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Purpose: Parameter identification of the quality improvement of engineering redevelopment; identification of the main parameters of improvement; theoretical aspects of landscaping. Methodology: Terminological and semantic analysis; theoretical comparative analysis. Originality: Identification of comfortable environment parameters in terms of engineering redevelopment. Research findings: The territory improvement is important for creating the environmental space, the quality environment is characterized by the improvement components such as visual perception, durability of elements, safety, presence of vital objects with regard to the needs of citizens. The quality environment is affected by spatial microparameters and engineering support parameters. Practical implications: The results can be used for assessing the quality of life, since engineering redevelopment creates conditions for achieving the vital environment.

Lack of important nutrients such as protein, macro- and microelements in diets leads to lower efficiency of feed use, shortage of a significant part of livestock products and increase in their cost. The article contains the materials of research, the purpose of which was to develop protein-vitamin-mineral supplements and to study the effectiveness of feeding them as part of grain forage to young cattle. It has been established that the inclusion of new protein-vitamin-mineral supplements in the feed ration of animals has a positive effect on the palatability of feed, digestion processes, metabolism and animal health, as well as promotes getting average daily gain of 629-710 g with feed consumption of 8,77-9,97 feed units per 1 kg of gain and reduces feed costs by 20%.

The article is devoted to the coverage of one of the current problems of criminology, as a matter of activity of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine as a subject of prevention of criminal offenses in the sphere of economic activity. The presence of the Ukrainian state in the process of substantial reform, conditioned not least by the regional and global policy of transformation of modern society in the broadest sense of the word, puts on the agenda many tasks. The defining vector of this process is, without a doubt, the further development of public relations, which, however, is impossible without solving such a key task as comprehensive security and law and order. One of the links of this provision is the creation and functioning of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine in the system of public authorities, as the main subject of prevention of criminal offenses in the field of economic activity. It is established that avoiding duplication of powers of law enforcement agencies to investigate financial crimes is one of the key goals of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine. The draft law stipulates that from the moment of adoption of the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the commencement of the Bureau’s work, all criminal proceedings on crimes within the Bureau’s jurisdiction must be transferred to it from other law enforcement agencies within two months. Since the entry into force of the law on the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine, it is prohibited to open new operational and investigative cases by operational units of the tax police. In our opinion, this will improve the protection of business and investment, as it will eventually lead to the final liquidation of the tax police, as well as economic units in other law enforcement agencies. Another positive innovation that should protect businesses from arbitrary interference by law enforcement is the need for a document of violation of tax legislation recorded in the act of documentary verification for inclusion in the Unified Register of pre-trial investigations of criminal proceedings under Articles 212 (Tax Evasion) and 212-1 from the payment of a single social contribution) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Among the positive innovations is also the creation of the Public Oversight Board of the Bureau. This will make the Bureau’s activities public and thus reduce the risks of detective misconduct. It is proved that the creation of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine is designed to solve the problem of duplication of functions of bodies that fight criminal offenses in the field of economic activity, as well as to avoid conflicts of their professional interests; The introduction of this body can help businesses in Ukraine, in particular, to avoid additional pressure from numerous inspections of bodies that monitor their activities, and often cannot determine the limits of their powers.

Global climate change in recent decades is accompanied by rising temperatures and increasing cyclonic activity with strong air flows. How do they affect soil respiration? Is it possible to expect an increase in CO2 emissions and, consequently, a positive feedback of climate change through the greenhouse effect? These questions cannot be answered without the insight into the effect of wind speed on the gas exchange between soil and atmosphere in different landscapes. The paper summarizes the long-term measurements of CO2 efflux from forest-steppe chernozems (Kursk oblast, Russia) in natural and anthropogenic landscapes with forest or herbaceous vegetation depending on wind speed; it presents a physically grounded approach to its quantitative first-approximation (linear) description. The approach assumes an impact of wind through increased forced convection and turbulent diffusivity along with a potential reduction in diffusion mass transfer due to a decrease in the gradient of CO2 concentration between the atmosphere and soil. The constructed inverse parabolic dependence adequately describes the empirical data and assumes a twofold increase in the emission with the wind speed increase to the critical value of 3 m/s and its decreases to the initial level with the further wind speed increase to 6–7 m/s. The intensity of forced convection of soil air turns out to be by five–six orders of magnitude lower than the wind speed in the atmosphere but not inferior to the intensity of conventional isothermal CO2 diffusion, which suggests that this mechanism is to be taken into account in the models of soil–atmosphere gas exchange.

