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The article discusses some features of criminal enforcement law related to the organization and provision of labor activities of convicts serving sentences in Russia and Germany. The role of penitentiary production in self-sufficiency processes is determined. Discussion provisions on wages and compulsory labor, the absence of pension insurance for working prisoners in Germany are outlined. The assessment of the conditions of the penitentiary system in Russia and Germany and the possibility of using foreign practices are given.

The subject of the article is Islamic banks – a special form of banking business, in which services are provided to customers on an interest-free basis. The article discusses the reasons why Islamic banks emerged and spread, and considers the dynamics and geographical distribution of their assets in the world economy. Particular attention is paid to the theory and practice of Islamic banks performance, their main differences from conventional banks, as well as basic mechanisms of Islamic financing. Problems that make it difficult for Islamic banks to expand in non-Muslim countries have been revealed. The experience of Islamic banks in the post-Soviet space has been analyzed, and the practical experience and success of these financial institutions have been considered.

The anonymous document as an object of forensic research has an information field that is subject to study by three groups of scientific disciplines: handwriting, technical re­search of documents and forensic linguistics. Stability and reproducibility characteristics of handwriting and written speech allows us to identify the author and performer of an anonymous message, as demonstrated by the example of the authorsʼ practice.

The subject of the research is healthcare financing systems in European countries and Russia. The relevance of the problem stems from the possibility of using successful foreign experience for the organization of healthcare financing in Russia. The purpose of the research was to examine the specific features of the establishing and funding healthcare models in countries of Europe and the possibilities of their experience in organizing healthcare financing in the Russian Federation. The paper examines the current state of the two models of health financing in the EU — budget funding and insurance. By the example of individual European countries, the operation specifics of each model are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages are assessed. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of the healthcare financing system in Russia and its difference from foreign systems. Taking into account the foreign experience and the need to improve the Russian compulsory healthcare insurance (CHI) system, the paper proposes ways to improve the Russian model of healthcare financing: establishment of a unified organizational and financial CHI model; introduction of a system of equal participation of the employer and employee in the financing of compulsory healthcare insurance; introduction of a family insurance system; promotion of voluntary healthcare insurance programs. It is concluded that the keypoint in the CHI system restructuring should be the search for socially acceptable and economically justified forms of attracting public funds. At the same time, it is extremely important that the funds received by medical institutions do not increase the shadow incomes in the economy but are spent on the development of the healthcare system.

The subject of the researchis the functioning of multilateral development banks in the world economy and prospects for their cooperation with Russia.The relevanceof the problem is due, firstly, to the need to make a revision of the Russian policy of cooperation with international financial organizations so as to use their practices in programs of socioeconomic transformations and expand the country’s presence in the global economy, and, secondly, to the availability of huge resources accumulated by the largest multilateral banks with prospects of their use for the domestic economy modernization.The purpose of the researchwas to consider the business specifics and prospects of cooperation of multilateral development banks with Russia with a focus on investment activities carried out by the World Bank divisions and three multilateral development banks — the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank — that are analyzed in terms of their functions at the regional level and in the world economy. The paper gives an assessment of the current state of Russia’s cooperation with multilateral development banks and examines its prospects.It is concludedthatRussia needs to develop an understanding of its own position with regard to the activities of the above organizations and build a cooperation system that would contribute to the realization of its national interests and be in line with the country’s economic development policies.

Most habitat suitability models and resource selection functions (RSFs) use indirect variables and habitat surrogates. However, it is known that in order to adequately reflect the habitat requirements of a species, it is necessary to use proximal resource variables. Direct predictors should be used to construct a real RSF that reflects the real influence of main resources on species habitat use. In this work, we model the spatial distribution of the main food resources of brown bear Ursus arctos L. within the natural and human-modified landscapes of the Central Forest State Nature Reserve (CFNR) for further RSF construction. Food-probability models were built for Apiaceae spp. (Angelica sylvestris L., Aegopodium podagraria L., Chaerophyllum aromaticum L.), Populus tremula L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., V. microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh., V. oxycoccos L., Corylus avellana L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Malus domestica Borkh., anthills, xylobiont insects, social wasps and Alces alces L. using the MaxEnt algorithm. For model evaluation, we used spatial block cross-validation and held apart fully independent data. The true skill statistic (TSS) estimates ranged from 0.34 to 0.95. Distribution of Apiaceae forbs was associated with areas having rich phytomass and moist conditions on southeastern slopes. Populus tremula preferred areas with phytomass abundance on elevated sites. Vaccinium myrtillus was confined to wet boreal spruce forests. V. microcarpum and V. oxycoccos were associated with raised bogs in depressions of the terrain. Corylus avellana and Sorbus aucuparia preferred mixed forests on elevated sites. Distribution of Malus domestica was associated with meadows with dry soils in places of abandoned cultural landscapes. Anthills were common on the dry soils of meadows, and the periphery of forest areas with high illumination and low percent cover of tree canopy. Moose preferred riverine flood meadows rich in herbaceous vegetation and sparse mixed forests in spring and early summer. The territory of the human-modified CFNR buffer zone was shown to contain a higher variety of food resources than the strictly protected CFNR core area.

