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Chronic heart failure is in the vast majority of cases the outcome of many cardiovascular diseases. Despite significant achievements in the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiological pathology, the prevalence of chronic heart failure is steadily increasing, increasing the material costs of the healthcare system. Experts explain this aspect by the aging of the population of the developed countries of the world due to an increase in life expectancy. The presented review highlights the possibilities of using sacubitril/valsartan in clinical practice in order to inhibit the progression of chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring and pharmacological correction of adaptation of patients to full removable dental prostheses is actual and practically important problem in stomatology. AIM: To study the effect of neuropeptide ACTH4-10 on the process of adaptation of patients to complete removable prostheses by monitoring the emotional state using a polygraph. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Examination and primary prosthetics with full removable dentures of patients (6075 years old) were performed of both sexes with total adentia. All patients were divided into three groups: the main group (correction of the adaptation process with ACTH4-10 neuropeptide Semax 0.1% nasal drops), the comparison group (0.9% NaCl solution was administered intranasally) and the control group (without pharmacological correction). Monitoring of the process of adaptation to prostheses was carried out by registering the emotional reaction of patients to the movements of the lower jaw with the help of a polygraph Barrier-14 of the company Antey (Russia). RESULTS: The emotional state of patients in the main observation group who received pharmacological correction with ACTH4-10 neuropeptide reaches the values of adapted patients for most of the studied indicators within 714 days after the application of prostheses, and a month after the application of prostheses - for all studied indicators of the curves of the trajectories of the lower jaw (p 0.05), which cannot be noted in patients of the comparison group (NaCl) and the control group. The results obtained indicate a positive effect of the neuropeptide ACTH4-10 on the process of getting used to patients with complete removable prostheses. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropeptide ACTH4-10 accelerates the process of adaptation of primary prosthetic patients to complete removable dental prostheses according to the monitoring of the emotional background of patients. The method of registering the emotional state of patients using a polygraph allows us to make an objective conclusion about the effect of occlusion and articulation on the psycho-emotional background and judge the patient's adaptation to a dental prosthesis.

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (H.) Collins & Jones is known as a pathogen of different legume crops, including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (Hedges 1922; Dunleavy 1983). OEPP/EPPO (2011) considers C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens as present in Russia based on reports of the disease on common beans in two regions of Russia (North Caucasus and Far East) made without proper pathogen identification. During the summer of 2020 and the spring of 2021, soybean plants with tan spot disease (10–40% of plants) were reported during routine assays of several fields in Stavropol Krai (44.72°N, 43.29°E). After harvest in 2021, we inspected 48 soybean seed lots collected in different regions of Russia for the presence of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. Seed testing was performed using the OEPP/EPPO (2011) protocol. For bacteria isolation, seed extracts were spread on MSCFF agar plates (Maringoni et al. 2006). After 5 days of incubation at 28°C potential, C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens colonies were used for further tests on NSA and SSM agar (Tegli et al. 2017, Maringoni et al. 2016). Six seed lots produced in Stavropol, Ryazan (53.95°N, 40.62°E), Orel (52.39°N, 37.69°E) and Amur (51.31°N, 128.22°E) regions were suspect. Ten isolates (SB1 to SB4 from Stavropol, F-125-1 to F-125-3 from Ryazan, and F-30-1 to F-30-3 from Amur) were selected, and further identified by morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties, MALDI TOF MS, 16S rRNA sequences, and specific primers CffFOR2 and CffREV4 (Tegli et al. 2017). Isolates consistently formed yellow, circular, smooth colonies on agar, and were identical to C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens type strain DSM 20129T in diagnostic physiological properties (Tegli et al. 2017). DNA was isolated from the bacteria by the CytoSorb Kit (Sintol, Moscow). All tested strains were positive in the PCR assay (Fig. 1). 16S rRNA fragments were amplified using primers 27F/1492R (Marchesi et al. 1998) and PCR products were sequenced (Evrogen, Moscow, Russia). The obtained 16S rRNA sequences (1473 bp, Accession No. OL539808.1-OL539817.1) were 100% identical to DSM 20129T (AM410688.1) according to a BLAST NCBI search. A pathogenicity test was done by leaf-cutting with scissors wetted with inoculum (for soybeans) or by injecting 5 microliters of the bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml) into the stem (for common beans). All ten isolates for the inoculum were grown on nutrient agar for 72 h at 28°C. Soybean cv. Kasatka plants (stage V1) were used for inoculation, and common bean (cv. Purpurnaya) plants were inoculated as well to confirm multi-host virulence. Sterile water served as a control. Ten plantlets were used as replicates for each treatment. The plants were incubated at 24°C, 80% RH, and a 14 hour light/10 hour dark cycle. Tan spots (soybean) and wilt (beans) have developed 7–21 d.p.i (Fig. 2.1-2.6). Control plants remained asymptomatic. Seed inoculation by soaking them in the same bacterial suspension repeatedly produced twisted primary root (Fig. 2.7-2.8), but typical disease symptoms on leaves developed in 4-5 weeks only. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from all infected plants and not from the controls, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The identity of the reisolated strains was confirmed using morphological and physiological characteristics and the DNA sequence data for the 16S rRNA. These results indicated that a causal agent of the tan spot is present on soybean in three important agricultural areas of Russia (South, Central, and the Far East). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens causing a bacterial tan spot of soybean in Russia.

