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The review article is devoted to the history of the development of urine diversion methods, starting from the very first operations for the imposition of skin fistulas and ending with modern high-tech surgical interventions. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of urine diversion are described. It is shown that the gold standard today is orthotopic bladder plastic surgery, which allows to achieve good functional results and a high quality of life for patients.

BACKGROUND: In a significant number of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent transurethral resection (TURP), micturition disorders are detected in the late postoperative period. The issues of drug treatment of overactive bladder are widely covered in the literature and clinical guidelines. However, the number of studies on the treatment of patients with detrusor overactivity after TURP is relatively small. AIM: The aim of the study is to increase the effectiveness of treatment of patients with detrusor overactivity after TURP in the late postoperative period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 51 patients with urodynamically confirmed detrusor overactivity after TURP aged 56 to 87 years (mean 71.5 8.4 years). Taking into account the comorbid background, concomitant therapy, age characteristics and the presence of contraindications, 8 patients were prescribed solifenacin, 9 trospium chloride, 34 mirabegron. Appointment of anticholinergic therapy for 1 month in 7 patients was ineffective, they were prescribed mirabegron. Drug treatment lasted 3 months. With insufficient effectiveness of drug therapy, combined treatment with mirabegron was performed in combination with extracorporeal magnetic stimulation (ECMS) for 1 month (12 sessions of ECMS in total). When the combination of ECMS and mirabegron was ineffective, intravesical botulinum therapy was performed. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by subjective assessment by patients, the results of patients filling out IPSS questionnaires, urination diaries, ultrasound results and uroflowmetry. RESULTS: After the end of drug therapy 17 (33.3%) patients subjectively rated the result of treatment as excellent, 15 (29.4%) patients as good. In 19 (37.3%) patients the effectiveness of drug therapy was regarded as insufficient and they underwent combined therapy with mirabegron and ECMS. As a successful combination therapy was recognized in 10 (52.6%) patients. Botulinum therapy was performed in 6 patients with ineffectiveness of the previous stages of treatment with a positive effect in 5 (83.3%) of them. Tolerability of treatment was satisfactory. Based on the results of the study, an algorithm for the treatment of detrusor overactivity in patients with urination disorders in the late postoperative period after TURP was proposed. CONCLUSIONS: The applied treatment regimen for patients with detrusor overactivity after TURP is effective and can be recommended for use in clinical practice.

In this study, we analyze the results of calculating the resistance of substation earthing equipment taking operational factors into account. The resistance of a substation earthing system was estimated using both calculation (methods of equipment operating factors, generalized parameters and induced potentials) and instrumental (ammeter-voltmeter) methods. During operation, the resistance of the studied earthing system was found to increase in comparison with the rated values, thus reducing its overall efficiency. The resistance of substation earthing equipment measured experimentally by the ammeter-voltmeter method showed the relative error of the considered calculation methods to reach 48, 46.7 and 28.6%, respectively. With the purpose of increasing the calculation accuracy of earthing equipment resistance by the method of induced potentials, it was proposed to use an operating factor. Thus, during the substation operation period of 10, 10–20 and over 20 years, the resistance of the earthing system increases by 1.02–1.1 times due to corrosion. It was shown that the installation procedure and maintenance checks (conducted at least every six years) increase the resistance of earthing systems by 1.02 and 1.05 times, respectively. Lightning discharges and short-circuit currents affect the corrosion rate of earthing systems, thereby increasing their resistance by 1.01–1.03 and 1.03–1.05 times, respectively. Therefore, the operating factor value may range from 1.115 to 1.274. The use of the operating factor in calculating the resistance of an earthing system by the induced potentials method increased the overall calculation accuracy, with the relative error not exceeding 3%. This corresponds to the normative and technical requirements stipulated by the Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy System of Russia.

