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This paper highlights the problem of functional constipation, its epidemiology, etiology, features of the clinical picture during prolonged immobilization in injured patients, and approaches to therapy. Stool retention in patients undergoing prolonged immobilization is an urgent medical problem, since it occurs in most of these patients. The paper presents a clinical example of managing a patient with an injury to the musculoskeletal system and functional constipation. Functional constipation is associated with a number of pathophysiological processes: genetic characteristics, lifestyle (lack of physical activity) and eating style characteristic of Western cultures (low intake of dietary fiber and water), intestinal movement disorders that can be caused by numerous causes (neurogenic factors , diseases of the endocrine glands, circulatory disorders in the intestinal vessels, taking certain medications), anatomical features (dolichosigma), as well as social factors (late awakening, morning rush, work in different shifts, changes in the usual living and working conditions) and psychological patient features. The possibilities of lifestyle modification in patients with injuries of the musculoskeletal system are very limited, and special attention should be paid to correcting nutrition and observing the drinking regimen. The key point in the treatment of functional constipation in such patients will be the appointment of stimulant laxatives, one of which is sodium picosulfate. At the stages of treatment and rehabilitation, the patient should be recommended measures for modifying lifestyle and nutrition, exercise therapy in accordance with his physical capabilities and clinical recommendations for the treatment of constipation.

Summary Post- COVID syndrome refers to the long-term consequences of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, which includes a set of symptoms that develop or persist after COVID-19. Symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders in post- COVID syndrome, due to chronic infl ammation, the consequences of organ damage, prolonged hospitalization, social isolation, and other causes, can be persistent and require a multidisciplinary approach. The presented clinical practice guidelines consider the main preventive and therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the management of patients with gastroenterological manifestations of postCOVID syndrome. The Guidelines were approved by the 17th National Congress of Internal Medicine and the 25th Congress of Gastroenterological Scientifi c Society of Russia.

The article suggests the use of glued reinforced wooden beams with increased load-bearing capacity. The beam is provided with reinforcing elements in the grooves, namely, in the lower zone – prestressed flexible bundles made of composite, and in the upper zone – steel rods. The analysis of structural behaviour of the beam and the location of the reinforcing elements, the calculation of the bearing capacity of beams and evaluation of the effectiveness decision on material and Flexural rigidity. Composite rods can be prestressed to increase the efficiency of the reinforcement and increase the beam stiffness and load-bearing capacity. Installation of reinforcing elements along the line of action of the main tensile stresses in a wooden beam creates tension in them, which allows the use of flexible bundles and leads to a decrease in the complexity of their installation in the lower grooves, and, therefore, reduces the complexity of manufacturing a wooden beam as a whole.

The article presents the study results of functioning of the Belarusian legal system on the legal map of the world and its interaction with the legal systems of the continental law family. The main national legal reality components most actively communicating with foreign systemic formations – sources and law system, normative component and national type of legal consciousness – are analyzed. Proposals on the reception of foreign legal experience of French and Scandinavian legal models are made. It is proposed to improve the national law system by updating the administrative law branch according to the French model and judicial practice by the reception of the relevant components of the Scandinavian justice model. The Belarusian-type character of legal consciousness is analyzed separately from the viewpoint of its historical integration by different-type elements of legal cultures, which determines the ability of the Belarusian legal system to qualitatively interact with the legal systems of various law families. The “legal diplomacy” concept is introduced. It implies a new approach in the methodology of legal reception instead of implementation of “legal expansion” of foreign norms and institutions of law into other legal cultures. Proposals are made to include the provisions on the principles and mechanism of legal reception, as well as the rules determining a new quality of national legal consciousness by activating legal propaganda forms into the draft Concept of Legal Policy of the Republic of Belarus and in the draft Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Civil Society”.

