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The optimization of laboratory diagnostic methods is one of the important trend in the diagnostics of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases. Direct biological material research methods aimed at detection of helminth eggs and larvae, trophozoites and protozoan cysts remain the "gold standard" for diagnosing intestinal helminthiasis and protozoosis. Detection of pathogens in biological media does not require additional research methods. Currently, various parasitological diagnostic methods are presented in regulatory and methodological documents but the choice of a research method is often determined by capabilities of a medical organization. The purpose of this research was a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of existing methods for detecting helminth eggs. In an experiment, we carried out 1500 examinations of biological material using 5 parasitological methods most commonly used in clinical practice for examining feces, namely, formalin-ether sedimentation, native and stained smear, Kato, Kalantaryan, and sedimentation in the concentrator of intestinal parasites. Ascaris lumbricoides eggs served as a model for the experiment. Each method was applied in 30 repetitions. The results of the study showed that the formalin-ether sedimentation method was the most effective for detecting Ascaris eggs. This method can serve as a reference for evaluating the effectiveness of various modifications of parasitological methods for diagnosing intestinal helminthiasis.

The specificity of the most plant carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBP), many of which are known only through bioinformatic analysis of the genome, has either not been studied at all or characterized to a limited extent. The task of deciphering the carbohydrate specificity of the proteins can be solved using glycoarrays composed of many tens or even hundreds of glycans immobilized on a glass surface. Plant carbohydrates are the most significant natural ligands for plant proteins; this work shows that plant polysaccharides without additional modification can be immobilized on the surface, bearing N-hydroxysuccinimide activated carboxyl groups. As a result, an array of 113 well-characterized polysaccharides isolated from various plant cell walls, 23 mono- and oligosaccharides - components of polysaccharides, and glycans - ligands for widely known plant lectins was designed. Upon chemical immobilization of polysaccharides, their functional activity was preserved, which was confirmed by the results of interaction with antibodies and the plant lectin ricin. Using the constructed array, a previously unknown ability of ricin to bind polysaccharides was found, which significantly expands the knowledge of its specificity, and it was also found that a large variety of antibodies to plant polysaccharides are present in human peripheral blood.

Oligotrophic peatlands traditionally have a high profile in microbiological research. Eutrophic peatlands are studied by residual principle and their research is generally focused on the active layer, acrotelm. The purpose of our study was to assess microbial biomass, its structure and activity in the full profiles of peatlands of various geneses. We investigated eutrophic peatlands of lacustrine, forest, and floodplain origins in Tver and Tomsk regions. Luminescent microscopy was used to analyze the microbial biomass. Microbial respiration was examined by gas chromatography. Microbial biomass stocks calculated for a three-meter layer of the studied peatlands varied from 7 to 13 t/ha. Eukaryotic biomass stocks reached 3–9 t/ha, and prokaryotic biomass stocks were about 3–4 t/ha. Eukaryotes predominated in the microbial biomass of the acrotelm, while prokaryotes predominated in the microbial biomass of the catotelm. Bacteria dominated in the structure of prokaryotic biomass all over the profiles of the studied peatlands. The fraction of actinomycetic mycelium did not exceed 15%. It was found that prokaryotic biomass depends on the botanical composition of peat in the eutrophic peatlands. This dependence becomes stronger from the woody peat to the herbaceous peat. The comparison of eutrophic peatlands of different geneses demonstrated their microbial specificity. Thus, the peatland of forest bogging had the maximum microbial pool among all peatlands. The peatland of lacustrine origin was characterized by the saturation of the acrotelm with microbial biomass. The peatland of floodplain origin was maximally enriched in bacterial biomass. In many layers of studied peatlands, the potential respiration level was 2–5 times higher than the actual one. Microbial respiration reached its maximum intensity in the peatland of floodplain origin.