Introduction. The study of the effects of the long-term effect of the active substances of pesticides on the body of warm-blooded animals is an obligatory stage of their comprehensive toxicological and hygienic assessment. The aim of the study was to establish the levels of inactive doses of the effects of the long-term (NOEL) action of a compound of the oxatiine class. Materials and methods. In accordance with the planned purpose of the study in the biological testing laboratory of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing еxperiments were conducted to establish the parameters of acute oral toxicity, the presence of possible teratogenic and embryotoxic effects, and the effect on the reproductive function of a technical product of the oxatiin class (TPO) on the body of warm-blooded (rats). Previously, studies in this volume have not been conducted. Results. LD50 of the studied compound with a single oral administration to male rats is more than 4500 mg/kg of body weight. When studying the embryotoxic effect, the inactive dose for the maternal organism and offspring is set at the level of – 1/52 LD50; the inactive dose for the teratogenic effect for the maternal organism is 1/52 LD50, offspring – 1/27 LD50. As a result of studying the effect of the oxatiine derivative on the indicators of reproductive function, the inactive dose for maternal, paternal organisms, and offspring, is 1/313 LD50. Limitations. In our study to establish the levels of inactive doses of the long-term effects of toxicity of a technical product derived from oxatiines, there are no data on the results of the mutagenic effect of the studied compound on the body of warm-blooded (rats, mice). Conclusion. It has been established that according to the “Hygienic classification of pesticides and agrochemicals according to the degree of danger” (Methodological Recommendations of MP No. 1.2.0235-21* dated 02/15/2022), the studied chemical product belongs to the 4th hazard class for acute oral toxicity (LD50) and teratogenic effect (low-hazard compound; for embryotoxic effect and reproductive toxicity to the 3rd hazard class (moderately dangerous compound).

Introduction. At present, there is widely used smooth plowing, which is moldboard plowing without back ridges and deep furrows. Aim of the Article. The article deals with developing a new design of working tools for smooth soil plowing that ensure the fulfillment of the required quality of soil cultivation. Materials and Methods. Based on the analysis of existing designs, the authors developed a harrow with a turning disc section, which is characterized by increased operational reliability by reducing energy costs for its adjustment. The range of change in the approach angle of the disk working bodies is 5–45°. Results. It was found that the speed of movement and the inclination angle disks have the greatest influence on the tillage quality. To optimize the motion parameters with a turning disk section for the best smooth plowing quality, a two-factor experiment was carried out. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result, it was found that at a speed of 9.113 km/h and approach angle of working disks of 32°, the quality of tillage is maximum and amounts to 86.1%.

In 2020, a unique bone assemblage was found at the Late Paleolithic site Volchia Griva. Its base is made of a distal mammoth femur minus epiphysis, in which a cavity has been hollowed out. Impact notches along the edges of the cavity and holes in the metaphysis prove the human-made nature of this specimen. A portion of a polar fox cranium, half of a fox hemimandible, a fox tooth, and a large mammal rib fragment were enclosed in the cavity. The mammoth femur was previously used as a retoucher, as evinced by the impressions and cut marks. Incisions were detected on the polar fox cranium, indicating skinning. According to two 14C dates, the age of the remains is 19.3–19.1 ka BP. Palynological analysis of the cavity fill shows a forb-grass steppe at that time. The assemblage, which has no known analogues, is a reflection of prehistoric culture. This extraordinary find most likely is evidence of the ritual behavior of people who lived in the south of Western Siberia during the last glacial maximum. The assemblage was accompanied by a large number of fox remains, and lithic artifacts identical to bladelet-based Late Paleolithic industries of Siberia and the Middle Urals.

The crystalline paramagnetic complex based on ring-reduced tin(ii) hexadecachlorophthalocyanine has been obtained and characterized. Two paramagnetic (Cp*2CrIII)+ cations are sandwiched between the diamagnetic {CpFeII(CO)2(SnII[PcCl16]4−)}− anions.

Diacetyliminoxyl is introduced as the first synthetically available oxime radical for fundamental mechanistic studies, oxidative functionalization and dehydrogenation processes.

