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The Manuscript by Matsuda Denjūrō 松田伝十郎 (1769–1843) "Tales of the Northern Barbarians" (" Hokuidan ,” 北夷談) is a valuable source on the history of Russian-Japanese relations, the development by the Japanese of the northern territories inhabited by the Ainu, relations and barter between them and the Japanese. The written source consists of seven notebooks. We used the manuscript that is kept in the National Archives of Japan ( Kokuritsu K ōbunshokan, 国立公文書館), established in 1971. The material is posted on the official website of the archive. The time of its creation falls on the first years of the Bunsei 文政 era, which lasted from 1818 to 1831. It describes the events from 1799 to 1822 in chronological order, i.e., the events that occurred during the 24 years of Matsuda's service in the lands of the Ainu. The manuscript is written in cursive (Japanese: "grass writing," sōsho 草書). The second half of the first book of the "Stories" deals with the bear festival and the world of inau . The text is accompanied by numerous sketches. Matsuda was probably one of the first who briefly described the festival and various inau , cult objects of the Ainu. For comparison with the statements of the Japanese official, the opinions of authoritative Russian researchers on these topics are used. The illustrations in the manuscript are of great value. They provide additional information that is missing from the text itself. Matsuda’s descriptions refer to November – December 1799. The “Hokuidan ” manuscript has not yet been translated into any of the European languages, with the exception of Russian. The author of this article provides translations of fragments of the written source in the chapters of published collective monographs [Klimov 2020, pp. 214–254; Klimov 2021, pp. 277–334; Klimov 2022, pp. 151–170]. The translation was carried out from the published text of the Japanese manuscript in the ten-volume series of written monuments titled Collection of Historical Materials About the Life of the Common People of Japan (Nihon shomin seikatsu shiryō shūsei 日本庶民生活史料集成) in the fourth volume [Matsuda 1969, pp. 77–175]. In addition to this series, the "Stories" were published in Old Japanese in the fifth volume of a six-volume series of written monuments called Library: Northern Gate (Hokumon sōsho 北門叢書), published in 1972.

Purpose of the study: analysis of our experience in performing robotic-assisted nephron-sparing surgeries using the da robotic system. Material and Methods. The retrospective study included the first 37 consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy from May 2020 to december 2022. Results. To assess the surgical outcomes in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy, three parameters associated with trifecta achievement were analyzed. The trifecta was assessed according to the standard criteria, whereas the quadfecta, which in addition to the trifecta included preservation of >90 % of the glomerular filtration rate (calculated according to Cockroft–Gault) in the postoperative period (3–7 days), did not assess the stage of chronic renal failure one year after surgery, thus probably demonstrating the high percentage of its achievement (54.1 %). A positive surgical margin was observed in 1 (2.7 %) patients. Warm ischemia time of more than 25 minutes was used in 8 patients (21.6 %). Complications in the postoperative period (Clavien–Dindo II and higher) were observed in 1 (2.7 %) patient. Trifecta and quadfecta rates were 78.4 % and 54.1 %, respectively. To analyze the surgeons’ experience, 37 renal cell cancer patients were divided into two subgroups with first 20 and subsequent robotic partial nephrectomies. There were no differences in gender, age and calculated RENAL value between 2 subgroups. depending on the surgeons’ experience, statistically significant differences in the duration of surgery (p=0.035) and blood loss during surgery (p=0.007) were found. Conclusion. Considering the extensive experience of surgeons in the field of laparoscopic surgery for tumors of the renal parenchyma, the outcomes of robotic partial nephrectomies performed in 37 patients seem to be satisfactory and successful. The accumulated experience of surgeons after 20 robotic-assisted nephron-sparing surgeries makes it possible to significantly reduce surgery time and blood loss. The technique of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy requires further improvements.