Black rot (caus. agent Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Dowson) Dye, et al. (1980) is the most harmful disease of brassicas, widespread across the World. Plant breeding for resistance to Xcc received a new push after the discovery a racespecific reaction in several plant species of the Brassicaceae family in 1992 and, accordingly, the racial structure of the pathogen population. The number of pathogen races (11 at the moment) and putative resistance genes is constantly increasing, which makes it difficult to breed plants following a complex model describing the gene-to-gene relationship between the pathogen and plants. The developed molecular markers of resistance genes and pathogen races do not yet give a reliable result due to the high genetic diversity of populations. This review identifies the main tasks and suggests possible ways to solve them.

Diseases caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Curtobacteriumflaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) inflict substantial economic losses in soybean cultivation. Use of specific bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) for treatment of seeds and plants to prevent the development of bacterial infections is a promising approach for bioprotection in agriculture. Phage control has been successfully tested for a number of staple crops. However, this approach has never been applied to treat bacterial diseases of legumes caused by Cff, and no specific bacteriophages have been known to date. This paper presents detailed characteristics of the first lytic bacteriophage infecting this pathogen. Phage Ayka, related to φ29-like (Salasmaviridae) viruses, but representing a new subfamily, was shown to control the development of bacterial wilt and tan spot in vitro and in greenhouse plants.

Along with such advantages as high resolution over the entire area of reflector image reconstruction and the ability to produce images taking into account the reflection from and transformation of wave type at the boundaries of a test object, reconstruction of reflector images by the digital antenna focusing (DFA) method has several disadvantages, including a large volume of measured echo signals, long image reconstruction time, and an insufficiently high energy of ultrasonic waves introduced into the test object. Plane wave imaging (PWI) combines the benefits of phased antenna array (PAA) and DFA technologies. In the PWI mode, all elements of the antenna array (AA) operate when a plane wave is emitted (as in the PAA mode), which makes it possible to increase the energy introduced into the test object, and echo signals are recorded by all elements of the AA (as in the DFA mode). Reflector images are reconstructed by the SAFT method. To produce an image, one can use the number of emitted plane waves less than the number of elements in the antenna array, thus decreasing the volume of measured echoes. Transferring calculations into the domain of spatial sectors allows improving the performance of reconstructing the images of reflectors. Model experiments have shown the positive and negative aspects of producing the images of reflectors by the PWI method compared to the DFA technique both with and without a wedge.

In uniaxial compression tests of cubic samples, the authors measure displacements in the mid-cross section of the samples at different distances from side faces. The mathematical modeling of deformation of salt rock samples uses the elastoplastic model with linear isotropic strengthening and the associated flow rule. The plasticity condition is the three-dimension strength criterion reflective of shearing and tensile fracturing. The 3D FEM-based mathematical modeling is implemented in terms of displacements with discretization into 8-point isoparametric hexahedral elements. The mathematical model of deformation and failure of salt rock samples is calibrated using the calculation results. The elastoplastic model with linear isotropic strengthening ensures reasonable agreement between the experimental and theoretical data, and is applicable to estimating stability of rib pillars, critical lateral strain rates in the pillars and their remaining life.

