Search

The article explains necessary amount of depreciation expense on restoration of soilfertility of agricultural land used as a means of production and worn out in the process of agricultural use. The authors propose the approaches for assessing amortization costs and the value of arable land.

The article examines the impact of changes in the population, including rural, on the reduction of acreage in the subjects of the Russian Federation in the Non-Chernozem Economic Zone. The population study covers the period from 1990 to 2018. The authors compiled the rating of the regions according to the indicated relative change of the population. The increase or decrease of rural settlements, settlements without population and the total loss of viable rural settlements for 2002-2010 were investigated here. The rating list of the subjects of the Russian Federation included in the Non-Chernozem Economic Zone of the country was built based on the quantitative and relative reduction of the indicated settlements.

The results of scientifi c research on the state of agricultural land use in the subjects of the Russian Federation included in the Non-Chernozem Economic Zone of the European part of the country are considered in this article. The paper consists of data on distribution of currently unused arable land; the area of land plots in common shared ownership, the boundaries of which are not available in the Real Estate Cadastre; information about especially valuable productive agricultural land; economic prerequisites for the use of land by agricultural producers on the basis of lease or ownership, as well as changes over the past fi ve years in sown areas, the productivity of arable land in farms of all categories, data on the level of profi tability of agricultural organizations, unprofi table agricultural organizations etc.

The article deals with the problems of geodetic support of real estate cadaster. The civilized cadaster of land plots and other real estate objects is the main tool for land administration and regulation of land relations. The main signs of its "civilization" are ease of access to cadastral records and cadastral information, completeness and relevance of information about all legally used land plots and other real estate objects. The level of the modern Cadaster development is used to judge the development of society in whole.

Water masers are well-known to be variable on a variety of time scales, but only three Galactic H2O masers are known to flare to the level of 105–106 Jy ( T B ∼ 10 17 K): Orion KL, W49N, and the recently discovered G25.65+1.05. Recently detected flaring activity of H2O maser in the massive star-forming region G25.65+1.05 gave us a unique opportunity to study the fine structure of H2O maser emission in the bursting state with extremely high space VLBI angular resolution. Observation of the source was carried out with ∼9 Earth diameter space-ground baseline within the framework of the RadioAstron project. H2O maser emission from two spectral features, including the bursting one, was detected in the experiment. Only ∼1% of the bursting H2O maser emission was detected on the space-ground baselines: it indicates the presence of a very compact spatial structure with a size of ∼25 μ as, which corresponds to 0.05 AU or ∼5 solar diameters at the distance to the source of 2.08 kpc, and the brightness temperature of ∼3 × 1016 K. Analysis of the flux density as a function of the baseline length for the bursting H2O maser feature in the source shows that most of the emission comes from an extended “halo” structure, while the core of emission is very compact and has an extreme brightness temperature. These results are in agreement with the model of interacting maser clouds considered as the likely explanation of the nature of the burst in the source. Under the assumption of such a model, the beam size of maser emission is reduced while the brightness temperatures similar to the highest observed values are produced.

In Russia, there is a significant problem of abandoned agricultural land—a quarter of old arable land is not used. If compared to 1990, the area of fodder land, together with an almost twofold reduction in the number of cattle, has underwent the most significant reduction. The authors of the paper raise the question of the causes of this phenomenon, discuss the possibilities of returning lands to circulation, and define the priority areas for using these lands. This negative process is most evident in those areas with adverse agro-climatic conditions. In the south of the country, in the Central Black Earth Zone, there was no noticeable decline in production. In contrast, there is a stable growth in the agro-industrial sector nowdats. Considering the issue of demand for agricultural products (one of the primary sources of demand for agricultural land), we can establish that the population’s need for crop production is satisfied. The expansion of sown areas makes sense only for the production of a fodder base for the development of meat and dairy farming, where Russia has not yet provided the level of production necessary to fully meet the needs of the population. From the point of view of supply and demand on the land directly, there are also several problems impeding the involvement of land in circulation. The lack of a developed civilized land market and the predominance of shared ownership of land artificially reduce the supply of land. The solution of the described problems, taking into account the significant land potential of Russia, will make it possible to adequately fill the demand for meat and dairy cattle breeding to ensure the growth of the exports of crop production and the development of the agricultural sector as a whole.

