Search

Recent features in oceanography, forage base, and biological diversity, as well as fisheries prospective in the Bering Sea Convention area are considered. Since 1950, a sharp increase in water temperature has been observed, and thermal regime shifts occurred in 1977 and 2014. Composition and structure of zooplankton communities are virtually the same as in the western Bering Sea basin. Zooplankton community is comprised by a small number of widely distributed species, which belong to macrozooplankton and constitute a valuable food source for upper trophic levels. Nekton biomass is small, an order of magnitude lower than on the shelf. Neighboring continental slope and underwater ridges, as well as seasonal migrations of lower boreal and lower boreal-subtropical species support high species richness of nekton community. Pelagic and benthopelagic species of fish and squid, which occur on the shelf and slope, usually do not migrate into the Convention area in large quantities, except for walleye pollock, which was actively harvested in this area in 1983–1992. However, in the up-coming years, it is impossible to resume pollock fishery in the Convention area, based on the modern state of pollock resources.

Highly dispersed fluorinated SWCNTs of submicron length were prepared, characterized and tested as nonvolatile additive to the active layer of polymer/fullerene organic solar cells. Two types of initial SWCNT materials – TUBALL® (OCSiAl) and Super purified plasma tubes (Nanointegris Inc.) – were used. The absence of big CNT aggregates was revealed by atomic force microscopy. The absence of metallic SWCNTs is confirmed by optical spectra of fluorinated SWCNT dispersions. Reproducible increase of the main performance parameters of solar cells (short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor and power conversion efficiency) was obtained upon admixing a small amount of fluorinated SWCNTs (less than 1% weight) into the polymer/fullerene active layer, with either P3HT or PCDTBT donor and either PC60BM or PC70BM acceptor for both direct and inverted device architectures. Since effective charge mobility did not change upon fluorinated SWCNT admixture, the improvement of solar cell performance is not related to SWCNT-induced modification of the electronic structure of the active layer components or charge transfer via fluorinated SWCNTs. Presumably, the origin of this improvements is geometric optimization of the active layer morphology (improving connectivity of donor and acceptor domains) by fluorinated SWCNTs due to their high aspect ratio.

Data on the mineralogy and geochemistry of rare earth elements (REE + Y) in water, suspended matter and stratified sediment cores from different parts of Lake Onego are presented. The study finds that the dissolved REE + Y in the water from different areas of Lake Onego have common features: (1) a maximum in the area of middle rare earth elements (MREE), (2) a distinct negative Ce anomaly and (3) a positive Eu anomaly. Comparison of the average concentration of elements in the stratified core of the bottom sediments and particulate matter (from the filters and sedimentation traps) from different parts of Lake Onego and the distribution of REE + Y do not reveal any significant differences. The trend of the REE + Y distribution for samples from the South Onego completely coincide the REE + Y distribution in siltstones and sandstones of the Russian Platform Scale Composite (RPSC). In the water area of Lake Onego from south to north, a well-defined trend of changes in REE + Y patterns relative to the RPSC is revealed, with depletion by heavy REE + Y and gradual enrichment by light rare earth elements (LREE). Geochemical and mineralogical data confirm our hypothesis of a significant reformatting of the catchment basin of the Onego Ice Lake in the Late Pleistocene. During the formation of the preglacial lake, a significant part of the catchment area was located south of Lake Onego and is mainly represented by Russian Platform sedimentary rocks. Due to the degradation of the Last Glacier from the Lake Onego depression and the nearby territories, the catchment area changed of its southern and south-eastern sections. Today the composition of the modern sedimentary matter entering Lake Onego is determined by mixing clusters from two geochemically contrasting feeding areas: loose sediments formed by the repeatedly re-deposited products of the weathering of the Fennoscandian Shield's crystalline rock massifs, including Phanerozoic sediments; and to a lesser extent the sediments of the sedimentary cover of the Russian Platform, except the bottom sediments of the South Onego, in which Phanerozoic sedimentary formations have completely predominated throughout the lake's development.

