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AIM OF STUDY. To describe a rare clinical case of surgical treatment of chronic recurrent dislocation of the forearm bones using the method of circular plastic surgery of the elbow joint ligaments. MATERIAL AND METHODS. In the conditions of the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics on the basis of the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian Peoples’ Friendship University” in the V. M. Buyanov City Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Health Department, a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of a 38-year-old patient with recurrent dislocation of the forearm bones was carried out. Clinical and radiological examinations including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow joint were performed to verify the diagnosis. After a diagnosis of chronic posterior instability of the elbow joint was established, simultaneous plastic surgery of the medial and lateral ulnar collateral ligaments was performed using a single-loop circular autograft from the peroneus longus tendon. RESULTS. At a follow-up period of 12 months, a successful clinical result of surgical treatment with restoration of stability and function of the elbow joint was observed. Pain syndrome on the VAS scale decreased to 1 cm (before surgery 0 cm) with physical activity. The amplitude of active movements in the elbow joint after surgery was: flexion 140° (before surgery 135°), extension 5° (before surgery 5°), pronation-supination 150° (before surgery 160°). After surgery: QuickDASH score 26 (before surgery 44 points), OES score 72 (before surgery 45), MEPS score 85 (before surgery 55). MEPS was score 55, OES was score 45, QuickDASH was 44 points, QuickDASH (work section) was score 75. CONCLUSION. The method of tendon circular plasty of the elbow joint is an effective method of surgical treatment of multidirectional recurrent instability of the elbow joint, helps restore stability and function of the joint and does not lead to limitation of movements.

Subject. The formation of new centers of global influence predetermines corresponding changes in the global balance of power. At the same time, the lack of real reforms of the global monetary system allows the United States to continue to set the rules of the game in the global economy, despite its increasing crisis potential. In this regard, there is a need to identify the driving forces capable of producing constructive changes in the global monetary order. Objective. A summary of the practice of using the US dollar to suppress global competition and maintain American superiority in international economic relations. Results. The control of the international monetary sphere by the country — hegemon of the world economy can be traced at all stages of the development of international economic relations (IER). Currently, the hegemonic country’s self-interest from issuing international liquidity, with non-resistance to such a policy on the part of all other IER participants, hinders the development of effective anti-crisis measures and worsens the general condition of the world economy. Scattered attempts to overcome the failures of global currency regulation at the local level (including through the use of digital technologies) seem to be ineffective, since they are not systemic in nature. Conclusions. A qualitative reform of the global monetary system is impossible without combining the efforts of the world’s largest economies to counter the destructive policies of the country that issues key international liquidity. Otherwise, the costs of financial crises become an insurmountable obstacle to the global economy entering a path of sustainable development.

Introduction. The civil engineering sector in large regions of Russia is mainly represented by monolithic housing construction. A typology of constructive solutions for interfaces between floor slabs and a wall is given. The analysis of such constructive solutions during operation is carried out. Defects and damages formed in the cantilever part of the perforated floor slab were determined. A numerical study of the stress-strain state of nodal joints was carried out, taking into account natural and climatic influences. An assessment of the performance of such buildings is given. Improved and new types of junctions of floor slabs with an outer wall are proposed.Materials and methods. The section of the floor slab with perforation for thermal liners is considered. The numerical experiment carried out in the ANSYS software package included the construction of a three-dimensional model of a perforated slab fragment in the Design Modeler module. A finite element mesh of Solid 45 type, represented as three-dimensional 8-node volume elements, was generated using the Mesh module. The Elemental Difference solver was used to improve the accuracy of calculations. Temperature effects were taken into account as boundary conditions, force effects from the weight of enclosing wall structures on the cantilever part of the slab were not taken into account.Results. A numerical study of the interface nodes of the floor slab with the wall was carried out. It was determined that in the cold period of the year, in heated buildings of the type under consideration, the destruction of the protective layer of concrete occurs in the zone of alternating temperature effects, which leads to the fact that in the perforated floor slab, the nature of the multi-cycle temperature effects forms the appearance of cracks and destruction of concrete on the side surfaces of the keys. The results of numerical simulation showed that under the action of negative outdoor temperatures, the greatest stresses occur at the junctions of perforations with keys and exceed the standard values of the calculated stress by 1.4 times. For example, for the ratio a/b equal to 100/100, the values of normal stresses ϭz amounted to 1.16 MPa, taking into account temperature and climatic influences in the cold season. New types of design solutions are proposed for the junctions of the floor slab with the wall, which allow to reduce the values of normal stresses to a level that does not exceed the standard values of the design compression resistance established by CP 63.13330.2018.Conclusions. Based on the performed studies, it was found that the most vulnerable point of the floor slabs with perforation are key connections, which are influenced by cyclic temperatures. Based on the results of multifactor analysis of the stress-strain state of the floor slab with perforation for thermal inserts, taking into account the geometric parameters of perforation and temperature and climatic influences, the causes of vulnerabilities were established, the appearance of which is associated with high values of normal and tangential stresses exceeding the maximum permissible at negative outdoor temperatures, leading to the initial localization of destruction. The improvement of the operational qualities of monolithic buildings is ensured by the use of improved structures. The proposed design solutions make it possible to solve issues related to durability and safety during the operation of civil facilities.

The world monetary and financial system (WMFS) plays a key role in servicing trade and investment activities and transactions between the subjects of the global economy. In recent decades, the participants of international economic relations are facing increasing problems of access to international liquidity. The purpose of the article is to identify the fundamental reasons for the crisis of the modern WMFS. A hypothesis has been put forward regarding the differences between the US and theUK in terms of approaches to reforming the WMFS. From the standpoint of Keynesian theory, it is shown why the current institutional format of the Jamaican monetary system does not allow bringing the world economy to the trajectory of a balanced, confident and inclusive development. The factors of instability of the WMFS, which were fully manifested as a result of the introduction of restrictive measures of economic activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, are summarized. The main risks of the functioning of the WMFS associated with the significant uncertainty of the global economic recovery caused by the protracted nature of the armed conflict in Ukraine, which increased the growth of inflation and commodity prices, the disruption of global supply chains and the implementation of plans for the decarbonization of the world economy, are systematized. The transition of lea[1]ding central banks from stimulating to contractionary monetary policy could lead to a sharp decline in the value of financial assets. Taking into account the status of the US dollar as the key currency for denominating financial instruments and the system-forming role in the global trade in innovative financial products, the destabilization of the US segment of the global stock market is the second most important risk for the functioning of the WMFS in modern conditions. It is concluded that, at a fundamental level, the crisis potential of the WMFS is due, firstly, to the fragmented nature of its reform, secondly, to the conflict of interests between the goals of short-term profit and long-term stability, and thirdly, the unwillingness of the main subjects of the world economy to follow the principle of symmetry in adjusting payment imbalances.

