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Cell wall properties can play a major role in determining photosynthetic carbon-uptake and water-use through impacts on mesophyll conductance (CO2diffusion from substomatal cavities into photosynthetic mesophyll cells) and leaf hydraulic conductance (water movement from xylem, through leaf tissue to stomata). Consequently, modification of cell wall properties is proposed as a major path for improving photosynthesis and crop water-use efficiency. We tested this using two independent transgenic rice lines that overexpress the riceOsAT10gene (a “BAHD” CoA acyltransferase) which altered cell wall hydroxycinnamic acid content (greaterpara-coumaric acid and lower ferulic acid). Plants were grown under high and low water-levels and traits related to leaf anatomy, cell wall composition, gas exchange and hydraulics, plant biomass, and canopy-level water-use were measured. Alteration of hydroxycinnamic acid content led to significant decreases in mesophyll cell wall thickness (−14%), and increased mesophyll conductance (+120%) and photosynthesis (+22%). However, concomitant increases in stomatal conductance negated increased photosynthesis, resulting in no change in intrinsic water-use efficiency (ratio of photosynthesis/stomatal conductance). The leaf hydraulic conductance was also unchanged; however, the transgenics showed small, but significant increase in above-ground biomass (+12.5%), and canopy-level water-use efficiency (+8.8%; ratio of above-ground biomass/ water-used) and performed better under low water-level. Our results demonstrate that changes in cell wall composition, specifically hydroxycinnamic acid content, can increase mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis in C3cereal crops like rice. However, attempts to improve photosynthetic water-use efficiency will need to enhance mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis whilst maintaining or decreasing stomatal conductance.

Oral nanosuspension of ritonavir was prepared by antisolvent precipitation method using various polymers such as Eudragit RS100, Poloxamer 407, SLS and Methanol.The effect of eudragit RS100 and poloxamer 407 used stabilizer and SLS is surfactant was investigated on particle size and distribution, drug content, entrapment efficiency was observed. Ritonavir is having low solubility and low permeability drug belonging to class-IV according to BCS. Drug-excipient compatibility and amorphous nature of ritonavir drug is prepared nanosuspension was confirmed by FTIR, DSC and Motic microscope studies, respectively. The nanosuspension was further evaluated for drug content, saturation solubility study and entrapment efficiency. The average particle size of ritonavir nanaosuspensions formulas was observed from 0.006 µm to 0.017 µm. The studied in the solubility and dissolution rate there are the increase solubility and dissolution rate of ritonavir nanosuspension.

One of the most widespread problems afflicting people throughout the world is adequate access to clean water. Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the coming decades, with water scarcity occurring globally, even in regions currently considered water-rich. Research on the effects of temperature, transmembrane pressure (TMP), and aeration rate on the quality of effluent is of great significance in the case of membrane bioreactor. By means of the box-Behnken design (BBD) response surface methodology experiments; for the experimental investigation, the three factors are selected for optimization like the temperature is optimized in the range of 27.6–37.4 °C, transmembrane pressure is 35–63 mm Hg, and aeration rate is optimized in the range of 75–90 L/min and regression models are established. The optimal control parameters of temperature, TMP, and aeration rate are found utilizing the BBD optimizer. The removal mechanism of pollutants is discussed, and GC–MS analysis of effluent of the MBR system is also reported. The results show that the aeration flow rate affected effluent quality more significantly compared to temperature and TMP. When the aeration flow rate is 90 L/min, the temperature is 37.4 °C, and TMP is 35 mm Hg, the obtained COD, BOD, TKN, and TP values achieve the standard quality governed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India.

Bilayer tablet is a recent time for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various quality to provide a way of the successful drug delivery system. Over the past 30 years stated that the cost and complications involved in marketing new drug entities have increased, with consequent recognition of therapeutic advantages of controlled drug delivery, greater attention has been concentration on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery systems. Bilayer tablet it is used in the different aspect for anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Bilayer tablet incidental release of two drugs in combination, separate two incompatible substance and also for sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. Bilayer tablet is enhancing beneficial technology to control the shortcoming of the single layered tablet. There is various application used in the bilayer tablets.