Populations of laurel poplar (Populus laurifolia Ledeb.) in the basins of the Tom and Chulyshman rivers, which are characterized by polymorphism in bark color, were studied. The most obvious morphological feature that marks these forms is the base of the leaf blade – rounded-wedge-shaped in gray bark and heart-shaped in white bark forms. The population of the river Chulyshman, differs from the plantations of the Tom’ basin by a sharp predominance of the ovate-triangular (75.5 %) shape of the leaf blade and the absence of elliptical leaves. There is a predominance of intrapopulation variability, which is typical for poplar. The interpopulation component in terms of quality features accounts for 11.8 %, in terms of phenotypes 23.8 %, which indicates the average differentiation of the studied plantations. The conducted studies have shown that the observed relationship between the blade morphology and form polymorphism is characteristic not only for the plantations of the river basin. Tom, but in general for laurel poplar. It has been established that polymorphism in different parts of the range is not an adaptation to moisture regimes, but probably reflects the distribution history of the species. The observed relationship between the populations of Tom and Chulyshman is explained by the evolution of the river system of the Altai-Sayan mountainous country. The Chulyshman River from the Oligocene to the Upper Pleistocene (30–40 thousand years ago) was part of a single river system, which also included sections of the Biya, Kondoma, and Tom. Considering that laurel poplar arose in the Neogene, and the formation of laurel poplar forests spread widely in the Middle Pleistocene, its white-bark and gray-bark forms probably populated this ancient river system even before the formation of Lake Teletskoe.

Local allergic rhinitis, a new endotype of allergic rhinitis discerned by researchers of the Spanish Allergy School, is now in the focus of interest of international allergological community. A special feature of local allergic rhinitis, which, being similar to conventional signs of allergic rhinitis, is, however, characterized by absence of systemic atopy manifestations, e.g., an increased total serum IgE content and positive allergic skin tests. In order to assess the level of tolerance breakdown to allergens in local and classical allergic rhinitis, we have studyed concentrations of IL-4, IL-22, and IFNγ in three biological fluids, blood, nasal secretions, and skin exudate. The whole study cohort consisted of 82 patients aged 18 to 60 years with established allergic rhinitis. The diagnosis was based on counseling by allergologist/immunologist, including clinical case history and possible inheritance of atopy as well as videorhinoscopy performed by an ENT specialist. The procedure of videorhinoscopy allowed to specify allergic origin of rhinitis and exclude the patients with non-allergic forms of the disease, but it did not enable us to differentiate between the endotypes of classic and local allergic rhinitis. Subsequently, all patients have been divided into two subgroups based on the criteria of systemic atopy: (1) with a high content of serum total IgE and positive skin allergy tests (n = 41) and (2) with a significantly lower concentration of IgE and negative allergy tests (n = 41). It was concluded that the patients with classic allergic rhinitis prevailed in the 1st subgroup, whereas local rhinitis predominated in the 2nd group. The study of IL-4, IL-22 and IFNγ concentrations in the three biological fluids allowed us to presume that the 1st subgroup was characterized by increased content of IL-4 and IL-22 in blood and skin exudate in comparison with controls, and the 2nd subgroup showed a decrease in IFNγ to control values. The cytokine concentrations in nasal secretions were not representative for the subgroups studied. The result has been interpreted as the absence of tolerance breakdown to causal allergens in the patients with local allergic rhinitis at the systemic level. The obtained data could be used in development of a diagnostic biomarker system for this specific endotype of allergic rhinitis, thus avoiding potential diagnostic errors which occurred in the past, when this endotype was classified as non-allergic form of the disease, thus administering non-adequate treatment, e.g., allergen-specific immunotherapy, which could be prescribed in these cases.

The review focuses on allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), a treatment method for atopic diseases, including allergic rhinitis. The theoretical and practical basics, development prospects, indications and contraindications to AIT, peculiarities of AIT execution in allergic rhinitis, and tolerogenic effects of immunotherapy are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of each of the two preferable routes of allergen administration in AIT, subcutaneous and sublingual, are described. The main goals of further AIT advancement include shortening of treatment protocols with no significant loss of efficacy, creation of a safer adverse effect profile, and distribution of AIT in developing countries.