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is believed to be a vanishing infection in countries with successful hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination programs. We assessed the current status of HDV infection in Tuva, a region of the Russia that has been highly endemic for HBV. The proportion of HDV-infected patients among HBsAg-positive patients in the regional registry in 2020 was 32.7% (786/2401). An analysis of the medical records of 514 HDV patients demonstrated that 37.5% (193/514) had liver cirrhosis at the first doctor's visit, and 7.4% of patients lived in families where another family member had HDV. All HDV patients were infected with genotype HDV-1, 94.5% had HBV genotype D, and 5.5% had genotype A. A serosurvey conducted among 1170 healthy volunteers showed that the average detection rate of HBsAg with anti-HDV was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.57-1.81%). No anti-HDV positive samples were detected in participants aged under 30 years. The HBsAg/anti-HDV positivity rate peaked at 7.4% in patients aged 50-59 years, which was significantly higher than in a similar age cohort surveyed in 2008 (1.6%, p .0001). A Bayesian analysis showed that HDV circulation in Tuva resulted from two waves of introduction, the first in the 1810s (95% HPD: 1741-1834) from Central Asia, and the second in the 1960s (95% HPD: 1953-1979) from Russia. HBV has a much longer history of circulation in Tuva with the MRCA for the predominant genotype HBV-D dated to 972 (95% HPD: 535-1253) for subtype D1, 1274 (95% HPD: 936-1384) for D2, and 1173 (95% HPD: 1005-1618) for D3. A SkyGrid reconstruction of population dynamics showed an increase in the intensity of HDV spread in recent decades. This situation shows the need for HDV screening and prevention measures among people living with HBV.

Introduction. The new coronavirus infection (COVID‑19) has a wide spectrum of complications. Frequency of neurological symptoms varies between 17.3 and 36.4 %. In 8 % of cases, COVID‑19 can be accompanied by bacterial or fungal infection. Since few descriptions of bacterial meningitis in adult patients with COVID‑19 and a single description of surgical treatment of purulent meningitis complicated by empyema of the 4th ventricle in a patient with COVID‑19 were found, and there are no meta‑analyses in this area, descriptions of such cases are of high scientific and practical value.Aim. The describe a case of surgical treatment of purulent ventriculitis in an adult (during treatment of the new coronavirus infection COVID‑19).Materials and methods. A man, 69 years old, with previously established diagnosis of the new coronavirus infection COVID‑19 and a comorbid pathology was admitted to the Moscow City Clinical Hospital No. 40 with newly diagnosed seizure disorder. Computed tomography imaging showed ventriculitis confirmed by MRI with obstructive hypertensive triventricular hydrocephalus.Results. The patient underwent treatment: three‑time endoscopic lavage of the ventricular system, removal of newly formed fibrin membranes with interventricular septostomy, removal of obstruction at the level of the Sylvian aqueduct; the surgery was concluded by external draining of the lateral ventricles, administration of an antibiotic intro the ventricular system and intravenously. Cerebrospinal fluid flow was restored, ventriculitis manifestations completely negated.Conclusion. Development of ventriculitis as one of the first signs of bacterial infection accompanying COVID‑19 is a very rare and life‑threatening complication requiring active surgical intervention. In was shown that endoscopic lavage of the ventricular system for ventriculitis treatment is an effective action against infection and cerebrospinal fluid flow disorders. Use of intraventricular endoscopy for ventriculitis treatment has several advantages compared to needle ventriculostomy. Further studies and analysis of treatment of bacterial ventriculitis using endoscopic surgical techniques in patients with and without the new coronavirus infection are needed.

The review article presents current data on the epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, and features of the clinical course of primary enuresis in adults. The main methods of treatment of patients with primary enuresis are described in detail. It has been shown that in the treatment of this category of patients, the leading role is given to the use of a synthetic analogue of the antidiuretic hormone desmopressin. A detailed analysis of the pharmacological properties and clinical use of desmopressin in patients with primary enuresis is presented. The advantages of prescribing a sublingual form of desmopressin, which ensures its high efficiency and good tolerability of therapy.

50 Pág., In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratifcation vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV, This work was supported in part through Laulima Govern ment Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Gov ernment Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC 15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges support from the Mississippi Agri cultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS pro ject 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Num ber 1021494.