The paper discusses the main approaches to understanding the ecosystem phenomenon. The evolution of its interpretation is demonstrated. The authors characterize various approaches to understanding digital ecosystems, their main elements, characteristic features, features, as well as the main mechanisms for creating ecosystem values. The main types of digital eco-systems are given, depending on the type of ownership, among which centralized, decentralized and consortium-type ecosystems are distinguished. Conclusions are drawn about the ability of digital ecosystems to perform an intermediary function in the process of interaction between authorities and citizens, coordination of their opinions and priorities, and decisionmaking. The key threats associated with the transition of civic activity to an online environment are demonstrated. Based on the conducted research, the authors draw conclusions about the possibilities and features of studying digital ecosystems in politics. The authors argue that for a correct understanding of the phenomenon of the digital ecosystem, it is necessary to understand its structural components, the nature of their interaction with each other, as well as its desire to dominate social reality. The article highlights 10 key characteristics of the political digital ecosystem that can effectively perform their functions and act as actors in the political space (provide access to a wide range of services based on a single platform; ensure the unification of a large number of participants based on the principles of mutually beneficial relations; be based on a single account (access to all services of the platform is possible through a single account); represent a single brand for all services and infrastructure elements; provide multi-channel representation and interaction (website, application, groups in social networks, etc.); be aimed at meeting a wide range of socio-political needs of a person, from obtaining that or other information reference before the possibility to influence the decision-making in the place of residence (city, region or country); to provide the possibility of flexible changes in the structure of the ecosystem, involving constant interaction of members and their cooperation; to provide an opportunity for deliberative (deliberative) discussion and participation; to provide the possibility of building elements of the architecture of the digital services system based on their interconnection and close integration; to ensure openness and modularity).

Relevance. In recent years, concepts for assessing the quality of life have been developed. According to the WHO definition, quality of life is a person's perception of his position in life, culture and value system, it is associated with his goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Approximately three people out of every thousand have pulmonary hypertension for various reasons. This can lead to decreased exercise tolerance, quality of life, increased hospital admissions, and early death. An objective assessment of the quality of life of such patients will help achieve better clinical outcomes for patients and develop new treatments. Purpose of the study is to assessment of changes in the quality of life of patients with mitral valve disease associated with atrial fibrillation and high pulmonary hypertension (systolic blood pressure over 40 mmHg) during the first 24 months after radiofrequency denervation of the pulmonary arteries according to the SF-36 and MLHFQ questionnaires. Materials and Methods. The general population of patients (n = 202) with mitral heart disease, concomitant atrial fibrillation and high pulmonary hypertension was divided into several groups according to the complexity of surgical treatment: patients of the 1st group (n = 62) underwent only surgical correction of the mitral valve pathology (repair or replacement); patients of the 2nd group (n = 89) – surgical correction of the mitral valve pathology, as well as the Maze IV procedure using the AtriCure© bipolar ablator; patients of the 3rd group (n = 51) received complex surgical treatment by correcting mitral valvular pathology, performing the Maze IV procedure, as well as using radiofrequency denervation of the pulmonary arteries. The quality of life was assessed over several periods: initially, 6 months later, 1 and 2 years after surgical treatment. The scores were also converted to physical health component scores and mental health component scores. Results. The initial data of patients from different subgroups according to the criteria of the SF-36 questionnaire were comparable with each other. The indicators of the physical component and the psychological component of SF-36 characterize the 3rd group of patients with a lower level of quality of life in terms of the physical component, although no significant intergroup differences were found. Quality of life indicators after 6 months show positive changes in patients of all study groups without significant intergroup differences. Based on the results of 12 months, the greatest dynamics of the parameters of the questionnaire in terms of physical and mental components was observed in the 3rd group of patients. After 24 months, there is a significant advantage in changes in the indicators of patients of the 3rd group for all categories of the questionnaire. The target level after 6 months in the 3rd group was 100%, in the 2nd and 1st – 85.3% and 40.7%, respectively, maintaining differences up to 24 months. Conclusions. The use of a circular radiofrequency pulmonary artery denervation procedure is associated with a significant improvement in health status in assessing the quality of life of patients who have not undergone correction of pulmonary hypertension.