Ruchin AB, Antropov AV, Khapugin AA. 2019. Distribution, abundance, and habitats of rare species Parnopes grandior (Pallas 1771) (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) in Mordovia and adjacent regions, Russia. Biodiversitas 20: 303-310. The study of biological and ecological characteristics is essential in conservation efforts of threatened and locally rare species. Obtaining the comparable data in different regions of a species range allows developing a conservation strategy. We aimed to study the distribution, acquired characteristics of the abundance and habitats of the biology of a rare species Parnopes grandior (Pallas, 1771) in the Republic of Mordovia (European Russia). As a result of our study, the biology of Parnopes grandior found in the Republic of Mordovia and in five adjacent regions (Volga River Basin, Russia) is described. In the Republic of Mordovia in 2008-2018, 18 habitats of this species were identified. In all cases, it was found next to the host wasp colonies of Bembix rostrata (Linnaeus, 1758). The species population was low (no more than five individuals per study site). In all the sites surveyed, it inhabited xerophytic plant communities on sandy disturbed substrate. In these habitats, the coverage of plants is low and does not exceed 20%. The list of plants visited by the adults of Parnopes grandior is given. In the adjacent regions, the species abundance is also not high, but the number of records and abundance increases significantly to the south of the Ulyanovsk region.

The paper analyzes the concept and types of consumer budgets as well as their role in the country’s economy. The development of minimum consumer budgets is based on conceptual approaches to measuring the poverty. The principal methodological approaches to the development of minimum consumer budgets abroad are examined. The paper analyzes methods for estimating the minimum consumer budget in the United States. The practical purpose of minimum consumer budgets calculated in the US is to use them for forecasting the life quality and living standards, poverty measurement and estimation of household expenditures at different levels of well-being. The paper describes the approaches to the minimum consumer budget development in the EU. Unlike the methodological approaches used in the United States, the poverty and the minimum consumer budget indices calculated in the EU are based on the relative poverty concept.

Shortly after the explosion of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP) in 1986, radioactive fall-out and contaminated trees (socalled Red Forest) were buried in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ). These days, exact locations of the buried contaminated material are needed. Moreover, 3D vegetation maps are necessary to simulate the impact of tornados and forest fire. After 30 years, some of the so-called trenches and clamps are visible. However, some of them are overgrown and have slightly settled in the centimeter and decimeter range. This paper presents a pipeline that comprises 3D vegetation mapping and machine learning methods to precisely map trenches and clamps from remote sensing data. The dataset for our experiments consists of UAV-based LiDAR data, multi-spectral data, and aerial gamma-spectrometry data. Depending on the study areas overall accuracies ranging from 95.6 % to 99.0 % were reached for the classification of radioactive deposits. Our first results demonstrate an accurate and reliable UAV-based detection of unknown radioactive biomass deposits in the ChEZ.

Single-phase Na3.6Y1.8-x(PO4)3:xDy3+ phosphors were synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction. Powder X-ray diffraction study reveals that a homogeneous solid solution with a NASICON-type structure is formed at 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4. Luminescence properties of the phosphors were studied using the methods of UV and VUV spectroscopy. Narrow emission bands originating from intraconfigurational transitions in Dy3+ were detected in the region 450–800 nm and optimal concentration of the dopant determined. The concentration quenching of Dy3+ emission is shown to be due to dipole-interaction. In addition, two broad bands were detected in the UV and blue spectral regions, which were tentatively ascribed to the intrinsic emission of self-trapped excitons and defect-related centers, respectively. Optical bandgap energy of Na3.6Y1.8(PO4)3 was estimated to Eg ∼ 7.1 eV. Influence of temperature on luminescence characteristics was studied.