Leaf hydraulic and mesophyll CO2 conductance are both influenced by leaf anatomical traits, however it is poorly understood how the temperature response of these conductances differs between C4 and C3 species with distinct leaf anatomy. This study investigated the temperature response of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), stomatal (gs ) and mesophyll (gm ) conductance to CO2 , and leaf anatomical traits in phylogenetically related Panicum antidotale (C4 ) and P. bisulcatum (C3 ) grasses. The C4 species had lower hydraulic conductance outside xylem (Kox ) and Kleaf compared with the C3 species. However, the C4 species had higher gm compared with the C3 species. Traits associated with leaf water movement, Kleaf and Kox , increased with temperature more in the C3 than in the C4 species, whereas traits related to carbon uptake, Anet and gm , increased more with temperature in the C4 than the C3 species. Our findings demonstrate that, in addition to a CO2 concentrating mechanism, outside-xylem leaf anatomy in the C4 species P. antidotale favours lower water movement through the leaf and stomata that provides an additional advantage for greater leaf carbon uptake relative to water loss with increasing leaf temperature than in the C3 species P. bisulcatum.

Breeding economically important C4 crops for enhanced whole-plant water-use efficiency (WUEplant ) is needed for sustainable agriculture. WUEplant is a complex trait and an efficient phenotyping method that reports on components of WUEplant , such as intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi , the rate of leaf CO2 assimilation relative to water loss via stomatal conductance), is needed. In C4 plants, theoretical models suggest that leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13 C), when the efficiency of the CO2 -concentrating mechanism (leakiness, ϕ) remains constant, can be used to screen for WUEi . The limited information about how ϕ responds to water limitations confines the application of δ13 C for WUEi screening of C4 crops. The current research aimed to test the response of ϕ to short- or long-term moderate water limitations, and the relationship of δ13 C with WUEi and WUEplant , by addressing potential mesophyll CO2 conductance (gm ) and biochemical limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor. We demonstrate that gm and ϕ are not responsive to short- or long-term water limitations. Additionally, δ13 C was not correlated with gas-exchange estimates of WUEi under short- and long-term water limitations, but showed a significant negative relationship with WUEplant . The observed association between the δ13 C and WUEplant suggests an intrinsic link of δ13 C with WUEi in this C4 plant, and can potentially be used as a screening tool for WUEplant in sorghum.

In habitats with low water availability, a fundamental challenge for plants will be to maximize photosynthetic C-gain while minimizing transpirational water-loss. This trade-off between C-gain and water-loss can in part be achieved through the coordination of leaf-level photosynthetic and hydraulic traits. To test the relationship of photosynthetic C-gain and transpirational water-loss, we grew, under common growth conditions, 18 C4 grasses adapted to habitats with different mean annual precipitation (MAP) and measured leaf-level structural and anatomical traits associated with mesophyll conductance (gm ) and leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ). The C4 grasses adapted to lower MAP showed greater mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular air spaces (Smes ) and adaxial stomatal density (SDada ) which supported greater gm . These grasses also showed greater leaf thickness and vein-to-epidermis distance, which may lead to lower Kleaf . Additionally, grasses with greater gm and lower Kleaf also showed greater photosynthetic rates (Anet ) and leaf-level water-use efficiency (WUE). In summary, we identify a suite of leaf-level traits that appear important for adaptation of C4 grasses to habitats with low MAP and may be useful to identify C4 species showing greater Anet and WUE in drier conditions.