In the paper the high-speed architecture of built-in self test (BIST) for double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM) is proposed. The BIST proposed can make self testing at its operating frequency that improves the reliability of the results obtained.

The paper systematized up-to-date information on the status of work to ensure the functioning and development plans of the new generation National Research Computer Network (NIKS), created in 2019 according to the results of integration of RUNNet and RASNet — telecommunication networks in the fields of higher education and science of Russia. The normative grounds and prerequisites for the creation of a unified research and education network in the country are presented. The key characteristics of leading foreign national research and education networks are given. The parameters of the telecommunications infrastructure and network connectivity of NIKS as of the current moment, examples of services developed in the interests of the Russian R&E community are indicated. Special attention is paid to the presentation of the main directions of the accelerated development of NIKS for 2021-2024 and expected results.

Diseases caused by the Gram-positive bacterium

This paper describes a mathematical model simulating the process of deterministic formation of a homogeneous mixture for making diamond abrasive tools. The process of modelling was divided into a few steps: – determining the capacity of the screw feeders; – determining how far the material is thrown by the screw; – building a cross-section of the distributed material; – determining the concentration of components within the microareas of a given size and calculating the mixture quality. The model provides a detailed description of the dosing process. They are the parameters of this process that mainly determine the quality of the resultant mixtures giving them a well-organized structure so that the diamond grains were distributed in the cutting metal layer as evenly as is desired. The obtained results have been verified through a series of full-scale experiments conducted in a special-design mixer. Thanks to this process, the resultant tool has a higher performance as compared with the one produced with the help of existing techniques.

In room-and-pillar mineral mining, rib pillars should support overlying rock mass for the specified time limit of production. Therefore, one of the mining safety components is monitoring of the behavior of rib pillars in the course of time. For the conditions of the room-andpillar method of mining, the authors propose a monitoring procedure for rib pillar deformation based on operational measurements of horizontal convergence in stopes. The theoretical and experimental research proves that transverse deformation of rib pillars is an informative parameter suitable for generalized assessment of pillar failure. The obtained ranges of critical transverse deformation rates (50–100 mm/m/yr) in rib pillars can tentatively be used as an indicator of the critical stability of load-bearing structures in room-and-pillar mining. In-situ determination of the integral transverse deformation rates in rib pillars is based on the ratio of the measured horizontal convergence in stopes to the width of pillars. Implementation of the proposed approach in the Upper Kama potash salt mines has proved its applicability to identification of rock mass areas where intense deformation is expected. The comparison of the monitoring data of the transverse deformation rates and their critical values determined makes it possible to predict service life of rib pillars, which is very important in terms of safety of mining operations. This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 19-77-30008.

One of the strategic ways in the development of multilayer fields is to identify the source of water inflow into the well production and, as a result, to eliminate it with subsequent optimization of the production of non-watered formations. A method for assessing the degree of water cut in formations based on the quantitative characteristics of the composition of the produced water is proposed in this article. The study of a wide collection of produced water samples made it possible to trace the change in its geochemical composition depending on the age of formation of the reservoir in the Volga-Ural region.The microelements and macro element composition of water, as well as its isotopic composition were investigated. The water of different layers differs in some of the elements, which are called «key elements». Using the methods of mathematical statistics at 2 reservoir objects operated by a common filter, the incoming water was divided into fractions depending on the geochemical composition. It is shown which of the layers has more water out. The feasibility of carrying out these geochemical studies was confirmed by blocking one of the production wells operating in 2 layers, the most watered interval according to geochemical studies, as a result of which the water cut of the well production decreased from an average of 75% to 4% and is observed for several months, the oil production rate increased from 1–2 t/day to 2.5–3 t/day and remains at a constant level.

