. Golikova, Olena O. Nemchyna, Ivan I. Isaichikov, Olga B. Potapova, Iurii V. Gura, Larysa Berestetska, Olena O. Kulianda, Oleksandr Tantsura, Oleksandr S. Kulbachuk, Volodymyr Petsentiy, Ihor Biskub, Tetyana Handych, Oleg Lagkuti, Alyna Gagarina, Taras Chendey, Oksana F. Bilonko, Olena Matova, Larysa Bezrodna, Olena Yarynkina, Tetiana Ovdiienko, Volodymyr Randchenko, Maryna Mospan, Olena Butko, Olga Romanenko, Mykhailo Pavelko, Iryna Sichkaruk, Svitlana O. Lazareva, Olena A. Kudryk, Inessa M. Koltsun, Tetiana Magdalits, Sergei Zadorozhniy, Kira Kompaniiets, Andrii Ivanov, Sergiy Romanenko, Pavlo Kaplan, Vadym Y. Romanov, Oksana P. Mykytyuk, Nataliia S. Zaitseva, Sergiy N. Pyvovar, Lyudmyla Burdeuna, Emerita Serdobinska, Tatiana I. Shevchenko, Igor I. Ivanytskyi, Olena V. Khyzhnyak, Nataliya Kalinkina, Olena Keting, Olena Sklyanna, Olga Kashanska, Anna Shevelok, Marina Khristichenko, Ievgenii Y. Titov, Danilenko O. Oleksander, Nataliia S. Polenova, Nataliia Altunina, Viktoriia Kororaieva, Stanislav Zborovskiy, Leonid Kholopov, Iurii Suliman, Lanna Lukashenko, Stanislav Shvaykin, Olexandr M. Glavatskiy, Roman O. Sychov, Roman L. Kulynych, Oleksandr A. Skarzhevskyi, Nataliia V. Dovgan, Marta Horbach, Olga Cherkasova, Iryna Tyshchenko, Liudmyla Todoriuk, Svitlana Kizim, Nataliia Brodi, Oleksandr Ivanko, Olga Garbarchuk, Liudmyla Alieksieieva, Tetiana L. Shandra, Olena Beregova, Larisa An Bodretska, Svitlana S. Naskalova, Ivanna A. Antoniuk-Shcheglova, Olena V. Bondarenko, Natalia G. Andreeva, Iryna I. Vakalyuk, Olha S. Chovganyuk, Nataliya R. Artemenko, Kiril A. Maltsev, Natalia Kalishevich, Natalia G. Kondratyeva, Svetlana A. Nikitina, Maria V. Martjanova, Anna V. Sokolova, Dmitrii O. Dragunov, Olga Kolesnik, Vera Larina, Oxana V. Tsygankova, Maria Ivanova, Illia A. Karpov, Elena M. Aronova, Ekaterina S. Vedernikova, Ekaterina I. Lubinskaya, Taras Y. Burak, Sergey I. Skichko, Farhad Rasulev, Ekaterina B. Soldatova, Alexander L. Fenin, Ilya I. Laptev, Elena E. Luchinkina, Alexandr Akatov, Natalia V. Polenova, Natalia N. Slavina, Irina N. Korovnika, Marina Yu Prochorova, Regina Shakirova, Elena N. Andreicheva, Olga A. Krasnova, Tinatin V. Lobzhanidze, Tatiana B. Dmitrova, Viktoriya V. Stakhiv, Maria I. Pechatnikova, Alexandra V. Panova, Maria Y. Tipikina, Oxana P. Rotar, Nikolay A. Bokovin, Saule K. Karabalieva, Farid Y. Tumarov, Elena V. Vasileva, Natalya Gennadevna Lozhkina, Ekaterina V. Filippova, Alisa I. Sharkaeva, Ekanerina V. Filippova Deilik, Natalia Yu Tolkacheva, Elena N. Domracheva, Andrey N. Ryabikov, Inga T. Abesadze, Marianna Z. Alugishvili, Elena P. Nikolaeva, Nadezda V. Smirnova, Valentina I. Rodionova, Polina V. Dolovstaya, Igor E. Yunonin, Sergey V. Kadin, Tatyana S. Sveklina, Anna V. Bushmanova, Elena L. Barkova, Irina S. Gomova, Yana V. Brytkova, Tatiana B. Ivanova, Marina Y. Zubareva, Inga Skopets, Lybov A. Galashevskaya, Emilia D. Butinskaya, Olga G. Gusarova, Natalia B. Kalishevich, Yana R. Pavlova, Marianna P Serebrenitskaya, Vitalina F. Grygorieva, Gulnara R. Kuchaeva, Inna A. Vasileva, Gulnara I. Ospanova, Yulia V. Vahrusheva, Irina A. Semenova, Irina E.E. Mikhailova, Olga O. Kvasova, Valeria D. Shurygina, Alexey E. Rivin, Alexey O. Savelyev, Alexey A. Savelyev, Olesya O. Milyaeva, Nadezhda N. Lapshina, Ninel A. Lantsova, Pavel V. Alexandrov, Evgeniy A. Orlikov, Alla Falkovskaya, Tatiana Ripp, Sergei Triss, Stanislav Pekarskiy, Sitkova Ekaterina, Evgeniya N. Zhuravleva, Olga Perova, Galina Kovaleva, Liubov Koroleva, Lydia Mishchenko, Boris P. Garshin, Svetlana A. Kutuzova, Lyudmila I. Provotorova, Igor P. Zadvorny, Olga V. Okhapkina, Anatoly O. Khrustalev, Tatiana Suvorova, Elena S. Shaf, Varvara A. Vershinina, Andrey A. Kozulin, Oxana A. Oleynik, Irina Y. Martynova, Natalia V. Kizhvatova, Alla S. Salasyuk, Vera V. Tsoma, Alla A. Ledyaeva, Elena V. Chumachek, S.C. Blignaut, Tersia Y. Alexander, Chano Du Plessis, Thirumani Govender, Samatha M. Du Toit, Leya Motala, Areesh Gassiep, Christina Naude (Smit), Marli Terblanche, Marlien Snoer (Kruger), Berenice Pillay, De Vries Basson, Marisa E. Theron, Bianca Fouche, Mareli E. Coetzee, Pieter Odendall, Frederik H. Van Wijk, Anna-Mari Conradie, Trudie Van der Westhuizen, Carine Tredoux, Mohamed S. Mookdam, Andie J. Van der Merwe, Karin Snyman, Gerda Smal, Yvonne De Jager, Thomas A. Mabin, Annusca King, Lindy L. Henley, Brenda M. Zwane, Jane Robinson, Marinda Karsten, Andonia M. Page, Valerie Nsabiyumva, Charmaine Krahenbuhl, Jaiprakash D. Patel, Yunus E. Motala, Ayesha Dawood, Nondumiso B. Koza, Lenore M.S. Peters, Shavashni Ramlachan, Wilhelm J. Bodenstein, Pierre Roux, Lizelle Fouche, Cecilia M. Boshoff, Haroon M. Mitha, Fathima Khan, Henry P. Cyster, Helen Cyster, E. C. Wessels, Florence J. Jacobs, Melanie A. Sebastian, Deborah A. Sebastian, Nadia Mahomed, Ignatius P. Immink, Celia Cotzee, Tanja Cronje, Madele Roscher, Maria Le Roux, Yvonne A. Trinder, Renata Wnętrzak-Michalska, Magdalena Piszczek, Andrzej Piela, Ewa Czernecka, Dorota Knychas, Alina Walczak, Izabella Gładysz, Katarzyna Filas, Ewelina Kiluk, Krzysztof Świgło, Iwona Jędrzejczyk, Kamila Łuczyńska, Katarzyna Tymendorf, Wojciech Piesiewicz, Wojciech L. Kinasz, Stefan Samborski, Ilona Bartuś, Gramzyna Latocha Korecka, Ewa Gulaj, Jolanta Sopa, Bogusław Derlaga, Marcin Baisiak, Allicia Kowalisko, Edyta Stainszewska-Marasazlek, Bartosz Szafran, Malgorzata Swiatkiewicz, Artur Racewicz, Sławomir Grycel, Jerzy Supronik, Sylwia Walendziuk, Magdalena Tarantowicz, Agata Stasiak, Anna Sidorowicz-Białynicka, Marek Dwojak, Ewa Jaźwińska-Tarnawska, Katarzyna Kupczyk, Kamila Martowska, Kamila Kulon, Katarzyna Gajda, Bivin Wilson, Krithika Velusamy, Swaidha S. Sadhiq, Bhavani Siddeshi, M. Bhanukumar, Abhishek Srivatsav, Madhan Ramesh, Sri Harsha Chalasani, Mini Johnson, Prashanth Gopu, Jeesa George, Sowmya Reddy, Swetha Tessy Thara Eleena, Damodara Rao Kodem, Haritha N. Nakkella, Padma Kumari Mandula, Anjan Kumar Vuriya, Syamala Rajana, Aruna Kale, Tiwari Rajeev, Raina Jain, Vipin Jain, Srilakshmi Mandayam Adhyapak, Lumin Sheeba, Uma C R, Ramya R, Aditya V. Kulkarni, M.S. Ganachari, Ruma Sambrekar, Mohammad Bilal, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Ravi Badhavath, Sravan Kumar, Meenakshi Simhadri, Farooque Salamuddin, Venkat Prasad, Vivek Dwivedi, Sudha Sarna, Tilak Arora, Deepak Chawla, Archana Sathe, Chaware Gayatree, Ajeet Nanda, Ram Avtar, Jyoti Sharma, Vaibhavi P S, Sasirekha D, Deepthi Kobbajji, Ramya Ningappa, Shwetha Shree, Chandrashekar K, Nandini M R, Sowjanya S, Devika I G, Yashaswini N, Sonika G, Rathna L, Priyanka R, Rupal J. Shrimanker, Lakshmi Vinutha Reddy, K. Sumathi, Babitha Devi, Bina N. Naik, Rohini Manjunath, Rajeshwari Ashok, Tony V. Kunjumon, Jesline Thomas, Shaik Samdhani, Kasthuri Selvam, Poongothai Subramani, Nandakumar Parthasarathy, Nirmal K. Bohra, Anvesh K. Gatla, Cheryl Horbatuk, Julie Sills, E B. Davey, Liz Paramonczyk, Olga Racanelli, Sandy Strybosch, Andre Belanger, Jean Palardy, Alicia Schiffrin, Sylvie Gauthier, Norman Kalyniuk, Shawn D. Whatley, Heather Lappala, Grishma Patel, Matthew Reeve, Catherine Moran, Jody Everitt, Teresa Ferrari, Christine Bouffard, Jirir Frohlich, Gordon Francis, John Mancini, Gregory Bondy, Debbie DeAngelis, Patricia Fulton, David W. Blank, Angela Lombardo, Mylène Roy, Jackie Chow, Hyman Fox, William J. Grootendorst, Angela Hutchinson, Sharon M. Chan, Christie Fitzgerald, Lynn Wilkins, Rebecca L. Raymond, Arlene Reyes, Lavoie Marc André, Denis Fortin, Hélène Ouimet, Thanh-Thao Tôn-Nu, Martine Dussureault, Marie-Hélène Blain, Madeleine Roy, Nathalie Kopajko, Chantal Fleury, Karine Maheux, Gabriela Valentina Ciobotaru, Maria C. Constantinescu, Carmen-Lucia Gherghinescu, Ana-Maria Avram, Ioan Manitiu, Aura Sinpetrean, Lucian Pop, Delia Lupu, Radu Usvat, Ana Petrisor, Nicoleta Dumitru, Camelia Moruju, Adelina Gheorghita, Magda V. Mitu, Cosmin Macarie, Ana Maria Pop, Maria-Catalina Diaconu, Iulia Grancea, Mihaela Cosma, Mihaela Crisan, Elizabeth Herron, Paul Nestel, Sally B. Kay, Kaye S. Carter, Imran Badshah, Ashley Makepeace, Jocelyn Drinkwater, Michelle England, Azette Rafei, Kylie Patterson, Alicia Jenkins, Sybil McAuley, Sue M. Kent, Joy E. Vibert, Leonie Perrett, Thomas David, Samantha L. Kaye, Monika O’Connor, Nimalie J. Perera, Nicole T. Lai, Kerry A. Kearins, Christinia Dicamillo, Heather Anderson, Louise Ferguson, Sharon D. Radtke, Charles T. Thamarappillil, Janice M. Boys, Anita K. Long, Toni Shanahan, Michael Nyguyen, Nicole Forrest, Gill Tulloch, Della Greenwell, Sarah L. Price, Aye N. Tint, Priya K. Sumithran, Tamara L. Debreceni, Lisa Walker, Mary Caruana, Kira Edwards, Maria Stathopoulos, Cilla Haywood, Dimitar Sajkov, Sharen Pringle, Anne Tabner, Kathrina Bartolay, Chamindi Abeyratne, Kylie Bragg, Patrick Mulhern, Peter Purnell, Lyn Williams, Jane Hamlyn, Aurelia Connelly, Jan Hoffman, Samantha Bailey, Jane Kerr, Zarnia Morrison, Sarah Maeder, Roberta McEwan, Prasanna Kunasekera, Patrice McGregor, Jo Young, Sharon Berry, Rick Cutfield, Michelle Choe, Catherine McNamara, Narrinder K. Shergill, Petra Crone, Miles G. Williams, Keith Dyson, Diana H. Schmid, Audrey C. Doak, Melissa Spooner, Colin Edwards, Anne Turner, Grainne M. McAnnalley, Raewyn A. Fisher, Fraser B. Hamilton, Denis H. Friedlander, Melissa R. Kirk, Jayne E. Scales, Marguerite A. McLelland, Neelam A. Dalman, Cathy E. Vickers, Carolyn Jackson, Wendy Coleman, Phillip I. Garden, and Wendy F. Arnold
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Rate ratio, Double-Blind Method, Ischemia, Risk Factors, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, Myocardial infarction, Coronary Artery Bypass, Stroke, Aged, business.industry, Unstable angina, Hazard ratio, Absolute risk reduction, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Number needed to treat, Cardiology, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Background: Despite advances in surgery and pharmacotherapy, there remains significant residual ischemic risk after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Methods: In REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial), a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, statin-treated patients with controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia were randomized to 4 g daily of icosapent ethyl or placebo. They experienced a 25% reduction in risk of a primary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina) and a 26% reduction in risk of a key secondary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) when compared with placebo. The current analysis reports on the subgroup of patients from the trial with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting. Results: Of the 8179 patients randomized in REDUCE-IT, a total of 1837 (22.5%) had a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, with 897 patients randomized to icosapent ethyl and 940 to placebo. Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment groups. Randomization to icosapent ethyl was associated with a significant reduction in the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76 [95% CI, 0.63–0.92]; P =0.004), in the key secondary end point (HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.56–0.87]; P =0.001), and in total (first plus subsequent or recurrent) ischemic events (rate ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.50–0.81]; P =0.0002) compared with placebo. This yielded an absolute risk reduction of 6.2% (95% CI, 2.3%–10.2%) in first events, with a number needed to treat of 16 (95% CI, 10–44) during a median follow-up time of 4.8 years. Safety findings were similar to the overall study: beyond an increased rate of atrial fibrillation/flutter requiring hospitalization for at least 24 hours (5.0% vs 3.1%; P =0.03) and a nonsignificant increase in bleeding, occurrences of adverse events were comparable between groups. Conclusions: In REDUCE-IT patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, treatment with icosapent ethyl was associated with significant reductions in first and recurrent ischemic events. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01492361.
Published: 2021
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24. Statin therapy and atherosclerosis stabilization in carotid arteries