The conductance of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the substomatal cavities to the initial sites of CO2 fixation (gm ) can significantly reduce the availability of CO2 for photosynthesis. There have been many recent reviews on: (i) the importance of gm for accurately modelling net rates of CO2 assimilation, (ii) on how leaf biochemical and anatomical factors influence gm , (iii) the technical limitation of estimating gm , which cannot be directly measured, and (iv) how gm responds to long- and short-term changes in growth and measurement environmental conditions. Therefore, this review will highlight these previous publications but will attempt not to repeat what has already been published. We will instead initially focus on the recent developments on the two-resistance model of gm that describe the potential of photorespiratory and respiratory CO2 released within the mitochondria to diffuse directly into both the chloroplast and the cytosol. Subsequently, we summarize recent developments in the three-dimensional (3-D) reaction-diffusion models and 3-D image analysis that are providing new insights into how the complex structure and organization of the leaf influences gm . Finally, because most of the reviews and literature on gm have traditionally focused on C3 plants we review in the final sections some of the recent developments, current understanding and measurement techniques of gm in C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. These plants have both specialized leaf anatomy and either a spatially or temporally separated CO2 concentrating mechanisms (C4 and CAM, respectively) that influence how we interpret and estimate gm compared with a C3 plants.

An H -factorization of a graph G is a partition of the edge set of G into spanning subgraphs (or factors) each of whose components are isomorphic to a graph H . Let G be the Cartesian product of the cycles C 1 , C 2 , … , C n with | C i | = 2 k i ≥ 4 for each i . El-Zanati and Eynden proved that G has a C -factorization, where C is a cycle of length s , if and only if s = 2 t with 2 ≤ t ≤ k 1 + k 2 + ⋯ + k n . We extend this result to get factorizations of G into m -regular, m -connected and bipancyclic subgraphs. We prove that for 2 ≤ m 2 n , the graph G has an H -factorization, where H is an m -regular, m -connected and bipancyclic graph on s vertices, if and only if m divides 2 n and s = 2 t with m ≤ t ≤ k 1 + k 2 + ⋯ + k n .

The internal CO2 gradient imposed by mesophyll conductance (gm ) reduces substrate availability for C3 photosynthesis. With several assumptions, estimates of gm can be made from coupled leaf gas exchange with isoflux analysis of carbon ∆13 C-gm and oxygen in CO2 , coupled with transpired water (H2 O) ∆18 O-gm to partition gm into its biochemical and anatomical components. However, these assumptions require validation under changing leaf temperatures. To test these assumptions, we measured and modeled the temperature response (15-40°C) of ∆13 C-gm and ∆18 O-gm along with leaf biochemistry in the C3 grass Panicum bisulcatum, which has naturally low carbonic anhydrase activity. Our study suggests that assumptions regarding the extent of isotopic equilibrium (θ) between CO2 and H2 O at the site of exchange, and that the isotopic composition of the H2 O at the sites of evaporation ( δ w - e 18 ) and at the site of exchange ( δ w - ce 18 ) are similar, may lead to errors in estimating the ∆18 O-gm temperature response. The input parameters for ∆13 C-gm appear to be less sensitive to temperature. However, this needs to be tested in species with diverse carbonic anhydrase activity. Additional information on the temperature dependency of cytosolic and chloroplastic pH may clarify uncertainties used for ∆18 O-gm under changing leaf temperatures.

For Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), current treatment regimens yield low cure rates. To obtain an evidence-based combination therapy, we assessed the in vitro activity of six drugs, namely, clarithromycin (CLR), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), amikacin (AMK), clofazimine (CLO), and minocycline (MIN), alone and in combination, against Mycobacterium avium and studied the contributions of individual antibiotics to efficacy. The MICs of all antibiotics against M. avium ATCC 700898 were determined by broth microdilution. We performed kinetic time-kill assays of all single drugs and clinically relevant two-, three-, four-, and five-drug combinations against M. avium. Pharmacodynamic interactions of these combinations were assessed using area under the time-kill curve-derived effect size and Bliss independence. Adding a second drug yielded an average increase of the effect size (E) of 18.7% ± 32.9%, although antagonism was seen in some combinations. Adding a third drug showed a smaller increase in effect size (+12.2% ± 11.5%). The RIF-CLO-CLR (E of 102 log(10) CFU/ml · day), RIF-AMK-CLR (E of 101 log(10) CFU/ml · day), and AMK-MIN-EMB (E of 97.8 log(10) CFU/ml · day) regimens proved more active than the recommended RIF-EMB-CLR regimen (E of 89.1 log(10) CFU/ml · day). The addition of a fourth drug had little impact on effect size (+4.54% ± 3.08%). In vitro, several two- and three-drug regimens are as effective as the currently recommended regimen for MAC-PD. Adding a fourth drug to any regimen had little additional effect. In vitro, the most promising regimen would be RIF-AMK-macrolide or RIF-CLO-macrolide.