Results of systematic observations of a sample of bright H2O maser sources with fluxes, on average, exceeding 200 Jy in their main spectral feature during April–September 2017 (G25.65+1.05, G25.825−0.178, G27.184−0.082, G34.403+0.233, G35.20−0.74, G43.8−0.13, G107.30+5.64) are presented. These observations were carried out in preparation for Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations with an array including the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory 22-m radio telescope. All these sources display fairly strong variability during the time interval considered, encompassing fluxes from ∼40 to ∼2300 Jy. A flare reaching ∼17 000 Jy was detected at a velocity of 42.8 km/s in G25.65+1.05 on September 7, 2017, which subsequently grew to 60 000 Jy at the end of September 2017. This suggests the presence of compact maser structures. The velocities covered by various spectral components range from 5 to 20 km/s. In three sources (G25.65+1.05,G25.825−0.178,G35.20−0.74), a general growth in the fluxes of all the spectral features is observed, which may indicate variations in the conditions for pumping by an external source, for example, variations in the infrared flux from a central source or the passage of a shock. Possible evidence for the presence of bipolar outflows or disk structures in G25.65+1.05 is discussed.

We report H$_2$O maser line observations of the bright-rimmed globule IC 1396 N using a ground-space interferometer with the 10-m RadioAstron radio telescope as the space-based element. The source was not detected on projected baselines >2.3 Earth diameters, which indicates a lower limit on the maser size of L >0.03 AU and an upper limit on the brightness temperature of 6.25 x 10$^{12}$ K. Positions and flux densities of maser spots were determined by fringe rate mapping. Multiple low-velocity features from -4.5 km/s to +0.7 km/s are seen, and two high-velocity features of V$_{LSR}$=-9.4 km/s and +4.4 km/s are found at projected distances of 157 AU and 70 AU, respectively, from the strongest low-velocity feature at V$_{LSR}$=$\sim$0.3 km/s. Maser components from the central part of the spectrum fall into four velocity groups but into three spatial groups. Three spatial groups of low-velocity features detected in the 2014 observations are arranged in a linear structure about 200 AU in length. Two of these groups were not detected in 1996 and possibly are jets which formed between 1996 and 2014. The putative jet seems to have changed direction in 18 years, which we explain by the precession of the jet under the influence of the gravity of material surrounding the globule. The jet collimation can be provided by a circumstellar protoplanetary disk. There is a straight line orientation in the V$_{LSR}$-Right Ascension diagram between the jet and the maser group at V$_{LSR}$=$\sim$0.3 km/s. However, the central group with the same position but at the velocity V$_{LSR}$$\sim$-3.4 km/s falls on a straight line between two high-velocity components detected in 2014. Comparison of the low-velocity positions from 2014 and 1996, based on the same diagram, shows that the majority of the masers maintain their positions near the central velocity V$_{LSR}$=$\sim$0.3 km/s during the 18 year period., 25 pages, 3 tables, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy Reports

The RadioAstron ground-space interferometer provides the highest angular resolution achieved now in astronomy. The detection of interferometric fringes from quasars with this angular resolution on baselines of 100–200 thousand km suggests the brightness temperatures which exceed the Compton limit by two orders of magnitude. Polarimetric measurements on ground-space baselines have revealed fine structure testifying to recollimation shocks on scales of 100–250 μas and a helical magnetic field near the base of radio emission in BL Lacertae. Substructure within a the scattering disk of pulsar emission on interferometer baselines (from 60000 to 250000 km) was discovered. This substructure is produced by action of the interstellar interferometer with an effective baseline of about 1 AU and the effective angular resolution of better than 1 μas. Diameters of scattering disks were measured for several pulsars, and distances to diffusing screens were evaluated. The ground-space observations of sources of the maser radiation in lines of water and hydroxyl have shown that the maser sources in star-forming regions remain unresolved on baselines, which considerably exceed the Earth diameter. These very compact and bright features with angular sizes of about 20–60 μas correspond to linear sizes of about 5–10 million km (several solar diameters).