Author: Z. G Luginova, M. V Koshurnikova, E. Yu Solovieva, T. V Balakhonova, and A. V Susekov
Subjects: cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, carotid arteries, three-dimensional ultrasound, stabilization, regression, statins, mertenil, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665
Abstract: Atherosclerosis and it’s clinical implications (myocardial infarction, stroke, intermittent lameness) is a serious medico-social problem in Russia. Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are the first-choice agents to prevent cardiovascular disease events. The paper presents the results of early regression studies and modern regression studies using MRI imaging concerning the regression or stabilization atherosclerosis and rationale and baseline characteristics of russian regression study “FREGAT”.
Published: 2015

25. Worldwide experience of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia:retrospective cohort study

Author: Tycho R Tromp, Merel L Hartgers, G Kees Hovingh, Antonio J Vallejo-Vaz, Kausik K Ray, Handrean Soran, Tomas Freiberger, Stefano Bertolini, Mariko Harada-Shiba, Dirk J Blom, Frederick J Raal, Marina Cuchel, Tycho R. Tromp, Merel L. Hartgers, G. Kees Hovingh, Antonio J. Vallejo-Vaz, Kausik K. Ray, Stefano A. Bertolini, Jing Pang, Gerald F. Watts, Susanne Greber-Platzer, Martin Mäser, Thomas M. Stulnig, Christoph F. Ebenbichler, Khalid Bin Thani, David Cassiman, Olivier S. Descamps, Daisy Rymen, Peter Witters, Raul D. Santos, Liam R. Brunham, Gordon A. Francis, Jacques Genest, Robert A. Hegele, Brooke A. Kennedy, Isabelle Ruel, Mark H. Sherman, Long Jiang, Luya Wang, Željko Reiner, Vladimir Blaha, Richard Ceska, Jana Dvorakova, Lubomir Dlouhy, Pavel Horak, Vladimir Soska, Lukas Tichy, Robin Urbanek, Helena Vaverkova, Michal Vrablik, Stanislav Zemek, Lukas Zlatohlavek, Sameh Emil, Tarek Naguib, Ashraf Reda, Sophie Béliard, Eric Bruckert, Antonio Gallo, Moses S. Elisaf, Genovefa Kolovou, Hofit Cohen, Ronen Durst, Eldad J. Dann, Avishay Elis, Osama Hussein, Eran Leitersdorf, Daniel Schurr, Nitika Setia, Ishwar C. Verma, Mohammed D. Alareedh, Mutaz Al-Khnifsawi, Ali F. Abdalsahib Al-Zamili, Sabah H. Rhadi, Foaad K. Shaghee, Marcello Arca, Maurizio Averna, Andrea Bartuli, Marco Bucci, Paola S. Buonuomo, Paolo Calabrò, Sebastiano Calandra, Manuela Casula, Alberico L. Catapano, Angelo B. Cefalù, Arrigo F.G. Cicero, Sergio D'Addato, Laura D'Erasmo, Alessia Di Costanzo, Tommaso Fasano, Marta Gazzotti, Antonina Giammanco, Gabriella Iannuzzo, Anastasia Ibba, Emanuele A. Negri, Andrea Pasta, Chiara Pavanello, Livia Pisciotta, Claudio Rabacchi, Carlo Ripoli, Tiziana Sampietro, Francesco Sbrana, Fulvio Sileo, Patrizia Suppressa, Patrizia Tarugi, Chiara Trenti, Maria G. Zenti, Mika Hori, Mahmoud H. Ayesh, Sami T. Azar, Fadi F. Bitar, Akl C. Fahed, Elie M. Moubarak, Georges Nemer, Hapizah M. Nawawi, Ramón Madriz, Roopa Mehta, Arjen J. Cupido, Joep C. Defesche, M. Doortje Reijman, Jeanine E. Roeters-van Lennep, Erik S.G. Stroes, Albert Wiegman, Linda Zuurbier, Khalid Al-Waili, Fouzia Sadiq, Krzysztof Chlebus, Mafalda Bourbon, Isabel M. Gaspar, Katarina S. Lalic, Marat V. Ezhov, Andrey V. Susekov, Urh Groselj, Min-Ji Charng, Weerapan Khovidhunkit, Melih Aktan, Bulent B. Altunkeser, Sinan Demircioglu, Melis Kose, Cumali Gokce, Osman Ilhan, Meral Kayikcioglu, Leyla G. Kaynar, Irfan Kuku, Erdal Kurtoglu, Harika Okutan, Osman I. Ozcebe, Zafer Pekkolay, Saim Sag, Osman Z. Salcioglu, Ahmet Temizhan, Mustafa Yenercag, Mehmet Yilmaz, Hamiyet Yilmaz Yasar, Olena Mitchenko, Alexander R.M. Lyons, Christophe A.T. Stevens, Julie A. Brothers, Lisa C. Hudgins, Christina Nguyen, Rano Alieva, Aleksandr Shek, Doan-Loi Do, Ngoc-Thanh Kim, Hong-An Le, Thanh-Tung Le, Mai-Ngoc T. Nguyen, Thanh-Huong Truong, Dirk J. Blom, Frederick J. Raal, VU University medical center, Tromp T.R., Hartgers M.L., Hovingh G.K., Vallejo-Vaz A.J., Ray K.K., Soran H., Freiberger T., Bertolini S., Harada-Shiba M., Blom D.J., Raal F.J., Cuchel M., Bertolini S.A., Pang J., Watts G.F., Greber-Platzer S., Maser M., Stulnig T.M., Ebenbichler C.F., Bin Thani K., Cassiman D., Descamps O.S., Rymen D., Witters P., Santos R.D., Brunham L.R., Francis G.A., Genest J., Hegele R.A., Kennedy B.A., Ruel I., Sherman M.H., Jiang L., Wang L., Reiner Z., Blaha V., Ceska R., Dvorakova J., Dlouhy L., Horak P., Soska V., Tichy L., Urbanek R., Vaverkova H., Vrablik M., Zemek S., Zlatohlavek L., Emil S., Naguib T., Reda A., Beliard S., Bruckert E., Gallo A., Elisaf M.S., Kolovou G., Cohen H., Durst R., Dann E.J., Elis A., Hussein O., Leitersdorf E., Schurr D., Setia N., Verma I.C., Alareedh M.D., Al-Khnifsawi M., Abdalsahib Al-Zamili A.F., Rhadi S.H., Shaghee F.K., Arca M., Averna M., Bartuli A., Bucci M., Buonuomo P.S., Calabro P., Calandra S., Casula M., Catapano A.L., Cefalu A.B., Cicero A.F.G., D'Addato S., D'Erasmo L., Di Costanzo A., Fasano T., Gazzotti M., Giammanco A., Iannuzzo G., Ibba A., Negri E.A., Pasta A., Pavanello C., Pisciotta L., Rabacchi C., Ripoli C., Sampietro T., Sbrana F., Sileo F., Suppressa P., Tarugi P., Trenti C., Zenti M.G., Hori M., Ayesh M.H., Azar S.T., Bitar F.F., Fahed A.C., Moubarak E.M., Nemer G., Nawawi H.M., Madriz R., Mehta R., Cupido A.J., Defesche J.C., Reijman M.D., Roeters-van Lennep J.E., Stroes E.S.G., Wiegman A., Zuurbier L., Al-Waili K., Sadiq F., Chlebus K., Bourbon M., Gaspar I.M., Lalic K.S., Ezhov M.V., Susekov A.V., Groselj U., Charng M.-J., Khovidhunkit W., Aktan M., Altunkeser B.B., Demircioglu S., Kose M., Gokce C., Ilhan O., Kayikcioglu M., Kaynar L.G., Kuku I., Kurtoglu E., Okutan H., Ozcebe O.I., Pekkolay Z., Sag S., Salcioglu O.Z., Temizhan A., Yenercag M., Yilmaz M., Yilmaz Yasar H., Mitchenko O., Lyons A.R.M., Stevens C.A.T., Brothers J.A., Hudgins L.C., Nguyen C., Alieva R., Shek A., Do D.-L., Kim N.-T., Le H.-A., Le T.-T., Nguyen M.-N.T., Truong T.-H., University of Amsterdam, University of Pennsylvania, European Atherosclerosis Society, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Graduate School, Vascular Medicine, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, Human Genetics, Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, ACS - Diabetes & metabolism, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, ACS - Heart failure & arrhythmias, R Tromp, Tycho, L Hartgers, Merel, Kees Hovingh, G, J Vallejo-Vaz, Antonio, K Ray, Kausik, Soran, Handrean, Freiberger, Toma, A Bertolini, Stefano, Harada-Shiba, Mariko, Pang, Jing, F Watts, Gerald, Greber-Platzer, Susanne, Mäser, Martin, M Stulnig, Thoma, F Ebenbichler, Christoph, Bin Thani, Khalid, Cassiman, David, S Descamps, Olivier, Rymen, Daisy, Witters, Peter, D Santos, Raul, R Brunham, Liam, A Francis, Gordon, Genest, Jacque, A Hegele, Robert, A Kennedy, Brooke, Ruel, Isabelle, H Sherman, Mark, Jiang, Long, Wang, Luya, Reiner, Željko, Blaha, Vladimir, Ceska, Richard, Dvorakova, Jana, Dlouhy, Lubomir, Horak, Pavel, Soska, Vladimir, Tichy, Luka, Urbanek, Robin, Vaverkova, Helena, Vrablik, Michal, Zemek, Stanislav, Zlatohlavek, Luka, Emil, Sameh, Naguib, Tarek, Reda, Ashraf, Béliard, Sophie, Bruckert, Eric, Gallo, Antonio, S Elisaf, Mose, Kolovou, Genovefa, Cohen, Hofit, Durst, Ronen, J Dann, Eldad, Elis, Avishay, Hussein, Osama, Leitersdorf, Eran, Schurr, Daniel, Setia, Nitika, C Verma, Ishwar, D Alareedh, Mohammed, Al-Khnifsawi, Mutaz, F Abdalsahib Al-Zamili, Ali, H Rhadi, Sabah, K Shaghee, Foaad, Arca, Marcello, Averna, Maurizio, Bartuli, Andrea, Bucci, Marco, S Buonuomo, Paola, Calabrò, Paolo, Calandra, Sebastiano, Casula, Manuela, L Catapano, Alberico, B Cefalù, Angelo, G Cicero, Arrigo F, D'Addato, Sergio, D'Erasmo, Laura, Di Costanzo, Alessia, Fasano, Tommaso, Gazzotti, Marta, Giammanco, Antonina, Iannuzzo, Gabriella, Ibba, Anastasia, A Negri, Emanuele, Pasta, Andrea, Pavanello, Chiara, Pisciotta, Livia, Rabacchi, Claudio, Ripoli, Carlo, Sampietro, Tiziana, Sbrana, Francesco, Sileo, Fulvio, Suppressa, Patrizia, Tarugi, Patrizia, Trenti, Chiara, G Zenti, Maria, Hori, Mika, H Ayesh, Mahmoud, T Azar, Sami, F Bitar, Fadi, C Fahed, Akl, M Moubarak, Elie, Nemer, George, M Nawawi, Hapizah, Madriz, Ramón, Mehta, Roopa, J Cupido, Arjen, C Defesche, Joep, Doortje Reijman, M, E Roeters-van Lennep, Jeanine, G Stroes, Erik S, Wiegman, Albert, Zuurbier, Linda, Al-Waili, Khalid, Sadiq, Fouzia, Chlebus, Krzysztof, Bourbon, Mafalda, M Gaspar, Isabel, S Lalic, Katarina, V Ezhov, Marat, V Susekov, Andrey, Groselj, Urh, Charng, Min-Ji, Khovidhunkit, Weerapan, Aktan, Melih, B Altunkeser, Bulent, Demircioglu, Sinan, Kose, Meli, Gokce, Cumali, Ilhan, Osman, Kayikcioglu, Meral, G Kaynar, Leyla, Kuku, Irfan, Kurtoglu, Erdal, Okutan, Harika, I Ozcebe, Osman, Pekkolay, Zafer, Sag, Saim, Z Salcioglu, Osman, Temizhan, Ahmet, Yenercag, Mustafa, Yilmaz, Mehmet, Yilmaz Yasar, Hamiyet, Mitchenko, Olena, M Lyons, Alexander R, T Stevens, Christophe A, A Brothers, Julie, C Hudgins, Lisa, Nguyen, Christina, Alieva, Rano, Shek, Aleksandr, Do, Doan-Loi, Kim, Ngoc-Thanh, Le, Hong-An, Le, Thanh-Tung, T Nguyen, Mai-Ngoc, Truong, Thanh-Huong, J Blom, Dirk, J Raal, Frederick, and Cuchel, Marina
Subjects: Adult, Male, Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Adolescent, retrospective study, CHILDREN, Doenças Cardio e Cérebro-vasculares, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease, Humans, Registries, LIPOPROTEIN-APHERESIS, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Retrospective Studies, Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia International Clinical Collaborators, Science & Technology, GUIDANCE, clinical characteristic, EVOLOCUMAB, Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, Worldwide, Therapies, Cardiovascular disease, General Medicine, CARE, OPEN-LABEL, EFFICACY, INSIGHTS, Child, Preschool, outcome, Female, genetic, Familial Hypercholesterolaemia, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract: [Background]: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HoFH) is a rare inherited disorder resulting in extremely elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Current guidance about its management and prognosis stems from small studies, mostly from high-income countries. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical and genetic characteristics, as well as the impact, of current practice on health outcomes of HoFH patients globally., [Methods]: The HoFH International Clinical Collaborators registry collected data on patients with a clinical, or genetic, or both, diagnosis of HoFH using a retrospective cohort study design. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04815005., [Findings]: Overall, 751 patients from 38 countries were included, with 565 (75%) reporting biallelic pathogenic variants. The median age of diagnosis was 12∙0 years (IQR 5∙5–27∙0) years. Of the 751 patients, 389 (52%) were female and 362 (48%) were male. Race was reported for 527 patients; 338 (64%) patients were White, 121 (23%) were Asian, and 68 (13%) were Black or mixed race. The major manifestations of ASCVD or aortic stenosis were already present in 65 (9%) of patients at diagnosis of HoFH. Globally, pretreatment LDL cholesterol levels were 14∙7 mmol/L (IQR 11∙6–18∙4). Among patients with detailed therapeutic information, 491 (92%) of 534 received statins, 342 (64%) of 534 received ezetimibe, and 243 (39%) of 621 received lipoprotein apheresis. On-treatment LDL cholesterol levels were lower in high-income countries (3∙93 mmol/L, IQR 2∙6–5∙8) versus non-highincome countries (9∙3 mmol/L, 6∙7–12∙7), with greater use of three or more lipid-lowering therapies (LLT; highincome 66% vs non-high-income 24%) and consequently more patients attaining guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol goals (high-income 21% vs non-high-income 3%). A first major adverse cardiovascular event occurred a decade earlier in non-high-income countries, at a median age of 24∙5 years (IQR 17∙0–34∙5) versus 37∙0 years (29∙0–49∙0) in high-income countries (adjusted hazard ratio 1∙64, 95% CI 1∙13–2∙38)., [Interpretation]: Worldwide, patients with HoFH are diagnosed too late, undertreated, and at high premature ASCVD risk. Greater use of multi-LLT regimens is associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels and better outcomes. Significant global disparities exist in treatment regimens, control of LDL cholesterol levels, and cardiovascular event-free survival, which demands a critical re-evaluation of global health policy to reduce inequalities and improve outcomes for all patients with HoFH., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; and European Atherosclerosis Society
Published: 2022
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26. Lipid metabolism disorders and thyrotoxicosis

Author: D. I. Sadykova, A. V. Susekov, I. V. Leontyeva, I. I. Zakirov, E. S. Slastnikova, L. F. Galimova, D. R. Sabirova, and N. V. Krinitskaya
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, multifactorial chylomicronaemia syndrome, Pediatrics, behavioral disciplines and activities, RJ1-570, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, children, Internal medicine, medicine, Endocrine system, thyrotoxicosis, business.industry, dyslipidemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Lipid metabolism, medicine.disease, Laboratory results, nervous system, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Etiology, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Clinical case, Differential diagnosis, business, psychological phenomena and processes, Dyslipidemia
Abstract: Disorders of lipid metabolism in endocrine diseases are a frequent occurrence in the daily practice of a doctor and usually have secondary nature. In thyrotoxicosis they have normal or decreased level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins. A clinical case of a patient with thyrotoxicosis, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia is presented. The clinical and laboratory results of the study of the child and his parents are presented. DNA testing was conducted to clarify the diagnosis and conduct differential diagnosis of dyslipidemia type. This case shows difficulties in the diagnostic search for the etiology of dyslipidemia and its correction.
Published: 2021
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27. Statins in certain patient populations: scientific evidence and algorithms for practicing physicians