The article considers the problem of optimal control of an object described by a linear nonstationary system and with a piecewise affine quality functional. The problem is examined in Mayer’s form with both free and partially fixed right endpoints. Piecewise continuous and bounded controls that lie in some parallelepiped at each moment of time are admissible. The standard discretization of the original system and the control parametrization are used, some convergence theorems of the discrete problem solution to the continuous problem solution are presented. Further, for the obtained discrete system, the necessary and sufficient minimum conditions are written out in terms of the codifferential, the method of the modified codifferential descent is applied to it, which guarantees to find the global minimum of this problem in a finite number of steps. The proposed algorithm is illustrated with examples.

The article considers the main aspects of the features of prosecutor`s supervision over the authorized bodies activities on probation. The main positions of scientists regarding prosecutor`s supervision over the authorized bodies activities on probation are highlighted. The specifics of this institute are determined. Based on the analysis, it is proved that prosecutorial supervision is an effective means of ensuring compliance with the law in the execution of criminal penalties and probation in Ukraine. It is proved that According to Art. 2 and 26 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Prosecutor’s Office” in Ukraine provides supervision over compliance with the law during the execution of court decisions in criminal cases. Order of the Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine dated 03.08.2020 №353 “On the organization of prosecutors to monitor compliance with the law in the execution of court decisions in criminal cases, as well as in the application of other coercive measures related to the restriction of personal liberty”, to the main tasks of activity in this direction are supervision over observance of the legislation at execution of punishments not connected with imprisonment, and probation. It is determined that certain aspects of the activity of probation bodies are supervised. In the usual sense, surveillance is surveillance for protection, control, and so on. Prosecutorial supervision in our country is provided in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On the Prosecutor’s Office” and other regulations of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine. It is established that at present, despite some previous reforms to exclude general supervision from the competence of the prosecutor’s office, the supervisory powers of prosecutors still remain significant, although they are limited mainly to the field of criminal proceedings. The importance of the supervisory functions of the prosecutor’s office at the European level is also being restored. In particular, this trend is explained by the need for larger surveillance and interception measures by the prosecutor’s office in the international arena, as there is a threat of the rapid spread of terrorism and organized crime. On this basis, it should be noted that it is appropriate to conduct further research on the activities of prosecutorial supervision of the specially authorized body for probation. Key words: prosecutorial supervision, prosecutor’s office, authorized bodies on probation, convict, criminal and executive system.

Long-term (2009–2019) field studies of the CO2 fluxes over the Valday upland in north-western European Russia were performed in an old-growth spruce-dominated forest subject to the combined effects of climate change, bark beetle attacks and windfall events. The annual carbon uptake within the study area decreased from − 300 g C m−2 yr−1 in 2010–2011 to − 95 g C m−2 yr−1 in 2018 as a result of progressive tree mortality. However, mortality did not cause a significant reduction in specific ecosystem respiration. The respiration of the damaged forest was formed by efflux from soil (64.8%), living vegetation (15.5%), hotspots under dry standing trees (12.1%) and decomposition of woody debris (7.6%). High correlations between net ecosystem exchange and dry standing spruce stocks and average soil CO2 efflux were found. The decrease in the carbon sink was followed by a decline in evapotranspiration from 0.0142 ± 0.0003 g H2O m−2 s−1 for May–October 2010 to 0.0116 ± 0.0002 g H2O m−2 s−1 in 2018. We assumed that the decrease in carbon uptake was due to both the reduction in primary tree production and the decrease in the area of the unaffected stands. Our estimates show that an increase in tree mortality up to 27% of a stand area could turn an old-growth spruce forest into a net source of CO2. This should be taken into account when considering human-induced and climate-related effects on boreal forests.

A large data set (sample size >4000) of the decomposition rates of coarse woody debris was collected in field mass loss experiments along the macro-regional profile crossing the entire forest zone of the West Siberian plain (Russia). The profile passed through the entire latitudinal variety of boreal forest ecosystems from forest tundra in the North (67°) to forest steppe in the South (55°). The latitudinal pattern of the initial stage (3–11 yr) of woody debris decay is established, and the relative contribution of environmental factors and substrate quality to the decomposition rate is assessed. The data presented have no analogues in Russia or abroad either by volume or by the geographic coverage.