In 2017-18 the source of outstanding H2O maser bursts G25.65+1.05 have been intensively studied with a wide range of baselines - from compact array (JVLA) and ground VLBI (EVN, VLBA, KaVA) to space VLBI (RadioAstron mission supported by VLBA and EVN telescopes) - the report gives a brief summary of these observations.

Urbanization implies an increase in settlements areas at the expense of productive land, primarily, agricultural. In these circumstances, an important issue is the identification and protection of especially valuable agricultural land. In this research we analyzed existing approaches to classification of productive land, its reference to especially valuable land and suggested approaches for consideration of the soil cover heterogeneity in the classification.

Observations of the masers in the course of RadioAstron mission yielded detections of fringes for a number of sources in both water and hydroxyl maser transitions. Several sources display numerous ultra-compact details. This proves that implementation of the space VLBI technique for maser studies is possible technically and is not always prevented by the interstellar scattering, maser beaming and other effects related to formation, transfer, and detection of the cosmic maser emission. For the first time, cosmic water maser emission was detected with projected baselines exceeding Earth Diameter. It was detected in a number of star-forming regions in the Galaxy and megamaser galaxies NGC 4258 and NGC 3079. RadioAstron observations provided the absolute record of the angular resolution in astronomy. Fringes from the NGC 4258 megamaser were detected on baseline exceeding 25 Earth Diameters. This means that the angular resolution sufficient to measure the parallax of the water maser source in the nearby galaxy LMC was directly achieved in the cosmic maser observations. Very compact features with angular sizes about 20 microarcsec have been detected in star-forming regions of our Galaxy. Corresponding linear sizes are about 5-10 million kilometers. So, the major step from milli- to micro-arcsecond resolution in maser studies is done in the RadioAstron mission. The existence of the features with extremely small angular sizes is established. Further implementations of the space-VLBI maser instrument for studies of the nature of cosmic objects, studies of the interaction of extremely high radiation field with molecular material and studies of the matter on the line of sight are planned., To be published in Astrophysical Masers: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Universe, IAU Symposium 336, 2017

We present an approach to testing the gravitational redshift effect using the RadioAstron satellite. The experiment is based on a modification of the Gravity Probe A scheme of nonrelativistic Doppler compensation and benefits from the highly eccentric orbit and ultra-stable atomic hydrogen maser frequency standard of the RadioAstron satellite. Using the presented techniques we expect to reach an accuracy of the gravitational redshift test of order $10^{-5}$, a magnitude better than that of Gravity Probe A. Data processing is ongoing, our preliminary results agree with the validity of the Einstein Equivalence Principle., Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters A

The paper presents the main results of the implementation of the Radioastron Early Science Program. Interferometric responses (fringes) were obtained for all types of studied radio sources (quasars, pulsars and cosmic masers) and in all ranges of wavelengths (from meter to centimeter range) with large spaceground baselines. Such measurements have provided a record angular resolution, in some cases reaching several tens of microseconds of arc. This brings unique scientific results concerning the nature of the processes occurring in the vicinity of the supermassive black holes, the structure of the interstellar plasma inhomogeneities and dynamics of compact objects in star-forming regions.