In this study, several different depolymerases encoded in the prophage regions of Acinetobacter baumannii genomes have been bioinformatically predicted and recombinantly produced. The identified depolymerases possessed multi-domain structures and were identical or closely homologous to various proteins encoded in other A. baumannii genomes. This means that prophage-derived depolymerases are widespread, and different bacterial genomes can be the source of proteins with polysaccharide-degrading activities. For two depolymerases, the specificity to capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of A. baumannii belonging to K1 and K92 capsular types (K types) was determined. The data obtained showed that the prophage-derived depolymerases were glycosidases that cleaved the A. baumannii CPSs by the hydrolytic mechanism to yield monomers and oligomers of the K units. The recombinant proteins with established enzymatic activity significantly reduced the mortality of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with A. baumannii of K1 and K92 capsular types. Therefore, these enzymes can be considered as suitable candidates for the development of new antibacterials against corresponding A. baumannii K types.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a critical priority nosocomial pathogen that produces a variety of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), the primary receptors for specific depolymerase-carrying phages. In this study, the tailspike depolymerases (TSDs) encoded in genomes of six novel Friunaviruses, APK09, APK14, APK16, APK86, APK127v, APK128, and one previously described Friunavirus phage, APK37.1, were characterized. For all TSDs, the mechanism of specific cleavage of corresponding A. baumannii capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) was established. The structures of oligosaccharide fragments derived from K9, K14, K16, K37/K3-v1, K86, K127, and K128 CPSs degradation by the recombinant depolymerases have been determined. The crystal structures of three of the studied TSDs were obtained. A significant reduction in mortality of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with A. baumannii of K9 capsular type was shown in the example of recombinant TSD APK09_gp48. The data obtained will provide a better understanding of the interaction of phage–bacterial host systems and will contribute to the formation of principles of rational usage of lytic phages and phage-derived enzymes as antibacterial agents.

In the summer of 2018, wilt and leaf spots were observed on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants in fields near Kursk (51.74°N, 36.02°E) in Russia. In the following years, incidence of this disease was 5 to 20% in the inspected fields. Marginal chlorosis on seedling leaves developed into wilt and necrosis about one week later (Fig. 1). Mature plants had leaves with blight and reduced height compared to symptomless plants. Pathogen isolation from seeds was done by the method of Tegli et al. (2002) with modifications. Bacteria from diseased plants were isolated by streaking inoculum from symptomatic tissues on nutrient dextrose agar (NDA) (Schaad et al. 1988). The plates were incubated at 30°C for 7 to 10 days. Isolates consistently formed slow-growing, yellow, circular, smooth colonies without soluble pigment. The isolated bacteria were aerobic, gram-positive, and rod-shaped. Eight strains, CF-20 to CF-26 from plants, and Curt1 and Curt3 from seeds, were identified by MALDI TOF MS analysis as Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens or C. flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae. All strains had GENIII MicroPlate (BIOLOG) test results identical to C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens strain DSM20129T. Further analysis was done by specific PCR (Tegli et al. 2002) and 16S rDNA, gyrB, and atpD gene sequencing. For PCR amplification, DNA was extracted by the CitoSorb Kit (Syntol Co., Moscow). Primers 27F/1492R (16S rRNA) (Marchesi et al. 1998), 2F/6R (gyrB) (Richert et al. 2005), and aptD2F/aptD2R (Jacques et al. 2012) were used to amplify the target gene sequences. The PCR products were sequenced by Evrogen (Moscow). The 16S rRNA sequences (OL584192.1 to OL584199.1) were identical to that of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens strain DSM20129T (AM410688.1; 1,477/1,477 bp). The phylogenetic tree of concatenated gyrB (560 bp) and atpD (716 bp) sequences (OL548915.1 to OL548922.1 and OL548923.1 to OL548930.1, respectively) clustered the strains from sunflower among C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, C. flaccumfaciens pv. betae, and C. flaccumfaciens pv. oortii (Fig. 2) with high genetic similarity to other C. flaccumfaciens strains: 96.3 to 100% for atpD and 95 to 100% for gyrB. A pathogenicity test for each of the strains was performed by injecting 5 μl of a bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml) grown for 72 h on NDA into the stems of five plantlets (four true leaf stage) of the sunflower cv. Tunka (Limagrain, France) and soybean cv. Kasatka (VIM, Russia). Strain DSM20129T was a positive control, while sterile water was a negative control. The plants were incubated at 24°C, 80% relative humidity, and 14-h light/day. Wilting and blight on sunflower (Fig. 3) and tan spots on soybean were observed in 15 to 20 days after inoculation for all sunflower strains and strain DSM20129T. The negative control plants were asymptomatic. The bacteria re-isolated from the inoculated plants exhibited the same morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence as the original culture, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The presence of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in sunflower seeds indicated that the bacterium was transmitted via seed. Sunflower has been previously reported as a host for the pathogen (Harveson et al. 2015). The presence of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens on beans in Russia was suggested from the disease symptoms (Nikitina and Korsakov 1978), but, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the pathogen affecting sunflower in Russia. Phytosanitary categorization placed C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in the EPPO A2 list (EPPO 2011). Thus, sunflower seeds should be tested to protect pathogen-free areas from introduction of this pathogen.