The sunlet graph of order eight, denoted by [Formula: see text] is the graph obtained by adding a pendant edge to each vertex of a cycle of length [Formula: see text] We prove that the [Formula: see text]-dimensional hypercube [Formula: see text] can be decomposed into the copies of the graph [Formula: see text] if and only if [Formula: see text] is 4 or [Formula: see text]

Objective: For Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), current treatment regimens yield low cure rates. To obtain an evidence based combination therapy we assessed the in vitro activity of six drugs - clarithromycin (CLR), rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), amikacin (AMK), clofazimine (CFZ), and minocycline (MIN) alone and in combinations against Mycobacterium avium and studied the contributions of individual antibiotics to efficacy.Methods: The MICs of all antibiotics against M. avium ATCC 700898 were determined by broth microdilution. We performed time-kill kinetic assays (TKA) of all single drugs and clinically relevant two, three, four and five drug combinations against M. avium Pharmacodynamic interactions of these combinations were assessed using area under the time-kill curve-derived effect size and Bliss independence.Results: Adding a second drug yielded an average increase of the effect size (E) of 18.7 ± 32.9% log10 cfu/mL*day, though antagonism was seen in some combinations. Adding a third drug showed a lower increase in effect size (+12.2 ± 11.5%). The rifampicin-clofazimine-clarithromycin (E=102 log10 cfu/mL*day), rifampicin-amikacin-clarithromycin (E=101 log10 cfu/mL*day) and amikacin-minocycline-ethambutol (E=97.8 log10 cfu/mL*day) regimens proved more active than the recommended rifampicin-ethambutol-clarithromycin regimen (E=89.1 log10 cfu/mL*day). The addition of a fourth drug had little impact on effect size (+4.54 ± 3.08%).Conclusions: In vitro, several two- and three-drug regimens are as effective as the currently recommended regimen for MAC-PD. Adding a fourth drug to any regimen had little additional effect. In vitro, the most promising regimen would be rifampicin-amikacin-macrolide or rifampicin-clofazimine-macrolide.

Leaf-level gas exchange data support the mechanistic understanding of plant fluxes of carbon and water. These fluxes inform our understanding of ecosystem function, are an important constraint on parameterization of terrestrial biosphere models, are necessary to understand the response of plants to global environmental change, and are integral to efforts to improve crop production. Collection of these data using gas analyzers can be both technically challenging and time consuming, and individual studies generally focus on a small range of species, restricted time periods, or limited geographic regions. The high value of these data is exemplified by the many publications that reuse and synthesize gas exchange data, however the lack of metadata and data reporting conventions make full and efficient use of these data difficult. Here we propose a reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata to provide guidance to data contributors on how to store data in repositories to maximize their discoverability, facilitate their efficient reuse, and add value to individual datasets. For data users, the reporting format will better allow data repositories to optimize data search and extraction, and more readily integrate similar data into harmonized synthesis products. The reporting format specifies data table variable naming and unit conventions, as well as metadata characterizing experimental conditions and protocols. For common data types that were the focus of this initial version of the reporting format, i.e., survey measurements, dark respiration, carbon dioxide and light response curves, and parameters derived from those measurements, we took a further step of defining required additional data and metadata that would maximize the potential reuse of those data types. To aid data contributors and the development of data ingest tools by data repositories we provided a translation table comparing the outputs of common gas exchange instruments. Extensive consultation with data collectors, data users, instrument manufacturers, and data scientists was undertaken in order to ensure that the reporting format met community needs. The reporting format presented here is intended to form a foundation for future development that will incorporate additional data types and variables as gas exchange systems and measurement approaches advance in the future. The reporting format is published in the U.S. Department of Energy's ESS-DIVE data repository, with documentation and future development efforts being maintained in a version control system. publishedVersion