World practice shows the important role of farming in agricultural production and its significant impact on the level of rural life in the country. The purpose of the study is to examine the state of farming in Russia today. This form of hosting in the Russian Federation began to revive relatively recently and is developing more actively than other forms in rural areas. But it is accompanied by a number of problems requiring attention from the state: lack of access to additional funds for a significant proportion of farms (both subsidies and loans); conflicts of interest with large landowners; low viability of small farms; low qualification of the labor force, including the heads of farms; the presence of fictitious farms without land area and farms with a huge area with a high proportion of employees. The situation is significantly aggravated in the regions with unfavorable agro-climatic conditions, such as the Non-Black-Earth Zone, the northern regions of the Volga Region, the Urals, and Siberia. Existing support programs at the federal level are not enough, agricultural cooperation is not developing. In most of the subjects with relatively low development of the peasant (farm) economy, programs for supporting small farms have not been adopted. In order to ensure the development of rural areas, taking into account the interests of the local population, it is proposed to assign the responsibility of land management to the experts, who could plan the development of the agro-industrial complex in rural areas.

Observations of various types of objects in the northern sky were obtained at 44 GHz in the 70-61A+ methanol line on the 20-m Onsala radio telescope (Sweden), in order to search for Class I methanol maser emission in the interstellar medium: regions of formation of high-mass stars, dust rings around HII regions, and protostellar candidates associated with powerful molecular outflows and Galactic HII regions. Seven new Class Imethanolmasers have been discovered toward regions of formation of highmass stars, and the existence of two previously observed masers confirmed. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) neither the association of a bipolar outflow manifest in the wings of CO lines with a highmass protostellar object (HMPO) nor the presence of thermal emission in lines of complex molecules are sufficient conditions for the detection of Class I methanol emission; no association with HMPOs radiating at 44 GHz was found for EGOs (a new class of object tracing bipolar outflows); (2) the existence of H2O masers and Class II methanol masers in the region of aHMPOenhances the probability of detecting Class I methanol emission toward the HMPO; Class II methanol masers with stronger line fluxes are associated with Class I methanol masers.

Observations at 44 GHz in the 70−61 A + methanol line have been carried out on the 20-m telescope of the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden) in the directions of the poorly studied region G27.4–0.2 and of several supernova remnants, at the coordinates of the OH(1720) maser satellite emission, with the aim of searching for Class I methanol maser emission in these sources. The region G27.4–0.2 has beenmapped, and contains maser sources and two supernova remnants with similar coordinates and radial velocities, which may accelerate condensation of the ambient gas-dust medium. This may play a role in enhancing the probability of methanol formation and maser emission. This is the first detection of 44 GHz maser emission in this source, and this maser is among the 10% of the strongest Class I methanol masers, within the uncertainties in the integrated flux (of a total of 198 currently knownmasers). A 27′ × 27′ region around the maser has been mapped at 44 GHz in steps of 1′. The 44-GHz emission forms only within the previously known maser region. Further studies in water lines are needed to estimate the influence of shocks from supernovae. No 44-GHz Class I methanol maser emission was detected at the 3σ level at the coordinates of the OH(1720) satellite emission in six supernova remnants; i.e., the presence of OH(1720) emission is not a sufficient condition for the detection of Class I methanol masers.

We present the results of a search for the emission in the main OH lines toward high-latitude IRAS sources using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) in Narrabri. A sample of 239 sources from the IRAS catalog selected with the color criterion for ultracompact HII regions and with no restriction on flux was studied. No maser or thermal emission or absorption was detected in these sources. The reason for this could be the low sensitivity of the ATCA to faint high-latitude objects. However, we have mapped the regions of eight known masers in star-forming regions in the plane of the Galaxy. The results are given in the form of spectra and maps.

Thirty-four Galactic star-forming regions have been observed in the J=4−3 line of cyanoacetylene (HC3N) at 36.4 GHz. Emission was detected toward 17 sources. The HC3N column density was determined in the detected sources, and in eight of them (NGC 2264, L379, W51E1/E2, DR 21 West, DR 21 (OH), DR 21, S140, and Cep A), the relative cyanoacetylene abundance was estimated. The HC3N abundance in these objects is about 1–70×10−10.