Immune cells and molecules, as well as synaptic transmission molecules play a regulatory role in the communication pathways of the entire body when it is necessary to engage all body resources in the fight against infections or tumor cells wherever they appear. In potential allergy, the neuroimmune network controls allergen tolerance maintenance at both local and systemic levels.The review focuses on different neurotransmitters and our understanding of a balance and imbalance between the immune system and the nervous system in allergic inflammation, including allergic rhinitis. However, the pathogenesis of the two endotypes of rhinitis (conventional allergic rhinitis and local allergic rhinitis) and the impact of the neuroimmune network on it remain unresolved.

Local allergic rhinitis is a new atopic disease recognized in modern allergy and rhinology. Its clinical symptoms are currently well described and compared with conventional allergic rhinitis, however, diagnostic and therapeutic protocols, including antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), should be specified.Therefore, local allergic rhinitis often remains underdiagnosed and by mistake is referred to non-allergic rhinitis. Yet, the pathogenesis and mechanisms of allergen tolerance breakdown in this endotype of allergic rhinitis remain understudied. Researchers continue to study the network of tolerogenic cells and biomolecules, such as regulatory T cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-b), vegetative innervation of the nose, and neurotransmitters. The review focuses on diagnostic markers of local allergic rhinitis.

Studies of natural hybrid zones of Populus L. in Western Siberia have shown that the observed hybridization is asymmetric and introgressive. However, its phenotypic manifestation has not been sufficiently studied, which makes it difficult to create effective programs for the selection of valuable forms and subsequent selection work. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of studying the populations of P. nigra L., P. laurifolia Ledeb. and P. irtyschensis Ch. Y. Yang in the Tom River basin, according to some qualitative anatomical and morphological characteristics, to show phenotypic manifestations of introgressive hybridization, to reveal its scale, direction and significance. Studies of a complex of qualitative morphological characters were carried out in 23 populations on 684 individuals. It was found that hybridization of P. laurifolia and P. nigra in the Tom River basin is not observed everywhere. Clusters of hybrids (foci of hybridization) stand out only in areas where the optimal combination of factors promoting hybridization develops. The morphological characters we selected allow us to reliably identify the parental taxa and P. irtyschensis. Additional use of the features of petiolar anatomy makes it possible to study the diversity of individuals within the identified taxa. The study of P. laurifolia in both mixed and pure (monospecific) plantations did not reveal any signs indicating the penetration of P. nigra genes into its gene pool. On the contrary, in the populations of P. nigra, phenotypic manifestations of introgression were found in both morphological and anatomical characteristics. It has been suggested that the asymmetric introgressive hybridization between two poplar species observed in the Tom River basin is apparently a fairly widespread phenomenon within the genus Populus. The studies performed demonstrate the adaptive role of introgression in the colonization of suboptimal habitats.

This article provides a review of the phenomenon of entopy or local atopy from the viewpoint of allergic phenotypes and endotypes. A clinical form of the entopy endotype is local allergic rhinitis, which is still a fertile area for research. The exact mechanisms in the breakdown of allergen tolerance in entopy remain unclear. The review focuses on the pathogenesis, diagnostic algorithm, and the choice of treatment strategies in local allergic rhinitis.