Transformers is the most basic entity in a power system and is considered to be the heart of the whole power system. The capacity of these transformers can vary from low voltages amperes (few kVAs) to very high voltages amperes (MVAs). Damage or misfunctioning of transformer lead to a very catastrophic disaster. So, health and proper condition of these instruments is very crucial for a power system to work reliably and continuously. Continuous condition monitoring which includes many traditional and advance methods is now-a-days very much popular as it reduces maintenance time and cost, increases the life span and helps in finding the fault location in transformer easily. In this paper, comparison of all the traditional condition monitoring techniques alongside with their respective reason, interpretation and limitation is done which will help to understand better about the traditional techniques.

Leaf hydraulic and mesophyll CO

In habitats with low water availability, a fundamental challenge for plants will be to maximize photosynthetic C-gain while minimizing transpirational water-loss. This trade-off between C-gain and water-loss can in part be achieved through the coordination of leaf-level photosynthetic and hydraulic traits. To test the relationship of photosynthetic C-gain and transpirational water-loss, we grew, under common growth conditions, 18 C

Introduction: Standard references such as knee and lower leg position cannot be used in patients with knee arthrodesis with a bilateral neck of femur fracture during bipolar hemiarthroplasty. We describe a simple technique that guides a surgeon in assessing the femoral stem version in such cases. Case report: We present a case of 52 years old male with bilateral lower limb Post Polio Residual Paralysis with right knee arthrodesis who sustained bilateral neck of femur fractures. The difficulties, in this case, were the inability to flex the knee and to use the ankle or the opposite limb and its bony landmarks as reference. Conclusion: We describe a simple surgical technique of inserting a Steinmann pin in the distal femur in the coronal plane parallel to the transcondylar axis for intraoperative assessment of neutral position and version of the femoral stem. Keywords: Bilateral; hemiarthroplasty; femoral stem; anteversion; knee arthrodesis.

Breeding economically important C

The intimate association between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plants helps the latter in phosphate acquisition in exchange of carbohydrates and in enhanced stress tolerance. Similarly, the ubiquitous 14-3-3 protein family is known to be a major regulator of plant metabolism and stress responses. However, the involvement of mycorrhiza and plant 14-3-3 proteins interaction in plant response to environmental stimuli, such as arsenic (As) stress, is yet unknown. In this study, we analysed the impact of the As stress on the expression profile of 14-3-3 genes in the shoot of mycorrhiza colonized rice (Oryza sativa) plants. Ten day old rice seedlings were kept for 45 days for mycorrhizal colonisation (10 g inoculum per 120 g soilrite) and were then subjected to 12.5 µM arsenate [As(V)] exposure for 1 and 3 days, in hydroponics. Arsenate stress resulted in significant change in expression of 14-3-3 protein genes in non-colonized and mycorrhiza colonized rice plants which indicated As mediated effects on 14-3-3 proteins as well as interactive impact of mycorrhiza colonization. Indeed, mycorrhiza colonization itself induced up-regulation of all 14-3-3 genes in the absence of As stress. The results thus indicate that 14-3-3 proteins might be involved in As stress signalling and the mycorrhiza induced As stress response of the rice plants.

Study was conducted to derive operational model for a farm pond of 3000 cubic meter capacity at Center for protected cultivation technology (CPCT), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India which was the important source of irrigation water of the farm of the area 10 ha. The Neuro-Fuzzy approach was used to develop the operational model and to derive operational rules for proper irrigation scheduling of the horticultural crops grown at CPCT. Based upon the inputs like crop water requirement, evaporation losses and farm pond inflow the model predicting outflow of the reservoir was developed. The developed model was having high accuracy and predictability when tested statistically. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.96, whereas the model efficiency (E) was 0.97 which shows the high reliability of the model. The operating rules which were of ‘If-Then’ form were also developed which would lead to better management of the farm pond system and would also improve the irrigation scheduling at CPCT farm, IARI, New Delhi.