The article examines the features of the functioning of the structure of duty “povinen + infinitive” on examples of its use in the “Military Regulations” of 1716. In the function of expressing obligation and directiveness, the construction "povinen + infinitive”, according to a number of studies, was borrowed from the Polish language, through the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, at the beginning of the 18th century. Despite the rare use due to high competition with the primordially Russian formulas of the same semantic field, it is consistently used in the texts of the directive orientation of the 18th century, performing certain pragmatic tasks, one of which is the expression of the personal responsibility of the subject of “povinnost” in the military hierarchy having a lower status a modal action object. It is assumed that the extremely rare use of the formula “povinen + infinitive” can be explained by the significant influence of the original semantics of the ‘personal responsibility’ lexeme “povinen”, which depends on the deep content of the wordroot -vin- in Russian, which does not quite coincide with the strictly deontic meaning of ‘obliged, compelled’ contained in the borrowed formula. As a result, by the beginning of the 19th century in business texts the formula “povinen + infinitive” was displaced from use by other modal structures of this functional-semantic field.

Mire ecosystems in Western Siberia play a significant role in the environment and sustain ecological balance in the biosphere. The aim of the research was to study the chemical and biological processes of mire pedogenesis and the influence of this process on the formation of the composition of bog water and its migration to surface waters. The research was carried out in the southern taiga zone of Western Siberia in a small catchment of the Klyuch River within a catena of geochemically linked mire landscapes. The chemical and microbiological properties of the peat soils were studied in autonomous, transitional, and accumulative geomorphic positions; their influence on the formation of chemical composition of bog water was determined in each position. It was shown that a predominance of certain plant associations (oligotrophic sphagnum, cotton grass, or sedges) caused the accumulation of organic matter of significantly different chemical compositions. The biochemical activity could be traced throughout the peat profiles and affected significantly the chemical composition of bog water. Bog water had certain individual chemical properties in each landscape position. The factors affecting the migration of substances and the removal of chemical compounds beyond the studied profile were determined. The overall removal of macroelements with runoff flows during the growing season amounted up to 4843 kg/km2 for Ca2+, 51.7 kg/km2 for total Fe, 1419.0 kg/km2 for $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{{2 - }},$$ 2.253 × 10–3 kg/km2 for Pb, 10.037 × 10–3 kg/km2 for Cu, 317.29 × 10–3 kg/km2 for Mn, 41.191 × 10–3 kg/km2 for Zn, 8.151 × 10–3 kg/km2 for Ni, and 29.651 × 10–3 kg/km2 for Ti. The removal of organic matter reached 583.2 kg C/km2. The influence of bog water (especially, its organic components) on the water composition in the Klyuch River was clearly shown. Our data on the chemical composition of bog water in the system of geochemically linked more landscapes and on the bog water migration from the boggy catchment can be used to forecast the geochemical situation in the surface waters of boggy territories.

A brief historical overview of visual acuity measurement methods is presented. The main methods of visual acuity data notation, formulas for translating data from one notation to another are analyzed. The problem of non-linearity of these transformations is highlighted, prohibiting direct comparison of similar studies, in case the statistical analysis was carried out in different notations. Decimal notation is traditionally used in the Russian school of ophthalmology, while logarithmic notation prevail in most of English-language publications. This fact prevents an adequate comparison of results in Russian and foreign studies.

This article contains an analysis of structural and functional parameters of bacterial complexes taken for examination from complete profiles of fens assigned to the Klyukvennoe and Karbyshevskoe wetlands in Tomsk oblast. Bacteria in the fens are revealed throughout the entire profile. Their number determined by a direct method of fluorescence microscopy is high and varies from 27 to 78 × 109 cells/g of dry peat. The high number of saprotrophic bacteria (to 108–109 CFU/g of dry peat) is detected by the plate method. An increase in the number of saprotrophic bacteria down the fen profile is revealed. These data enable us to conclude for the first time that index k (a dimensionless universal characteristic of natural prokaryotic communities) in fen profiles decreases with depth. The bacterial cultures isolated from the fens studied are assigned to ten taxa: Bacillus, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Dyadobacter, Janthinobacterium, Pedobacter, and Myxobacteriales. The acrotelm is dominated by bacterial cultures represented by genera Bacillus and Streptomyces; and Pseudomonas, Dyadobacter, and Arthrobacter are the dominants of the catotelm. The functions of bacterial genera and species identified by molecular biological methods are described. The study of nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and methanogenesis has shown that bacteria are viable and active throughout the entire peat profile.