The impact of COVID-19 on tourism was massive, especially in 2020 and 2021. This incident sparked heated debates about its impact on the tourism industry and resulted in the publication of a large number of research articles instantly. Due to the needs of the hour, tourism scholars and journals have taken a proactive step to communicate scholarly research in a faster phase to mitigate the issue through scientific research. This surge of articles during the pandemic period allows us to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the nexus between the global pandemic and scholarly engagement. Employing a mixed approach using a systematic literature review of journals published on the Web of Science, this article explores a comprehensive approach of methodological applications, the timely transition of themes in different intensities worldwide, and geographical coverage of the research and themes discussed. Our analysis reveals that the pattern of themes discussed varies by time and that themes are mainly discussed around tourist psychology, crisis management, pandemic impact, tourism transformation, and the digital revolution. This study also found a rise in increased interdisciplinary research to address issues related to tourism.

Tourism can play an important role in rural development. Rural tourism can help diversify the rural economy, slow urbanization, and contribute to the economic viability and revitalization of these places. However, rural destinations need to audit the different resources they have to better understand what they can offer. Using the case of Kazakhstan, we adapt resource-based theory and use expert opinions and publicly available secondary data to assess the resource potential for the development of tourism in the rural areas of Kazakhstan. We use a range of methods such as descriptive analysis, cluster analysis, and correspondence analysis to show the resource potential of the 14 rural provinces in Kazakhstan in terms of transport infrastructure, housing & household amenities, communal services, natural & climatic, and cultural & historical resources. The findings reveal that rural Kazakhstan lags behind urban Kazakhstan in many indicators of socioeconomic development. However, experts agree that rural Kazakhstan is endowed with a multitude of natural, cultural, and historical resources. Investment in infrastructure in the areas of transportation, medical care, and communal amenities is needed so that the resources in these rural communities can be accessible for tourists. This type of analysis can be used in other emerging destinations to help them develop tourism and improve the lives of those in rural areas.

The spatial spreading of a dense ensemble of spin cyclotron magnetoexcitons in a quantum Hall insulator at the filling factor ν = 2 is visualized using an optical system with a high aperture ratio. It is found that nondiffusive propagation over macroscopic distances is characteristic not only of excitons with a momentum on the order of the reciprocal magnetic length, which form a coherent condensate of magnetoexcitons, but also of excitons with very low momenta. The nondiffusive propagation of magnetoexciton condensates in real space is accompanied by a huge threshold increase in the amplitude of light reflection from excitations. The possible explanations of the observed behavior are discussed.

The possibility of fabricating two-dimensional Si layers on a CaF2/Si(111) film by molecular beam epitaxy is studied. The growth conditions, under which the regions of two-dimensional Si layers are formed, are found. Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies have shown that regions of two-dimensional Si layers are formed in epitaxial structures prepared by the deposition of one to three biatomic Si layers on the CaF2/Si(111) film surface at a temperature of 550°С. The Raman spectra of these structures exhibit a narrow peak at 418 cm–1, which is due to light scattering on vibrations of Si atoms in the plane of a two-dimensional Si layer intercalated with calcium. The EPR spectra of multilayer structures with regions of two-dimensional Si layers embedded in CaF2 demonstrate an isotropic signal with an asymmetric Dyson shape and the g-factor $$g = 1.9992$$ under illumination. Consequently, this signal can be attributed to photoinduced conduction electrons in extended two-dimensional Si islands. These results may be useful for understanding the mechanisms of the formation of two-dimensional materials on CaF2/Si(111) substrates.

A calculation scheme has been developed to determine energies of neutral excitations with spin 1 in a Laughlin liquid at a filling factor of 1/3. The parameters of the confining potential of an electron system in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells, as well as regions of magnetic fields, at which spin-1 excitations are the lowest in energy are calculated.