Purpose: This article is aimed at exploring the possibilities and limitations of using innovation marketing tools in the field of urban passenger traffic. Design/Methodology/Approach: The expansion of urbanization processes, the development of competition in the urban passenger transportation market, an increase in passenger demand for the quality of services provided by municipal and commercial carriers require the introduction of a wide range of innovations. The substantiation of the importance, determination of the possibilities and limitations of the introduction of innovation marketing for the improvement of urban passenger transportation is presented in this article. The methodological basis of the research relies on a systematic approach and factor analysis which provide the comprehensive study of characteristics of the urban passenger transportation market as well as the the identification of opportunities and barriers in the process of implementing the innovation marketing tools. Findings: The study made possible clarifying the sense and features of innovation marketing. The authors characterized the conjuncture of the urban passenger transportation market, identified the positive opportunities and negative factors affecting the introduction of tools of the innovation marketing complex into the activities of organizations in the urban passenger transportation market. Practical implications: In practice, the results will help determining the directions of introducing the innovation marketing tools into the activities of organizations in the urban passenger transportation market. Originality/value: The study has original results clarifying the conditions for introducing innovation marketing into the activities of organizations in the urban passenger transportation market.

The relevance of the article is determined by the need to study money laundering in the digital economy since the gradual transition of the state economy to a digital format, including the emergence of electronic money, the spread of electronic banking and the use of other information technologies, leads to the emergence of new methods and schemes for money laundering, which requires the simultaneous identification of contemporary risks of counteracting this type of crime and the search for ways of improving such activity. The purpose of the article is to study the current status and to search for ways to improve the fight against money laundering in the digital economy. Abstract logical, comparative legal methods and critical analysis were used to achieve this goal. It has been found that advances brought by the digital economy were profitable tools for money laundering. The negative consequences of money laundering have been discussed, which updates the task of finding optimal areas for counteraction. It is concluded that such areas are as follows: improving the IT infrastructure of banks, establishing relationships between banks and law enforcement agencies, preventing cybercrime, improving the financial monitoring system, ensuring the interaction of financial monitoring entities and law enforcement agencies. The conclusions and provisions set forth in the article are aimed at improving state policy in the field of combating money laundering, taking into account the challenges of the digital economy.

The long-term effect of spruce stand decay on the CO2 balance was studied in the taiga of Valdai (Russia, Novgorod oblast). The CO2 emission from soil, the respiration of coarse wood debris, the total respiration, and the net fluxes of CO2 and water vapor were evaluated. In areas of dead spruce forest affected by xylophages and saprotrophs, as well as by windfall, a noticeable decrease in specific gross respiration is absent. This is related to the fact that reduced CO2 respiration of living trees is compensated by emission from coarse wood debris and a sharp (3- to 3.5-fold) and long-term (no less than six years long) rise in soil respiration (hotspots) under dead-standing spruce trees. The contribution to carbon emission from soil hotspots per unit area in dead spruce stands under dry standing trees is greater than the role of decomposition of coarse wood debris (14.4 and 9%, respectively). The observation period is characterized by a significant decrease in the annual net CO2 sink in the area studied: from –300 to –95 g C m–2 year–1, which is followed by reduced evapotranspiration (0.0116 g H2O m–2 s–1 in May–October 2018 as compared to 0.0142 g H2O m–2 s–1 in the same period of 2010). We assume that the observed decrease in carbon uptake is related both to the reduction in the primary spruce productivity and to an increase in gross respiration from larger areas of decomposed spruce trees. The calculations show that if the area of the dead spruce stands is further increased to 27%, the resulting net balance of the territory will switch to a CO2 source for the atmosphere. This should be taken into account for remote forecasting.

Two biogeochemical simulation models describing carbon turnover in soil, the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model and the Rothamsted Long-Term Field Experiment Carbon (RothC) model, have been parameterized in accordance with the conditions of arable leached chernozems of Kursk region and validated based on soil СО2 emission measurement data at Kursk Biosphere Station, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, as a case study on five crops: winter wheat, barley, corn, sunflower, and potato. The modeling has served to reconstruct dynamics of organic carbon content in soil (SOC) over the period of 1990–2018. The RothC model generated the region-specific characteristics of SOC losses, which primarily depend on the weather conditions at an average rate of 342 ± 54 kg С/ha year. The outcomes of the DNDC model are more crop-specific and demonstrate maximal SOC losses under corn (272 kg С/ha year) and maximal accumulation under winter wheat (266 kg С/ha year). The period was characterized by a steady increase in heat supply, including the annual average air temperature (0.68°С/10 years) and growing degree-days (224°С day/10 years). The coefficients of variation of the precipitation and moisture indices in the region exceed 20% over the period. The arable chernozems of Kursk region is characterized by moderate and strong positive correlations between the SOC dynamics and thermal environment conditions including growing degree-days, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, Sapozhnikova moisture index. The contribution of warm-period precipitation is less significant.