The article is devoted to the possible impact of Russia’s economic turnaround on the acceleration of the development of the Siberian and Far Eastern regions of Russia. It is shown that so far the intensification of the Russian foreign economic relations with the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America has not had a decisive impact on the regional structure of the economy of the Russian Federation. The main focus of the analysis is on the study of shifts in the Russian foreign trade, foreign direct investment with the participation of Russia, as well as the export of educational services. An important conclusion is made that the turn to the global South can lead to the economic recovery of the Far Eastern and Siberian regions only with the accelerated development of the transport infrastructure necessary for foreign economic contacts. Special attention should be paid to cross-border cooperation. At the same time, it is emphasized that the acceleration of the development of the Asian part of Russia largely depends not so much on the turn of the country’s external relations to the East, but on a more active regional economic policy in Siberia and the Far East. At the end of the article, specific recommendations are given for the state economic policy, taking into account the objective obstacles to the rapid restructuring of not only geographical priorities in external relations, but also to the changes in interregional disparities within the country.

The inclusion of the most dynamically developing countries in global value chains marked a gradual shift in the center of economic gravity in the world economy from the West to the East. In an effort to maintain their leading positions in the global monetary and financial system, today Western countries, led by the United States, create artificial barriers for developing countries to access the global financial architecture, which contradicts the logic and laws of the free market and increases geopolitical tensions. The purpose of the paper is to reveal and systematize the main factors contributing to the dysfunctionality of the modern world monetary and financial system and develop conceptual approaches to increasing its stability, taking into account the capabilities and interests of the most dynamically developing countries. The following methods were used to achieve the paper’s goal: scientific abstraction (to generalize the crisis-generating factors of the modern world monetary and financial system); structural and functional analysis (to justify the need to form a “non-dollar” interregional (transcontinental) monetary and financial space and the possibility of the BRICS countries creating their own payment and settlement infrastructure and international liquidity); deduction and comparison (to identify problems that hinder China’s promotion to the role of the leader of the new world economic order and disclosure of contradictions in the monetary and financial regionalization of the single European market). A comprehensive approach has been developed to form and ensure the functionality of the interregional (transcontinental) monetary and financial space of the BRICS countries, including measures aimed at countering the institutional monopolization of the functions of global financial intermediation by defining their own norms, rules and standards for the functioning and regulation of interregional financial markets by the BRICS countries. From a practical point of view, this approach can be used by the government bodies of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia to develop a new strategy and tactics for the country’s international monetary and financial cooperation in the face of tougher external sanctions, as well as to develop appropriate measures aimed at ensuring Russia’s financial and economic sovereignty.

The article analyzes the place and role of the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) in the development of international cooperation and scientific and technological potential of China. The English-language resources of the CNKI are disclosed. The importance of the English version of the CNKI website as a tool for promoting CNKI in the international arena is shown. With the help of the google trends web statistics service, the information needs of foreign users of the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure are studied. The most promising options and scenarios for cooperation between the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Russian academic and scientific community are presented. It is explained why the primary task is to pay for full-text access to journals on social sciences and humanities in Chinese. It is suggested that the experience of CNKI may be useful for the formation of a similar national knowledge infrastructure in Russia itself, and integrating the entire Russian-speaking scientific and information space in the world. The role of the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences in promoting Russian scientific results abroad and expanding access to foreign resources is shown.

The article concentrates on foreign country studies. Although rooted in geography, this approach is to be treated as an interdisciplinary social science research that allows a comprehensive study of modern societies. In Russia, the contribution of economists, political scientists and historians, especially orientalists, to the study of foreign countries is very significant. At the same time, over the past 100 years, regional studies in the Soviet Union / Russia have been greatly transformed. Solely due to subjective reasons and the general crisis of fundamental research in the country, multi-volume publications that provided a lot of material for comparative studies have become a thing of the past. The theoretical baggage of foreign country studies accumulated in the second half of the XX century is almost not used, while linguistic training has been curtailed in a number of areas. In modern Russia, the “output” of scientific regional products does not meet the existing "demand". There are several explanations: the narrow scale of geographic research, the fascination with global issues by political scientists and economists, as well as the general shortage of specialists in the countries of the post-Soviet space and some other macro-regions. However, the state and big business, which should form a solvent and long term demand, also fail to cope with their social role. As a result, the discipline of country studies has found itself in a deep crisis. A way of this problem should be sought as soon as possible, while the traditions of domestic country studies and oriental studies are still alive. Otherwise Russia will have only recreational regional studies (the publication of guidebooks) and linguistic and regional research of the main nation states (as part of the new-fangled discipline of philologists and political scientists). At the same time, the lack of practical orientation of country studies has a detrimental effect on Russia's positioning in world economy and international relations.