State of the greenland halibut stock in the Sea of Okhotsk fishing zone is evaluated as overfished with a high probability of 97.5 % by the index of fishable biomass, and the overfishing continued in 2021. This conclusion is based on results of double filtering the posterior parameter estimates in the state-space generalized surplus production model JABBA (Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment), with additional tuning of the new model taking into account these results. The overfishing was not caused by significant changes of environmental parameters (average SST and EOF modes of SST were examined), but its main reason was the overestimated target harvest rate established for the Far East of Russia as 10 % of the total biomass or a half of natural annual mortality (20 %). This incorrect value of the rate was based on incorrect determination of age structure and terminal age for the halibut by the fish scale method. The new approach of the stock status evaluation with JABBA model is independent on the age data. It includes the additional filtering of the JABBA model result, its refinement with stringent tuning using the algorithm of No-U-Turn sampler, and checking additional parameters on hyperstability or hypersensitivity. The new reference point of the target harvest rate is between 2.5 and 5.4 % (95 % credible interval) of the total biomass, with a median of about 3.75 %. This new value is slightly higher than that one used by ICES for greenland halibut in the northeastern Atlantic (3.5 % for fishable biomass, its reduction to 2.5 % is discussed), but these values cannot be compared because of different habitat conditions and probably different growth rate of greenland halibut in the Okhotsk Sea and the Atlantic. Researches on the optimal level of greenland halibut exploitation should be continued; anyway, the new reference point of the target harvest rate has to be implemented immediately and to be used at least until correction of the age-length key for greenland halibut in the Okhotsk Sea. The input data and Stan code of the new model are presented in the annexes.

Shifts in the distribution of groundfish species as oceans warm can complicate management efforts if species distributions expand beyond the extent of existing scientific surveys, changing the proportion of groundfish available to any one survey each year. We developed the first-ever model-based biomass estimates for three Bering Sea groundfishes (walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), and Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus)) by combining fishery-independent bottom trawl data from the U.S. and Russia in a spatiotemporal framework using Vector Autoregressive Spatio-Temporal (VAST) models. We estimated a fishing-power correction to calibrate disparate data sets and the effect of an annual oceanographic index to explain variation in groundfish spatiotemporal density. Groundfish densities shifted northward relative to historical densities, and high-density areas spanned the international border, particularly in years warmer than the long-term average. In the final year of comprehensive survey data (2017), 49%, 65%, 47% of biomass was in the western and northern Bering Sea for pollock, cod, and plaice, respectively, suggesting that availability of groundfish to the more regular eastern Bering Sea survey is declining. We conclude that international partnerships to combine past data and coordinate future data collection are necessary to track fish as they shift beyond historical survey areas.

Nowadays, Y-shaped non-fullerene acceptors become increasingly important in organic photovoltaics (OPV). Their use in binary and ternary bulk heterojunction composites continuously pushes up the efficiency of OPV devices. However, the mechanism of OPV performance enhancement by the third component of a ternary composite is rarely understood. In the present work, pulse EPR technique was used to reveal the similarities and the differences of photoinduced charge separation process in binary PM6/Y6 and ternary PM6/Y6:Y-T composites, where PM6 is polymer donor, Y6 and Y-T are different non-fullerene acceptors. Out-of-phase electron spin echo signal was detected for both composites, which is the signature of the charge-transfer state (CT state) formed at the donor/acceptor interface upon exciton splitting. Nearly identical distribution of the distances between the electron and the hole constituting the CT state was obtained for these composites from the analysis of this signal. In both cases the average electron-hole distance was 3.5 nm. It implies that OPV efficiency increase with Y-T addition is not caused by the increased probability of CT state dissociation followed by free charge generation for PM6/Y6:Y-T composite.

The spatio-temporal variability of the modern sedimentation process in Lake Onego, the second largest lake in Europe, was evaluated. The chemical composition of the lake water was studied. Sedimentation takes place in the oxidation conditions of low TDS water of the calcium bicarbonate type, where the ratio between terrigenous clastic material and lacustrine biochemical suspended matter in the material deposited to the bottom is close to one. We demonstrate that the sedimentation process in the lake is non-uniform. Sedimentation rates in different regions of the lake were estimated (0.1 to 2 kg per sq. m of bottom surface per year) through in situ surveys with sediment traps. Annual sediment input was estimated on the basis of the lake’s chemical balance. Analysis of the qualitative characteristics of the material deposited to the bottom shows its composition corresponds to the humus-Fe-Si type of sedimentation. The uniform texture and mineral composition and the similar multielement spectra of the sediments suggest that active water dynamics cause fine-grained suspended load to remain in the water column for prolonged time periods. Variations in the sediment chemical composition across the lake are due to natural causesand to unevenly distributed anthropogenic pressure.