Relevance of research. The reform of higher education in Ukraine is to create a system to ensure and constantly improve its quality, which meets the recommendations and standards of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), takes into account international best practices and provides for the development of a new generation standards based on a competent approach. Objective of research. It is necessary to create a substantiated system of competencies and training program results, combining a scientific and methodological approach that takes into account the needs of stakeholders: higher education applicants, employers, society and the state. Methods and techniques of research. Approbation of the training of applicants for the first (bachelor) level of higher education according to the formed list of training program results on a specialty is conducted in National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, according to the corresponding educational and professional program, which has been certified for the first time in 2020. Results of research and conclusions. On the example of the formation of training program results of the applicants for the first (bachelor) level of higher education on the specialty 194 "Hydraulic Engineering, Water Engineering and Water Technology", we tried to show how to take into account the suitability of graduates for the employment by the professional titles of jobs corresponding to the level of "Specialists" in National Classification of Jobs (DK 003: 2010). The correspondence of professional titles of jobs and professions according to DK 003: 2010 to the International Standard Classification of Jobs (ISCO-08) is given. The article evaluates the suitability of a university graduate to perform professional tasks and responsibilities defined in the qualification characteristics and job descriptions of specialists in the field of water management, in comparison with the program results of higher education received by the graduate. In continuation of the discussion on the search for perspective approaches to the formation of a modern technical specialist, we consider that one of the important mechanisms is the production practice and personalized implementation of course design and bachelor's project. All that will form the necessary program results of the graduate's education, develop the personality of the young specialist and allow him to socialize successfully, conduct professional and / or further educational activities. Prospects. The comparison given in the article shows the importance of the formation of training program results in the standards of higher education, taking into account the requirements of the specific profession for which the higher education applicant is preparing. These requirements are defined in the qualifications and job descriptions. A high school graduate, having got the first job, must demonstrate training program results that will allow him to perform tasks and responsibilities in accordance with job descriptions.

Riverbed poplars are often a complex formation consisting of individuals of seed and vegetative origin. In the northern part of the Altai-Sayan mountain country, a significant proportion of them is formed by species of different sections of black poplar Populus nigra L. (section Aigeiros Lunell) and laurel-leaf poplar P. laurifolia Ledeb. (section Tacamahaca Mill.), which differ in the strategy of clone formation. In areas of joint growth, a process of their natural introgressive hybridization occurs. The aim of this work was to study the strategy of clone formation in parental taxa and hybrids in the zone of introgressive hybridization. Studies were conducted at five test sites in the river basin Tom. It was found that clone formation begins in the early stages of planting development and is stimulated by mechanical damage. Black poplar is characterized by compact clones of 2–10 ramet arising from the accessory buds at the base of the stem of a young plant. In the absence of further damage, the clone gradually decays with age, that is, it exists during the life of one generation. Clones of laurel-leaf poplar develop in several stages. At the first stage, a linear clone is formed of several ramets located parallel to the river bed. Subsequently, it grows greatly due to root offspring. These clones are capable of retaining developed territory for a long time. Clones of Irtysh poplar P. jrtyschensis Ch. Y. Yang in the education strategy may deviate towards one of the parent species or differ in intermediate characters. Study of the strategy of clone formation in backcrosses in the river basin Tom confirmed the previously identified direction of asymmetry during introgressive hybridization from laurel-leaf poplar to Black poplar. Probably, in suboptimal conditions of the river basin Tom, namely hybridization and subsequent introgression, provides not only an increase in general variability, but also a unidirectional transfer of valuable adaptive characters from laurel-leaf poplar to Black poplar. The latter, to a large extent, provides opportunities for the development of Black poplar (back-crosses), which are not characteristic of mountain habitats.

Remarkable variability in morphology of the Populus genus, as well as widely spread hybridization within the genus complicate taxa identification. Petiole anatomy plays an important role in plant taxonomic attribution and resolution of arguments in systematics. The aim of the study was to examine the petiole anatomy of P. nigra, P. laurifolia and P. × jrtyschensis to assess its potential use for taxa identification. The leaf petioles were collected from 252 individual trees in 8 populations of P. nigra, P. laurifolia and P.× jrtyschensis in the area of their natural hybridization in the basin of the Tom River in Kemerovo Oblast. Two of those 8 populations, located far from the hybridization centers, were regarded as controls to characterize parent taxa. Cross sections were made in the upper part of petioles. Then the sections were used to examine the shape of petiole cross sections, the contour of the adaxial sides, the vascular system types and lower ring shape. The petioles of trees growing far from hybridization areas were found to differ in their vascular systems: P. nigra had a linear, while P. laurifolia a high­arc­shaped one. The hybrids were found to belong to several types of vascular systems, namely intermediate, high­intermediate, linear and high­arc­shaped ones. The intermediate type of vascular system is characteristic of the most part of P. × jrtyschensis trees (78 % of the total samplings). Therefore most of them can be classified as F1 hybrid and others – as a recombinant species. Examination of P. nigra in its natural hybridization center allowed finding an approach to the identification back­crosses. The study confirmed provides a solid basis for the identification of parent species, hybrids and backcrosses in natural hybridization areas of taxa belonging to Aigeiros and Tacamahaca sections of Populus genus.

