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At the present stage, youth political leadership is in the focus of attention of researchers due to the fact that youth policy is an important part of public policy. The concept of the youth political leadership is relatively new and interdisciplinary, integrating politological, sociological, psychopolitical, and managerial approaches. To analyse the phenomenon, the systematisation of scientific approaches to the study of political leadership is conducted, 6 stages of the development of scientific thought from the second half of the XIX century to the beginning of the XXI one are highlighted. The classical and modern theories of leadership are considered. The article substantiates the mediation of methodological approaches to the political leadership by the historical and political context and the level of development of the political culture of society. They are the basis for studying the structure of the phenomenon in question. It is proved that under the influence of digitalisation as the most important aspect of reality, as an attribute of politics and the socio-economic sphere, the structure of the youth political leadership is undergoing a change. Digitalisation makes adjustments to the existing scientific and methodological basis of the political leadership. The analysis of available leadership concepts has shown a movement from its personal aspect to the socio-interactive one, however, in the context of digital transformation, it is necessary to introduce a digital component of leadership. Based on empirical data, the modern structure of the youth political leadership is derived, consisting of three components: personal, socio-interactive, and digital.

The article examines most actual problems of the development of state support for youth political leadership in the context of modern challenges and prospects, primarily due to the global trend towards digitalization.The methodological basis of the research is general scientific and political science methods, including the analysis of the regulatory framework of youth policy and state support programs; comparison of mechanisms for supporting youth leadership at various stages of state development; a retrospective approach to the origin and development of support for youth political leadership; a systematic approach to the study of youth political leadership as an important component of a holistic youth policy.The object of the study is the modern mechanisms of state support for youth political leadership. The subject of the study is the directions of development of project activities in the context of state support for youth political leadership. The author analyzes the current state of state youth support projects and the youth political leadership support systems built into them in the context of the specifics of youth policy and the diversity of its actors. The potential of national projects and projects of individual political parties for the development of youth political leadership is being studied. The role of “Rossmolodezh” in the coordination of project activities is noted.Special attention is paid to the development of state projects to support youth political leadership and their compliance with modern challenges and requirements of society. The project “Strategies of youth policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030” and its impact on the development of youth political leadership are analyzed, attention is focused on the complexity and continuity of the project activities inherent in it.It is concluded that the focus on national interests and the formation of national identity of youth should be decisive for the current stage of development of state policy in the field of support for youth political leadership.The results of this study will have a significant impact on improving practical work in the field of public administration for the training of youth political personnel, improving project activities, contributing to their adaptation to modern challenges arising in the context of digital transformation.

Youth political engagement is a crucial aspect of modern society. In this regard, digitalization opens huge communicative and mobilization opportunities by transforming young people’s political participation into a digital format with unpredictable consequences. The article analyzes digitalization impact as a complex multi-stage process in modern world on forming youth political leadership. The essence and stages of digitalization, the consequences of digital technologies impact on society, political processes, and youth environment have been studied. The transformational impact on socialization, communicative culture and self-consciousness of youth as a fundamental basis for forming its most active part – youth political leaders – has been revealed. The authors consider how the use of digital means of communication, social networks, and digital ecosystems contributes to the activation of youth participation in political life, accelerates the process of forming youth political leaders, providing their “promotion” in the online space and supporters mobilization. Challenges and threats of digitalization faced by youth and young political leaders have been considered. The authors concluded that digitalization at the present stage is the most important condition for attracting and forming youth political leadership, but this aspect requires further study and support at the public policy level.

A hybridological study of biotypes of species close to Elymus caninus: E. prokudinii, E. viridiglumis, E. goloskokovii, as well as a number of morphologically deviant biotypes in Russia and Kazakhstan, was carried out. The objectives were to study the levels of reproductive relationships and the degree of integration of the species E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii, and E. viridiglumis into the E. caninus complex. Our estimates of the seed fertility of natural parental biotypes were within 60–90 %. Among the combinations of crossing in F1, the highest seed setting was found in the hybrids formed by parental pairs from close habitats, regardless of the taxonomic rank of biotypes. The highest fertility values (55.6 and 46.1 %) were found in combinations involving E. caninus, E. viridiglumis and E. goloskokovii. It has been concluded that the biotypes of these species included in sexual hybridization form a single recombination gene pool, within which slight differences in reproductive compatibility are observed. The nature of the inheritance of the diagnostic features of lemmas“presence of trichomes” and“length of awns”, according to the digenic and monogenic type, respectively, is shown. The high seed fertility of the created hybrids and the presence of intermediate forms in the F2 generation according to distinctive features indicate the possibility of interspecific introgression when species grow together in natural populations. Thus, the assessment of the inheritance of diagnostic characters makes it possible to classify E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii, and E. viridiglumis as intraspecific taxa of E. caninus s. l. Data were obtained on the morphological and reproductive properties of interspecific hybrids with the participation of the species E. mutabilis as a possible donor in the speciation of taxa close to E. caninus. In cross combinations of E. caninus × E. mutabilis and E. mutabilis × E. caninus, lower values of seed fertility of hybrids in the F1 and F2 generations were noted compared to hybrids between the species E. caninus, E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii and E. viridiglumis. Nevertheless, on the basis of chorological and morphological criteria, we concluded that E. caninus and E. mutabilis are independent species.