Objective The aim: The aim of the study is to determine the state of legal regulation of surrogacy in Ukraine, Russian Federation and Belarus, to identify risks of human rights violations, to identify legal and medical mechanisms to combat the exploitation of women, and to outline a portrait of a surrogate mother. Patients and methods Materials and methods: The empirical basis is the legislation of Ukraine, Russian Federation and Belarus, which regulates the service of surrogacy, information from the websites of agencies and clinics in this area, as well as personal stories of 41 surrogate mothers, set out in open sources. The following methods were used: dialectical, comparative, statistical, induction and deduction, questionnaire, analysis and synthesis, content analysis. Conclusion Conclusions: The results of the study clarify both the common features of the legal regulation of surrogacy in the East Slavic countries, and the specifics of each of them; the main problems in the field of its application are outlined; the risks of violation of the rights of genetic parents, children and surrogate mothers are characterized. Legal and medical mechanisms for counteracting the exploitation of surrogate mothers have been identified.

The great interest of modern scientifi c society in architectural bionics is due to the signifi cant practical orientation of this science, which studies the principles of construction and functioning of biological systems, primarily with the aim of creating new bionic objects whose characteristics would be as perfect and highly effective as in living systems. Architectural-bionic practice gave rise to unusual forms, suitable in a functional and utilitarian sense. The architectural bionics family can off er a lot of cereals, which have the property of elasticity and resistance to bending and fracture with a few materials. In wheat, as in a number of other grain crops, the strength of the stem is determined by a set of features of the anatomical structure. The structure of the article reveals the concept of sustainable architecture, referring to antiquity. The basis of the study is a bionic object displayed in the form of a stalk of wheat, the properties of which allow wheat to undergo atmospheric infl uences under the existing load of ears, which greatly exceeds the own weight of the straw. The properties of the elasticity of the stem of the wheat are examined through the Young’s modulus (E), which provides resistance to lodging. In the experimental part, an explanation is given of the mechanical strength of the wheat stalk, characteristic of most cereals, due to: height, diameter of the stem, their ratio, the thickness of the walls of the straw, the development of mechanical tissues. For an illustrative example, the predominant properties of the stalk of wheat, the calculations of the relative volume using standard materials in the construction industry of uplifting buildings and structures are given.

In this paper, we analyze applicability of Land degradation neutrality (LDN) concept of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification for Russian boreal forests. In this regard, it is necessary to adapt the three global LDN indicators (land cover, land productivity, and carbon stocks) to the assessment of land degradation processes of boreal forests in Russia and around the world. The proposed study concludes that landscapes with different types of forest restoration dynamics can be viewed as the object in forest land dynamic studies. The proposed research also suggests the set of LDN indicators adapted for boreal forests conditions. In order to assess LDN proxies we calculated the retrospective and projected net carbon balance in the middle taiga zone of Noshulskoye forest domain (Komi Republic, Russia) using the CBM CFS model. Here we explored 3 scenarios of forest net carbon balance under the three different felling regimes. It was shown that the net carbon balance cannot be applied as an independent LDN indicator, since it does not take into account changes in species diversity and primary productivity. We also suggest that industrial felling should imitate natural types of restoration dynamics in order to achieve LDN targets. It can be reached through minimization of forest felling at sites with fireless types of succession, which accumulate maximum stocks of dead phytomass matter and serve as forest refuges supporting biodiversity.