A series of derivatives of 5-hydroxyalkylamino-1,3-oxazoles were synthesized. Among these derivatives, 5 compounds have been evaluated for their activities against a normal laboratory human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain, AD169, in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Bioassays showed that among these, 2 compounds containing a remainder of glucamine exhibited moderate antiviral activity (compounds 9 and 15, EC50 = 5.42 µM, CC50 > 150 µM, SI50 > 28 and EC50 = 4.91 µM, CC50 > 150 µM, SI50 > 31, respectively). The difference between these compounds is that the first contains a phtalimide radical at position 4 and phosphoryl at position 5, whereas the latter contains a phenyl radical and a cyano group in the corresponding positions. However, they were considerably less active than the control drug, ganciclovir (EC50 = 0.32 µM, CC50 > 150 µM and SI50 > 476), in this assay. These and previously obtained data allow us to consider 1,3-oxazole as a promising backbone for the synthesis of new compounds with anti-HCMV activity.

Regressive development is widespread in peatlands of the northern hemisphere; a new type of peatlands—regressive bogs—should be introduced in addition to the traditional peatland types, such as eutrophic, mesotrophic, and oligotrophic peatlands. Diagnostic features and classification of soils typical of regressive bogs have already been discussed in relevant scientific literature. However, there are virtually no data on the microbiological analysis of soils of the aforementioned bog types. The aim of this study is to identify structural and functional organization of the microbial communities in soils of a regressive noncryogenic bog (sampling area in Tver oblast of the West Dvina Forest-Bog Station of the Institute of Forest Science, Russian Academy of Sciences). Numerous black bare peat spots without sphagnum mats, from 0.05 to 1 m2 in area demonstrate a high degree of regressive process at the studied bog. Data on the number and biomass of microorganisms were obtained by direct method of fluorescence microscopy. The taxonomic composition of bacterial and fungal communities was determined by plate method, while direct microscopy was used for algal communities. The CO2 and CH4 emissions were analyzed using chamber method. It was found that the total microbial biomass in the soils under regressive spots is higher than in the soils without any features of regressive process; the regressive peat mat had its own biomass reaching 50% of the total biomass in the active layer. Algae predominate in the biomass of regressive peat mats. Bacteria and fungi constitute 13–26% of the total biomass of regressive peat mats. Regressive mats are characterized by a high number of algae and bacteria. It should be noted that all algae genera found in the regressive peat mats represent the species characteristic of oligotrophic peatlands. Fungi of regressive peat mats were represented by mycelium and spores. During the wet period, the length of fungal mycelium rapidly increased by one–two orders of magnitude and reached 2–4 km/g. The domination of Penicillium miczynskii and Umbelopsis vinacea species, which typically predominate in eutrophic peatlands, can be considered a specific feature of the micromycetal complex of the regressive peat mat. Regressive peat mats are characterized by higher rates of plant residues mineralization because of the accumulation of nitrogen. This leads to an increase in the carbon dioxide emission, on the one hand, and to an inhibition of methanogenesis, on the other hand.

For the first time, the ratio of large taxa and the genera spectrum of the prokaryotic community of the rhizosphere soil under typical plants of bogs were studied using high-throughput sequencing. The predominance of Acidobacteria and Alpha-proteobacteria and a low proportion of other taxa (less than 10%) were established. Representatives of the phyla Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, as well as the class Alpha-proteobacteria class predominated among the 24 bacterial genera found. Common bacterial genera were identified in rhizospheric soil under plants and surface layers of peat. Representatives of most of these bacteria are adapted to grow in an acidic environment at low temperatures and consume various sugars, polysaccharides, aromatic compounds, and organic and amino acids. Bacteria of the genera Cytophaga and Acidothermus, widely distributed in bacterial communities, are capable of cellulose destruction, while representatives of the genus Occallatibacter utilize chitin and bacteria of the genus Nocardia consume humic substances and lignin.