INTRODUCTION. Gastroduodenal bleedings often occurs among patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The frequency, causes and treatment tactics for bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in this group of patients have not been sufficiently studied. There were no well established guidelines of treatment for this group of patients, that could be a reason for high mortality. The OBJECTIVE of the study was to improve the treatment outcome of gastroduodenal bleeding cases in patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA) by using conservative and endoscopic methods that could be used to stop bleeding and developing tactics of treatment in this category of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS. There were 105 patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and signs of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract in the study. Patients were admitted to the St. Petersburg City Mariinsky Hospital from 2013 to 2018 years. Patients were divided into 2 groups, regarding the type of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): patients with ischemic stroke and patients with hemorrhagic stroke. All patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) during 2 hours from identifying the signs of bleeding. RESULTS. In this study, we analyzed medical files and records of patients with diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, who were admitted to St. Petersburg City Mariinsky Hospital from 2013 to 2018 years. During the observation of patients with diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, 7483 patients and 1919 patients respectively were treated in the clinic. Among these patients, 58 patients were with diagnosis of acute stroke with ischemic type and 47 patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke in combination with bleeding from upper parts of a GIT. The frequency of the upper GI bleeding was 0.77 % (58 of 7483) in the group with ischemic type of stroke; in the group of patients with hemorrhagic stroke, gastroduodenal bleeding was diagnosed in 2.45 % (47 of 1919) cases. CONCLUSIONS. Endoscopic treatment of gastroduodenal bleeding in cases of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke was the method of choice. The combined endoscopic hemostasis method was preferred. To achieve hemostasis in cases of superficial lesions of the mucous membrane of the upper gastrointestinal tract and acute ulcers of the gastroduodenal zone in combination with CVA, Argon plasma coagulation (APC) was effective. It was possible to combine APC with other methods of endoscopic hemostasis that improved the results of treatment and reduced the risk of recurrent bleeding. If bleeding was from chronic ulcers of the stomach and / or duodenum, the method of clipping was effective in combination with APC and / or with injection method. When signs of recurrence of bleeding appeared, all patients with CVA should have undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and hemostasis by endoscopic methods. All patients with CVA and gastroduodenal hemorrhages combination should have undergone anti-ulcer drug therapy.

61 people suffering from persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma accompanying food allergies were studied using case histories, the NHANES questionnaire, polyspecific serum levels, allergen-specific IgE, IL4, IFNg and IL10 assays, and allergy skin tests. Four different endotypes have been identified, including entopic, which can be the basis for new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma.