The article summarized the results of long-term observations (2014–2018) of soil emissions and net CO2 fluxes (2017–2018) in natural and anthropogenically modified (AI) ecosystems of Arctic tundra on the territory of the archipelago of Svalbard (Barentsburg, 78°04′N, 14°13′E). Anthropogenic controls associated with local land use, during the period of their active impact may redouble the emissions of carbon dioxide from soil (0.111 ± 0.021 > 0.064 ± 0.011 gС m –2 h –1). During the same period, the net C-balance at the sites with active land use is estimated as a source to the atmosphere. Self-recovering after human influence plots (II) demonstrate intermediate values of soil emissions of СО2 between unaffected tundra (I) and plots with active land use (III). With that they demonstrate the greatest net C-sink within the observed range of Photosynthetically Active Radiation as compared to (I) and (III). At the height of the vegetation period unaffected tundra ecosystems demonstrate a neutral net C-balance. The greatest contribution to soil emissions variance make spatial controls (they explain 56–66% of variance), whereas temporal factors are responsible for 3.8–5.5% only. Amongst spatial controls, the thickness of organogenic layer makes the greatest contribution. Inter-annual fluctuations of key factors, among which the most important are the soil moisture and temperature of the upper soil layer, both affect AI and natural ecosystems hence the spatial differences between them remain constant from year to year. According to preliminary estimates, unlike the carbon dioxide, the contribution of methane and nitrous oxide net fluxes in local ecosystems is insignificant and does not depend on human land use.

In this paper, we analyze the applicability of the land degradation neutrality (LDN) concept of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification to the Russian boreal forests. In this regard, it is necessary to adapt three global LDN indicators (land cover, land productivity, and carbon stock) to the assessment of land degradation processes of boreal forests in Russia and around the world. According to the research results, landscapes with different types of forest restoration dynamics can be viewed as an object of forest land dynamic studies. A set of LDN indicators adapted for boreal forests conditions has also been suggested in the course of our research. In order to assess LDN proxies, we calculated the retrospective and projected net carbon balance in the middle taiga zone of the Noshulskoye forest domain (Komi Republic, Russia) using the CBM CFS model. We explored three scenarios of forest net carbon balance under three different felling regimes. The net carbon balance should not be applied as an independent LDN indicator, because it does not take into account changes in species diversity and primary productivity. It is suggested that industrial felling should imitate natural types of restoration dynamics in order to achieve LDN targets. It can be reached through minimization of forest felling at sites with fireless types of succession, which accumulate maximum stocks of dead phytomass matter and serve as forest refuges supporting biodiversity.

Searches for the anisotropy of the total electron and positron fluxes in high-energy galactic cosmic rays are performed. Data collected by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer from June 2006, when it was launched into Earth’s orbit, to 2016 were used for the respective analysis. The main event selection and a determination of particle arrival directions were accomplished by means of a position-sensitive microstrip calorimeter. A neutron detector was used to suppress additionally the background of protons and nuclei. An analysis of information obtained over a nearly ten-year period of measurements made it possible to set upper limits on the amplitude of the dipole anisotropy of the total electron and positron fluxes for two energy ranges, between 25 and 100 GeV and between 100 GeV and 1 TeV. These results supplement data from other satellite-borne experiments, AMS-02 and Fermi.

The retrospective dynamics of major components of the carbon cycle under land use changes in the Central Forest zone of European Russia was investigated. This area is known as one of the most important agricultural and economical regions of the country. We applied the process-based simulation model DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) recommended by UNCCC and world widely used. In this study the DNDC model was parameterized for Russian arable soils using official statistical information and data taken from published sources. Three main carbon variables in agrolandscapes were modelled: soil organic carbon, soil respiration, and net ecosystem exchange over the period of 1990-2017. For the analysis six administrative regions were selected: three with unchanged (permanent) arable land structure (Kaluga, Moscow, and Yaroslavl), and other three with changed crop rotation (Kostroma, Smolensk, and Tver). All regions in the study are characterized by homogeneous soil cover and similar cultivated crops. The results of the modelling were verified using the data from field CO 2 fluxes observations in the European part of Russia. In growing season, the agrolandscapes function as a net carbon sink and accumulate C from the atmosphere into plant biomass. The dynamics of organic carbon in soil under growing crops depends on organic fertilizers in cultivation technologies, and if they aren’t inputted, soil loses carbon. During the last 30 years the cumulative rates of net ecosystem exchange and soil respiration had decreased mostly due to reduction of arable land area. CO 2 emission and soil organic carbon losses are the most important controls of land degradation. Based on the dynamic patterns of CO 2 fluxes, the regions of the Central Forest zone could be separated into two groups. The group with central location characterized by intensive soil respiration and high rate of accumulation of organic carbon in soil, whereas peripheral group characterized by losses of soil organic carbon and low rates of soil respiration. According to the modelling, within the period of observations the inter-annual changes of carbon fluxes are mainly controlled by rising air temperature and heat supply, variable precipitation, and increasing concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. Among human activity the most important are change of arable land area and decreasing amount of fertilizers.