Author: Andrey V. Susekov
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Family medicine, medicine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), business, Scientific evidence
Abstract: Treatment with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A-reductase inhibitors (statins) is the basis for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis and is regulated by many international and Russian guidelines and consensus. Data from lipid-lowering studies with "hard" endpoints showed that combination therapy can also lead to a further reduction in cardiovascular (CV) risk with the achievement of very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.5–1 mmol/L) without increasing the risk of side effects. Despite the scientific progress in this field, there are large barriers between the recommendations and the real clinical practice of using statins in our country. As before, even patients with a very high CV risk are prescribed low and medium doses of statins by doctors of various specialties; the possibilities of combination therapy are still poorly realized. This review will provide an analysis of the evidence base, as well as an attempt to harmonize recommendations, expert consensus on optimizing statin therapy in certain patient groups – in primary prevention (low/moderate CV risk), in patients with high/very high CV risk in patients with arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, as well as in patients with confirmed familial hypercholesterolemia. This publication presents possible algorithms for the use of statins in these categories of patients, which, in the author's opinion, will be useful for practicing physicians in their day-to-day clinical practice. Keywords: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, dyslipidemia, statins, algorithms, primary prevention, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular risk, familial hypercholesterolemia For citation: Susekov AV. Statins in certain patient populations: scientific evidence and algorithms for practicing physicians. Consilium Medicum. 2021; 23 (1): 52–60. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2021.1.200626
Published: 2021
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28. Patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: difficult to treat. Case report

Author: Tatyana Balakhonova, Vladislav Soloviev, Irina Leontieva, Irina Miklashevich, Yuliia Isaeva, and Andrey V. Susekov
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine, Familial hypercholesterolemia, business, medicine.disease
Abstract: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a severe genetic disorder characterized by extremely high levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as by rapid atherosclerosis progression in various vascular territories. Objective examination of the affected patients often reveals multiple Achilles tendon xanthomas, xanthomas on the extensor surface of arms, knee joints, etc. The prevalence of such severe inherited hyperlipidemia in many populations is about 1 : 1 000 000, however, the family heterozygous type frequency increase leads to the decrease of this value and to the increase in the affected people number. The paper introduces case report for the patient V.I. aged 16 who was diagnosed with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia at the age of 12. DNA testing revealed pathogenic mutations in the LDL receptor gene which confirmed the diagnosis. The paper reports the results of the discussed patient treatment using triple-drug combination lipid-lowering therapy with rosuvastatin (40 mg/day), ezetimibe (10 mg/day) and evolocumab (420 mg/day) in the last two years. The total cholesterol level decreased from 20.8 mmol/L (baseline) to 7.3–12.00 mmol/L, and the LDL-C level decreased from 19.9 mmol/L to 4.6–9.9 mmol/L due to therapy, the treatment was well tolerated. During the observation period, a rapid regression of xanthomas on the buttocks, knee and elbow joints, and Achilles tendon was achieved. A series of baseline instrumental tests (2013) revealed severe atherosclerosis of carotid arteries (maximum stenosis up to 50%), and first symptoms of aortic valve stenosis. Another examination in the hospital (2019) revealed slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries and aorta, however, the arterial hypertension onset required additional prescription of a low dose of enalapril. Exercise testing and Holter ECG monitoring has yet identified no myocardial ischemia. Thus, the timely diagnosis together with long-term triple-drug intensive lipid-lowering therapy make it possible to slow down the atherosclerosis progression in the discussed rare and severe category of patients.
Published: 2020
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29. The Effects of Statin Dose, Lipophilicity, and Combination of Statins plus Ezetimibe on Circulating Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Author: Andrey V. Susekov, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Luis E. Simental-Mendía, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Suowen Xu, Željko Reiner, Raul D. Santos, and Fatemeh Baratzadeh
Subjects: Lipoproteins, LDL / blood, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Funnel plot, Statin, Combination therapy, Article Subject, medicine.drug_class, Immunology, Hypercholesterolemia, Review Article, law.invention, Ezetimibe, Randomized controlled trial, law, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Pathology, RB1-214, Humans, Risk factor, Ezetimibe / pharmacology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Oxygen / metabolism, business.industry, Cell Biology, Publication bias, Cholesterol, LDL, Atherosclerosis, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / pharmacology, Lipoproteins, LDL, Oxygen, Treatment Outcome, Cholesterol, LDL / blood, Meta-analysis, Regression Analysis, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Drug Therapy, Combination, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, business, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background. Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Statins are the drugs of choice for decreasing LDL-C and are used for the prevention and management of ASCVD. Guidelines recommend that subjects with high and very high ASCVD risk should be treated with high-intensity statins or a combination of high-intensity statins and ezetimibe. The lipophilicity or hydrophilicity (solubility) of statins is considered to be important for at least some of their LDL-C lowering independent pleiotropic effects. Oxidative modification of LDL (ox-LDL) is considered to be the most important atherogenic modification of LDL and is supposed to play a crucial role in atherogenesis and ASCVD outcomes. Objective. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to find out what are the effects of statin intensity, lipophilicity, and combination of statins plus ezetimibe on ox-LDL. Methods. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 5, 2021, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent and blinded authors evaluated eligibility by screening the titles and abstracts of the studies. Risk of bias in the studies included in this meta-analysis was evaluated according to the Cochrane instructions. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) V2 software. Evaluation of funnel plot, Begg’s rank correlation, and Egger’s weighted regression tests were used to assess the presence of publication bias. Results. Among the 1427 published studies identified by a systematic databases search, 20 RCTs were finally included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 1874 patients are included in this meta-analysis. This meta-analysis suggests that high-intensity statin treatment is associated with a significant decrease in circulating concentrations of ox-LDL when compared with low-to-moderate treatment (SMD: -0.675, 95% CI: -0.994, -0.357, p < 0.001 ; I 2 : 55.93%). There was no difference concerning ox-LDL concentration between treatments with hydrophilic and lipophilic statins (SMD: -0.129, 95% CI: -0.330, -0.071, p = 0.206 ; I 2 : 45.3%), but there was a significant reduction in circulating concentrations of ox-LDL associated with statin plus ezetimibe combination therapy when compared with statin monotherapy (SMD: -0.220, 95% CI: -0.369, -0.071, p = 0.004 ; I 2 : 0%). Conclusion. High-dose statin or combination of statins with ezetmibe reduces plasma ox-LDL in comparison low-to-moderate intensity statin therapy alone. Statin lipophilicity is not associated with reduction in ox-LDL plasma concentrations.
Published: 2021

30. [Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemias and Atherosclerosis]

Author: A V Susekov
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Combination therapy, Docosahexaenoic Acids, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Sudden death, OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Medicine, Humans, In patient, 030212 general & internal medicine, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Hypertriglyceridemia, business.industry, Cholesterol, medicine.disease, Atherosclerosis, Endocrinology, chemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, Cardiovascular Diseases, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: Along with increased levels of low-density cholesterol, lipid factors of the risk of cardiovascular complications (CVC) include hypertriglyceridemia, particularly increased plasma levels of remnant particles. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) are essential for normal functioning of cell membranes, retina, nerve tissue, skeletal muscles, etc. Among the large family of fatty acids (FA), eicosapentaenoic (EPC) and docosahexaenoic (DHX) FA are most studied. The beneficial effect of ω-3 PUFA consumption on the cardiovascular system is related with improvement of blood rheology, antiarrhythmic and anti-inflammatory effects, and a decrease in triglycerides. Large randomized studies of ω-3 PUFA (mixed EPC and DHX or only EPC) have demonstrated their efficiency and safety and a capability for reducing the incidence of CVC and sudden death as well as improvement of the prognosis in various patient populations. In the STRENGTH study (combination of omega-3 and statins), no significant decrease in the risk of CVC was achieved in patients with high triglycerides and low high-density lipoproteins. The ω-3 PUFA treatment is regulated by current international Guidelines and Consensuses as a part of combination therapy with statins for reduction of the risk of CVC and correction of pronounced hypertriglyceridemia.
Published: 2021

31. Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Author: Jie Lin, Snejana Tisheva, Ishwar C. Verma, Francesco Cipollone, Liam R. Brunham, Florentina Predica, Perla A.C. Gonzalez, Jocelyne Inamo, André R. Miserez, Belma Pojskic, Michel Farnier, Avishay Ellis, Katia Bonomo, Ibrahim Al-Zakwani, Maria Grazia Zenti, Humberto A. Lopez, Khairul Shafiq Ibrahim, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Alexey Meshkov, Jose P. de Moura, Muthukkaruppan Annamalai, Raul D. Santos, F. Paillard, Maria Del Ben, Jan Lacko, Miguel T. Rico, Ximena Reyes, Laura E.G. de Leon, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Ulrich Julius, Mohammed A. Batais, Dieter Böhm, Ta-Chen Su, Takuya Kobayashi, Magdalena Chmara, Marco Gebauer, Marcos M. Lima-Martínez, Ravshanbek D. Kurbanov, Daisaku Masuda, Amro El-Hadidy, Melanie Schüler, Francisco Fuentes, Florian J. Mayer, Helena Vaverkova, F. Ulrich Beil, Juraj Bujdak, Mario Stoll, Isabelle Ruel, Elena Dorn, Thomas M. Stulnig, Abubaker Elfatih, Rano B. Alieva, Jiri Vesely, Valérie Carreau, Cristina M. Sibaja, Sophie Béliard, Olivier Ziegler, Adriana Branchi, Daniel Schurr, G.B. John Mancini, Tai E. Shyong, Eric L.T. Siang, Mafalda Bourbon, Zerrin Yigit, Meral Kayıkçıoğlu, Jacques Genest, Wei Yu, Michal Vrablík, Shavkat U. Hoshimov, Dan Gaita, Antonio Pipolo, Ashraf H.A. AlQudaimi, Walter Speidl, Gianfranco Parati, Zaliha Ismail, Victoria M. Zubieta, René Valéro, Tomas Salek, Hana Halamkova, Gustavs Latkovskis, Nicole Allendorf-Ostwald, Agnes Perrin, Vladimir Soska, Anastasia Garoufi, Francisco Araujo, Nacu C. Portilla, Thomas Segiet, Charalambos Koumaras, Hila Knobler, Fatih Sivri, Hani Altaradi, Ivan Pećin, Long Jiang, Alexander Dressel, Marlena Woś, Jana Franekova, D. Agapakis, Quitéria Rato, Dirk J. Blom, Marcin A. Bartlomiejczyk, Krzysztof Dyrbuś, Maurizio Averna, Phivos Symeonides, Yung A. Chua, Asim Rana, András Nagy, Juan C.G. Cuellar, Alexander Jäkel, Maya Safarova, Neama Luqman, Amalia-Despoina Koutsogianni, Patrick Tounian, Jose A. Alvarez, Ada Cuevas, Corinna Richter, Sybil Charrieres, Vitaliy Zafiraki, Michalis Doumas, Angela Lux, Thanh Huong Truong, Elaine Chow, José Luis Díaz-Díaz, Jesus R.H. Almada, Sabine Füllgraf-Horst, Gustavo G. Retana, Claudio Borghi, Gianni Biolo, Ivajlo Tzvetkov, Patrícia Pais, Mehmet Akbulut, Kumiko Nagahama, Oner Ozdogan, Frank Leistikow, Jianxun He, Alexander R.M. Lyons, Poranee Ganokroj, Luis E.S. Mendia, Ann-Cathrin Koschker, Gabriela A.G. Ramirez, Dainus Gilis, Karin Balinth, José Ramiro Cruz, Paolo Calabrò, Alberico L. Catapano, Emmanouil Skalidis, Hamida Al-Barwani, Genovefa Kolovou, Carolyn S.P. Lam, Yoto Yotov, Yaacov Henkin, Gabriella Iannuzzo, Aimi Z. Razman, Alma B.M. Rodriguez, Hans Dieplinger, Darlington E. Obaseki, Ursulo J. Herrera, Arcangelo Iannuzzi, Christoph Säly, Elena Olmastroni, Francisco G. Padilla, S.A. Nazli, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold, Miriam Kozárová, Urh Groselj, Igor Shaposhnik, Lorenzo Iughetti, Nawal Rwaili, Cinthia E. 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Rasulic I., Lalic N.M., Lam C., Le T.J., Siang E.L.T., Dissanayake S., I-Shing J.T., Shyong T.E., Jin T.C.S., Balinth K., Buganova I., Fabryova L., Kadurova M., Klabnik A., Kozarova M., Sirotiakova J., Battelino T., Kovac J., Mlinaric M., Sustar U., Podkrajsek K.T., Fras Z., Jug B., Cevc M., Pilcher G.J., Blom D.J., Wolmarans K.H., Brice B.C., Muniz-Grijalvo O., Diaz-Diaz J.L., de Isla L.P., Fuentes F., Badimon L., Martin F., Lux A., Chang N.-T., Ganokroj P., Akbulut M., Alici G., Bayram F., Can L.H., Celik A., Ceyhan C., Coskun F.Y., Demir M., Demircan S., Dogan V., Durakoglugil E., Dural I.E., Gedikli O., Hacioglu A., Ildizli M., Kilic S., Kirilmaz B., Kutlu M., Oguz A., Ozdogan O., Onrat E., Ozer S., Sabuncu T., Sahin T., Sivri F., Sonmez A., Temizhan A., Topcu S., Tuncez A., Vural M., Yenercag M., Yesilbursa D., Yigit Z., Yildirim A.B., Yildirir A., Yilmaz M.B., Atallah B., Traina M., Sabbour H., Hay D.A., Luqman N., Elfatih A., Abdulrasheed A., Kwok S., Oca N.D., Reyes X., Alieva R.B., Kurbanov R.D., Hoshimov S.U., Nizamov U.I., Ziyaeva A.V., Abdullaeva G.J., Do D.L., Nguyen M.N.T., Kim N.T., Le T.T., Le H.A., Tokgozoglu L., Catapano A.L., Ray K.K., Vallejo-Vaz, A. 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C., Borghi, C., Muntoni, S., Cipollone, F., Purrello, F., Pujia, A., Passaro, A., Marcucci, R., Pecchioli, V., Pisciotta, L., Mandraffino, G., Pellegatta, F., Mombelli, G., Branchi, A., Fiorenza, A. M., Pederiva, C., Werba, J. P., Parati, G., Carubbi, F., Iughetti, L., Iannuzzi, A., Iannuzzo, G., Calabro, P., Averna, M., Biasucci, G., Zambon, S., Roscini, A. R., Trenti, C., Arca, M., Federici, M., Del Ben, M., Bartuli, A., Giaccari, A., Pipolo, A., Citroni, N., Guardamagna, O., Bonomo, K., Benso, A., Biolo, G., Maroni, L., Lupi, A., Bonanni, L., Zenti, M. G., Matsuki, K., Hori, M., Ogura, M., Masuda, D., Kobayashi, T., Nagahama, K., Al-Jarallah, M., Radovic, M., Lunegova, O., Bektasheva, E., Khodzhiboboev, E., Erglis, A., Gilis, D., Nesterovics, G., Saripo, V., Meiere, R., Upena-RozeMicena, A., Terauda, E., Jambart, S., Khoury, P. E., Elbitar, S., Ayoub, C., Ghaleb, Y., Aliosaitiene, U., Kutkiene, S., Kasim, N. A. M., Nor, N. S. M., Ramli, A. S., Razak, S. A., Al-Khateeb, A., Kadir, S. H. S. A., Muid, S. A., Rahman, T. A., Kasim, S. S., Radzi, A. B. M., Ibrahim, K. S., Razali, S., Ismail, Z., Ghani, R. A., Hafidz, M. I. A., Chua, A. L., Rosli, M. M., Annamalai, M., Teh, L. K., Razali, R., Chua, Y. A., Rosman, A., Sanusi, A. R., Murad, N. A. A., Jamal, A. R. A., Nazli, S. A., Razman, A. Z., Rosman, N., Rahmat, R., Hamzan, N. S., Azzopardi, C., Mehta, R., Martagon, A. J., Ramirez, G. A. G., Villa, N. E. A., Vazquez, A. V., Elias-Lopez, D., Retana, G. G., Rodriguez, B., Macias, J. J. C., Zazueta, A. R., Alvarado, R. M., Portano, J. D. M., Lopez, H. A., Sauque-Reyna, L., Herrera, L. G. G., Mendia, L. E. S., Aguilar, H. G., Cooremans, E. R., Aparicio, B. P., Zubieta, V. M., Gonzalez, P. A. C., Ferreira-Hermosillo, A., Portilla, N. C., Dominguez, G. J., Garcia, A. Y. R., Cazares, H. E. A., Gonzalez, J. R., Valencia, C. V. M., Padilla, F. G., Prado, R. M., De los Rios Ibarra, M. O., Villicana, R. D. A., Rivera, K. J. A., Carrera, R. A., Alvarez, J. A., Martinez, J. C. A., de los Reyes Barrera Bustillo, M., Vargas, G. C., Chacon, R. C., Andrade, M. H. F., Ortega, A. F., Alcala, H. G., de Leon, L. E. G., Guzman, B. G., Garcia, J. J. G., Cuellar, J. C. G., Cruz, J. R. G., Garcia, A. H., Almada, J. R. H., Herrera, U. J., Sobrevilla, F. L., Rodriguez, E. M., Sibaja, C. M., Rodriguez, A. B. M., Oyervides, J. C. M., Vazquez, D. I. P., Rodriguez, E. A. R., Osorio, M. L. R., Saucedo, J. R., Tamayo, M. T., Talavera, L. A. V., Arroyo, L. E. V., Carrillo, E. A. Z., Isara, A., Obaseki, D. E., Al-Waili, K., Al-Zadjali, F., Al-Zakwani, I., Al-Kindi, M., Al-Mukhaini, S., Al-Barwani, H., Rana, A., Shah, L. S. U., Starostecka, E., Konopka, A., Lewek, J., Bartlomiejczyk, M., Gasior, M., Dyrbus, K., Jozwiak, J., Gruchala, M., Pajkowski, M., Romanowska-Kocejko, M., Zarczynska-Buchowiecka, M., Chmara, M., Wasag, B., Parczewska, A., Gilis-Malinowska, N., Borowiec-Wolna, J., Strozyk, A., Wos, M., Michalska-Grzonkowska, A., Medeiros, A. M., Alves, A. C., Silva, F., Lobarinhas, G., Palma, I., de