The use of glued lens components in optical devices improves the image quality of telescopic and photographic lenses or inverting systems by eliminating a number of aberrations, and also reduces light losses in the optical system of the device. The traditional production process of lenses gluing involves the sequential execution of a set of technological operations and takes a significant period of time. The purpose of the research was to improve the accuracy and productivity of the technological process of lenses gluing by improving the optical system of the control and measuring device and automating the operation of lenses optical axes combining by introducing an electronic reference system and mechanisms for micro-movements of optical parts.A technique is proposed for centering of two and three-component optical blocks by an autocollimation flare which provides a matching accuracy of less than 0.5 μm. The possibility of constructive modernization of the classic ST-41 autocollimation microscope with parallel separation of the displayed output information in the visual and television channels is shown. An automated system for controlling of the process of convergence of autocollimation points in the device is proposed. Using software methods an electronic grid template is formed on the monitor screen, onto which images of autocollimation points are projected. The decentering value 2Δe is determined and a corrective control voltage is applied to three stepper motors and pushers for transverse movement of the glued optical part.Specialized software has been developed for automatically bringing the position of the autocollimating crosshair to the center of the measuring scale of the grid based on a combination of two methods of “least squares” and “successive approximation”. Compliance with a number of technological transitions and the accompanying control of geometric parameters make it possible to achieve greater accuracy in determining the eccentricity of the crosshairs of the aligned optical axes of the glued lenses.

The neoliberal model of globalization promoted the outstripping growth of financial assets over the development of the real sector. The functioning of the international monetary system (IMS), based on one key national currency — the US dollar, has led to the financialization of the world economy and the formation of global imbalances. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to replace US-centric financial institutions with new institutions at the regional level and to transform the IMS in the direction of monetary polycentrism and regionalization. The paper discusses the mutual responsibility of the core and periphery countries for the formation of global imbalances. The financial and economic indicators of sovereign states, transnational companies and transnational banks are compared according to the “scale” of globalization. The study shows chronic disproportions between the dynamics of global capital growth and economic growth rates, leading to the state’s loss of control over the reproduction process. It is substantiated that the current transformation of the IMS in the direction of monetary polycentrism and regionalization is a natural reaction to these imbalances. The article reveals a negative relationship between the implementation of procyclical and anti-crisis monetary policies by the central banks of developed countries and the competitive positions of developing countries in international financial and commodity markets. The factors of using the oligopoly of the Big Three credit rating agencies as a “soft power” to maintain the US global hegemony and the status of the US dollar as a key reserve currency are systematized. The author concludes that in order for developing countries to form their own international liquidity, it is necessary to stimulate the internationalization of their currencies by developing pan-Asian financial institutions and encouraging competition between them and the existing institutions of the IMS.

Abstract We have obtained propagators in the position space as an expansion over Landau levels for the charged scalar particle, fermion, and massive vector boson in a constant external magnetic field. The summation terms in the resulting expressions consisted of two factors, one being rotationally invariant in the 2-dimensional Euclidean space perpendicular to the direction of the field, and the other being Lorentz-invariant in the 1+1-dimensional space-time. The obtained representations are unique in the sense that they allow for the simultaneous study of the propagator from both space-time and energetic perspectives which are implicitly connected. These results contribute to the development of position-space techniques in QFT and are expected to be of use in the calculations of loop diagrams.

THE PURPOSE. Assessment of the state of the art in the development of current limiters based on liquid metal self-healing fuses and an increase in the switching life of self-healing fuses with a composite fuse-link.METHODS. When solving the problem, the method of literature analysis was used, as well as the method for calculating dependencies for different materials of the fuse-link, the implemented method of scientific computer mathematics.RESULTS. Literary sources contain information about the designs of liquid-metal self-healing fuses and their research, allowing conclusions to be drawn about their viability and the possibility of obtaining a practical yield. A common disadvantage of the of liquid-metal self-healing fuses design is a limited switching resource due to an increase in the diameter of the fuse-link under the action of arc erosion. A significant effect of increasing the switching resource and the stability of the protective characteristic is possessed by the design of a of liquid-metal self-healing fuses with a composite fusible link. However, in such designs, the switching capacity is reduced. It is shown that the main criterion for the operability of the liquid-metal self-healing fuses with a composite fusible link is the value of the ratio between the value of the shunting resistance and the resistance of the electric ARC. The performance of the liquid-metal self-healing fuses with a composite fusible link is ensured at values of this value below critical.CONCLUSION. The proposed mathematical expression may turn out to be useful in the development of liquid-metal self-healing fuses with a composite fusible link design, for example, when choosing an electrode material, liquid metal, etc. This will significantly increase the switching resource of the liquid-metal self-healing fuses with a composite fusible link. The condition must be taken into account in the parametric synthesis of the current limiter based on the liquid-metal self-healing fuses with a composite fusible link.

When solving the problem of reducing the acoustic load on the spacecraft during the launch and flight of the launch vehicle, finite element modeling of acoustic processes under the nose fairing is carried out. To successfully solve this problem, a mathematical model of the acoustic characteristics of the material used for sound insulation is required. The existing mathematical models of the acoustic characteristics of materials are not suitable for the material under consideration that can be used in rocket and space technology to increase the sound insulation of the payload fairing + transfer compartment assembly. To obtain the sound absorption coefficient of the material, an impedance tube measurement method with two microphones is used. Using the method of differential evolution, the coefficients of a mathematical model of acoustic characteristics of the Delany-Bazley type for the specified material are selected. The sound absorption coefficient obtained experimentally and that calculated using the obtained model are compared; the average and maximum values of the error are shown. The resulting model will make it possible to carry out finite element modeling of acoustic and vibroacoustic processes under the nose fairing, taking into account the location of the sound-absorbing material.

Aim. To identify the effect of biological preparations applied with or without nitrogen fertilizers for crop by-product, their incorporation into the soil on the decomposition of plant residues and composition of mobile humus substances in typical slightly eroded chernozem.Materials and Methods. The study was carried out in the field experimental station of Kursk FARC in the cycles of cereal and cereal-row crop rotations in variants with by-product treated with biopreparations; with applied biopreparations + nitrogen fertilizers; with applied nitrogen fertilizers and without biopreparations. To study decomposition the content of unhumified organic matter was determined in the topsoil by the monolith method after by-product incorporation into the soil and 3045 days after their decomposition. Simultaneously the composition of mobile humus substances in the soil was determined.Results. The decomposition of crop by-product and after harvesting and root residues mixed with it in the soil and treated with biopreparations or nitrogen mineral fertilizers was studied for the first time. The peculiarities of the effect of the factors studied on the degree of plant residue decomposition and the composition of mobile humus substances were shown.Conclusion. It was determined that treating the by-product of barley, buckwheat and sunflower with bioproducts, both with applied nitrogen fertilizers and without them, contributed to the increase in the degree of plant residue decomposition as compared with the control and nitrogen mineral fertilizer application. In the years which are favourable according to hydrothermal conditions the improved quality of mobile humus substances of the soil influenced by biopreparations are noted and under extreme conditions the tendency to the improvement of their quality is observed.