The aim of this study was to isolate pectins with antioxidant activity from the leaves of Epilobium angustifolium L. Two pectins, EA-4.0 and EA-0.8, with galacturonic acid contents of 88 and 91% were isolated from the leaves of E. angustifolium L. by the treatment of plant raw materials with aqueous hydrochloric acid at pH 4.0 and 0.8, respectively. EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to scavenge the DPPH radical in a concentration-dependent manner at 17–133 μg/mL, whereas commercial apple pectin scavenged at 0.5–2 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of EA-4.0 was the highest and exceeded the activity of EA-0.8 and a commercial apple pectin by 2 and 39 times (IC50—0.050, 0.109 and 1.961 mg/mL), respectively. Pectins EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to possess superoxide radical scavenging activity, with IC50s equal to 0.27 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis of the composition and activity of 32 polysaccharide fractions obtained by enzyme hydrolysis and anionic exchange chromatography revealed that the antioxidant capacity of fireweed pectins is mainly due to phenolics and is partially associated with xylogalacturonan chains. The data obtained demonstrate that pectic polysaccharides appeared to be bioactive components of fireweed leaves with high antioxidant activity, which depend on pH at their extraction.

This research analyses the structure and functions of bacterial communities of regressive spots in ombrotrophic bogs. Algal biomass was found to predominate in the biomass structure of regressive spots, while fungal mycelial biomass predominated in the layers of non-regressive ombrotrophic bog peat. A number of bacteria in regressive spots determined by direct counts was three to seven times higher than the one in non-regressive ombrotrophic bog peat. Although the Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria predominated in the samples studied, their shares in non-regressive ombrotrophic bog peat were lower. Members of the phylum Verrucomicrobia predominated in the regressive spots, while in non-regressive raised bog peat they were among the minor components. It was found that the epiphytic-saprotrophic bacterial communities were dominated by bacilli during the dry season and by the proteobacteria during the wet season. According to the results of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the bacteria found were identified as Chryseobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, and Chromobacterium. Physiological activity of the bacterial communities in regressive spots was similar to that of fen peat communities due to abundance of bacteria using easily accessible polymers. Nitrogen-fixing activity of the bacterial communities was found to be significantly higher in regressive spots than in non-regressive ombrotrophic bog peat.

The interaction of (2-aryl-5-(hydroxyalkylamino)-1,3-oxazol-4-yl)phosphonates with hydrogen chloride, hydrogen iodide and hydrogen thiocyanate in anhydrous medium led to formation of new phosphorylated peptidomimetics containing C-terminal ω-haloalkyl and ω-thiocyanoethyl residues.

Pectic polysaccharides have been isolated from callus tissue of the stem of Sosnowskyi’s hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden) by extraction with a 0.7% aqueous solution of ammonium oxalate and characterized. It was shown that they differ from pectic polysaccharides of a native plant by a lower content of D‑galacturonic acid residues and a higher content of arabinose and galactose residues. The results obtained by a combination of ion exchange chromatography, enzymatic hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, methylation and NMR spectroscopy indicated the presence of low-methyl esterified 1,4-α-D-galacturonan, rhamogalacturonan-I, arabinan and galactan or arabinogalactan. The terminal 1,2- and 1,5-linked arabinofuranose residues, terminal, 1,3-, 1,6-linked and 3,6-substituted galactopyranose residues and 1,4-linked hexopyranose (galactopyranose or glucopyranose) residues were identified in the composition of neutral carbohydrate chains. The presence in the NMR spectra of trans-glycosyl correlation peaks of the methyl groups of 2,4-di-O-substituted rhamnose residues indirectly confirm the attachment arabinan, galactan or arabinogalactan carbohydrate chains to rhamnopyranose residues of the backbone at C-4 position.

Bacterial communities of the six Ericaceae bog plants were studied. The total number of bacteria on the vegetative organs of the Ericaceae plants was high and comparable to the one on Sphagnum mosses. Members of bacterial taxa colonizing both heather plants and Sphagnum mosses were identified. According to their 16S rRNA gene sequences, predominant bacteria of the epiphytic-saprotrophic complex were identified as Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Serratia, and Chryseobacterium species. The physiological diversity of the hydrolytic bacterial complex was significantly higher in the Ericaceae plants than in the Sphagnum mosses. Analysis of the taxonomic position and functions of identified bacteria indicated that the studied bacteria were capable of stimulating the growth of plants inhabiting ombotrophic bogs.