Moura, J. P., Rico, M. T., Rato, Q., Pais, P., Correia, S., Moldovan, O., Virtuoso, M. J., Salgado, J. M., Colaco, I., Dumitrescu, A., Lengher, C., Mosteoru, S., Meshkov, A., Ershova, A., Rozkova, T., Korneva, V., Yu, K. T., Zafiraki, V., Voevoda, M., Gurevich, V., Duplyakov, D., Ragino, Y., Safarova, M., Shaposhnik, I., Alkaf, F., Khudari, A., Rwaili, N., Al-Allaf, F., Alghamdi, M., Batais, M. A., Almigbal, T. H., Kinsara, A., Alqudaimi, A. H. A., Awan, Z., Elamin, O. A., Altaradi, H., Rajkovic, N., Popovic, L., Singh, S., Stosic, L., Rasulic, I., Lalic, N. M., Lam, C., Le, T. J., Siang, E. L. T., Dissanayake, S., I-Shing, J. T., Shyong, T. E., Jin, T. C. S., Balinth, K., Buganova, I., Fabryova, L., Kadurova, M., Klabnik, A., Kozarova, M., Sirotiakova, J., Battelino, T., Kovac, J., Mlinaric, M., Sustar, U., Podkrajsek, K. T., Fras, Z., Jug, B., Cevc, M., Pilcher, G. J., Blom, D. J., Wolmarans, K. H., Brice, B. C., Muniz-Grijalvo, O., Diaz-Diaz, J. L., de Isla, L. P., Fuentes, F., Badimon, L., Martin, F., Lux, A., Chang, N. -T., Ganokroj, P., Akbulut, M., Alici, G., Bayram, F., Can, L. H., Celik, A., Ceyhan, C., Coskun, F. Y., Demir, M., Demircan, S., Dogan, V., Durakoglugil, E., Dural, I. E., Gedikli, O., Hacioglu, A., Ildizli, M., Kilic, S., Kirilmaz, B., Kutlu, M., Oguz, A., Ozdogan, O., Onrat, E., Ozer, S., Sabuncu, T., Sahin, T., Sivri, F., Sonmez, A., Temizhan, A., Topcu, S., Tuncez, A., Vural, M., Yenercag, M., Yesilbursa, D., Yigit, Z., Yildirim, A. B., Yildirir, A., Yilmaz, M. B., Atallah, B., Traina, M., Sabbour, H., Hay, D. A., Luqman, N., Elfatih, A., Abdulrasheed, A., Kwok, S., Oca, N. D., Reyes, X., Alieva, R. B., Kurbanov, R. D., Hoshimov, S. U., Nizamov, U. I., Ziyaeva, A. V., Abdullaeva, G. J., Do, D. L., Nguyen, M. N. T., Kim, N. T., Le, T. T., Le, H. A., Tokgozoglu, L., Catapano, A. L., Ray, K. K., and EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC), Borghi C
Subjects: Male, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Arterial disease, Cross-sectional study, Adult population, Coronary Disease, Disease, Global Health, Medical and Health Sciences, Doenças Cardio e Cérebro-vasculares, Anticholesteremic Agent, Monoclonal, Prevalence, Registries, Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Humanized, Stroke, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, LS2_9, Studies Collaboration, Anticholesteremic Agents, General Medicine, Heart Disease Risk Factor, Middle Aged, FHSC global registry data, Europe, Treatment Outcome, Lower prevalence, Guidance, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Female, Proprotein Convertase 9, Familial hypercholesterolaemia, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Combination therapy, FHSC global registry, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, Cardiovascular risk factors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Insights, Antibodies, NO, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, Clinician, Medicine, General & Internal, Internal medicine, General & Internal Medicine, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC), Cross-Sectional Studie, Science & Technology, Global Perspective, business.industry, Cholesterol, LDL, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, business
Abstract: Background The European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global registry provides a platform for the global surveillance of familial hypercholesterolaemia through harmonisation and pooling of multinational data. In this study, we aimed to characterise the adult population with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and described how it is detected and managed globally. Methods Using FHSC global registry data, we did a cross-sectional assessment of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at the time they were entered into the registries. Data were assessed overall and by WHO regions, sex, and index versus non-index cases. Findings Of the 61 612 individuals in the registry, 42 167 adults (21 999 [53.6%] women) from 56 countries were included in the study. Of these, 31 798 (75.4%) were diagnosed with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and 35 490 (84.2%) were from the WHO region of Europe. Median age of participants at entry in the registry was 46.2 years (IQR 34.3-58.0); median age at diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia was 44.4 years (32.5-56.5), with 40.2% of participants younger than 40 years when diagnosed. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively with age and varied by WHO region. Prevalence of coronary disease was 17.4% (2.1% for stroke and 5.2% for peripheral artery disease), increasing with concentrations of untreated LDL cholesterol, and was about two times lower in women than in men. Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, 16 803 (81.1%) were receiving statins and 3691 (21.2%) were on combination therapy, with greater use of more potent lipid-lowering medication in men than in women. Median LDL cholesterol was 5.43 mmol/L (IQR 4.32-6.72) among patients not taking lipid-lowering medications and 4.23 mmol/L (3.20-5.66) among those taking them. Among patients taking lipid-lowering medications, 2.7% had LDL cholesterol lower than 1.8 mmol/L; the use of combination therapy, particularly with three drugs and with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors, was associated with a higher proportion and greater odds of having LDL cholesterol lower than 1.8 mmol/L. Compared with index cases, patients who were non-index cases were younger, with lower LDL cholesterol and lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (all p, Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning Change [16157823]; Amgen; Merck Sharp Dohme; Sanofi-Aventis; Daiichi Sankyo; Regeneron; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, UK; NIHR; Czech Ministry of Health [NU20-02-00261]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Austrian Heart Foundation; Tyrolean Regional Government; Gulf Heart Association, The EAS FHSC is an academic initiative that has received funding from a Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning & Change 2014 (16157823) and from investigator-initiated research grants to the European Atherosclerosis Society-Imperial College London from Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi-Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron. KKR acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, UK. KID acknowledges support from a PhD Studentship from NIHR under the Applied Health Research programme for Northwest London, UK (the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the Department of Health). TF was supported by a grant from the Czech Ministry of Health (NU20-02-00261). JG receives support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The Austrian Familial Hypercholesterolaemia registry has been supported by funds from the Austrian Heart Foundation and the Tyrolean Regional Government. The Gulf Familial Hypercholesterolaemia registry was done under the auspices of the Gulf Heart Association.
Published: 2021
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32. Bempedoic Acid in the Treatment of Patients with Dyslipidemias and Statin Intolerance