Until now, the processes of global regionalisation have not been adequately reflected in the formation of systemic approaches to the management of financial relations within the Eurasian Economic Union. It leads to the search for new financial policy mechanisms necessary to stimulate the economies of the EAEU countries in the context of emerging economic and geopolitical constraints, as well as the creation of the necessary prerequisites for industrial cooperation in the context of anti-Russian sanctions and de-globalisation trends intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, the vulnerability of the economies of the EAEU member states is due to their extreme dependence on external extra-regional demand, international capital and technology markets, as well as international settlement and payment systems based on the US dollar. The study is based on a dialectical approach. In conducting the research, we used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalisation, as well as methods of systemic, historical-logical and comparative analysis. The contradictory nature of the development of the world economy at the present stage was revealed. The role of the EDB in creating conditions for sustainable development of the EAEU member states has been substantiated. Changes in the structure of the EDB’s investment portfolio were analysed. The advantages and disadvantages of the EDB’s current activities in the context of the implementation of the Bank’s Strategy for 2018–2020 were summarised. Comparative characteristics of financing of EDB member countries through multilateral development banks were presented. The impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic on the current and future activities of the EDB was shown.

Historically uncontrollably growing debt obligations of Latin American countries were the source of the risk of global crisis. Given the strategic importance of a number of Latin American countries as suppliers of key commodities to the global market, the issue of the region’s debt sustainability is of particular importance in international economic relations. The purpose of the article is to reveal the level and nature of debt risks of Latin American states based on an examination of trends of their development. The relationship between a high level of public debt and low rates of economic growth as a factor of investor distrust in the region’s debt obligations was revealed, which negatively affects the cost of raising borrowed capital. The factors of economic and political instability in Latin American countries were generalized, including the prerequisites for the formation of a new debt crisis due to the annual increase in the volume of borrowed funds, mainly to cover the chronically growing budget deficits of Latin American countries, which, against the background of large-scale systemic shocks, makes their economies increasingly vulnerable. It has been substantiated that exposure to debt risk negatively affects the effective functioning of the state apparatus of Latin American countries due to the tendencies of a multiple increase in budgetary expenditures for servicing and repaying public debt. The authors analyze practice of a number of Latin American countries to compensate for the increase in the cost of servicing debtobligations at the expense of funds provided for social security of citizens, which provokes an aggravation of conflicts in the region. The prospects of economic stabilization in the region were discussed in the context of changes in the current model of income generation, oriented to the export of raw materials.

Topic. The aggravation of geopolitical, environmental and social risks creates new uncertainty in international economic relations. The challenges of the fourth industrial revolution reinforced the monetary, financial and commercial-industrial confrontation between the old and new leaders of the global economy in an effort to maximize individual access to global financial, informational, natural, intellectual and technological resources. In the course of toughening global competition, the USA, as the issuer of the key reserve currency, continues to use the “exorbitant privilege” — extracting investment and financial rent from the global turnover of goods and services. The need to ensure economic security and maintain financial sovereignty in the context of ongoing economic sanctions encourages Russia to actively participate in the creation of a payment and settlement infrastructure independent of the US dollar.Purpose. The article aims to summarise the experience of managing the economy based on the two-contour monetary system; secondly, to justify its use in creating an independent system of mutual settlements in the EAEU countries in the context of de-globalization and sanctions.Methodology. In the study, we applied a dialectical approach. In conducting the study, we used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as methods of systemic, historical-logical and comparative analysis. Results. The functioning of a two-contour monetary system as a whole yielded positive and in some cases outstanding results of socio-economic construction and the creation of a new type of economy, such as, for example, the European model of the social market economy, the CMEA industrialization model, the Soviet economic model. A non-standard approach to the organization of financing of new industrialization in the Eurasian economic space was proposed based on the use of a two-contour monetary system. Conclusions. The implementation of the project of cross-border settlements between the EAEU countries using the experience of a two-contour monetary system is a promising direction for the development of cooperation between Eurasian countries on a new economic basis.

The buildup of thermodynamic cycle parameters is the main way to increase gas turbine engine efficiency. However, the growth of engine pressure and temperature ratio leads to the increase in the turbine heat load, which reduces the engine lifetime dramatically. In terms of gas turbine engines, to avoid the engine life loss is a crucial problem especially for small engines, because the limited size of a small gas turbine engine does not allow implementing various measures for nozzle vane cooling. In light of this, the contribution of the turbine heat control is essentially increasing. It places great demands on the accuracy of control over the main engine variables (such as the rotor speed and turbine outlet temperature). The state-of-the-industry gas turbine engines use an on-board engine mathematical model to improve the quality of the control. These models deal with engine processes of short duration and considerable overshooting. For that reason, the model accuracy is the main aspect in the control process. However, the issues of accurate and at the same time resource-saving calculation of rapidly varying processes of changing the rotor speed and the turbine gas temperature remain under-investigated. In the work, neural network methods were used to model the unsteady modes of a small gas turbine engine. Using the data obtained as a result of firing tests of the JetCat P-60 engine, the engine regression neural network model was created. The main issue that arose during the creation of the model was to describe the dynamics of rapidly varying processes with pronounced overshoot. For this purpose, modification of the architecture of the classical LSTM network was carried out, the essence of which was to add a functional dependence of the exit node on the memory tensor. This allowed us to make the memory size independent of the number of model outputs, thereby increasing the modeling accuracy. The developed architecture was proposed a new name - VMLSTM network. As a result of comparison with the traditional Elman network and the classic LSTM network, the developed VMLSTM network showed the least value of the average error with a comparable number of modifiable model parameters. In addition, unlike the existing neural networks, the developed network demonstrated the ability to simulate turbine outlet gas over-temperature at the moments when the engine operating mode changes. The developed neural network architecture increases the reliability of modeling the dynamics of a small gas turbine engine as an object of control, which in the conditions of economical use of computing resources opens up possibilities of its application in on-board microcomputers.