Highlight We provide improved biochemical assays for key carboxylases and decarboxylases involved in C3 and C4 photosynthesis. Together with leaf age-related changes in Rubisco activation, these measurements will improve photosynthetic modelling., Plants operating C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways exhibit differences in leaf anatomy and photosynthetic carbon fixation biochemistry. Fully understanding this underpinning biochemical variation is requisite to identifying solutions for improving photosynthetic efficiency and growth. Here we refine assay methods for accurately measuring the carboxylase and decarboxylase activities in C3 and C4 plant soluble protein. We show that differences in plant extract preparation and assay conditions are required to measure NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pH 8, Mg2+, 22 °C) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pH 7, >2mM Mn2+, no Mg2+) maximal activities accurately. We validate how the omission of MgCl2 during leaf protein extraction, lengthy (>1min) centrifugation times, and the use of non-pure ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) significantly underestimate Rubisco activation status. We show how Rubisco activation status varies with leaf ontogeny and is generally lower in mature C4 monocot leaves (45–60% activation) relative to C3 monocots (55–90% activation). Consistent with their >3-fold lower Rubisco contents, full Rubisco activation in soluble protein from C4 leaves (

The internal CO

The present manuscript describes synthesis of some new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antifungal and anthelmintic activity quantitatively and qualitatively. First, thiosemicarbazide was cyclized with different aromatic acids and ethanol to yield 5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine. Then, N-substituted alpha-chloroacetanilides were synthesized from aromatic amines and chloroacetyl chloride in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and sodium acetate under cold conditions. Finally, 5-phenyl-1,3,4- thiadiazol-2-amine was reacted with N-substituted alpha-chloroacetanilides using potassium hydroxide to yield the corresponding N-phenyl-2-[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino] acetamides. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. These molecules were evaluated for antimicrobial, antifungal and anthelmintic activity.

Aim: (1) To evaluate the number of patients thrombolysed within 1 h of arrival to emergency room (ER) (2) To identify reasons for delay in thrombolysis of acute stroke patients. Materials and Methods: All patients admitted to ER with symptoms suggestive of stroke from January 2011 to November 2013 were studied. Retrospective data were collected to evaluate ER to needle (door to needle time [DTNt]) time and reasons for delay in thrombolysis. The parameters studied (1) onset of symptoms to ER time, (2) ER to imaging time (door to imaging time [DTIt]), (4) ER to needle time (door to needle) and (5) contraindications for thrombolysis. Results: A total of 695 patients with suspected stroke were admitted during study period. 547 (78%) patients were out of window period. 148 patients (21%, M = 104, F = 44) arrived within window period (

To determine a more precise and reliable method between Greulich-Pyle (GP) and MacKay's (MK) method for the determination of skeletal age in an Indian pediatric population. We carried out a cross sectional study for the assessment of skeletal age on the basis of examination of hand and wrist radiographs of 106 patients (1-15 years of age) who presented with soft tissue injury to hand by the GP and the MK method. These radiographs were evaluated by a radiologist and an orthopedic surgeon independently. In girls, the mean age difference between chronological and skeletal age was 8 months by the GP method, whereas it was 17 months by MK method. For boys, the mean age difference was 10 months by the GP method and by MKs method, it was 20 months. By the GP method, 44% of the boys showed a more reliable estimate of age whereas it was 10% by the MK method. However, the same for girls was 25% by the GP method and 16% by the MK method. The inter-rater reliability for the raters was found to be κ=0.68 and this was statistically significant (P

Correction of dental crowding can be achieved with several orthodontic procedures like extraction of teeth, proximal stripping etc. In contemporary orthodontic practice, resolution of incisor crowding is most commonly achieved by the use of canine lacebacks. This method takes time, requires frequent activations and taxes anchorage since it involves the “PULL” mechanics. In order to overcome these disadvantages, mostly the time factor, we devised a method of using open coil NiTi spring on 0.016” SS wire piggy backed on the 0.014” heat activated NiTi base arch wire ligated only at the canines. This method, resolved the incisor crowding in almost one third of the time taken with the use of canine lacebacks. Moreover, the result was more physiologic since light continuous force was applied with the spring and it essentially eliminated the anchorage loss since it involved “PUSH” mechanics.