Modern methods of computational fluid dynamics have been used to study flows with mass supply in axisymmetric channels of solid-propellant rocket motor charges. The studies were carried out with the aim of increasing the accuracy of predicting the intraballistic parameters for performing engineering calculations. The analysis of changes in intraballistic characteristics in the flow part of the channel charge in the classical and nozzleless solid propellant rocket motors is carried out for different rates of mass supply from the combustion surface. For an isobaric combustion chamber, a characteristic velocity profile is shown along a tubular charge path and a charge with sudden expansion. It is shown that for a steady cosine profile of axial velocity after sudden expansion of the channel, a length of more than three gauges is required. For a high-speed combustion chamber, a comparison of the axial velocity profile is carried out depending on the flow velocity under different conditions of mass supply. The tendency of the influence of flow velocity on the character of the profile is noted. It is shown that at a Mach number over 0.5, an increase in the mass flow rate from the combustion surface provides a less filled velocity profile tending to cosine. The differences between the pressure losses in the flow passage of the channel charge, calculated in the axisymmetric approximation, and the losses determined using gas-dynamic functions, are shown. An increase of the mass flow rate in the charge channel of a nozzleless solid-propellant rocket motor leads to a decrease in pressure losses at Mach number over 0.8.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in older men. Its significance is determined not only by a decrease in the quality of life of men, but also by the development of a number of complications as a result of infravesical obstruction. About 70% of patients with symptomatic BPH require surgical treatment due to the ineffectiveness of conservative therapy. At the moment, there are many methods of surgical treatment of this pathology in the arsenal of urologists, but there is no consensus on the choice of one or another method of surgical treatment of BPH. Aim. To study the results of modern and most common surgical methods of large BPH in patients of the older age group. Materials and methods. The study included 243 patients who were hospitalized at Saint Petersburg City Hospital No. 15 for BPH in the period from November 2019 to November 2021. Control examination after surgery was carried out on days 57, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Results. The first group of patients underwent bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (n=67), the second group underwent bipolar plasma-kinetic enucleation of prostate adenoma (n=69), the third group of patients underwent thulium laser enucleation (n=75), and the fourth group of patients performed laparoscopic adenomectomy (n=32). An assessment of intraoperative parameters was carried out: the duration of the operation, the duration of postoperative irrigation, bladder catheterization, bed-day spent in the hospital. In the late postoperative period (after 3 and 6 months), patients were invited for a follow-up examination. In comparison with the initial values, a significant increase in indicators was determined, characterizing the improvement in the quality of life of patients. Conclusion. In the study, thulium laser enucleation proved to be the most effective and sparing method of BPH surgery in age-related comorbid patients, demonstrating a relatively short operation time, radical method, reduced hospital stay, early rehabilitation of patients, and high efficiency in the late postoperative period.

The historical aspects of the development of medicine in Georgia are briefly described. The main milestones in the life and achievements of the outstanding Soviet medical scientists, Professor G.M. Mukhadze and his student Professor A.P. Tsulukidze. Their scientific and practical activities, contribution to the development of surgery and urology in the USSR are analyzed. G.M. Mukhadze and A.P. Tsulukidze were the founders of the surgical and urological schools in Georgia, tireless innovators, talented teachers and educators of young doctors, the founders of higher medical education in Georgia and prominent public figures.

BACKGROUND: Chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CAP/CPPS) is the most common form of chronic prostatitis. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of complex therapy in patients with CAP/CPPS using the bioregulatory peptide drug Uroprost-D. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 47 men aged 23 to 54 years (mean 38.1 7.2 years) with CAP/CPPS (category III according to the NYHA classification, 1995). Patients of the 1st group (n = 24) were prescribed alpha-blocker tamsulosin 0.4 mg for 30 days and rectal suppositories Uroprost-D one per day for 15 days. Patients of the 2nd group (n = 23) were also prescribed tamsulosin 0.4 mg per day for 30 days and rectal suppositories indomethacin 100 mg, one per day for 15 days. The dynamics of clinical parameters was assessed on the 15, 30 and 60th day from the start of the study. RESULTS: By the 15th day of the study, there was a significant positive dynamics of symptoms in patients of both groups. By the 30th day of the study in patients of the 1st group the treatment effect persisted, while in patients of the 2nd group pain increased, which was expressed in an increase in the scores for the Pain domains and the total score of the NIH-CPSI questionnaire. This trend is even more pronounced by the 60th day of observation, when a significant difference was found both in the total score of the NIH-CPSI questionnaire and separately in the domains Pain, Dysuria and Quality of life. During the study, there were no statistically significant changes in the maximum urine flow rate, prostate volume and residual urine volume. Tolerability of treatment was satisfactory, the frequency of negative manifestations was slightly higher in patients of the 2nd group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the bioregulatory peptide drug Uroprost-D in the complex therapy of patients with CAP was accompanied by a decrease in the severity of pain syndrome and dysuria. The appointment of Uroprost-D seems to be a pathogenetically justified alternative to the use of NSAIDs in this category of patients.