The Russian Academy of Sciences and Federal Space Agency, together with the participation of many international organizations, worked toward the launch of the RadioAstron orbiting space observatory with its onboard 10-m reflector radio telescope from the Baikonur cosmodrome on July 18, 2011. Together with some of the largest ground-based radio telescopes and a set of stations for tracking, collecting, and reducing the data obtained, this space radio telescope forms a multi-antenna ground-space radio interferometer with extremely long baselines, making it possible for the first time to study various objects in the Universe with angular resolutions a million times better than is possible with the human eye. The project is targeted at systematic studies of compact radio-emitting sources and their dynamics. Objects to be studied include supermassive black holes, accretion disks, and relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei, stellar-mass black holes, neutron stars and hypothetical quark stars, regions of formation of stars and planetary systems in our and other galaxies, interplanetary and interstellar plasma, and the gravitational field of the Earth. The results of ground-based and inflight tests of the space radio telescope carried out in both autonomous and ground-space interferometric regimes are reported. The derived characteristics are in agreement with the main requirements of the project. The astrophysical science program has begun., 54 pages, 11 figures; published by Astronomicheskij Zhurnal (in Russian) and Astronomy Reports (in English)

We present results of single-dish and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of a strong 1000-Jy OH maser flare in the star-forming region W75N. The flare was first seen in 2003, and persisted for at least four years. Three major spectral features were present during the whole period of observations, with N1 being the strongest initially and N2 becoming stronger later. The large velocity range of 43 km s−1 observed during the flare is not kinematic in origin, but is caused by the Zeeman splitting in the strong magnetic field generated by the central star. The maps and proper motion of the maser spots were monitored over eight epochs, between 1998 and 2006, using the European VLBI Network (EVN) supplemented by published Very Large Baseline Array (VLBA) data. Mapping of the maser spots has shown that all the new spectral features of the flare were located close to the ultracompact H ii region VLA2, while the quiescent maser features were found near VLA1. We suggest that the flare was initiated by a disturbance, probably an magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shock launched from the massive young star, also responsible for the excitation of the ultracompact H ii region. The proper motion of the majority of the maser spots was not detected at 1665 and 1667 MHz with the upper limit of several km s−1. The only positive detection of the proper motion was made for the two brightest flare features N1 and N2. The spot N2 is moving along the filamentary spot N3, with a tangential velocity of 14 km s−1. This motion is caused by the MHD shock propagating along the filament. The measured low upper limit for the velocity of OH maser spots is consistent with models of a slowly rotating Keplerian disc rather than with outflows, jets or expanding shells.

A flare of maser radio emission in the OH-line 1665 MHz has been discovered in the star forming region W75 N in 2003, with the flux density of about 1000 Jy. At the time it was the strongest OH maser detected during the whole history of observations since the discovery of cosmic masers in 1965. The flare emission is linearly polarized with a degree of polarization near 100%. A weaker flare with a flux of 145 Jy was observed in this source in 2000 - 2001, which was probably a precursor of the powerful flare. Intensity of two other spectral features has decreased after beginning of the flare. Such variation of the intensity of maser condensation emission (increasing of one and decreasing of the other) can be explained by passing of the magneto hydrodynamic shock across regions of enhanced gas concentration., 9 pages with 2 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy Letters

Maser emission of OH(1720) is formed, according to modern concepts, under the influence of collisional pumping. Class I methanol masers (MMI) are also formed by a collisional mechanism of the inversion of the molecular levels. It is not excluded in this case that physical conditions in the condensations of the interstellar medium where masers are formed may be similar for MMI and OH(1720) masers, and they can associate with each other. To establish a possible association between these two kinds of masers, and obtain reliable statistical estimates, a survey of class I methanol masers at a frequency of 1720 MHz has been carried out.