The article deals with the modern specifics of digitization of the fundamental library functioning in one of the leading Russian scientific institutes for social sciences – Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION). It is shown that after the fire in January 2015, the INION’s library never stopped to work. Nowadays, more than 3 million books and journals are available to readers in 18 departments at academic institutions in Moscow. INION receives mandatory copies of Russian publications and new foreign books and journals due to international exchange. Other funds are still preserved in the warehouse due to insufficient funding from the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education, but after moving to a new building on the historical site on Nakhimovsky Prospekt in Moscow, the INION’s library will expand its opportunities for readers. In preparation for this move, several digitization projects are being implemented at once in INION – from the development of famous bibliographic databases, which are still in commercial demand not only in Russia but also abroad, to the digitization of books and the creation of electronic catalogues of the library. The authors draw parallels between the modern objectives and methods of the modernization of the INION’s library in accordance with the challenges of the digital era and specifics of creation of the Library at the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences (which after several reorganizations in 1969 originated the INION) by difficult financial and political conditions of 1920-30-ies. It is concluded that any steps towards digitalization should be focused primarily on the needs of readers (postgraduates, researchers and university teachers) and not based on the proposals of technocrats who have little idea in which direction social and humanitarian sciences are developing. The ultimate goal of the development of the INION’s library should be to increase the competitiveness of scientific products of Russian social scientists in the world.

The modern global financial system is based on unlimited dollar issuance, which is backed by a key reserve asset – US debt obligations. The concept of official foreign exchange reserves promoted by the IMF puts in a privileged position the countries with reserve currencies, primarily the United State. This concept has exhausted the possibilities for productive investment of the savings of the rest of the world. As a result, the savings of the periphery of the global economy are directed to the consumption and speculative spheres. Global financial crises has proved – despite speculative activities banks have priority support from key central banks. Developing countries objectively claim a parity distribution of the benefits and costs of financial globalization, as they play an increasingly important role in global value chains. As a donor of the global financial system, Russia is practically not involved in the distribution of profits in the global financial market. As the largest supplier of raw materials, intellectual and financial resources, Russia requires new solutions in the field of international monetary circulation.

The growing interest in migration issues in the EU has not affected the analysis of African migrants. The focus is on social and political issues, while the economic issues studied are primarily related to the assessment of the reasons for the arrival of Africans in the EU, the trajectory of their movement, as well as the scale of remittances to their homeland and the conditions for their return back to Africa. The article focuses on the main features of African migrants’ economic activity in the EU. Instead of the traditional consideration of only one or several diasporas in a single country or a generalized analysis of the entire EU, we compare the specifics of immigrants from different African countries in the 4 largest EU member states (including the UK, which left the integration project in 2020). Our article begins with a review of studies that contain information on the economic activities of migrants from African countries. Then, based on data from Eurostat and national statistics from Germany, France, Italy and the UK, the role of people from Africa in these countries population is shown. The reasons for the differences between these four countries in the dynamics and structure of immigration from Africa are explained. Statistics of refugees, naturalized persons over the past 10 years, foreign citizens and residents with migration past are considered. France is the leader in the number of migrants, mainly due to people from French-speaking countries of North and West Africa. Italy stands out because it is targeted by many illegal migrant routes due to its geographical proximity to this region. The UK has become a target mainly for residents of former British colonies who are quite successful in naturalization in the United Kingdom (therefore, there are as many Africans without local passports in the UK as in Germany – 0.6 million). Further, it is shown that the key factor for taking a particular economic position in society is the status of migrants, their education also plays an important role (although Africans often work in places where a lower level of qualification is required than they have), as well as language barriers. There are big gender differences. At the end of the article we make conclusions about the problems of African migrants’ adaptation, although the EU countries cannot refuse to employ migrants in unattractive jobs in any case.

Over the last century frequency of diagnosed catatonic states continuously decreased. This phenomenon can be explained through hypothesis of pathomorphosis of psychiatric diseases. Pathomorphosis is an important aspect of mental diseases, including catatonic states, especially therapeutic pathomorphosis. Changes in clinical presentation of psychosis led to under-recognition of catatonic signs, that cause incorrect diagnostic and treatment tactics. The aim of this study is to investigate clinical and psychopathological features of psychosis with catatonic features and actual differences in clinical presentation compared to traditional descriptions and earlier clinical cases. Two groups of patients was explored. First is patients, which admitted to psychiatric hospital due to psychosis with catatonic features. Second group contains archival clinical cases of patients, which were treated since 1969 to 1972, before introduction of atypical antipsychotics to clinical practice.

The literature review describes history of views on catatonia from Kahlbaum to present time. Descripted as a discrete disease by Karl Kahlbaum, since Kraepelin’s and Bleuler’s works catatonia was associated with schizophrenia for many years. At the present time catatonia is classified as a nonspecific syndrome, which can be observed in many mental diseases. Despite of common view on catatonia as a rare disease, a lot of studies show that this state is very frequent. Catatonia remains an underdiagnosed syndrome. Prompt recognition of catatonia is important since this state is life-threatening and catatonic patients need correct treatment. This article describes some diagnostic scales, used to recognize catatonia in psychiatric patients.