Purpose of the research – comparative analysis of the level of infrastructure provision in rural areas of Kazakhstan, which allows to determine the strategic directions of its development.Methodology – a systematic approach to studying the problems of infrastructure security; methods of statistical and economic analysis. The research is based on the fundamental provisions of the concepts and hypotheses presented in classical and modern studies of foreign and domestic scientists, based on the system-functional approach, as well as software developments of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of regional development. This study is based on the use of methods of systemic, comparative and cluster analysis, methods of classification and grouping, multivariate statistical analysis, which made it possible to carry out a comparative analysis of the provision of rural areas of Kazakhstan with infrastructure, to group regions, which made it possible to determine the strategic directions for the development of infrastructure in rural areas of the country. To process the initial statistical information, the "Classification Analysis" package of the "IBM SPSS Statistics" application was used.Originality / value of the research – lies in the fact that the comparative analysis of the level of provision of rural areas in the regions of Kazakhstan with basic infrastructure makes it possible to differentiate the regions of the country by the level of infrastructure provision and determine the priority directions of its development, which ultimately will provide them with tourist attractiveness. The findings of the study may be of interest in the development and implementation of programs for the socio-economic development of regions, the development of the tourism industry, as well as for the implementation of scientific research on the integrated development of rural settlements by government bodies.Findings – A comparative analysis of the infrastructural provision of rural areas of Kazakhstan made it possible to identify existing problems in ensuring transport accessibility of destinations, a low level of provision of utilities and social infrastructure, which determines the unattractiveness of rural areas as tourist destinations and low demand from potential tourists.

New 1-cetyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide complexes with copper(II) bromide and lanthanum(III) nitrate were characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, with self-assembly and the morphological behavior elucidated. For the lanthanum(III) nitrate complex, the 3D crystal structure was characterized using X-ray diffractometry. These metallosurfactants were tested as antitumor agents, and a high cytotoxic effect comparable with doxorubicin was revealed against the M-HeLa and A-549 cell lines. Both complexes were 2 times more active toward the MCF-7 cell line than the breast cancer drug tamoxifen. The cytotoxic mechanism of complexes is assumed to be related to the induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.

Absract. The article provides an overview of the current International Recommendations on Allergic Rhinitis (AR) — ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma) and EPOS (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps). The issues of terminology, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment are considered. Emphasis is placed on new points: the phenotype of local AR (entopy), central compartment atopic disease, diagnosis of AR in patients with normal level of IgE and negative prick tests with inhaled allergens, determining the severity of rhinitis by visual 10-point analog scale. The differential diagnosis of AR and COVID-19 is presented (F. Ferreli, 2020; G. Malipiero, 2020). Considering the implementation of international recommendations in practice and own experience, the question of the place of allergenspecific immunotherapy (ASIT) in the algorithms for the treatment of AR is discussed. ARIA recommends ASIT for the fifth stage of treatment, after the ineffectiveness of oral steroids and biological therapy. Own observations of patients with AR prove the safety and efficacy of ASIT in the early stages of sensitization, as the first stage of therapy, which is consistent with the recommendations of other international consensuses. The need for elimination therapy has been proven on the example of the respiratory cytoprotector ectoin. Its mechanisms of action, efficacy and safety are described, according to the literature data, including a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies by Bilstein A. (2021). The own study of patients with AR indicated the prevalence of AR in the Kharkiv region — 12.2 % and 11.3 % in children aged 6-7 years and 13-14 years, respectively. The spectrum in sensitization (pollen — 64.1 %, household — 42.2 % of patients) is given. The problem of comorbidity of pathology is highlighted. The characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with allergies is given. A conclusion is made about the need to implement the international recommendations, considering the individualization of the approach. Key words: allergic rhinitis, terminology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment.