We present results of a VLBI experiment at a wavelength of 18 cm, which simulates the ground-space interferometer with space link to RadioAstron. An array of five antennas was used, four of them are located in the Russian Federation, plus the the 32-m radio telescope in Medicine (Italy). The 22-m radio telescope in Pushchino (Moscow Region) acted in place of the space arm. It has an effective area of 100 square meters. The three other Russian 32-m antennas are operated by the Institute of Applied Astronomy RAS; they are located at Badary, Svetloe and Zelenchukskaya (interferometer network “Quasar”). The maximum base-line, Badary-Svetloe, was about 4402 km, providing an angular resolution of about 0.009 arc seconds at a wavelength of 18 cm. The duration of the experiment was 10 hours on 02/03 February 2011. The program of observations included quasars 3C273, 3C279, 3C286 and the maser source - W3(OH). W3(OH) was observed only by the Russian telescopes and was investigated at the frequency of the 1665 MHz main line. The data were recorded on the MK5 recorder (32-m radio telescopes) and the RDR system (RadioAstron Digital Recorder) in Pushchino. The low SEFD (system equivalence of flux density) of Pushchino emulated the RadioAstron antenna. Correlation was performed with the universal software correlator of the AstroSpace Center of Lebedev Physical Institute. The correlator output format is compatible with that used by the AIPS package, which was used for data analysis. After analyzing the correlated data we obtained relative coordinates of the maser components. The main results are tabulated and presented in the figures. The data quality is sufficient for astrophysical analysis and comparison with previous observations of maser source W3(OH) on VLBI networks EVN and VLBA.

The results of a survey of 63 galactic star-forming regions in the 6_K-5_K and 5_K-4_K methyl acetylene lines at 102 and 85 GHz, respectively, are presented. Fourty-three sources were detected at 102 GHz, and twenty-five at 85 GHz. Emission was detected towards molecular clouds with kinetic temperatures 20-60 K (so-called ``warm clouds''). The CH3CCH abundances in these clouds appeared to be about several units X 10^(-9). Five mapped sources were analyzed using the maximum entropy method. The sizes of the mapped clouds fall within the range between 0.1 and 1.7 pc, virial masses - between 90-6200 Msun, and densities - between 6 X 10^4 and 6 X 10^5 cm^(-3). The CH3CCH sources spatially coincide with the CO and CS sources. Chemical evolution simulations showed that the typical methyl acetylene abundance in the observed clouds corresponds to an age of ~ 6 X 10^4 years., 14 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy Reports

A survey of 27 galactic star-forming regions in the 6_K-5_K, 5_K-4_K, and 8_K-7_K CH3CN lines at 110, 92, and 147 GHz, respectively, is made. Twenty-five sources are detected at 110 GHz, nineteen at 92 GHz, and three at 147 GHz. The strongest CH3CN emission arise in hot cores in the regions of massive star formation. CH3CN abundance in these objects is larger than 10^(-9) due to grain mantle evaporation. Weaker CH3CN lines are found in a number of sources. They may arise either in warm (30-50 K) dense (10^(5)-10^(7) cm^(-3)) clouds, or in hot regions accompanied by colder gas., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Russian Astronomy Reports

We present VLBI and single dish observations of a strong (1000 Jy) OH maser flare at 1665 MHz in the star-forming region W75N. This new flare appeared in 2003, after a 100 Jy flare in 2000. Three major spectral features N1, N2, and N3 were present at all epochs, with N1 declining and N2 increasing in flux density during observations taken in 2003–2006. All three features have strong linear polarization approaching 90%. VLBI maps show that along with the strong features N1-3, many weaker features have appeared within 100 mas of the ultra compact HII region VLA 2. The proper motion of the flare feature N1 was measured: Δα=1.36±0.3; Δδ=-0.3±0.3 mas in 1.75 years, corresponding to a tangential velocity of about 8 km s−1 relative to the rest of the features, and is comparable to the radial velocity range in the VLA 2 disk.