Pseudomonas phage MD8 is a temperate phage isolated from the freshwater lake Baikal. The organisation of the MD8 genome resembles the genomes of lambdoid bacteriophages. However, MD8 gene and protein sequences have little in common with classified representatives of lambda-like phages. Analysis of phage genomes revealed a group of other Pseudomonas phages related to phage MD8 and the genomic layout of MD8-like phages indicated extensive gene exchange involving even the most conservative proteins and leading to a high degree of genomic mosaicism. Multiple horizontal transfers and mosaicism of the genome of MD8, related phages and other λ-like phages raise questions about the principles of taxonomic classification of the representatives of this voluminous phage group. Comparison and analysis of various bioinformatic approaches applied to λ-like phage genomes demonstrated different efficiency and contradictory results in the estimation of genomic similarity and relatedness. However, we were able to make suggestions for the possible origin of the MD8 genome and the basic principles for the taxonomic classification of lambdoid phages. The group comprising 26 MD8-related phages was proposed to classify as two close genera belonging to a big family of λ-like phages.

Micromycetes are known to secrete numerous enzymes of biotechnological and medical potential. Fibrinolytic protease-activator of protein C (PAPC) of blood plasma from micromycete Aspergillus ochraceus VKM-F4104D was obtained in recombinant form utilising the bacterial expression system. This enzyme, which belongs to the proteinase-K-like proteases, is similar to the proteases encoded in the genomes of Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC MYA-4609, A. oryzae ATCC 42149 and A. flavus 28. Mature PAPC-4104 is 282 amino acids long, preceded by the 101-amino acid propeptide necessary for proper folding and maturation. The recombinant protease was identical to the native enzyme from micromycete in terms of its biological properties, including an ability to hydrolyse substrates of activated protein C (pGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA) and factor Xa (Z-D-Arg-Gly-Arg-pNA) in conjugant reactions with human blood plasma. Therefore, recombinant PAPC-4104 can potentially be used in medicine, veterinary science, diagnostics, and other applications.

Statins are the main class of drugs that are used to treat patients with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Over the past decades, dozens of randomized clinical trials with this group of drugs have been conducted. Their results showed a significant reduction in cardiovascular and overall mortality, regardless of gender, age, baseline cholesterol levels. Currently, 6 drugs of this class are registered in the Russian Federation: Atorvastatin, Lovastatin, Simvastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin and Fluvastatin.

Daptomycin is the first representative of the class of cyclic polypeptides, reached the application in clinical practice. Unlike most antibiotics, it has rapid bactericidal activity, including against microbial cells in biofilms. The spectrum of activity of daptomycin includes almost all clinically significant gram(+) bacteria, including strains resistant to other classes of antimicrobials. Currently, in the Russian Federation, daptomycin is registered for two indications: complicated skin and soft tissue infections at a dose of 4 mg/kg 1 time per day and blood flow infections caused by S. aureus, including bacteremia and right-sided endocarditis, at a dose of 6 mg/kg 1 time per day.

В работе проведен математический анализ данных экспериментальных исследований автоматического конвейерного смесителя (нонмиксера) и барабанных дозаторов для получения смеси единичных элементов компонентов, имеющих подобные типовые габаритные размеры, но отличающиеся внутренними свойствами при эффективном конечном использовании. Актуальность и новизна разработки показаны на примере получения общей партии смесевого продукта из малых подобных партий, при детерминированном формировании его однородности, с заданными качественными и количественными характеристиками из единичных гетерогенных компонентов. Проведен анализ влияния соотношений компонентов в синтезируемой смеси на её качество. Основным критерием оценки явилось количество доз компонентов одновременно выдаваемых дозаторами и его влияние на конечные параметры получаемых смесей.

The paper provides general information on the architecture of the new generation National Research Computer Network (NIKS), operated and evolved by JSCC RAS. The opportunities provided by NIKS for improvement of a unified digital space of scientific knowledge, increasing the level of accessibility, information security and network protection of its resources and services are denoted. The specialized scientific services and services for collective use including those built on the technologies of federated authentication and authorization and developed on the basis of the NIKS infrastructure are presented.