The purpose of the study is to determine the role and importance of transport infrastructure for the accelerated development of rural areas, the growth of agro-industrial production and improving the quality of life of the population of villages. In the study was used a structural-functional approach, a review of scientific publications by foreign and domestic scientists devoted to the study of transport problems in rural areas, interregional logistics, the state program for infrastructure development «Nurly Zhol», as well as data from the Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the main trends in the development of the road infrastructure of rural areas of the country, providing economic communication with other territories, the mobility of the rural population. According to the indicators of the density of roads and railways, the coefficients of the provision of transport infrastructure in rural areas of the country's regions are calculated. The regions were grouped into three categories of equipment (high, medium, low), which, according to the authors, allows determining the priority of measures of programs for the construction and reconstruction of roads, as well as the importance of their implementation for the economic recovery of rural areas. Based on the analysis, recommendations on improving the transport infrastructure of rural areas are given, which are of interest to regional and local authorities, state infrastructure development management structures, as well as scientists, doctoral students whose research interests correspond to this topic.

Although the photovoltaic performance of the composite of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) with semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNT) is promising, the short-circuit current density jSC is much lower than that for typical polymer/fullerene composites. Out-of-phase electron spin echo (ESE) technique with laser excitation of the P3HT/s-SWCNT composite was used to clarify the origin of the poor photogeneration of free charges. The appearance of out-of-phase ESE signal is a solid proof that the charge-transfer state of P3HT+/s-SWCNT− is formed upon photoexcitation and the electron spins of P3HT+ and s-SWCNT− are correlated. No out-of-phase ESE signal was detected in the same experiment with pristine P3HT film. The out-of-phase ESE envelope modulation trace for P3HT/s-SWCNT composite was close to that for the polymer/fullerene photovoltaic composite PCDTBT/PC70BM, which implies a similar distance of initial charge separation in the range 2–4 nm. However, out-of-phase ESE signal decay with delay after laser flash increase for P3HT/s-SWCNT composite was much faster, with a characteristic time of 10 µs at 30 K. This points to the higher geminate recombination rate for the P3HT/s-SWCNT composite, which may be one of the reasons for the relatively poor photovoltaic performance of this system.

Various aspects of surface enhanced Raman scattering amplification in gases and liquids have been investigated utilizing active Raman enhancing surfaces and waveguide resonators. We demonstrate that surface enhanced Raman scattering amplification in gases is not as selective as in liquids. Thus, we develop a portable express analyzer of gas based on a surface-enhanced waveguide resonator. Its Raman scattering gain coefficient is compared quantitatively with that of a bulk Kagome Raman resonator. We estimate the Raman scattering gain coefficient in a hollow metal-plated tube due to multiple wall reflections of the pumping and scattered light beams. We consider Raman scattering amplification in a mirror tube, given an enhancing Raman surface as opposed to a simple focusing of the beam in a gas medium. For in-field gas monitoring online, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering waveguide resonator was combined with a portable spectrometer. The express gas analyzer with an active surface enhanced Raman scattering waveguide resonator proves superior to similar conventional technology in measurement speed and stability. We discuss an example of the practical application of the proposed system.

The problem of territorial development is quite relevant for countries that cause a wide range of development issues: a low level of quality of life, underdeveloped infrastructure, migration of the working-age population to urban areas, etc. countryside. Certain difficulties in the development of rural areas are currently characteristic of Kazakhstan, 41 percent of whose population lives in rural areas. In recent years, there has been a stable trend of the outflow of the rural population, mainly young people, to the cities. The main reason for this phenomenon is dissatisfaction with the living conditions in the countryside. Rural areas of the country are characterized by low incomes of the population, underdeveloped transport infrastructure, lack of many utilities, insufficient provision of social services (health, education, culture).This situation cannot but worry the country’s leadership, since it has a multi-vector impact on the socio-economic development of Kazakhstan: food self-sufficiency of the country’s regions, the export potential of the agricultural sector, and the balanced structure of the economy. In this connection, there is a need for a detailed solution of problems and the search for their ways, methods and mechanisms for achieving goals. According to the authors of the article, the proposed author’s model can become a basis for optimal development of the country.The authors analyzed the existing definitions of “development”, “rural areas”, “development of rural areas”, gave their own formulation of the definition of the development of rural areas. Based on the study of foreign experience, important aspects of rural development policy have been identified, the authors have proposed mechanisms by which rural development can be implemented.The article focuses on the importance of interaction between all stakeholders interested in the development of rural areas.The purpose of this article is to develop the author’s conceptual model for the development of rural areas based on a theoretical review of existing definitions.The results of the research - the author’s definition and the proposed conceptual model are of interest both for scientific research in this area and for practical programs for rural development.