A new digger wasp, Florimena impressa gen. et sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae, Pemphredoninae), from the Upper Eocene shales of Florissant (Colorado, United States) is described. It is distinguished from all known members of the subtribe Spilomenina by the convex frons and in regularly rounded propodeum without a distinct bend between the upper and posterior sides.

The article deals with the problem of sustainability of modern cities in the context of the implementation of the concept of a smart city, the combination of the technologies of which acts as an innovative factor in the development of modern urban infrastructure The characteristics of the main elements of the smart city, digital technologies used in its creation are given The methodology and results of a comparative analysis of the urban digital infrastructure of the world's megacities in the context of COVID-19 are presented The assessment of the global and Russian market of smart city technologies is given, trends and prospects of digital development of a modern city are identified as the most important factor in ensuring its sustainability Recommendations are formulated for the development of solutions in the field of digitalization of urban space, taking into account the opinions of scientists and specialists in the field of management, socio-economic and humanitarian sciences It is noted that efficiency and safety should become a priority in the implementation of smart city projects © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020

The article discusses innovative approaches to the formation of an intelligent decision support system for solving problems of land management, land use, cadastral and market valuation of lands, management of specially protected natural territories and objects. The research results can be used in the formation of intelligent management systems for the subsequent creation of an information resource digital platform for land use, the development of an information resource digital platform for intelligent management of agriculture and land use systems at the level of an economic entity and a region for the transition to a highly productive agricultural sector of a new technological structure, as well as for the adoption of effective managerial decisions, which will also increase the rationality and the possibility of involving land uses, subject to special protection, including those included in the territory of historical settlements and related to the territories of small towns. From the point of view of assessing agricultural land plots, or territories of cultural and historical interest, a complex of language and software tools designed to create, maintain and share a database by one or many users is one of the most promising methods of storage, processing and using data.

To determine the role of simple suturing of perforated duodenal ulcer.There were 170 patients with perforated duodenal ulcer. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 - 40 patients who underwent simple closure of the ulcer; group 2 - 130 patients who underwent Judd pyloroplasty with ulcerative defect excision. Abdominal effusion nature and severity of peritonitis were comparable in both groups.Mortality was significantly higher in group of simple suturing of ulcerative defect.Simple closure of perforated duodenal ulcers should be discarded.Цель исследования - определить место операции простого ушивания перфоративной язвы двенадцатиперстной кишки. Материал и методы. Проведен анализ результатов лечения 170 больных перфоративной язвой двенадцатиперстной кишки. В 1-ю группу вошли 40 больных, которым выполнили операцию простого ушивания перфорационного дефекта, во 2-ю - 130 больных, которым произведена пилоропластика по Джадду с иссечением краев язвенного дефекта. По характеру выпота в брюшной полости и распространенности перитонита на момент операции больные обеих групп были сопоставимы. Результаты. Летальность оказалась статистически значимо выше в группе простого ушивания язвенного дефекта. Вывод. От операции простого ушивания при перфорации язвы двенадцатиперстной кишки следует отказаться.

The paper characterizes the ethnic and demographic situation in the Siberian Federal District (SFD) with respect to migration processes. The population in the region and in particular ethnic communities is decreasing as a result of so-called “western trend.” The general conclusion is that it is impossible to stop this situation and to compensate for demographic losses, as well as the lower qualitative characteristics of the human potential that it produces. The result is a higher ethnic variability of the region with the orientalization of ethnic cultural values and higher competition in the labor market and in the sociocultural sphere, including due to the ethnic factor. Taking into account the increasing migration factor, these changes can be related to the category of risks. The ethnic risks accumulate the socioeconomic contradictions, thus still more deteriorating the human potential. The general conclusion is made about the level of the human potential remaining both in Siberia and nationally rather low. The future of this macro region depends on the attainment of a number of mutually relating objectives directed at creation of the conditions able to provide the sustainability of the qualitative demographic and labor potential and the stabilization of the situation in this multiethnic community.

The article discusses protection methods for coastal areas of large Russian reservoirs from flooding. The object is the Saratov water reservoir which has a significant destructive effect on the adjacent territories. The methods of land monitoring and land management are applied to protect real estate objects from flooding. Recommendations for improving territorial planning schemes of municipalities adjacent to reservoirs are suggested.