Connecting the gas in H ii regions to the underlying source of the ionizing radiation can help us constrain the physical processes of stellar feedback and how H ii regions evolve over time. With PHANGS–MUSE, we detect nearly 24 000 H ii regions across 19 galaxies and measure the physical properties of the ionized gas (e.g. metallicity, ionization parameter, and density). We use catalogues of multiscale stellar associations from PHANGS–HST to obtain constraints on the age of the ionizing sources. We construct a matched catalogue of 4177 H ii regions that are clearly linked to a single ionizing association. A weak anticorrelation is observed between the association ages and the $\mathrm{H}\, \alpha$ equivalent width $\mathrm{EW}(\mathrm{H}\, \alpha)$, the $\mathrm{H}\, \alpha/\mathrm{FUV}$ flux ratio, and the ionization parameter, log q. As all three are expected to decrease as the stellar population ages, this could indicate that we observe an evolutionary sequence. This interpretation is further supported by correlations between all three properties. Interpreting these as evolutionary tracers, we find younger nebulae to be more attenuated by dust and closer to giant molecular clouds, in line with recent models of feedback-regulated star formation. We also observe strong correlations with the local metallicity variations and all three proposed age tracers, suggestive of star formation preferentially occurring in locations of locally enhanced metallicity. Overall, $\mathrm{EW}(\mathrm{H}\, \alpha)$ and log q show the most consistent trends and appear to be most reliable tracers for the age of an H ii region.

Aim. To compare the long-term outcomes and qualitive of life (QOL) of robot-assisted fundoplication (RAF) and laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) in patients with cardiofundal and subtotal hiatal hernias (HH). Materials and methods. The study included 62 patients with HH, who underwent antireflux surgery in the clinic of Faculty Surgery No. 1 of Sechenov University in the period from January 2015 to February 2021. The main group included 32 patients who underwent robot-assisted fundoplication (RAF) according to A. F. Chernousov, the comparison group included 30 patients who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication (LF). Complaints of the patient, X-ray, endoscopic studies, PH-impedance-metry in the long-term period were evaluated. To assess the quality of life, the questionnaires SF 36 (The Short Form-36) and GERD-HRQL (Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease) were used. Results. Periodic heartburn in the long-term period was noted by 2 (6%) patients of the RAF group and 4 (13%) in the LF group. Endoscopic signs of mild esophagitis were detected in 1 (3%) patient from each group. X-ray in 9 (28%) patients of the RAF group and 11 (37%) patients of the LF group showed migration of the esophageal-gastric junction above the diaphragm level with complete preservation of the antireflux function of the fundoplication cuff. The QOL indicators of the SF 36 questionnaire did not differ in both groups and were comparable to the population of “conditionally healthy” people. The indicators of the GERD-HRQL questionnaire were better in the RAF group, but the differences had no statistical significance (RAF - 2.53 ± 5.1 points versus LF - 5.23 ± 9.4 points, p-value = 0.321). Conclusion. RAF and LF in the modification of A. F. Chernousov are equally effective in the treatment of RE and GPOD in the long-term period and provide good indicators of quality of life that do not differ statistically from each other.

Heterotaxy syndrome is a congenital malformation in which the internal organs of the chest and abdominal cavity have an abnormal location. People suffering from this syndrome have multiple complex defects in the heart, blood vessels, spleen, liver, lungs and other organs. Heterotaxy is a rare pathology that requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis. This article demonstrates a rare case of heterotaxy observed in the pulmonology clinic of the Veltischev Institute.

Relevance. The problem of organizing and providing emergency medical care during the medical evacuation of seriously injured in emergency situations who received burns remains relevant up to the present time. The effectiveness of the intensive care performed at the prehospital stage significantly affects the condition of patients and the outcome of the treatment. A fairly effective and safe way to evacuate victims in critical condition, including those with burns, is the use of air ambulance. At the same time, the preparation and management of patients subject to air medical transportation requires solving a number of problems during the flight.Intention. To analyze the results of the organization and implementation of intensive care over the past 8 years in seriously injured people with burns after emergencies during aeromedical evacuation by a light-class helicopter.Methodology. We analyzed data from the automated information and analytical system “Disaster Medicine of the city of Moscow” of the Moscow Territorial Scientific and Practical Center of Disaster Medicine (CEMP) of the Department of Healthcare of the City of Moscow concerning medical evacuation of patients with burns over the past 8 years (2014–2021). Historical, statistical, analytical methods were used in the study.Results and Discussion. The main causes of thermal injury are fires, which rank third in the number of events and the number of victims, and first in the number of deaths. In the structure of victims with thermal trauma, 26 % were in extremely serious and serious condition, of which 2 % needed artificial lung ventilation and tracheal intubation. Indications and features of artificial lung ventilation with tracheal intubation were determined for victims with thermal burns who were subject to medical evacuation by a light-class ambulance helicopter.Conclusion. Aeromedical transportation of a burn patient with adequate therapy is relatively safe and prognostically more effective compared to other methods of medical evacuation. When using flight crews with little experience in providing emergency medical care to victims with large burns, special attention should be paid to resuscitation and maintaining euthermia (maintaining human body temperature).