Topic. The active transnationalisation of the U.S. business after the end of the Second World War became possible thanks to the creation of the American-centric framework of the world monetary and financial system. The U. S. and the United Kingdom have become leaders in financial globalisation by monopolising global financial intermediation and creating institutional barriers to other countries’ access to international liquidity. With formal non-interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states, they made the latter dependent on the activities of informal institutions (American rating agencies, Anglo-Saxon offshore centres, Anglo-American law, etc.) that determine the rules of access of sovereign countries to world financial resources. Such a state of affairs is a significant obstacle to the establishment of a multipolar monetary and financial system.Purpose. The purpose of author’s research was the identification of the institutional features of the centralisation of global capital at the present stage of development of financial globalisation processes and identification of China’s potential, as a leader of the global economy, in creating a systemic counterweight to Anglo-Saxon domination in the global monetary and financial system.Methodology. The author based his study on a dialectical approach, the systemic, institutional approaches, and the method of comparative analysis.Results. The active inclusion of China in the global value chain has led to a complex change in the global balance of power mirrored by weakening US international influence. However, the increasing influence of China in the global economy has not yet been adequately reflected in the system of international economic and financial institutions, in which the dominant positions continue to belong to Western countries.Conclusion. The institutional reforms undertaken by the G‑20’ aimed at bringing the world economy back to the path of healthy, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth are not quite adequate since they practically do not take into account the increased economic and financial role of the most dynamically developing countries. Such disregard for the interests and importance of developing countries (BRICS, EAEU) requires the elaboration of alternative approaches to regulating the global monetary and financial system at the regional and interregional levels.

In a known display cell with the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) and interdigital electrodes on one of the glass substrates, the “In-Plane Switching” (IPS) mode is implemented, in which the NLC main optical axis reorients in a plane parallel to substrates, providing the most correct color reproduction at different angles view, up to 178 ° horizontally and vertically. Unfortunately, the creation of interdigital metal electrodes complicates and increases the technological process cost and causes a decrease in image contrast. At the same time, experimental results and calculations based on classical electro-optics of crystals indicate that electrooptical switching in the IPS mode is a natural and intrinsic feature of a conventional (with continuous electrodes) display cell with a planar-oriented layer of the ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC), in which the effect of the deformed (by the electric field) helix FLC nanostructure is realized (DHF effect). In such a cell, the reorientation of the main optical axis under the influence of a weak electric field also occurs in the substrate plane if the FLC has a small pitch (about 100 nm or less) and a large tilt angle of molecules in the layer (about 38 ° or more). The dependences of the FLC cell light transmittance measured in this work, confirmed the achievement of the IPS electro-optical mode in the DHF FLC cell; moreover, the light modulation frequency was 1 kHz. Thus, while maintaining all the advantages of the IPS mode known in NLC, its implementation in FLC allows additionally obtaining technological advantages and multiple increase in modulation frequency.

The paper traces the evolution of conceptual approaches to South-South economic cooperation. It is shown that with the collapse of the bipolar system and the rise of globalization the interest in South-South cooperation have risen again, and compared to the 1950–1970-ies focuses more on economic relations of developing countries. At the same time, the article shows that the deepening differentiation of the countries of the global South allows us to consider the South-South dialogue as ambiguous process. According to the author, this is a set of relations of very different level of interaction between developing countries, which are part of a more fundamental process of transformation of the existing “Westcentric” world order. The paper identifies four such levels, characterized by very different opportunities for participating in economic ties between developing countries: relations of major countries of the South with each other (especially in BRICS and IBSA groups); the interaction of the largest countries with other developing countries (most known for the cooperation in the framework of “One belt, one road” Chinese initiative); intensive contacts of countries of the global South due to the objectively existing neighborhood effect (the most famous integration groupings are ASEAN in Southeast Asia and MERCOSUR in Latin America); and cross-border ties of small developing countries geographically distant from each other. The paper concludes that South-South cooperation cannot be a full-fledged alternative to other global economic ties. Indeed, countries of the global North dominate in many areas and more often still offer mutually beneficial cooperation to developing countries, so that isolation from the global North is akin to autarky. South-South cooperation should be viewed primarily as a way to develop additional forms of interaction different from that dominant in the contemporary world, prescribed mainly taking into account the views of several leading economic powers. Thus, it is correct to speak of South- non-West cooperation, referring to rather developed countries that are not able to build relations with the US and key EU countries (e.g. Russia).

The article presents the study results of the world trade stagnation issues associated with the WTO systemic crisis. The aim of the article is to summarize the main reasons for the world trade system disintegration and to identify feasible directions for the world economic order transformation. The G20 trade-restricting measures were analyzed based on the statistical databases of the WTO and the non-governmental organization Global Trade Alert (GTA). The views of leading domestic and foreign experts on the consequences of liberalization of the world trade in goods and services were summarized. The author systematized the reasons for the world trade system disintegration, including: the US anti-globalization policy aimed at containing the PRC; counteracting unipolar globalization by the Southeast Asian nations; developed countries’ rejecting the growing participation of developing countries in redistributing global resources; inefficiency of international organizations in solving problems of global imbalances, inequality and instability of the global financial system. Structuring disintegration processes revealed its main trends: protectionism, regionalism, trans-regionalism. There were shown mechanisms to keep the US in the European Union due to companies providing professional services to European business. The author evaluated Russia and China’s competitive advantages in the production chains of the new technological structure. The areas of cooperation between Russia and the BRICS countries for realizing export potential in agriculture, aviation and nuclear industries were determined. The prospects for trade and economic relations in Eurasia are discussed in terms of changing the economic paradigm and shifting the regulation of the global economy problems to the regional level.