Introduction. Modern epidemiological studies indicate atmospheric air pollution to be one of the leading risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases. The problem of assessing the impact of atmospheric air pollution on the health of the Russian Federation population is extremely urgent and requires solutions at the federal and regional levels. The purpose of the work was to analyze modern methodological approaches to diagnostics, assessment of the impact of atmospheric pollution on public health and to develop proposals for improving the risk management system to ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being. Materials and methods. An expert-analytical study was carried out. Analysis materials are scientific publications both on the problem of assessing of the atmospheric pollution impact on health and developing a risk management system based on international experience and the possibility of its implementation in Russia; the results of earlier field studies of atmospheric air, and the results obtained during the implementation of the federal project “Clean Air”. Results. The main directions of further development of the methodology for assessing the adverse impact of atmospheric pollution on health are formulated to solve methodological and practical problems of minimizing the risk to public health. Positive results in managing air quality and reducing its negative impact on health can be achieved by increasing the volume of conducting the best reliable research on establishing links between air pollution and public health, improving approaches to the justification of hygienic standards for atmospheric pollution, improvement of methodological and analytical support for field research, and introduction of a systematic approach to the process of regulation of atmospheric air quality. Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the fact that this article does not reflect the results of our own epidemiological studies to establish the negative impact of atmospheric pollution on public health. Conclusion. The need to regulate the quality of atmospheric air for the purposes of maintaining and improving the health of the population requires the development and implementation of long-term programs to ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being, the basis of which should be the placement of health and environmental priorities established by the results of a system analysis, including the establishment of a causal relationship, the identification of priority chemicals and their sources, if reliable data on levels of exposure to the population are available.

Introduction. Analysis and generalization of the results of scientific research of the institutions of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)institutions of a hygienic profile are extremely important in the scientific substantiation of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being and managing risks to the health of the Russian population. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results, achievements and prospects of the scientific substantiation of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being and managing risks to the health of the population of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. An expert-analytical study was carried out. The analysis materials are the main results of the activities of scientific institutions of the Rospotrebnadzor of the hygienic profile in the implementation of the industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor for 2021-2025. “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, as well as of the Federal Program (FP) “Clean Air” of the National Project (NP) “Ecology”, FP “Clean Water” NP “Housing and Urban Environment”, FP “Strengthening Public Health” NP “Demography”, the State Program “Provision of chemical and biological safety of the Russian Federation for the period 2021-2024”, the Federal Target Program “Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety for 2016-2020 and for the period up to 2030”. Results. Within the framework of the industry program, in the first year of its implementation, six SanPiNs, 668 hygienic standards were approved, 20 analytical reviews were prepared. 23 patents for inventions, 45 - for industrial designs, 34 - certificates for computer programs, 178 objects of intellectual activity were registered. Based on the materials of scientific research, 95 articles were published in the journals Web of Science, 328 - Scopus, 802 - RSCI. 40 monographs, books and manuals have been published. 11 PhD, 2 doctoral dissertations were defended. Limitations. The research materials are limited to the results of scientific research of the Research Institute of Hygienic Profile of Rospotrebnadzor, obtained in 2021. Conclusion. The results of the activities of the NIO Rospotrebnadzor in 2021 indicate that the set of tasks assigned to them to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is being successfully implemented. Further development of interagency cooperation is required (with scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, other ministries and departments, with medical universities); interaction with problem committees of the Scientific Council of Rospotrebnadzor, as well as further modernization and renovation of the park of laboratory and medical equipment of scientific organizations.

This article is devoted to the topic of active suffrage of convicts sentenced to deprivation of liberty. The authors emphasize the relevance of this topic because the suffrage of citizens is one of the main features of a democratic state. The article analyzes the practice on this issue in various foreign countries. Moreover, the authors cite statistics on challenging the legality of the ban on voting rights for prisoners. In conclusion, it is concluded that the principles of democracy do not allow any restrictions for various categories of citizens in relation to active suffrage.