On the Internet respectable economists are debating on the topic "False theses of Marxism: the tendency of the rate of profit to fall". Dozens of economists are involved in these debates. Some believe that K. Marx is right, others believe that he is wrong. At the same time, the disputants reveal negligence in relation to each other, a complete misunderstanding of the text of "CAPITAL", but they also admit accusations against K. Marx, such as: "his understanding of the meaning of the concept of" constant capital "was amateurish", or "the mechanism of "surplus time" was invented and the appropriation of workers' labor in this mythical "surplus time", and so on, etc. We cannot agree with such an attitude towards K. Marx, who left us (humanity!) An invaluable ideological legacy, manuscripts not fully published during his lifetime under the general title "CAPITAL".

The structure of the working day from the point of view "a necessary and additional product and its cost" is considered, two divisions of a social production, the productive capital and the income of a society, and also concepts " productive force" and "labour productivity" are determined. It was possible to specify "the law of the profit" and "the law of efficiency of a social production" and to formulate the unknown person till now "the law of proportional development of a social production by the example of change of structure of an end-product of a society".

Experiments on the rotating in the air cones with vertex angle β = 120º and flat disc shown that on frequencies Ω ≥ 2.5 hertz exists a qualitative difference in movement for the particles with diameters d ≈ 1 mm and d ≈ 0.1 mm. The particles with d ≈ 0.1 mm move in the near-surface region, the particles with d ≈ 1 mm jump up to 3 cm. Comparison of the spherical and aspheric (ellipsoid with axles d, d and 4 /3 d) particles' kinematics moving shown the inevitability of the large particles jump occurrence. Large particles come to self-oscillation regime by reason of periodically appearance of the Magnus force. Small particles are localized in the velocity layer

Relevance. The paper demonstrates the need to implement modern diagnostic techniques for diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous lesions at early or preclinical stages. Additional diagnostic methods are necessary, e.g. tissue autofluorescence, which allows revealing insidious pathological risk zones, particularly precancerous and cancerous lesions, to evaluate the condition of the oral tissues in patients with chronic oral mucosa disorders, especially caused by trauma. Purpose – to assess trauma-specific effectiveness of autofluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) in risk group patients with chronic trauma of the oral mucosa to reveal early malignization signs.Materials and methods. 25 subjects were selected for the study and divided into 2 groups: main group – 20 patients with different manifestations of chronic oral mucosa trauma; control group – 5 subjects without visible clinical manifestations and without oral trauma factors. Autofluorescence spectroscopy was performed in both groups using AFS-400 stomatoscope.Results. The received data demonstrated that the change in autofluorescence doesn’t allow drawing final conclusions on the presence or absence of chronic oral trauma malignization signs.Conclusion. AFS-400 stomatoscope may be effective in differentiating between healthy and damaged tissues, but there is no solid evidence that the change in fluorescence shade can help differentiate between various types of damaged tissues. Autofluorescence spectroscopy should be considered as an additional method for examination of patients with chronic oral mucosa trauma to reveal early malignization signs.

Coronary heart disease is the cause of death and disability, so it needs effective treatment. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have been shown to have independent cardioprotective properties, significantly reducing mortality and hospitalizations. The article reviews the studies that studied the mechanism of action and beneficial properties of zofenopril.