In recent years, the approaches to assessing results have been changed in both clinical and real life trials with the introduction of Aflibercept to clinical practice. In most countries, ranibizumab and aflibercept are licensed for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The assessment of the treatment effectiveness and economic cost was carried out within the frame of different clinical trials with existing strict limitations. The article reviews the results of studies conducted in various clinical trials. Data on long-term follow-up after anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD form, especially in real-life studies, are limited. In the framework of the HORIZON study, representing an extended four-year follow-up of ANCHOR and MARINA patients, the gradual reduction in visual acuity has been revealed in the first 2 years of follow-up period. The re-examination of 10 % of patients from the initial ANCHOR and MARINA studies has been described in the SEVEN-UP study; herewith the decrement in visual activity has been detected after 7 years on the beginning of the clinical studies examination (loss of 8.6 letters against initial letter). The data obtained can not be directly transmitted into routine clinical practice, due to the patients’ inclusion and exclusion Criterion presence, protocols for the introduction of drugs, etc. A study of the therapy’s effectiveness and economic cost in real time allows optimizing the treatment of patients with neovascular AMD.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that occurs in adults over 50 years old and the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. AMD is characterized with a lesion of retina macular area and leads to a deterioration in central vision. Therapy aimed at combating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) resulted in an increase of corrected visual acuity in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Possible significant differences in the response to anti-VEGF therapy are due to the existence of several anti-VEGF agents with different molecular configurations. Currently, there is no consensus on classification of the optimal response or its absence with this method of treatment. In particular, there is confusion about such terms as “defendant status” after treatment with n-AMD, “tachyphylaxis” and “resistant” n-AMD. Drug tolerance is a pharmacological concept applicable to a patient’s response to a particular drug, with the physiological drug concentration is reducing in case of re-introduced. It requires the increasement the dose or frequency of drug administration to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Tachyphylaxis is a term indicating a sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration. This process can develop both after the initial or several administration in small doses. Tachyphylaxis develops in the background or after treatment with ranibizumab with at least two injections of the drug.Switching the treatment regimen to aflibercept or conbercept can be effective in patients resistant to bevascizumab or ranibizumab.The involvement of other pathological processes in the development mechanism of the neovascular form of AMD in addition to increased expression of VEGF dictates the need for combined therapy for this group of patients.

The paper discusses the process selection of excipients to obtain tablets containing as active ingredients Ginkgo biloba extract and vinpocetine. We used the method of experiment planning and evaluation of the results using the desirability function. Shown the ability to use indirect indicators of quality tablets at the stage of preliminary selection of excipient composition. The result of experiment planning and evaluation of it for desirability function was able to select the optimal composition of ingredients to create the drug in the form of tablets containing a combination of vinpocetine and Ginkgo biloba extract.

The research defines the relationship between the content of the image of the professional future and sport engagement in the future N ational Guardsmen. Methods: the study involved 170 cadets of the military institute. They were asked to write an essay entitled «My professional future». The texts were studied with the help of the content analysis and qualitative psychosemantic analysis. Besides, a questionnaire survey was used: the participants were to rank the maturity indicators of the image of the future. Results: cadets with an average level of sport involvement showed a better image of professional future. According to the content of the image, athletes demonstrated a deeper understanding of the true values of the officer as opposed to utilitarian and selfish aspirations displayed by those not involved in sports. The scope of the results: the results can be used in the organization of sports activities in military schools. Summary: sports activities play an important role in the training of an officer of the National Guard troops: it is a necessary condition for the formation of the image of the professional future as part of the value-semantic foundations of the professional identity of the future officer.

Flourishing of the East Asian Tigers has led to unparalleled growth in trade in the Asia-Pacific region (APR). The crises of the multilateral trading system and the need to move to a polycentric model of the world order have become the pivotal motives to enhance cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. Expected to be signed by the end of 2018, a Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement can be the institutional framework for integration processes in the Asia Pacific region. The Asia-Pacific region is one of the most prospective regions in the world in terms of consuming natural gas and oil. Successful integration processes in Asia depend significantly on the foreign policy priorities of Russia, the key geopolitical player and energy producer. The objective of the article is to reveal the nature of China’s participation in building a new global economy model on the example of the RCEP as well as the position of Russia regarding the integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region. The methods of scientific abstraction, comparative analysis and logical generalization have been used. The main theoretical approaches have been systematized and summarized the analysis of the role of China in the integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region in the context of the polycyclic transformations of the global economy dominant paradigm. China regards the uSA as its main competitor and the usurper of global resources. In recent decades, China has demonstrated undeniable economic achievements based on the success of the industrial policy. China is leading the creation of the world largest trade bloc to be able to determine independently the future agenda of the global economy. However, with no political support, intellectual and raw materials resources of Russia, it will be difficult for China to achieve parity with the West in the world economic arena. It has been concluded that in order to take advantage of the integration processes in the APR, Russia should take an active position in a constructive dialogue with China and other Asia-Pacific countries on numerous unresolved issues of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Asian investors and consumers should be admitted to Russian oil and gas resources simultaneously with the introduction of Russia in the regional value chain in the Asia-Pacific region on mutually beneficial terms.

Neural networks are often used to model dynamic processes in objects and to synthesize their control systems. However, their application in real systems is now rather limited due to insufficient research into the process of creating control systems. The issues of creating neural network control systems for gas turbine engines, taking into account both their nonlinear dynamics and the fuel consumption constraints depending on the engine operating mode, remain practically unexplored. To take into account the fuel consumption constraints, a method was developed for modifying the misalignment between the actual and target RPM values during the training of the neural controller. The resulting neural controller is characterized by implicit fuel consumption constraints and non-linear dynamics of the engine itself. The developed method for modifying the neural network training error allows one to synthesize a nonlinear control system, taking into account the requirements for limitations in the automatic mode.

The article is dedicated to the possibility of joining the Russian and Chinese integration initiatives on the EEU space from the side of business-actors. The author stresses the necessity for a wider type of analysis, which would not be limited by such narrow research object as perspectives of the so-called Silk Road Economic Belt. The study is based on the statistic analysis of the partnerstates foreign trade and official information, as well as expert evaluation of the investments` scale and structure. Besides, the author collected data about the direct investment provided by Chinese and Russian TNC in order to support the EEU member-states (directly or via third states). The significant part of the article is dedicated to the issues of competition between the Chinese and Russian TNC in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and possibilities of the fruitful cooperation between those businesses in Central Asia. The author also sheds light on the growing impact of the Chinese business in Belarus and Armenia, where Russian firms are the most powerful foreign economic actors, what, nevertheless, does not re duce the significant impact of the Western European and other TNC. Those considerations are followed by the author`s examination of the limitation of the ChinaRussia business partnership in Russia itself; the author also presents an original comparative analysis of the Chinese direct investments in Russia and vice versa. Finally, the author attempts to verify the hypothesis about the positive perspectives of the Russia-China economic partnership outside of the post-soviet space. The author claims that the lack of such a cooperation between Russian and Chinese TNCs in Africa or Latin America illustrates the power of political limiting factors, rather than the absence of mutual interest of the parties.