Introduction. Monitoring and control of priority chemicals presented in the emissions in cities of Lipetsk, Omsk, Cherepovets, Novokuznetsk, participating in «The Clean Air» Federal project, require frequent sampling of air samples, their transportation and storage prior to analysis. Since most samples are not analyzed immediately after sampling, correct quantitative results can only be obtained if there is verified data on the long-term stability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected on sorption tubes. The purpose of this work is to obtain up-to-date, experimentally substantiated data on the stability of various VOCs during storage of exposed sorption tubes in laboratory conditions. Materials and methods. Several groups of VOCs have been selected as the most common air pollutants. VOC stability tests during storage up to 5 months were carried out on model samples using sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. The VOC content was determined by thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatographic analysis using mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Results. When stored under laboratory conditions at a temperature of (20 ± 5)°C and humidity in the range of 33-65% in hermetically sealed containers or a glass desiccator, there was shown the stability of 28 VOCs, taken on tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent: trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene, benzene, o-xylene, the sum of isomers of m-xylene and p-xylene, ethylbenzene, n-octane, toluene, n-butanol, n-heptane, 1,2-dichloroethane, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, chlorobenzene, isopropylbenzene, α-pinene, n-propylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, 2-butoxyethanol, styrene up to 5 months; for 5 VOCs: phenol, pentanal (valeric aldehyde), hexanal (caproic aldehyde), n-nonane and n-decane - no more than 4 weeks. Limitations. The stability of the investigated VOCs was not studied at low (less than 15 °C) and high (more than 25 °C) temperatures, as well as high humidity (more than 65 %). Conclusion. The results obtained allow planning the frequency and period of air sampling and the time of their storage in the form of exposed tubes before transfer to the laboratory, as well as the time of preparation and storage, taking into account the throughput of the equipment during their analysis in the laboratory.

Chronological and stratigraphic frameworks are of the utmost importance for Upper Paleolithic archaeology, physical anthropology, and ecology. Wide ranging radiocarbon (14C) dates were previously obtained for the Sungir burial complex in the central part of European Russia, which is well-known as the richest funeral Paleolithic assemblage in the world yet recorded. The major problem was the contamination caused by consolidants used during the recovery of human bones in the 1960s. The stratigraphy and spatial structure of the Sungir site were also not well understood previously. New radiocarbon and stable isotope data are generated for the Sungir burials. While some dates were younger due to incomplete removal of contamination, the XAD 14C age on S-1 burial (ca. 29,780 BP) was found to be statistically the same as the previously performed HYP 14C age for this burial (ca. 28,890 BP). Four animal bones found in cultural layer below the burial date to ca. 28,800–30,140 BP, suggesting that both this layer and human burials date to roughly this age range. Narrowing these ages further is difficult considering the larger errors of the 14C dates. This shows that future research attempting to 14C date material excavated many years ago needs to eliminate potential contamination from consolidants through analyses such as FTIR, prior to 14C dating. The chronology and stratigraphy of Sungir do not contradict to correlation of its lithic artifacts with the Streletskian assemblage as the East European variant of the Final Szeletian technocomplex (Early Upper Paleolithic).

The review article is devoted to the history of creation, biological effects and clinical application of the entomological drug Adenoprosin. The data of experimental studies are presented, indicating a high biological activity of the drug, the mechanisms of its therapeutic action are described. The pharmacological effects of Adenoprosin were analyzed, which ensure its high clinical efficacy and good tolerability. The pathogenetic validity of the appointment of Adenoprosin in patients with chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia was shown.

Background: The creation and development of socio-hygienic (public health) monitoring in the Sverdlovsk Region is an example of implementing a relevant and practically important governmental instrument in the field of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population on an interdisciplinary basis using a systematic approach to analyzing health effects of environmental factors. This has determined the objective of the study to analyze the history of the development of social and hygienic monitoring in the Sverdlovsk Region in the 20th – 21st centuries. Materials and methods: We describe three timespans of the development of socio-hygienic monitoring: the years 1991–2000, 2001–2010, and 2011–2020, as well as the period since 2021, each described by implementation of significant decisions aimed to increase efficiency of information and analytical support of sanitary and epidemiological welfare and health risk assessment, management, monitoring, and communication. Results: The article highlights the milestones that have influenced the development of the system of socio-hygienic monitoring in the Sverdlovsk Region, name its contributors and specify their innovations put into practice, often for the first time in history, of the bodies and institutions of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), and delineate dissemination of experience and achieved results in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Conclusion: We outline areas for improvement and medium-term objectives of socio-hygienic monitoring in the Sverdlovsk Region within implementation of the Concept for Development of Socio-Hygienic Monitoring through to 2030.