The genus ElymusL., together with wheat, rye, and barley, belongs to the tribe Triticeae. Apart from its economic value, this tribe is characterized by abundance of polyploid taxa formed in the course of remote hybridization. Single-copy nuclear genes are convenient markers for identification of source genomes incorporated into polyploids. In the present work, a CAPS-marker is developed to distinguish basic St, H, and Y genomes comprising polyploid genomes of Asiatic species of the genus Elymus. The test is based on electrophoretic analysis of restriction patterns of a PCR-amplified fragment of the gene coding for beta-amylase. There are about 50 Elymusspecies in Russia, and most of them are supposed to possess one of three haplome combinations, StH, StY and StHY. Boreal StH-genomic species endemic for Russia are the least studied. On the basis of nucleotide sequences from public databases, TaqI restrictase was selected, as it produced patterns of restriction fragments specific for St, H, and Y haplomes easily recognizable in agarose gel. A sample of 68 accessions belonging to 32 species was analyzed. In 15 species, the earlier known genomic constitutions were confirmed, but in E. kamojithis assay failed to reveal the presence of H genome. This unusual H genome was suggested to originate from a different Hordeum species. In 16 species, genomic constitutions were identified for the first time. Fifteen accessions from Asian Russia possessed the genomic constitution StStHH, and E. amurensis, phylogenetically close to the StY-genomic species E. ciliaris, had the genomic constitution StStYY. It is inferred that the center of species diversity of the StH-genomic group is shifted to the north as compared to the center of origin of StY-genomic species, confined to China.

Fifty-three species of perennial grasses in the genus Elymus L. (Poaceae), which are widespread in Russia, are generally assumed to have three haplome combinations: StH, StY and StHY. The StH-genome species, endemic to Russia, remain the least studied. R. Mason-Gamer and co-authors have previously shown in a series of studies that a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the low-copy gene waxy (GBSS1) sequences significantly complements cytogenetic data on the genomic constitution and evolutionary relationships among both North American and Asian species of the genus Elymus. To determine the species’ genomic constitution and to evaluate the level of phylogenetic differentiation, we examined the GBSS1 gene in 18 species of Elymus from Siberia and the Russian Far East, including the fol- lowing 14 endemics: E. charkeviczii, E. jacutensis, E. kamczadalorum, E. komarovii, E. kronokensis, E. lenensis, E. macrourus, E. margaritae, E. subfibrosus, E. sajanensis, E. transbaicalensis, E. peschkovae, E. uralensis, and E. viridiglumis.PCR amplification products of GBSS1 gene fragments (including exons 9–14) were cloned and 6–8 clones per accession were sequenced. It appears that all the species studied have St and H subgenomic gene variations. The most significant differences between the subgenomic variants St and H were found in intron 13. The H subgenome contains a 21-bp-long deletion in intron 13 in all Elymus genotypes, probably derived from a common ancestor of the H and P genomes. Instead of this deletion, all St subgenomes have a relatively conservative sequence similar to that of the genus Pseudoroegneria, whose ancestor is considered to be the donor of the modern St subgenome for all Elymus species. Cluster phylogenetic analysis revealed differentiation in St and H subgenome sequences into two evolutionary variants: St1 vs. St2 and H1 vs. H2, respectively. Variants of the St and H subgenomes were found homologous to various modern species of the ancestral genera Pseudoroegneria and Hordeum: St1 to P. strigosa, St2 to P. spicata, H1 to H. jubatum, and H2 to H. californicum. The details of the relationships between Russian and North American species of the genus, as well as a number of microevolutionary interconnections in the group of boreal endemic species of Siberia and the Russian Far East were revealed. The new results obtained here are essential for the development of a phylogenetically oriented taxonomic system for the genus Elymus.

Currently three species are recognized in Russia within the genus Elymus subsection Pendulini, namely, E. pendulinus, E. brachypodioides and E. vernicosus. The degree and quality of lemma and stem node vestitures and ecology are considered important characters for species delineation. In Primorsky krai and Altai Republic we have found a number of mixed populations in which there is visually continuous variation in lemmas vestitures from being completely glabrous to densely puberulent or pilose. Additionally, there are a number of populations in Primorsky krai in which individuals having either smooth or pilous stem nodes grow together. A study of polymorphism of ISSR markers among selective accessions of three species from different locations was carried out together with the reference species E. ciliaris and E. gmelinii. The consensus dendrogramm constructed by results of ISSR markers has shown no taxon specific patterns in accessions of the subsection Pendulini. Hybrids between the individuals of different species of the subsection in six cross combinations have been created. All F1 plants had normally developed open anthers, seed fertility (SF) ranged from 8 % to 89 % in different combinations. In F2 populations no sterile individuals or increase of SF up to normal values were observed. Hence, three taxa form a unified recombination gene pool. The diagnostic characters were found to be controlled by one pair of alternative alleles for glabrous vs. hairy stem nodes, and by one or two pairs of alleles in different cross combinations for glabrous vs. hairy lemmas. These characters can be considered as normal inter- and/or intra-population variation. Therefore, E. brachypodioides and E. vernicosus need to be relegated to infraspecific rank within Elymus pendulinus s. l. as varieties.