Topic. Japan has excess financial resources and since the late 2000s is the second largest direct foreign investor in the world after the United States (except in 2014 and 2016, when Japan was down to 4th place). At the same time, Japan is not included in the 20 largest recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI). This imbalance is due to a combination of the expansion of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) in foreign markets with the traditional protection of domestic market from foreign competition, what differentiates Japan from other major players in Asia, primarily China, Hong Kong and Singapore. Such a synthesis of openness to the outside and closing from the inside largely allowed Japan to create and save your own unique self-contained culture of management and to introduce Western institutions without fear of the loss of a special national character.Purpose. Analysis of modern tendencies of economic development and investment processes of Japan with special emphasis on reviewing problems and prospects for Russian-Japanese investment cooperation.Methodology. There were used methods of scientific abstraction, statistical analysis, and logical generalization.Results. Large-scale stimulation of domestic demand through monetary, credit, and budgetary policies have not led to the expected recovery of the Japanese economy. The reason for the stagnation lies in a conservative approach to innovation while maintaining adherence to traditional production methods. The experience of Japan is of interest to Russia. Pursuing a strategy of advanced development of foreign trade sector in conditions of financial globalization, Japan attaches high priority to boosting domestic demand, to the development of the national financial market, and to the establishment of regional production networks. As the largest net investor in the world, Japan constantly diversifies sphere of foreign investments.Conclusions. The direction of Russian-Japanese cooperation in the sphere of joint implementation of significant innovative projects can have a long-term multiplier effect for the return of both economies to a trajectory of sustainable growth.

Benches are widely used in the process of creating automatic control systems (ACS) for gas turbine engines (GTE). The engine work is simulated via mathematical models. The model is supposed to be highly accurate in conditions of quite rapid calculation of the engine main parameters in both steady-state conditions and transient processes. A simulation model of a micro gas turbine Jet Cat P-60 engine is presented in the article. The model is based on the data obtained from generalized engine performance. A simulation model of a small-sized gas turbine engine is developed by plotting the rotor acceleration against the rotor rotational speed and the combustion chamber fuel consumption at each moment of time. The results of simulating the engine operation are compared with the experimental data obtained with increasing the GTE operation mode. The average modeling error value is obtained: 1.04% (ambient temperature is 288 K), 2.58% (249 K). It is acceptable for an adequate simulation of the GTE bench performance.

The study covers the development of a mathematical model of a micro gas turbine (MGTE) operating under transient conditions using a recurrent neural network. The compressor inlet temperature and pressure depending on the aircraft height and speed are taken into account explicitly. A full-size mathematical dynamic MGTE model based on engine per-unit description was used to verify the developed model. The obtained model was compared with the existing one employing normalized parameters of aircraft flight level and airspeed. The simulation suggests that the proposed model yields significantly smaller errors than the existing one, whereas the computation time of both models differs insignificantly.

The article outlines the problem of qualifying unlawful indecent assault. The author presents and analyzes the experience of foreign legislators in this area, identifies positive and negative aspects, makes the main conclusions for the optimization of the domestic criminal law providing for liability for indecent assault.

The article is devoted to the manifestations of corruption in the field of natural resources’ protection. The author gives examples of investigative and judicial practices, suggests the ways of improving legislation in law enforcement optimization in this sphere.

It often happens in clinical practice that patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is diagnosed both with arterial hypertension (AH) and chronic heart failure (CHF). The effect of antioxidant drug Mexidol on the quality of life and the degree of bronchial obstruction syndrome (BOS) in these patients was evaluated.

The article is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of release from criminal responsibility under Art. 76.1 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation (RF CC). The author presents disputable issues of the legislative construction of the norm considered; the ways of criminal legislation improvement are offered.

The analysis of standards of the criminal law regulating questions of age diminished responsibility is presented in article. The points of view of scientists in the field of criminal law and criminology are analysed. The problem question of a ratio of provisions of Art. 20 and Art. 22 of the criminal code of Russian Federation is designated. The option of permission of a problem question is offered.

The article deals with the analysis of the criminal law regulations in the Russian Federation, Mongolia, specifying the cause for release from criminal responsibility and punishment in consequence of some situation changes. The analysis of the CVR criminal law compromise institute norms has been conducted. The legal premises of criminal law legislation concerning the cause of release from punishment in consequence of the situation change in the criminal law of the CVR have been distinguished.

Regulation of capital outflows has become an important task for the Russian economic policy. Such regulation needs the real picture of the Russian outward foreign direct investment (FDI) geography without distortions by official statistics with its data on indirect FDI via offshores. The article is based on new empirical FDI data collected by the author. This information shows the dominance of Wider Europe in the Russian outward FDI geography. The regional character of many Russian multinationals can be explained by several key factors, including the importance of market-seeking FDI motives, Russian oligarchs’ attempts at increasing their bargaining power and relatively comfortable business climate of neighboring countries in combination with the lack of experience and weak state support of Russian investors abroad. At the end of the article, some measures for regulation of FDI outflows are offered for diversification of the Russian outward FDI geography. Russian companies need information and institutional support which is a crucial type of incentives for initial stages of their investment projects abroad. Bilateral investment and double taxation treaties are main measures of institutional support. State insurance of investments is a key element of support for mature projects abroad.

In this article the authors focus on the issues of criminal law regulation responsibility for crimes against sexual integrity of minors. Here are submitted for consideration the problematic crimes qualification issues and offered the ways of their solution by the enforcer before making the appropriate alterations in the criminal legislation, or official clarification of the Plenum of the RF Supreme Court.

The article deals with the problem of juvenile criminal responsibility criteria in the RF criminal legislation. The authors offer the ways of solving some disputable issues.

The paper gives the long-term results of organ-saving surgery in 141 patients with stage Ia–IIIc breast cancer. Emergent histological examina- tion of a breast tissue sector was made during the surgery. Due to intraoperative morphological findings, the surgical volume was extended to gland reresection or mastectomy in 34 % of cases. There were low rates of local recurrences (0.6 % per year) and delayed operations.