The article describes a clinical case of early diagnosis of hereditary thrombophilia in a child in the neonatal period, based on clinical, laboratory and genetic examination. Clinical suspicion to hereditary hemostatic disorders, careful analysis of hereditary and family history allowed to identify and confirm with the help of PCR polymorphism of genes associated with hemostatic system in a child of two weeks of age. Early diagnosis allows to make an individual plan of observation and dynamic examination to prevent increased thrombosis and possible vascular catastrophe in the child, to prevent metabolic and hemostatic disorders in both the mother and her relatives, and in the probable future siblings of the patient, and in the long term and in his descendants.

The pectins were isolated from sterile stems of E. arvense (EA, yield 5.9%) and E. sylvaticum (ES, yield 4.8%) (Equisetaceae) using ammonium oxalate extraction after preliminary treatment with dilute HCl (рH 4.0). The pectins possessed high molecular weight (Mw, 340–360 kDa), high GalA content (ca. 85%), low degrees of methyl-esterification (14–16%) and acetylation (3–8%). NMR analysis indicated extensive regions of partially methyl-etherified and 3-O-acetylated HG and minor regions of low branched RG in the fragment isolated after hydrolysis of pectin EA by pectinase. Pectin EA produced a higher viscosity solution, formed a stronger and more rigid ionotropic hydrogel than pectin ES. The pectins scavenged DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, but not the superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. Phenolic compounds (0.11 and 0.23%) associated with polysaccharide moieties were apparently responsible for the differences in the anti-DPPH scavenging activity of pectins EA and ES (63 and 49%). The findings suggested that pectin from E. arvense should be more perspective than pectin from E. sylvaticum on their use as components of wound healing remedies.

Microbial biomass and its structure in karst peats (Eutric Fibric Histosols), Dystric Fibric Histosols) in Tula oblast were studied by luminescent microscopy. The microbial biomass varied from 11 to 37 mg/g in the upper 0.5-m layer and reached its maximum in a young thin peat layer. In thick peat layers, microbial biomass amounted to 15 to 21 mg/g as calculated for the whole thickness. Upper layers contributed significantly (78–86%) to microbial biomass and fungi represented by mycelium predominated there. Bacteria were dominants in lower layers and their fraction in microbial biomass accounted for 54 to 85%. Thick karst peats are rare objects dominated by prokaryotic component in their microbial spectra. Deep karst peats represented an evolutionary sequence of floating mats with decreasing microbial pool from the younger thin peats to the deep ancient ones. This trend was attributed to the substitution of eutrophic plant communities by mesotrophic ones or it could be explained by the increase in thickness of a floating mat.

Actinomycetes are an important group of bioactive hydrolytic bacteria in any ecosystem. However, the actinomycete biodiversity in tropical ecosystems, particularly in Vietnam, is still underexplored. The aim of this article is to analyze the abundance, taxonomic structure and ecophysiological features of actinomycete complexes of soils and litter in Vietnam’s protected areas. A total of 41 samples of soils, plant litter and suspended soils were collected from six of Vietnam’s national parks and nature reserves. The direct inoculation technique showed that the total abundance of actinomycetes varied from 2.0 × 104 to 1.0 × 108 CFU/g. According to the luminescent microscopy with acridine orange dye, the length of the actinomycete mycelium was as long as 1000 m/g in the litter of Xuan Son National Park. A total of 80 strains were isolated and tested for antagonistic activity against Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Inoculation on Getchinson’s medium showed high cellulolytic activity. The most active strains were isolated from alluvial brown soil, plant litter and suspended soil of the Pu Hoat Nature Reserve. In these samples, actinomycetes adapted to high temperatures and low pH were found to be predominant. High-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and bioinformatic analysis confirmed the high taxonomic diversity and high hydrolytic activity of actinomycete complexes of the Pu Hoat Nature Reserve samples.