УДК 537.962:621.382.32 PACS numbers: 95.85.Bh, 97.10.Bt, 98.38.Ez Предмет и цель работы: Приводятся описание оригинальных технических решений твердотельных высокостабильных гетеродинов миллиметрового диапазона и результаты исследования основных характеристик разработанных устройств. Цель работы – разработка малогабаритных стабилизированных генераторов с малой потребляемой мощностью для использования в составе супергетеродинных приемников 2-мм и 3-мм диапазонов для аэрономических исследований. Методы и методология: Созданные гетеродины основаны на многократном умножении опорного сигнала с фазовой автоподстройкой частоты. Выходной генератор на диоде Ганна работает без варактора, с перестройкой по частоте путем изменения напряжения на диоде. Для измерения спектральных характеристик использовался тестовый сигнал отдельного высокостабильного гетеродина астрономического приемника. Регистрация спектра сигнала исследуемого гетеродина осуществлялась параллельным фурье-анализатором спектра с частотным разрешением 1 кГц/канал. Методы исследования прочих базовых характеристик – стандартные методы радиоизмерений. Результаты: Разработаны и протестированы компактные источники гетеродинного сигнала миллиметрового диапазона длин волн с низкой потребляемой мощностью (менее 20 Вт). Выходная мощность генераторов – не менее 50 мВт. Измеренная относительная нестабильность частоты лучше 10 -8 при работе с термостатированным кварцевым опорным источником. Временной ресурс непрерывной работы превышает 2 года. Заключение: Относительная нестабильность частоты ( 10 -8 ) и выходная мощность (более 50 мВт) представленных генераторов соответствуют характеристикам промышленных прецизионных генераторов миллиметрового диапазона, при этом разработанные устройства экономичнее, компактнее и дешевле. Ряд предложенных схемных и конструктивных решений может использоваться проектировщиками аналогичной техники в миллиметровом диапазоне длин волн. Ключевые слова: миллиметровые волны, гетеродин, экономичность, стабильность, фазовая автоподстройка частоты Статья поступила в редакцию 11.04.2019 Radio phys. radio astron. 2019, 24(2): 144-153 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1. Hoffmann C. G., Raffalski U., Palm M., Funke B., Golchert S. H. W., Hochschild G., and Notholt J. Observation of strato-mesospheric CO above Kiruna with ground-based microwave radiometry – retrieval and satellite comparison. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2011. Vol. 4, Is. 11. P. 389–2408. DOI: 10.5194/amt-4-2389-2011 2. Straub C., Espy P. J., Hibbins R. E., and Newnham D. A. Mesospheric CO above Troll station, Antarctica observed by a ground based microwave radiometer. Earth Syst. Sci. Data. 2013. Vol. 5, Is. 1. P. 199–208. DOI: 10.5194/essd-5-199-2013 3. Hagen J., Murk A., Rufenacht R., Khaykin S., Hauchecorne A., and Kampfer N. 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Parametrization of the simulation model DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) to estimate components of carbon biogeochemical cycle in arable soils of the European part of Russia was the aim of the research. Methodological recommendations for DNDC using were developed on the base of official statistical data, literature sources, as well as our results obtained earlier during initial approbation of the model. Principles of preparing the input information such as natural (climatic and soil conditions) and anthropogenic (tillage, fertilization, crops yield) factors had been established. Internal parameters of the model including soil characteristics (depth of top soil, C:N ratio, and soil organic carbon fractions) and crops biology (heat and water demand, C:N ratio, and biomass fractions) had been corrected; also standardized description of the main cultivation technologies were developed in the model’s format. The method for evaluation of modelling efficiency had been offered; it is the complex consisting of five criteria: Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, Theil coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and F-test of equality of variance. For verification of the adapted model DNDC to Russian conditions, data of two field experiments aimed at measuring СО2 emissions in Kursk and Moscow regions had been used as well as published information about СО2 emission and carbon balance in arable soils in Kursk, Moscow, Orel, Samara, and Vladimir regions. At the step of verification accuracy of obtained results had been acknowledged by set of relevant statistical criteria: there was medium correlation between experiment values of CO2 emission and modelled ones; as results of ANOVA showed, the average measured value of emission and calculated one are similar; Theil coefficients less than 0,3 and positive Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients confirmed correctness of changes inputted in the model. It had been proved that the developed parametrization method is effective for estimating components of carbon biogeochemical cycle in the European part of Russia.