Author: Ludmila Anatolievna Korol, Gerald F. Watts, and Andrey V. Susekov
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Statin, ATP citrate lyase, medicine.drug_class, Familial hypercholesterolemia, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Ezetimibe, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Dicarboxylic Acids, Risk factor, Dyslipidemias, Hypolipidemic Agents, Pharmacology, Clinical pharmacology, business.industry, Fatty Acids, General Medicine, Cholesterol, LDL, Drug Tolerance, Proprotein convertase, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Treatment Outcome, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Kexin, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: An elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is a well-established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACSVD) risk factor. Randomized studies with statins (alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering drugs) have demonstrated their clinical efficacy in lowering LDL-C. Several classes of new, non-statin agents have been successfully studied and used (e.g., ezetimibe and inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 [i-PSCK9]). However, many high ACSVD risk patients remain at a high residual cardiovascular risk, with at least 10% being statin intolerant. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is a new inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis that targets ATP citrate lyase (ACL). Importantly, ETC-1002 is only converted into an active form in the liver and is free of muscle side effects. Area Covered: Mechanism of action of ETC-1002, clinical pharmacology, completed clinical studies with bempedoic acid, lipid-lowering efficacy/safety issues, and recent meta-analyses of trials with ETC-1002. Expert Opinion: ETC-1002 has been extensively studied in phase I–III clinical studies in over 4000 individuals from different patient populations (statin intolerance, familial hypercholesterolemia, and high ACSVD risk patients), ETC-1002 has been demonstrated to have moderate cholesterol-lowering efficacy and a good safety profile at a dose of 180 mg/day as a monotherapy and in combination with statins and ezetimibe. The ongoing study CLEAR Outcomes, with composite cardiovascular endpoints, will elucidate the role of bempedoic acid in the management of high ACSVD risk and statin-intolerant patients with hypercholesterolemia. Long-term safety data on bempedoic acid are needed to fully establish this agent in evidence-informed guidelines for managing of patients with dyslipidemias.
Published: 2020

33. ScreenPro FH - Screening Project for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe: Basic Epidemiology

Author: Lale Tokgozoglu, Richard Ceska, Elie M. Moubarak, Andrey V. Susekov, Vladimír Tuka, Marat V. Ezhov, Željko Reiner, György Paragh, Tolkun Murataliev, Olena Mitchenko, Katarina Raslova, Assen Goudev, Ivan Pećin, Meral Kayıkçıoğlu, Žaneta Petrulionienė, Khalid Al Rasadi, Dan Gheorghe-Andrei, Nebojsa Tasic, Gustavs Latkovskis, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, Tomáš Freiberger, Branislav Vohnout, Zlatko Fras, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Alexander B. Shek, Belma Pojskic, Alexandros D. Tselepis, Maciej Banach, and Dan Gaiţă
Subjects: Gynecology, Heterozygote, medicine.medical_specialty, Databases, Factual, business.industry, Familial hypercholesterolemia, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Europe, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, Internal Medicine, medicine, Physical therapy, Humans, Mass Screening, Europe, Eastern, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Uvod: I přes velký pokrok v nedavne době je familiarni hypercholesterolemie (FH) stale jestě celosvětově podceňovane, nedostatecně diagnostikovane, a tedy i nedostatecně lecene onemocněni. O přesne prevalenci pacientů postižených familiarni hypercholesterolemii v regionu středni, východni a jižni Evropy (CESE) mame jen velmi malo informaci. Cilem studie bylo popsat na zakladě dostupných udajů epidemiologickou situaci v regionu CESE. Metody: Vsichni vedouci představitele projektu ScreenPro FH v jednotlivých oblastech byli požadani o poskytnuti lokalnich udajů, ktere se týkaji (a) expertniho odhadu prevalence FH, (b) již fungujicich zdravotnických zařizeni, (c) použitých diagnostických kriterii, (d) poctu pacientů již zavedených v mistni databazi a konecně (e) dostupnosti možnosti lecby (zejmena plazmaferezy). Výsledky: Vzhledem k odhadovane prevalenci FH přibližně 1 : 500 odhadujeme, že celkova populace FH heterozygotů v regionu CESE zahrnuje 588 363 osob. V mistnich databazich se vsak zobrazilo pouze 14 108 osob (2,4 %), přicemž mira zobrazeni se lisila v rozmezi od 0,1 % až 31,6 %. Pouze 4 země oznamily dostupnost LDL aferezy. Zavěr: Nase udaje svědci o velke populaci pacientů postižených heterozygotni formou FH v regionu CESE a zaroveň o nizkých podilech jejich zobrazeni. V ramci projektu ScreenPro FH jsou vsak nyni vytvařeny potřebne struktury a můžeme tak doufat v dosaženi přiznivějsich výsledků.
Published: 2017
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34. [Possibilities of clinical use of ezetimibe Otrio (JSC 'AKRIKHIN', Russia) in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk who have not reached the target values of lipid metabolism. Conclusion of the Board of experts]

Author: I I Shaposhnik, V. V. Kashtalap, A. V. Susekov, V Yu Mareev, J. D. Kobalava, A. M. Galyavich, A. I. Kaminnyi, and Victor S. Gurevich
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Statin, Combination therapy, medicine.drug_class, Type 2 diabetes, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Intestinal absorption, Russia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Ezetimibe, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Hyperlipidemia, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, biology, business.industry, Anticholesteremic Agents, Cholesterol, LDL, medicine.disease, Lipid Metabolism, Tolerability, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Cardiovascular Diseases, HMG-CoA reductase, biology.protein, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Drug Therapy, Combination, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: This Conclusion of the Board of experts is devoted to the analysis of the evidence base, the position in modern clinical guidelines, the efficacy and safety analysis as well as the options of combined therapy with statins and ezetimibe (Otrio, JSC “AKRIKHIN”) in various categories of patients in routine clinical practice in theRussian Federation. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to lead in the structure of morbidity and mortality inRussia. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main modifiable risk factors for CVD. Administration of HMGCo-A-reductase inhibitors (statins) remains the basis for the prevention and treatment of the main complications of atherosclerosis, but the achievement of target levels of LDL–C on of statin monotherapy in Russian practice among different categories of risk does not exceed 50%. Proportion of patients (up to 12%) does not tolerate statin therapy, which requires the search for alternative therapies. To optimize the control of the level of LDL–C, combination therapy with statins and ezetimibe is used. Ezetimibe is an effective lipid-lowering drug, an inhibitor of intestinal absorption of cholesterol, which was investigated in many international and Russian studies, the results of which have demonstrated good tolerability, safety and efficacy (reduction of LDL–C levels by 18% in monotherapy). It was noted that the combined therapy with low/medium doses of statins and ezetimibe effectively reduces the level of LDL–C by 44–53%, which is comparable to the effect of high doses of statins and reduces CV risk in patients with CKD and ACS. Otrio (INN Ezetimib) tablets 10 mg ( JSC “AKRIKHIN”,Russia) has demonstrated bioequivalence to the original drug Ezetrol tablets 10 mg (Schering-plough Labo N. V,Belgium). Broad use of a new generic product Otrio in combination with different statins will significantly increase the frequency of achievement of target lipid levels in patients with high and very high CV risk, including patients with chronic renal failure, type 2 diabetes and in patients with high hypercholesterolemia (LDL–C > 5 mmol/l) and, ultimately, reduce the burden of CV disease and mortality in Russia.
Published: 2019