In the basin of Tom River (Russia) the distribution of laurel poplar Populus laurifolia Ledeb. populations is fragmentary due to its ecological requirements and to the anthropogenic transformation of the territory. Adaptability of P. laurifolia to well-aerated gravel-boulder alluvium results in its narrow ecological niche, confining it to grow mostly in the multi-stream areas of mountain rivers. Current distribution of poplar stands in the Tom River basin, their primary location near islands and tributary mouths are largely determined by human economic activity in the 20th century. At present the relative sustainability of these poplar stands under anthropogenic transformations in the region is ensured by their low accessibility. The natural dynamics of poplar stands is influenced by massive invasion of alien plant species into the indigenous floodplain plant communities. Spatial differentiation of P. laurifolia populations according to their composition takes place in the area. The grey-bark form with rounded wedge-shaped leaf blade base is common in the up-stream areas, while in the tributary basin and mid-stream areas the white-bark form with a heart-shaped leaf blade base is common as well. Combined analyses of quantitative and qualitative traits and phenotype frequencies also confirmed population differentiation according to their composition. The mid-stream laurel poplar stands display greater phenotype diversity and a higher proportion of inter-population differences in phenotype composition. The latter trait did not differ significantly among the up-stream populations with low differentiation. It was suggested that the current population structure in the Tom River basin area developed as a result of the original populations’ fragmentation due to the combined effect of neotectonics, valley glaciation in the Kuznetsk Alatau Mountains and anthropogenic influence.

The wide spread of hybridization in the genus Populus, including spontaneous hybridization, caused by cultivars, requires studying the variability and inheritance of morphological traits by hybrids for initial tracking of these processes. The analysis of endogenous, intra- and inter-population variability was performed on 533 individual poplar trees in seven populations of P. nigra, seven populations of P. laurifolia and four populations of P. × jrtyschensis in the Tom river basin. On each specimen, 15 leaves from short mid-crown branches were collected to determine the shape of the leaf blade, the shape of its tip and base, as well as the branch morphotype. Some biometric indicators were proposed for geometric assessment of the leaf blade shapes of poplar species. The analysis showed that of all the traits examined only the leaf blade shape did not meet the criterion for “phene”, since it is usually represented by several forms in the crown of one and the same tree. In all the species studied, the level of their intra-population diversity was found to be much higher than the inter-population one. According to the increase of intra-population variability of qualitative traits, the taxa could be ranked as P. nigra < P. laurifolia < P. × jrtyschensis. The share of inter-population diversity differed among the species studied, accounting for 21.5% in P. laurifolia, 13.8% in P. nigra and 8.0% in P. × jrtyschensis. The P. laurifolia populations showed the greatest inter-population differentiation, most likely because of a disjunct distribution due to narrow specialization to the montane river environment. The lower differentiation in P. nigra is probably due to the facts that this species dominates the poplar stands of the Tom River basin; its populations are not fragmented and are linked by vast gene flow. In P. nigra, an increase in the diversity of qualitative characteristics and phenotypes was observed in populations confined to hybridization centers. Natural selection is most likely the factor governing the inter-population differentiation in P. × jrtyschensis, leading to the predominance of F1 hybrids in populations and hence to a sharp decrease in inter-population variability.

The article presents a brief overview of local and foreign literature sources and reflects some of the issues of the etiology and pathogenesis of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with acute vascular pathology of CNS and modern minimally invasive methods of hemostasis.

Широкое распространение в культуре адвентивных видов рода Populus и многочисленных культиваров гибридного происхождения, особенно в городских районах, приводит к их контакту с популяциями местных видов, обеспечивая тем самым возможности проникновения экзотических генов в природные генофонды. В Сибири наиболее распространенным экзотом является P. × sibirica. Культивар широко и давно используется в озеленении и защитном лесоразведении и его насаждения нередко контактируют с популяциями аборигенных видов. Происхождение P. × sibiricaостается неясным, что связано с отсутствием молекулярно-генетических исследований и недостаточной полнотой знаний о его морфологическом полиморфизме. Вероятно, он является спонтанным полигибридом возникшим при скрещивании видов секций Aigeiros и Tacamahaca. Представлены результаты изучения зафиксированной антропогенной гибридизации P. × sibirica и аборигенного P. nigra в городе Новокузнецке. Проведен морфологический анализ тополя сибирского, черного и их гибридного потомства. Установлено, что наиболее важным признаком для идентификации гибридов является дифференциация побегов кроны, и даже при внешней схожести листовой пластинки с P. nigraу них всегда выражены дискобласты. Последнее подтверждает, что у гибридов тополей, возникающих при скрещивании между видами секций Aigeiros и Tacamahaca, дифференциация побегов кроны наследуется от бальзамических тополей. Вероятно, этот признак контролируется внеядерными генами. Обсуждаются проблемы антропогенной гибридизации у видов рода и ее последствия для популяций местных видов. Ситуация с прогнозированием интрогрессии экзотических генов в популяции местных видов тополя в пойме реки Томи осложняется наличием здесь своей природной зоны гибридизации между P. nigra и P. laurifolia.