Purpose: This main aim of the article is to explore possible approaches to innovation marketing management by the example of urban passenger transportation. Design/Methodology/Approach: In modern conditions with the digitalization of the economy enterprises that provide transportation services are aimed at managing through artificial intelligence. Modern transport depends on the preferences of the population, based on philosophy of automation, intellectualization while at the same time is focused on the quality of transportation, elimination of losses and cost reduction. The specifics of marketing activities in the urban passenger transportation market is of particular importance in this study, taking into account the formation of the marketing innovation toolkit in the urban passenger transportation market under these specifics. Findings: A model for innovational marketing management in the urban passenger transportation sector was developed and justified, which includes six key innovation management blocks based on marketing functions: research, forecasting, information, organizational, advertising and practice. Practical implications: In practice, it is about creating a concept necessary for the provision of transport services for passengers transportation, based on the use of innovational marketing. The basic directions for the introduction of innovations at the enterprises of urban passenger transport are proposed. Originality/value: In the field of urban passenger transportation in the digital economy, new opportunities are opening up for development by applying innovational marketing, the practical implementation of which ensures increased efficiency and increases the demand for public transport services., peer-reviewed

The possibility of studying the anisotropy of the total fluxes of electrons and positrons of high-energy (10 GeV to 1 TeV) cosmic rays in the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment by means of a calorimeter is considered. The procedure developed with aim of performing searches for this anisotropy is described along with the results of applying it to a test data sample.

The aim: The aim of the study is to determine the state of legal regulation of surrogacy in Ukraine, Russian Federation and Belarus, to identify risks of human rights violations, to identify legal and medical mechanisms to combat the exploitation of women, and to outline a portrait of a surrogate mother.Materials and methods: The empirical basis is the legislation of Ukraine, Russian Federation and Belarus, which regulates the service of surrogacy, information from the websites of agencies and clinics in this area, as well as personal stories of 41 surrogate mothers, set out in open sources. The following methods were used: dialectical, comparative, statistical, induction and deduction, questionnaire, analysis and synthesis, content analysis.Conclusions: The results of the study clarify both the common features of the legal regulation of surrogacy in the East Slavic countries, and the specifics of each of them; the main problems in the field of its application are outlined; the risks of violation of the rights of genetic parents, children and surrogate mothers are characterized. Legal and medical mechanisms for counteracting the exploitation of surrogate mothers have been identified.

The paper focuses on the applicability and adaptation of the novel international concept of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) of the United Nations, as applied to the territory of Russian Federation, taking into account the large variety of its soil and climatic conditions and economic approaches, as well as the historical past. In particular, in this publication, a team of authors made an attempt to assess to what extent the estimates of the carbon balance and its main components for the study area can be used as one of the indicators of the LDN in relation to the most fertile chernozem agrolandscapes in the south of the European part of Russia (Kursk region). Field work and modelling have been carried out in natural ecosystems and agrolandscapes in the neighbourhood of the Kursk Biosphere Station (KBS) of the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences. This valuable russian scientific research station has a long and rich history of geo(eco)system observations with LDN and net C-balance monitoring of age-old agrolandscapes, becoming one of its present focuses. Using simulation models DNDC, RothC, T&P, C-calculators, as well as long-term field measurements of soil CO2 efflux and carbon net exchange, it was found that individual software tools are not able to adequately assess carbon exchange processes of the complex landscape, but correctly selected ensembles consisting of C-balance simulations and C-calculators supported by field data are able to meet such challenges more successfully. On this condition the area's carbon net balance can serve as an alternative to the recommended global LDN indicators.

Introduction: The study of the international standards of compulsory medical measures' (CMM) application to persons who have committed socially dangerous acts is relevant problematics of medical law. The aim: of the research is to define international standards for the implementation of CMM, as well as assessing the state of their implementation in Ukrainian law and medical practice.Materials and methods: The study is based on international acts, ECHR decisions, legislation of Ukraine and foreign countries, scientific articles in the fields of law and psychiatry as well as empirical materials that illustrate application of CMM in Ukraine. Dialectical, comparative-legal, statistical, induction and deduction, legal modeling, sociological research were used in this research.Conclusions: As a result of the research the concept of the international standards of CMM application is defined, their scope in the law-enforcement and medical practice of Ukraine is determined, the system and meaning of these standards are formulated.