35. Residual vascular risk in diabetes - Will the SPPARM alpha concept hold the key?

Author: Jean-Charles Fruchart, Raul D. Santos, Shizuya Yamashita, Peter Libby, Masanori Aikawa, Jorge Plutzky, Aruna Pradhan, Paul Ridker, Carlos Aguilar-Salinas, Khalid Al Rasadi, Pierre Amarenco, Philip J. Barter, Richard Ceska, Alberto Corsini, Massimiliano Ruscica, Jean-Pierre Després, Patrick Duriez, Robert H. Eckel, Marat V. Ezhov, Michel Farnier, Henry N. Ginsberg, Michel P. Hermans, Shun Ishibashi, Fredrik Karpe, Tatsuhiko Kodama, Wolfgang Koenig, Michel Krempf, Soo Lim, Alberto J. Lorenzatti, Ruth McPherson, Jesus Millan Nuñez-Cortes, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Hisao Ogawa, Chris J. Packard, Carlos I. Ponte-Negretti, Željko Reiner, Shaukat Sadikot, Hitoshi Shimano, Piyamitr Sritara, Jane K. Stock, Ta-Chen Su, Andrey V. Susekov, André Tartar, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Alexander Tenenbaum, Lale S. Tokgözoğlu, Brian Tomlinson, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, Paul Valensi, Michal Vrablík, Walter Wahli, Gerald F. Watts, Koutaro Yokote, Alberto Zambon, R3i Foundation, Partenaires INRAE, University of São Paulo, Medical Center, University Graduate School of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Alpha (ethology), Review, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Vascular risk, Residual, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, SPPARM, Diabetes mellitus, Journal Article, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Residual cardiovascular risk, diabetes, SPPARM, PPAR alpha, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intensive care medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, risk, diabetes, PPAR-alpha Agonists, business.industry, cardiovascular, General Medicine, [SDV.MHEP.EM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Endocrinology and metabolism, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Residual cardiovascular risk, Key (cryptography), Blood pressure, business, Diabetic Angiopathies, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: No abstract available.
Published: 2019
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36. STATINS IN PREVENTION OF ISCHEMIC STROKE

Author: N. V. Maltseva, V. V. Kuharchuk, E. J. Soloveva, A. B. Blohin, Z. G. Luginova, O. E. Tarasova, and A. V. Susekov
Subjects: lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, medicine.medical_specialty, Atorvastatin, cardiovascular complications, инсульт, RM1-950, statins, статины, Internal medicine, medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Pharmacology (medical), cardiovascular diseases, Stroke, сердечно-сосудистые осложнения, Secondary prevention, business.industry, lcsh:RM1-950, nutritional and metabolic diseases, atorvastatin, medicine.disease, stroke, lcsh:Therapeutics. Pharmacology, lcsh:RC666-701, RC666-701, Ischemic stroke, Cardiology, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), аторвастатин, Statin therapy, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: The evidence base of statin therapy in primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke is surveyed. Results of classical trails with statins in ischemic stroke prevention as well as results of meta-analyses are discussed.
Published: 2015

37. Statin therapy and atherosclerosis stabilization in carotid arteries

Author: T.V. Balakhonova, Marina Koshurnikova, E. Yu Solovieva, Z. G Luginova, and Andrey V. Susekov
Subjects: lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:RC648-665, business.industry, Carotid arteries, lcsh:Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, mertenil, stabilization, statins, carotid arteries, cardiovascular disease, lcsh:RC666-701, Internal medicine, Cardiology, medicine, regression, Statin therapy, atherosclerosis, three-dimensional ultrasound, business
Abstract: Atherosclerosis and it’s clinical implications (myocardial infarction, stroke, intermittent lameness) is a serious medico-social problem in Russia. Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are the first-choice agents to prevent cardiovascular disease events. The paper presents the results of early regression studies and modern regression studies using MRI imaging concerning the regression or stabilization atherosclerosis and rationale and baseline characteristics of russian regression study “FREGAT”.
Published: 2015
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38. Omega-3 carboxylic acids in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia: EVOLVE II, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Author: Andrey V. Susekov, Hong Yang, Mats Kvarnström, Tjerk W. A. de Bruin, Michael H. Davidson, Erik S.G. Stroes, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Vascular Medicine, and ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe hypertriglyceridemia, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Placebo-controlled study, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Gastroenterology, Severity of Illness Index, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Double-Blind Method, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Humans, In patient, 030212 general & internal medicine, Omega-3 carboxylic acids, Olive Oil, Triglycerides, Hypertriglyceridemia, Nutrition and Dietetics, Triglyceride, business.industry, Cholesterol, LDL, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Endocrinology, Treatment Outcome, chemistry, Cardiovascular Diseases, Acute pancreatitis, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Adult patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) are at increased risk of developing acute pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. Omega-3 carboxylic acids (OM3-CA) are approved for treatment as an adjunct to diet to reduce triglyceride (TG) concentrations in patients with SHTG. The aim of the study was to assess efficacy and safety of the intermediate dose of OM3-CA (2 g daily), compared with olive oil 2 g daily, in reducing serum TG and lipid concentrations in patients with SHTG. A randomized, double-blind, olive oil-controlled, parallel-group trial involving 162 adults with qualifying serum TG concentrations of at least 500 mg/dL (5.65 mmol/L) and 885 mg/dL (10 mmol/L). An intermediate dose of OM3-CA (2 g daily) significantly lowers TG and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in patients with SHTG and may benefit individuals at risk of acute pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease
Published: 2017

39. [Lipid-Lowering Therapy: a Look Into the Past and Prospects For the Near Future]

Author: A V Susekov
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, Atherosclerosis, Lipids, Lipid-lowering therapy, Drug Therapy, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, Humans, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, Forecasting, Hypolipidemic Agents
Published: 2017

40. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia: the EpanoVa fOr Lowering Very high triglyceridEs (EVOLVE) trial

Author: Andrey V. Susekov, Michael H. Davidson, Ben N. Machielse, Kevin C. Maki, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Douglas Kling, Marat V. Ezhov, John J.P. Kastelein, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and Vascular Medicine
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe hypertriglyceridemia, Endpoint Determination, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Internal Medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, Medicine, Omega-3 carboxylic acids, Triglycerides, Hypertriglyceridemia, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Fatty acid, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Treatment Outcome, Endocrinology, chemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, Female, Arachidonic acid, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Omega-3 fatty acids in free fatty acid form have enhanced bioavailability, and plasma levels are less influenced by food than for ethyl ester forms. The aim was to evaluate the safety and lipid-altering efficacy in subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia of an investigational pharmaceutical omega-3 free fatty acid (OM3-FFA) containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This was a multinational, double-blind, randomized, out-patient study. Men and women with triglycerides (TGs) ≥ 500 mg/dL, but
Published: 2014
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41. Documento oficial de la Sociedad Internacional de Aterosclerosis: recomendaciones generales para el tratamiento de la dislipidemia. Resumen ejecutivo

Author: D. John Betteridge, Hidenori Arai, Gerald F. Watts, Philip J. Barter, Rody G. Sy, Andrey V. Susekov, Lale Tokgozoglu, Dong Zhao, Y. Antero Kesäniemi, Thomas P. Bersot, Jacques Genest, Shaukat Sadikot, Rafael Carmena, Raul D. Santos, Ada Cuevas, Scott M. Grundy, and Michael H. Davidson
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Executive summary, business.industry, Family medicine, Physical therapy, medicine, Alternative medicine, MEDLINE, Pharmacology (medical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.disease, business, Dyslipidemia
Published: 2014
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42. Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolemia from the International FH Foundation

Author: Frederick J. Raal, Anthony S. Wierzbicki, Albert Wiegman, William G. Simpson, W. Virgil Brown, Andrey V. Susekov, Michael Livingston, Brian Tomlinson, John J.P. Kastelein, Pedro Mata, Eric J.G. Sijbrands, David R. Sullivan, Khoo Kah Lin, Samuel S. Gidding, Peter P. Toth, Gerald F. Watts, Joep C. Defesche, Shizuya Yamashita, Rodrigo Alonso, Klaus G. Parhofer, Raul D. Santos, Eric Bruckert, Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, and Vascular Medicine
Subjects: Pediatrics, Heredity, Internationality, Epidemiology, International Cooperation, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Familial hypercholesterolemia, Risk Factors, Health care, Cooperative Behavior, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Child, Lipoprotein cholesterol, Nutrition and Dietetics, medicine.diagnostic_test, Anticholesteremic Agents, Clinical judgement, Age Factors, Foundation (evidence), Pedigree, Lipoproteins, LDL, Phenotype, Practice Guidelines as Topic, DOENÇAS CARDIOVASCULARES (GENÉTICA), Blood Component Removal, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Lipoprotein apheresis, Foundations, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, Adolescent, Best practice, Genetic Counseling, Guidelines as Topic, Cascade screening, Coronary prevention, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, Predictive Value of Tests, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Testing, Intensive care medicine, Genetic testing, business.industry, Cholesterol, LDL, medicine.disease, Coronary heart disease, Patient Care, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a dominantly inherited disorder present from birth that markedly elevates plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and causes premature coronary heart disease. There are at least 20 million people with FH worldwide, but the majority remains undetected, and current treatment is often suboptimal. To address this major gap in coronary prevention we present, from an international perspective, consensus-based guidance on the care of FH. The guidance was generated from seminars and workshops held at an international symposium. The recommendations focus on the detection, diagnosis, assessment, and management of FH in adults and children and set guidelines for clinical purposes. They also refer to best practice for cascade screening and risk notifying and testing families for FH, including use of genetic testing. Guidance on treatment is based on risk stratification, management of noncholesterol risk factors, and the safe and effective use of low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapies. Recommendations are given on lipoprotein apheresis. The use of emerging therapies for FH is also foreshadowed. This international guidance acknowledges evidence gaps but aims to make the best use of contemporary practice and technology to achieve the best outcomes for the care of FH. It should accordingly be used to inform clinical judgment and be adjusted for country-specific and local healthcare needs and resources. (C) 2014 National Lipid Association. All rights reserved.
Published: 2014
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43. Pooling and expanding registries of familial hypercholesterolaemia to assess gaps in care and improve disease management and outcomes: Rationale and design of the global EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration

Author: Della Cole, Hapizah Md Nawawi, Khalid Al-Rasadi, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Josip Car, Tomáš Freiberger, Asif Akram, Martin P. Bogsrud, Lourdes Ella G. Santos, Jie Lin, Branislav Vohnout, Olivier S. Descamps, Antonio J. Vallejo-Vaz, Frederick J. Raal, Alexandros D. Tselepis, G. Kees Hovingh, Fahad Alnouri, André R. Miserez, Belma Pojskic, Nan Lin, Handrean Soran, Ulrich Laufs, Gerald F. Watts, Olena Mitchenko, Zaneta Petrulioniene, Zlatko Fras, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Gustavs Latkovskis, Sreenivasa Rao Kondapally Seshasai, Pedro Mata, Lennart Nilsson, Abdullah Shehab, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Nelson Majano, Shizuya Yamashita, Andrey V. Susekov, Vincent Maher, Lixin Jiang, Dan Gaita, I.M. Gaspar, Alberico L. Catapano, Mariko Harada-Shiba, Brian Tomlinson, Marianne Abifadel, Pablo Corral, A. David Marais, Myra Tilney, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Maciej Banach, Meral Kayıkçıoğlu, Ronen Durst, J. Genest, Heribert Schunkert, M. Naceur Slimane, Željko Reiner, Winfried März, Marat V. Ezhov, Evangelos Liberopoulos, Ta-Chen Su, Kausik K. Ray, Mario Stoll, Mafalda Bourbon, Richard Ceska, Carolyn S.P. Lam, Hans Dieplinger, Rodrigo Alonso, Can T. Do, György Paragh, John J.P. Kastelein, Raul D. Santos, Eric Bruckert, Elisabeth Widen, Vascular Medicine, Ege Üniversitesi, Pfizer Incorporated, European Atherosclerosis Society, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Elisabeth Ingrid Maria Widen / Principal Investigator, and Genomic Discoveries and Clinical Translation
Subjects: PREDICTION, International Cooperation, Pooling, Information Storage and Retrieval, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, GUIDELINES, Doenças Cardio e Cérebro-vasculares, LDL-Cholesterol, 0302 clinical medicine, Cardiovascular Disease, Medicine, Data Mining, Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems, 030212 general & internal medicine, Registries, Disease management (health), Cooperative Behavior, GENERAL-POPULATION, RISK, Familial hypercholesterolaemia, Cardiovascular disease, Registry, Kardiologi, CONSENSUS PANEL, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, General Medicine, Orvostudományok, PREVALENCE, 3. Good health, Treatment Outcome, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE, Research Design, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Best practice, Klinikai orvostudományok, Access to Information, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, 03 medical and health sciences, EUROPEAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS SOCIETY, Internal Medicine, Humans, Organizational Objectives, Bespoke, Study Design, GUIDANCE, business.industry, Public health, Study design, Professional Practice Gaps, Data sharing, Clinical trial, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Family medicine, Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration, Familial Hypercholesterolaemia, INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANT DATA, business
Abstract: WOS: 000393031600001, PubMed ID: 27939304, Background: The potential for global collaborations to better inform public health policy regarding major non-hypercholesterolaemia (FH), a common genetic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease, is yet to be reliably ascertained using similar approaches. The European Atherosclerosis Society FH Studies Collaboration (EAS FHSC) is a new initiative of international stakeholders which will help establish a global FH registry to generate large-scale, robust data on the burden of FH worldwide. Methods: The EAS FHSC will maximise the potential exploitation of currently available and future FH data (retrospective and prospective) by bringing together regional/national/international data sources with access to individuals with a clinical and/or genetic diagnosis of heterozygous or homozygous FH. A novel bespoke electronic platform and FH Data Warehouse will be developed to allow secure data sharing, validation, cleaning, pooling, harmonisation and analysis irrespective of the source or format. Standard statistical procedures will allow us to investigate cross-sectional associations, patterns of real-world practice, trends over time, and analyse risk and outcomes (e.g. cardiovascular outcomes, all-cause death), accounting for potential confounders and subgroup effects. Conclusions: The EAS FHSC represents an excellent opportunity to integrate individual efforts across the world to tackle the global burden of FH. The information garnered from the registry will help reduce gaps in knowledge, inform best practices, assist in clinical trials design, support clinical guidelines and policies development, and ultimately improve the care of FH patients. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd., Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning Change [16157823]; AmgenAmgen; MSD; Sanofi-AventisSanofi-Aventis; Latvian State Research Programme BIOMEDICINE; Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government [MZ CR AZV 15-28277A, 16-29084A], The present project has received support from a Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning & Change 2014 (No: 16157823) and from investigator initiated unrestricted research grants to the European Atherosclerosis Society from Amgen, MSD, and Sanofi-Aventis. The project in Latvia was supported by the Latvian State Research Programme BIOMEDICINE. The project in Czech Republic was partly supported by grants MZ CR AZV 15-28277A and 16-29084A.
Published: 2016

44. Persistent dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients: Russian real-world clinical practice data (Russian part of the DYSIS Study)

Author: V. P. Tyurin, S. Yu. Martsevich, Rafael G. Oganov, Zh. D. Kobalava, V. V. Skibitskyi, S. V. Shalaev, Kukharchuk Vv, I. V. Sergienko, A. S. Galyavich, Victor S. Gurevich, O. V. Brigida, O G Smolenskaya, Dmitry V. Duplyakov, Yu. A. Karpov, G P Arutyunov, A. V. Panov, V. O. Konstantinov, A. V. Susekov, and O. A. Maneshina
Subjects: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, medicine.medical_specialty, Statin, medicine.drug_class, business.industry, dyslipidemia, medicine.disease, hydroxyl-methylglutaryl coa reductase inhibitors, Clinical Practice, cardiovascular disease, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, RC666-701, medicine, cross-sectional study, dysisrussia study, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, triglycerides, Dyslipidemia, risk
Abstract: The high prevalence of persistent dyslipidemia in primary and specialized care patients treated with statins justifies the need to identify its reasons and develop the recommendations on the treatment optimization. At present, Russian studies focusing on the achievement of target lipid levels remain scarce, which emphasizes the importance of the problem and its further investigation.Aim.Cross-sectional epidemiological study which assessed the prevalence of persistent dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients and analysed the predictors of the achievement of target lipid levels.Material and methods.The lipid profile parameters were analysed in 1586 statin-treated out-patients with varied levels of cardiovascular risk, taking into account the type of lipid-lowering therapy and its doses. The assessment of the cardiovascular event (CVE) risk and the definition of target levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL–CH), as well as normal levels of triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL–CH), was based on the clinical recommendations by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC 2007) and by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS 2011).Results.The analysis based on the ESC 2007 recommendations has demonstrated that the target levels of LDL–CH (Conclusion.Over a half of the statin-treated patients failed to achieve target levels of LDL–CH. The lowest prevalence of target LDL–CH levels was observed in very high-risk and high-risk patients. The predictors of target LDL–CH level achievement included moderate cardiovascular risk and higher-dose statin therapy. The obtained results suggest that the correction of persistent dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients could be achieved via increasing the satin dose and combining lipid-lowering medications.
Published: 2012
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45. Fast regression of xanthomatosis in patient with homogous FH after intensive therapy with statin, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitor evalocumab- the case

Author: Marina Scherbakova, Andrey V. Susekov, and Aleksei Meshkov
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Statin, Ezetimibe, business.industry, medicine.drug_class, Internal medicine, PCSK9, Intensive therapy, Medicine, In patient, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Published: 2017
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46. Effect of short-term intensive rosuvastatin therapy on carotid plaque volume in very high cardiovascular risk patients: A three-dimensional ultrasound imaging study

Author: Zoya Luginova, Marina Koshurnikova, M.I. Tripoten, O A Pogorelova, Andrey V. Susekov, and Tatyana Balakhonova
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Three dimensional ultrasound, business.industry, Imaging study, Term (time), Internal medicine, Plaque volume, Cardiology, Medicine, Rosuvastatin, Radiology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Published: 2017
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47. LIPRIMAR®. FIFTEEN YEARS OF EVIDENCE

Author: N. V. Khokhlova and A. V. Susekov
Subjects: clinical trials, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Atorvastatin, nutritional and metabolic diseases, atorvastatin, RM1-950, Statin treatment, statins, Clinical trial, RC666-701, health services administration, Internal medicine, medicine, Physical therapy, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, heterocyclic compounds, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Pharmacology (medical), Therapeutics. Pharmacology, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: The evidences for statin use in cardiology are presented. Especially hypolipidemic efficacy of atorvastatin is demonstrated in according to comparative studies. Results of clinical studies on atorvastatin efficacy and safety in different groups of patients are also presented.
Published: 2011
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48. Evidence-based grounds of the efficacy of simvastatin (zocor): 15 years later

Author: Andrey Vladimirovich Susekov, Natal'ya Badrievna Gornyakova, Marina Yur'evna Zubareva, A V Susekov, N B Gornyakova, and M Yu Zubareva
Subjects: lcsh:R, polycyclic compounds, hypolipidemic therapy, nutritional and metabolic diseases, hyperlipidemia, simvastatin, lcsh:Medicine, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis
Abstract: The review describes the history of hypolipidemic therapy with statins. It gives the results of studies of the primary prevention of atherosclerosis and the treatment of hyperlipidemias with lovastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin. Emphasis is laid on trial data on the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of simvastatin (zocor). The results of studies, including regression ones, of this drug in different doses, controlled by biochemical, clinical, magnet resonance imaging, and ultrasonic data are summarized. There is a significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular, coronary, and overall deaths and in that of stroke. There is evidence for the successful use of simvastatin (zocor) in combined therapy with fibrates, nicotinic acid, and ezetrol.
Published: 2010

49. Konsensus rossiyskikh ekspertovpo probleme metabolicheskogo sindromav Rossiyskoy Federatsii: opredelenie,diagnosticheskie kriterii, pervichnayaprofilaktika i lechenie

Author: N M Akhmedzhanov, S A Butrova, I I Dedov, L A Zvenigorodskaya, O A Kislyak, O A Koshel'skaya, I V Kuznetsova, V V Kukharchuk, A Yu Litvin, I V Medvedeva, A M Mkrtumyan, V B Mychka, D V Nebieridze, S V Nedogoda, V G Oganov, M Yu Ogarkov, N B Perepech, V I Podzolkov, V P Smetnik, A V Susekov, V N Titov, T V Tyurina, A N Fursov, V N Khirmanov, I E Chazova, I I Chukaeva, M V Shestakova, and A T Shubina
Subjects: lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics, lcsh:RG1-991
Published: 2010

50. QUALITY OF LIFE AND COMPLIANCE TO THERAPY IN PATIENTS FOLLOWING SUCCESSFULTRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY, WHO WERE PRESCRIBED FLUVASTATIN EXTENDED RELEASE ADDED TO STANDARD THERAPY. PROTOCOL OF THE OPEN-LABEL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Author: A. V. Vigdorchik, V. A. Bulatov, and A. V. Susekov
Subjects: Protocol (science), medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, medicine.medical_treatment, Standard treatment, RM1-950, Compliance (physiology), quality of life, Quality of life, RC666-701, Angioplasty, Emergency medicine, medicine, Physical therapy, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Pharmacology (medical), Observational study, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, fluvastatin extended release, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Adverse effect, business, Fluvastatin, medicine.drug
Abstract: Aim. To evaluate quality of life changes and compliance to therapy in patients following successful transluminal angioplasty, who have indications for fluvastatin extended release in addition to standard treatment. Material and methods. This is a national observational multicenter study. An inclusion of 60 investigator centers is planned (out-patient medical centers), the total number of patients to be included is 600. Patients (men and women) with coronary heart disease following successful transluminal coronary angioplasty, who were prescribed fluvastatinextended release (Lescol Forte, Novartis) 80 mg once daily will be included in the observation. The following efficacy and safety parameters will be evaluated: quality of life assessed with SF-36 scale before and during treatment; compliance to therapy; adverse events and serious adverse events. Observation period is planned for 6 months. During this period patient is expected to make 4 visits to treating physician. According to the physician’s decision, observation period can be extended to 12 months. Present study status. The study is completed. 524 patients completed the observation, including 116 patients who were followed up for 12 months. There are 414 men (79%) and 110 women (21%) among patients enrolled into the study.
Published: 2010
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