This study demonstrates the ability to control the properties of TiO2–CuOx composite layers for photocatalytic applications by using a simple electrophoretic deposition method from isopropanol-based suspension. To obtain uniform layers with a controlled composition, the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate was used, which influenced the electrophoretic mobility of the particles and the morphology of the deposited layers. The TiO2–CuOx composite layers with different CuOx contents (1.5, 5.5, and 11 wt.%) were obtained. It is shown that the optical band gap measured by UV–VIS–NIR diffuse reflectance spectra. When CuOx is added to TiO2, two absorption edges corresponding to TiO2 and CuOx are observed, indicating a broadening of the photosensitivity range of the material relative to pure TiO2. An open-circuit potential study shows that by changing the amount of CuOx in the composite material, one can control the ratio of free charge carriers (n and p) and, therefore, the catalytic properties of the material. As a result, the TiO2–CuOx composite layers have enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the pure TiO2 layer: methanol yield grows with increasing CuOx content during CO2 photoreduction.

The review article provides definitions and presents current data on the biological significance of the microbiome and microbiota of urine. The urinary microbiota is less well understood than the intestinal microbiota, but its biological role is complex and multifaceted. To date, its importance in the formation of colonization resistance, which prevents the invasion of uropathogens, is obvious. An analysis of methods for assessing the microbiome and microbiota of urine was carried out. The shortcomings of widely used standard microbiological research methods are shown. The method of 16S rRNA gene sequencing is described in detail. Information about the gender characteristics of the urine microbiota and the results of its study in healthy women and men are given. Further progress in the study of the urobiome is associated with the acquisition of new technologies for genomic research and the development of bioinformatics.

The article considers aspects of application of immersive information technologies (a term that combines technologies of augmented and virtual reality) in an educational process. It analyses practices of application of immersive information technologies in education: the Russian constructor of virtual and augmented reality projects EV Toolbox and an academic school textbook on physics for grade 7 by V. V. Belaga et al. that supports augmented reality. Main constraining factors when using immersive technologies are formulated. To fnd a solution for some of the existing problems, the authors propose using software with a free license, in particular, the Unity development framework, for which a detailed algorithm is given to design an AR application for Android. The process and result of designing a mobile AR application for the informatics textbook for grade 7 by L. L. Bosova, A. Yu. Bosova via the Unity development framework and the Vuforia cloud service are described. Testing of the created resource showed that using the augmented reality technology in textbooks provides many advantages. One of the most important of them is that there is no binding to Internet, and it is possible to use this application irrespective of location. Additionally, this technology dovetails with distance learning, since it gives incentives for learning the material and encourages attracting attention to its academic content. Capabilities of virtual reality are shown by the example of an application for testing an UAV model.

Introduction. Tobacco smoking is the most dangerous and significant risk factor for diseases of the circulatory system and an increase in premature mortalityAim. To study the gender aspects of the prevalence of smoking in connection with the sex and age characteristics and the level of education of patients with diseases of the circulatory system.Materials and methods. A total of 422 people were interviewed (267 women and 155 men). Sample – target spontaneous filling; the questionnaire was filled out in paper form at an outpatient appointment.Results. Among the surveyed patients with diseases of the circulatory system, the fact of smoking was confirmed by 29% of men and 6.4% of women. The most common image of a smoking person is a man aged 30-49 years (in this group, 55.6% smoke). Smoking is widespread among men aged 50 and older (every fourth smokes). Among women, the most susceptible to smoking is the age group of 30-49 years (15.3% smokers). Typical quitters include men aged 50-69 (58%) and women aged 30-49 (15.3%). The absence of the habit of smoking tobacco is most characteristic of the generation under the age of 29 years. According to the educational level, men with incomplete secondary and secondary education are susceptible to smoking (47.4% and 34.9%, respectively). Among men with secondary, secondary specialized and higher education, the share of those who quit smoking was relatively high (51.2%, 59.3% and 50%, respectively). The prevalence of tobacco smoking among women compared to men by educational groups is significantly lower: among people with secondary education – by 5.7 times (6.1% vs. 34.9%), with secondary specialized education – by 2.4 times (7.8% vs. 18.6%), with higher education – 5.2 times (5.6% vs. 29.4%).Conclusion. The data obtained update the development of programs for the prevention of smoking among patients with diseases of the circulatory system, taking into account gender, age and educational groups.