Natural hybrid zones are of the considerable interest to genetic-evolutionary researches. Natural hybridization is recognized as the mechanism of transfer of genes between types for a long time and has important evolutionary consequences. Trans-species hybridization is characteristic of the sort Populus L., though, as a rule, it is restricted to representatives of one section. The exception is made by types of the section Aigeiros and Tacamahaca, which are rather freely crossed, but at the same time save the integrity and are well differentiated. As show numerous researches, prezygotic mechanisms of reproductive insulation aren’t capable to restrict hybridization between types of these sections, but perhaps define its asymmetry. In hybrid zones in case of transposition of types of different sections among hybrid descendants F1 prevail. Hybrids of the subsequent generations and a bekkrossa are discarded by selection before a reproductive maturity. Carried out based on the complex analysis of morphological features of leaves and escapes of P. nigra (Aigeiros), P. laurifolia (Tacamahaca) and their natural hybrids in a flood plain of the Tom River (The Kemerovo region of the Russian Federation) of a research also showed that observed hybridization has one-sided, asymmetrical character, hybrids turn aside lavrolistny poplar. Despite duration of the proceeding hybridization in a flood plain of the Tom River P. nigra and P. laurifolia well differ. Natural hybrids meet preferentially on flood plain sections where P. laurifolia grows in an equal share with P. nigra. Perhaps, the frequency of occurrence of hybrids depends also on sexual structure of local populations of pure types. The exception is made by sections with the considerable anthropogenous impact, which can be considered as «hybrid habitats».

A comparative analysis of variability of morphological characteristics of Populus nigra L., Populus laurifolia Ledeb. (Salicaceae) and their natural hybrids in the flood-plain of Tom’ river (Kemerovo Oblast) revealed traits for identification of the natural hybrids. The most important of them are: the ribbing of the long shoots, types of short shoots of crown, location generative buds on the shoots, the number of bud’s glumes of the generative buds, and the shape of the leaf blade. The morphometric characteristics of leaves should be used to clarify the nature of the hybrid individuals. In female hybrids, the reliable diagnostic feature is the number of box cusps. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of hybrids for the most part are of intermediate character, but the differentiation of shoots crown and location generative buds hybrids closer to the Populus laurifolia. Values morphometric attributes of leaves at hybrids in most cases authentically differ from ones P. nigra and P. laurifolia, and combinations of these differences in each hybrid model are individual. Hybrids don’t form separate populations, grow by single trees or form small clones in a flood-plain of Tom’ river. Occurrence of hybrids depends on stage of their development and increases in areas with significant anthropogenic pressure.

The authors analyzed complications in peroral endoscopic myotomy in case of esophageal achalasia in 27 patients. There were noted hypercapnia, carboxyperitoneum, hemorrhage, perforation of mucous coat of esophagus. These complications were suppressed during endoscopic manipulations.

There were 24 patients with chronic adenoiditis in the 1st group, another 24 patients with chronic adenoiditis in association with otitis media effusion (OME) were included in the 2d group. The study of mucosal immunity included assessment of SIgA, IL-6, IFN- and IL-10 levels in nasal washes. Decrease of SIgA content and increase of the number of IFN-γ-positive samples was revealed in children from the 2nd clinical group, which allows to regard these characteristics of the mucosal immunity as the risk factors for the development of otitis media with effusion.