Aim. The purpose of the paper is to predict the expected changes in ecosystem services of tundra landscapes in connection with the planned construction of the railroad ‘Karskomur’ from Vorkuta to the settlement of Ust’-Kara. Methodology. A conjugate analysis is performed of normative and statistical data on the regional socio-economic development of the area under study and its environmental characteristics. The analysis is based on the use of ecological and economic methods for assessing ecosystem services. The interpretation of the results is presented. Results. The directions of potential competition of economic entities for the use of ecosystem services are identified, and a primary assessment of their unit cost is given. Research implications. The research results make it possible to supplement project documents in order to compensate / restore disturbed pools of ecosystem services to prevent the emergence of conflicts in nature use.

Siphoviruses with a prolate capsid infecting Pseudomonas sp. were isolated from environmental sources through the world, and were recently defined as a separate taxonomic genus Yuavirus. Besides a distinguishable morphology, the hallmarks of the genus are heavily modified genomic DNA and a lytic infection cycle while putative lysogeny genes are proposed in the genomes. Bacteriophage AN14 was isolated from Lake Baikal ecosystem and was assigned as a member of Yuavirus. We report the biological and morphological features if this phage, as well as the comprehensive reannotation of its genome. Modern bioinformatics and phylogenomic analysis resulted in the refinement of the taxonomic attribution of the YuA-like phages and highlighting the specific genomic and proteomic features typical for Yuavirus phages including AN14.

В работе рассмотрены две математические методики изучения качества смесей гетерогенных (трубчатых) компонентов (длинномеров) на основе анализа синтеза смеси в автоматическом конвейерном нонмиксере с использованием двух и более барабанных дозаторов. Актуальность и новизна разработки показаны на примерах получения общей партии смесевого трубчатого продукта из малых подобных партий, при детерминированном формировании его однородности, с заданными качественными и количественными характеристиками из гетерогенных трубчатых компонентов. Также предложены критерии, позволяющие определить искомую гарантированную точность содержания компонентов в получаемых на установке смесях.

The article studies the effect of activated carbon with sorption capacity saturated by manganese (II) and chromium (III) ions on the vital activity of organisms and systems. Desorption of the toxic component from the surface of the sorbent occurs in accordance with the sorption equilibrium constant. This can produce a polluting effect on the water passing through carbon, on the activity of the soil microorganisms, and on the areas allocated for storage of used sorbents. The article presents new data on the effect of extracts of activated carbon saturated with manganese (II) and chromium (III) salts on the parameters of the blood of laboratory mice and the vital activity of soil microorganisms. The authors synthesized activated carbons with manganese (II) and chromium (III) ions adsorbed on the surface. The activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and the content of total protein, albumin, urea, medium molecular weight molecules, malonic dialdehyde, and products of protein oxidation were identified in the blood of mice after oral administration of extracts of sorbents. After contact with the soil, the effect of adsorbed metals on its catalase and phosphatase activity was detected, as well as changes in the number and composition of soil microorganisms. The study demonstrated that carbons, with a sorption capacity filled by metal ions, affected some of the studied parameters. The authors recorded an increase in the number of products of lipid peroxidation and in urea content after the administration of sorbent suspensions; at the same time, a decrease in the total protein content in the blood of mice was noted. Manganese-adsorbed by carbon also causes a decrease in the number of oligonitrophilic, oligotrophic, and amylolytic groups of soil microorganisms, as well as a simplification of the generic structure of soil micromycetes due to the disappearance of rare genera of Miceliasterilia, Myrothecium.

In review presents the patological effects of aldosterone, clinical pharmacology of aldosterone antagonists and their role in countering the development of cardiovascular diseases are highlighted. The results of clinical studies have demonstrated high clinical efficacy and safety of spironolactone and eplerenone in a wide range of cardiovascular risk. However, the potential adverse drug reactions associated with these drugs limit their use in some categories of patients. However, adequate monitoring of these reactions, including hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury, can be avoided. In situations where there are indications for the use of spironolactone or eplerenone, the latter is the drug of choice due to the lower risk of gender adverse reactions. The frequency of other adverse drug reactions, in particular hyperkalemia, spironolactone and eplerenone are comparable.