The article describes the zoning of Russia as part of strategic planning. The draft project “Spatial Development Strategy” developed by the Ministry of Economic Development is analyzed. The composition of the zones of this project is compared with authors’ zoning results based on land and property development indicators and influencing factors. The conclusion about poor accounting of land resources and land relations in strategic planning was drawn.

The town is a complex social and economic system that has significant land, social and other resources. An integrated approach should be used to solve townland management problems. Improvement of the efficiency of land management should be based on the comprehensive analysis of the land management system from the planning process to the control over the use of land plots taking into account financial and investment opportunities of land management facilities. Successful development of urban and rural settlements depends on the effectiveness of land management. These issues determine the significance of the present article. The article describes problems and features of townland management in Russia. Directions of the public land policy were determined.

The temperature distribution in the working space of an electric-arc steelmaking furnace built by the company “Danieli” and equipped with radially positioned fuel-burning devices is analyzed. It is concluded that the temperature field is quite nonuniform, and the suggestion is made to reposition the gas-oxygen burners into a tangential configuration. Computer modeling is used to determine the temperature distribution in the furnace’s working space for radially and tangentially arranged burners.

Results are presented from an analysis of the motion of gas flows created by fuel-burning devices in existing electric-arc steelmaking furnaces and recommendations are made on how to efficiently arrange this equipment in the furnace. Controlled annular motion of the aerodynamic flows in the part of the working space between the furnace wall and the electrodes increases convective heat transfer to the cold solid charge, forms a reliable and uniform slag crust on the water-cooled wall, and alleviates the deposition of process dust on the electrodes. A numerical study is performed using the SolidWorks Flow Simulation program and boundary conditions that reflect the actual operating conditions in the furnaces.

The report focuses on some of the key points of constructing a model of an artificial society. It is based on the processes of emergence and implementation of the needs of specific agents, depending on the internal processes in the agents, and external environmental factors. Unlike in other approaches, the basis of the modeled system agents' behavior is the concept of needs as the necessity of implementation of the agents' transition from one state to another. This article presents an algorithm of the needs satisfaction of the agent, starting with the event that caused the need for, and ending its satisfaction, or the message that it is impossible to satisfy. The basis of objective knowledge in the system are a model of active and passive agents, as well as recipes meet the needs of the active agents and the relationships between them. © 2017 Author(s).

The standard arrangement of burners in the working space of modern electric-arc steelmaking furnaces is analyzed. The conditions under which the location of the burners would be optimum are determined and an efficient system is proposed for their installation in the furnace. Special attention is given to the energy efficiency and safety of gas-oxygen burners and combination burners and to improving the service conditions of the electrodes and the refractory lining in the slag zone.

The digger wasp Crossocerus vagabundus (Panzer, 1798) (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Crabronini) hunting for workers of Myrmica rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) was recorded for the first time. Various dipterans, mostly crane flies (Tipulidae), were the only known prey for this species. The modes of wasp hunting for worker ants are described. The reasons for unusual choice of prey are discussed.

A new pemphredonine genus, Ammostigmus (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), is described from southwestern India. The new genus differs from the other genera of the subtribe Ammoplanina in the quadridentate apical margin of the clypeus, non-bilobed labrum, the presence of postspiracular carina and omaulus, and the absence of episternal sulcus. Phylogenetically the new genus is most closely related to the genus Protostigmus Turner, 1918.

A new tribe of digger wasps, Protomicroidini trib. nov. (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), including a single known species Protomicroides sororius gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Upper Eocene Rovno amber, Ukraine. The new tribe combines features characteristic of several tribes of the Crabroninae and is a sister group of the extant tribe Oxybelini. The most distinctive characters of the new tribe include nonelongate propodeum with strongly developed lateral keel and enclosed dorsal area; semioval postscutellum with a lamellate border; absence of pygidial plate, psammophores, and digging tarsal rakes; and considerably reduced forewing venation.

A new fossil digger wasp Rovnoecus klesovicus gen. et sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Pemphredoninae, Pemphredonini) is described from the Upper Eocene Rovno amber. The genus Rovnoecus gen. nov. is characterized by an incomplete occipital carina, partly reduced second discoidal cell, and the presence of spines on all tibiae. Rovnoecus gen. nov. is most similar to the fossil genus Eoxyloecus Budrys, 1993 from the Baltic amber. The two genera form a monophyletic group that is a sister group to the group formed by the genera Passaloecus Shuckard, 1837 and Eopinoecus Budrys, 1993. This indirectly corroborates the hypothesis of the geographically different origin of the Rovno and Baltic ambers.