Swamp forests have been insufficiently studied yet in comparison with thoroughly examined carbon pools and greenhouse gas fluxes of peat bogs. This is primarily since the GHGs in swamp forests have huge spatial (due to the developed microrelief) and temporal variations (due to strong fluctuations in the groundwater level (GWL)). This significantly complicates their study, producing ambiguous results, especially in short-term field research. From June to October 2013–2016, we measured soil respiration (Rsoil) in an alder swamp using the static chamber method at five microsites: depression (DEP), flat surface (FL), elevations (EL), tussocks (TUS), and near-stem tussocks (STUS). We carried out a computer simulation of the total Rsoil for the season based on Rsoil measurements, monitoring of GWL, and soil temperature. In 2013–2016, the average Rsoil values (mgC m−2 h−1 ± σ) on DEP, FL, EL, TUS and STUS comprised 54 ± 50, 94 ± 72, 146 ± 89, 193 ± 96, and 326 ± 183, respectively, whereas the total Rsoil values for the season (tC ha−1 season−1 ± σ) comprised 2.0 ± 0.5, 3.5 ± 0.5, 5.3 ± 1.6, 5.4 ± 2.7, and 12.6 ± 3.2. According to the results of observations, GWL was at the level of several cm below the soil surface for most of the season. In 2014 and 2015, there were extra dry periods that led to a drop in GWL to a mark of 30–40 cm below the soil surface. Despite their short duration (2–3 weeks), these dry periods can lead to an increase in the total Rsoil for the season from 9 to 45% in the TUS–EL–STUS–FL–DEP sequence.

In 1995–1998 and 2013–2016, we measured methane fluxes (1Q-median-3Q, mgC m−2 h−1) in the Petushikha black alder swamp of the boreo-nemoral zone of European Russia. At microelevations (EL sites), flat surfaces (FL), microdepressions (DEP), and water surfaces of streams and channels (STR) sites, the fluxes comprised 0.01–0.03–0.09, 0.02–0.06–0.19, 0.04–0.14–0.43, and 0.10–0.21–0.44, respectively. The biggest uncertainty of methane fluxes was caused by seasonal variability (the level of relative variability of fluxes is a nonparametric analogue of the coefficient of variation) which comprised 144%, then by spatial variability—105%, and the smallest by interannual variability—75%. Both spatial and temporal variability of methane fluxes at different elements of the microrelief is heterogeneous: the most variable are communities that are “unstable” in terms of hydrological conditions, such as FL and DEP, and the least variable are the most drained EL and the most moistened STR (“stable” in terms of hydrological conditions). The obtained data on the fluxes and their spatial and temporal variability are consistent with the literature data and can be used to optimize the process of planning studies of the methane budget of “sporadic methane sources”, such as waterlogged forests. This is especially relevant for an adequate assessment of the role of methane fluxes in the formation of the waterlogged forests carbon budget and a changing climate.

Direct and inoculation methods indicated high concentrations of bacteria on the following plants: Carex nigra, Eriophorum vaginatum, Drosera rotundifolia, and Ledum palustre. The correlation between bacterial abundance, species, and organs of the studied plants was revealed. Proteobacteria were shown to predominate in the phyllosphere, while bacilli and actinomycetes prevailed in rhizoplane and rhizosphere. Members of the genera Pseudomonas and Erwinia predominated in the phyllosphere. High values of the nitrogen-fixing activity of bacterial populations in the rhizosphere were revealed, which reached a maximum in the rhizosphere under sundew.

The application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in ophthalmology is considered with respect of the classical anatomical division of the eye into anterior and posterior segments. The review presents the findings of published research studies that involved AFM as a method for assessing anatomical and functional condition of the structures of anterior eye segment. One significant line of research is related to the use of AFM technologies for evaluation of morphological and biomechanical characteristics of various parts of the eye lens. That topic draws interest due to the need of furthering the understanding of cataractogenesis, as well as the significance of the anatomical and functional characteristics of the lens capsule in the mechanism of accommodation and modern phaco surgery.Применение атомно-силовой микроскопии (АСМ) в офтальмологии предполагает два основных направления в соответствии с классическим анатомическим делением глазного яблока на передний и задний сегменты. В настоящем обзоре представлены результаты опубликованных работ, в которых АСМ использовали для анатомо-функционального изучения структур переднего сегмента глаза. Достаточно большой по объему блок исследований связан с применением АСМ-технологий для оценки морфологических и биомеханических особенностей различных отделов хрусталика. Интерес к данной проблеме, с одной стороны, продиктован необходимостью дальнейшего изучения процессов катарактогенеза, а с другой - анатомо-функциональной значимостью капсулы хрусталика в механизме аккомодации и современной факохирургии.