Background: understanding of the indicators affecting the car component of the freight railway tariff is important for the development and implementation of a competent tariff policy for freight railway transport, especially in the context of sanctions restrictions implemented by third countries. Aim: identification and classification of rolling stock indicators that affect the value of the car component of the freight railway tariff, followed by a quantitative assessment of such an impact. Methods: statistical method, econometric modeling, analysis, comparative method, system method. Results: the indicators of the rolling stock that affect the value of the car component of the freight railway tariff are identified, a classification of these indicators is developed according to the criterion of applicability of the monetary meter, an econometric quantitative assessment of the influence of the identified indicators on the car component of the freight railway tariff is made, conclusions are drawn on the sensitivity of the latter to various time lags of the indicators under consideration. Conclusion: the results obtained can be used to improve the tariff policy for freight rail transport, as well as to further develop the theoretical foundations in this area.

The paper reveals aspects of application of the hardware and software package developed by the author for express diagnostics of internal combustion engines.The objective of the research was to develop algorithms, hardware and software framework for system diagnostics of diesel engines as a comprehensive methodology aimed at localising faults in the best way.Research methods included mathematical modelling for building the algorithm of the expert system; methods of observation and experiment used in the design work and improvement of the developed hardware and software package.The use of on-line diagnostics methods is the main factor for the transition to a more efficient condition-based maintenance system, which makes it possible to prevent sudden failures due to diagnostics made during the simplest types of maintenance, as well as to avoid dismantling of nodes with a resource sufficient for further operation. On-line diagnostic methods are divided into organoleptic and indicator ones and belong to the first two levels of system diagnostics as a practical methodology and scientific discipline.Organoleptic data are based on human perception organs and can be formalised using the Exsys expert system developed by the author based on open databases on correlation of faults with their symptoms, which makes it possible to localise the fault in an interactive mode based on the totality of observed external features, such as smoky exhaust of a certain colour, unstable idling, etc.The second development, which is the IMDC-2 package, refers to indicator methods, representing a subclass of dynamic diagnostics. The package consists of an analog-to-digital converter with a shaft speed sensor mounted on the engine and a computer program that interprets the received data. IMDC-2 allows determining the engine power, building acceleration / coasting retardation curves, and obtaining several other characteristics important for diagnostics, for example, the dependence of the angular acceleration of free acceleration of the engine on the frequency of rotation of its shaft. Both developments can be fully applied after minor modification to diesel locomotive engines, which will increase the accuracy of fault detection and reduce the time for their localisation.

The poorly known Noctuidae species, Anarta (Calocestra) mirabilis Volynkin, 2014 is reposted from Kazakhstan for the first time. The species was found in Aktobe, Karaganda, Abai and East Kazakhstan Regions of the country. The distributional map and data on the species bionomics are provided.

The aim of the study. To assess the influence of radiofrequency circumferential exposure modes on the morphological parameters of the pulmonary artery tissues in animal experiment (pigs).Material and methods. In the experiments, we used outbred pigs divided into 3 groups (4 animals in each). The first experimental group included 188 histological samples of the pulmonary arteries (PA) after radiofrequency circumferential exposure on the PA using an ablator clamp. Two lines of exposure on the PA and two lines of exposure on each PA mouth were performed. Ablation was performed until the target level of tissue impedance between the ablator branches corresponding to the values at transmural damage was reached. The second experimental group included 162 histological samples of the PA after circumferential denervation of pulmonary trunk and both PA mouths. Ablation was completed upon reaching 50 % impedance level relative to the impedance values at transmural damage. The third group (control) included 55 histological samples of PA without radiofrequency exposure. The material obtained was studied using light microscopy, hematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson’s staining, and also by impregnation with silver salts according to S. Ramón y Cajal.Conclusions. Morphological criteria for irreversible destruction of nerve fibers and ganglia of the pulmonary trunk adventitial layer and for PA bifurcation were obtained when using two studied ablation modes. Circumferential PA denervation using subthreshold power of radiofrequency exposure made it possible to avoid irreversible damage to the nerve endings and ganglia of the PA intimal layer and thus to preserve physiological neuroreflectory regulation of the PA and the entire pulmonary circulation. Turning off the cascade of pathological reflexes eliminates the factor of the progression of pulmonary hypertension associated with an increase in peripheral resistance of the pulmonary arterioles precapillary link.

Abstract— The size and complexity of deep neural networks used in AI applications continue to grow exponentially, significantly increasing energy consumption for training and inference by these models. We introduce an open-source package eco2AI to help data scientists and researchers to track the energy consumption and equivalent CO2 emissions of their models in a straightforward way. In eco2AI we focus on accurate tracking of energy consumption and regional CO2 emissions accounting. We encourage the research for community to search for new optimal Artificial Intelligence (AI) architectures with lower computational cost. The motivation also comes from the concept of AI-based greenhouse gases sequestrating cycle with both Sustainable AI and Green AI pathways. The code and documentation are hosted on Github under the Apache 2.0 license https://github.com/sb-ai-lab/Eco2AI.

BACKGROUND: Despite the development of new methods for treatment of pterygium, the frequency of its recurrence ranges from 5 to 89%. AIM: Was to evaluate the effectiveness of ciclosporin for prevention of pterygium recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under follow-up, there were 104 patients operated for pterygium, of which 26 had a high risk of recurrence, they were divided into 2 groups: the 1st group 13 patients received 0.05% ciclosporin in addition to basic therapy; the 2nd group 13 patients receiving only basic therapy. Patients of studied groups were under dynamic observation for 1 year. RESULTS: After 3 months, all patients of the 1st group showed normalization of the osmolarity of the lacrimal fluid (OLF) and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI). In patients of the 2nd group, elevated values of OLF and OSDI remained characterizing the persistence of an inflammatory reaction signs and a high risk of the disease recurrence, as well as the formation of a hypertrophic scar in 38.5% of cases. In one year after surgery, 3 patients of group 2 had a recurrent pterygium, which required surgical retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: We obtained results showing a positive effect of ciclosporin use on dynamics of inflammatory reactions of the ocular surface in postoperative period, which made it possible to prevent pterygium recurrence after its surgical treatment in patients with high risk of recurrence.

A new way of developing a mathematical model of the dynamics of the factors forming the considered social, political, economic, ecological or other space of life activity of society, depending on local changes in parameters affecting these factors, is presented. A feature of the proposed approach is the use of a matrix of marginal values included in the study that make up the Jacobi matrix of noted factors. The dependence of the factors describing the socio-economic system on the parameters of the model is obtained in explicit form. Under certain conditions, the described relations have the form of mappings close to extension. A generalized assessment of these transformations is proposed. Accounting for this assessment is important for preventing crisis phenomena. The model is intended to be used for informational, forecasting, management and governance purposes in the presence of a sufficient digitalization’s degree of public structures, without which it is problematic to receive and transmit data for building the model, and perform related calculations.

The principles of operation of a wave solid-state gyroscope are described using the example of a cylindrical metal resonator design, in which oscillations are created and a signal is picked up by means of piezoelectric elements located on the base of the resonator. The mode of positional excitation of primary oscillations and the formation of a feedback signal to ensure the operation of the resonator in the mode of an angular velocity sensor are considered. A block diagram of the conversion sequence of the signal taken from the piezoelectric elements of the axes of nodes and antinodes for the organization of feedbacks is given. Approaches to the construction of control loops for the amplitude and phase of oscillations to create primary oscillations and compensate for the amplitude of oscillations of the node axis are considered. The presence of these circuits makes it possible to ensure the operation of a wave solid-state gyroscope in the mode of an angular velocity sensor. For all areas of signal conversion, a mathematical description of computational processes has been compiled, based on the condition for the implementation of computational procedures by a digital computer. Mathematical dependences necessary for correcting the output signal — ensuring its linearity and stability in the range of operating temperatures and the range of measured angular velocities are compiled. The results of tests confirming the operability of a wave solid-state gyroscope in the mode of an angular velocity sensor are presented. An approach to constructing a resonator model based on the finite element method is considered. An approach to the verification of a finite element model is shown by comparing the results of an experimental study of the characteristics of the resonator with the simulation results.