We report that in birch leaf pectin, rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and galacturonan (HG) were found as separate polymers rather than domains of a complex macromolecule. RG-I and HG were separated by anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography and studied by using NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectra showed that methyl-esterified D-galactosyluronic acid residues were located only in HG. Oligosaccharides of similar structure to the backbone, but without terminal reducing residues in the NMR spectra, were found in RG-I. We hypothesize, these oligosaccharides and RG-I backbone can be covalently bound due to its co-eluted of from DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-4B. This result differs from the classical RG-I model, which assumes that all Rhap and GalpA residues are located only in the RG-I backbone. In the heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) and rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) spectra, the correlation peaks confirming the substitution of 2,4-rhamnose residues at O-4 by only single D-galactose residues were identified.

This study was aimed to analyze of polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), Laetipo-rus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) and Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) medicinal mushrooms, growing in Mongolia. As a result of “step by step” extraction method we have obtained 4 fractions of polysaccharide (water-soluble: HWE50 and HWE100; cold alkali-soluble CA; hot alkali-soluble HA) form the each mushroom sample. Polysaccharide fraction’s yields extracted by hot water from Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) and Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) were 3.68%, 8.82% and 12.84%. Yields of alkali-soluble polysaccharides were 18.64%, 68.03% and 28.75%, respectively, which results more than water fractions. The main monosaccharide composition in all polysaccharide fractions were glucose, and a content of glucose was varied 30%-100%. Therefore, they can be considered glucans. Water-soluble polysaccharide fractions contain fucose (until 12%), man-nose (until 18%) and galactose (until 30%). An average molecular mass of water-soluble polysaccharides were calculated Mw 100–150kDa or it can be considered a low, while an average molecular mass of alkali-soluble polysaccharides was a bit high 300–750кDа. All polysaccharides were heterogenic. Монгол орны гурван зүйл мөөгний полисахаридын судалгааны дүн Хураангуй: Монгол оронд ургадаг агил мөөг Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), туруудай мөөг Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) ба чага мөөг Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) гэсэн гурван зүйлийн эмийн мөөгний полисахаридын найрлагыг судлав. Мөөгийг шат дараалан хандлах аргаар мөөг тус бүрээс 4 төрлийн полисахарид (усанд хандлагддаг: HWE50 ба HWE100; хүйтэн шүлтэнд хандлагддаг CA; халуун шүлтэнд хандлагддаг HA)-ыг ялган авав. Усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридуудын гарц агил Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), туруудай Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) ба чага Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) мөөг бүрт тус тус 3.68%, 8.82% ба 12.84% байв. Харин шүлтэнд хандлагддаг полисахаридын гарц нь усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридтай харьцуулахад их буюу тус тус 18.64%, 68.03% ба 28.75% байв. Бүх полисахаридын хувьд үндсэн мономер нь глюкоз ба түүний агууламж 30%-100%-д хүрч байв. Иймд тэдгээр нь глюкан полисахаридууд болно. Мөн усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридуудын найрлаганд фукоз (12% хүртэл), манноз (18% хүртэл) галактоз (30% хүртэл) агуулагдаж байв. Усаар хандлагддаг глюканууд нь бага дундаж молекул масстай (Mw 100–150кДа) байсан бол натрийн гидроксидоор хандлагддаг глюкануудын молекул масс 300–750кДа харьцангуй их байв. Бүх глюкан нь гетероген чанартай байна. ЦСР-ын аргын дүнд ялган авсан полисахаридууд ойролцоо бүтэцтэй салбарласан хэлхээтэй [бета]- глюканууд болох нь батлагдав. Түлхүүр үгс: агил, туруудай, чага, полисахаридын бүтэц, дундаж молекулын масс