The article deals with value of discipline "Conflictology" for training university graduates, an increase of their conflictological competence. The analysis of a lecture and practical training in the course of which a certain knowledge, skills are formed is given. Four investigation phases individual conflictological characteristics of the personality are considered: personal, intra personal, interpersonal and intra group. The system of tests for definition of personal characteristics at each stage is offered and their role in designing individual conflictological characteristics of the personality is shown. A valid conclusion about influence of this characteristic on a choice of the correct style of behavior in various types of the conflicts is given.

The StY-genome group of Elymus species is of special interest, most of its species ranges extending to Russia from southern frontier territories, mainly from China. The ranges of Elymus pendulinus, E. ciliaris and E. amurensis within Russia overlap in the southern part of the Russian Far East only. Elymus ciliaris is considered by Russian taxonomists to be phylogenetically close to E. pendulinus, while hybridization of these species gave rise to the independent species E. amurensis. Moreover, in China, E. amurensis is recognized as a variety of E. ciliaris. Endosperm protein polymorphism was studied by SDS-electrophoresis for the purpose to reveal species specificity in E. pendulinus, E. ciliaris, and E. amurensis from a number of localities in the Primorskii Krai. Accessions of species from places of their joint occurrence were analyzed to detect identical polypeptide components which could have appeared due to genetic introgression. Nevertheless, both electrophoretic images visual analyses and construction the dendrograms of populations with various similarity coefficients revealed a high species specificity of E. ciliaris и E. pendulinus but no signs of introgression in spite of the fact that the two species often grow in common ecotopes and even form sterile hybrids. No indications of the origin of E. amurensis from the highly distinct species E. ciliaris and E. pendulinus were found either.The necessity of biosystematic and experimental methods for confirmation of the origin and taxonomic rank of new and many recognized species in the genus Elymus is shown.

It is shown that cotyledon protein SDS-electrophoresis and inter-simple sequence repeat DNA markers (ISSRs) can be used in identification of hybrid genotypes in Sorbus sibirica Hedl. and Sorbocotoneaster pozdnjakovii Pojark. hybridization. Recombination of molecular and morphological characters was observed in hybrids, which proves close relationships of the parental genomes and, as a consequence, the potential of utilizing Sorbocotoneaster pozdnjakovii genotypes in breeding of Sorbus cultivars. The results confirm that the genus Sorbocotoneaster arose as a result of Sorbus and Cotoneaster hybridization.

Elymus L. is a genus of the Poaceae family, which includes only polyploid species. It is widespread over all continents, with at least half of the species occurring in Asia, and this continent is considered to be its motherland. However, the diversity, genetic characteristics, and evolutionary interactions among Elymus species of some regions of Asia are still vague, and the Far East of Russia is one of such territories. Thus, investigation of evolutionary relations among species of Far East and Kamchatka is promising. In this work, several sequences of two nuclear genes and rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacers annotated in databases are analyzed. Nuclear genes sequences are shown to be more useful in building phylogeny at the interspecies level. Also, a region of the nuclear gene waxy is shown to vary among different haplomes. This variation makes it useful in investigating the genome constitutions of novel Elymus species. Finally, systematical status of E. kamczadalorum as a species was proven valid.

Aim. To investigate the associations between brachiocephalic atherosclerosis (BCAS) and arterial hypertension (AH); to study the potential for AH control after surgery. Material and methods. The study included 70 patients (17 women, 53 men; mean age 62,5±7,5 years), who underwent planned surgery due to BCAS and carotid stenosis, CS (n=50) or brachiocephalic artery (BCA) malformation (n=20). AH duration varied from 4 months to 32 years. Levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) were 115-192 mm Hg (mean SBP 151,5±27,26 mm Hg). Blood flow in aortal arch arteries was assessed by duplex BCA scanning. BP levels were registered within the 24 hours before the surgery, and then 3-5 days and 1-3 months after the intervention. Results. In patients with CS, risk of BP elevation increased with age (р=0,04). Before the surgery, higher BP levels were registered in Group I patients: mean BP was 103,6±11,3 mm Hg vs. 91,7±6,6 mm Hg (р=0,00007). After the intervention, these differences were no longer observed. In patients with CS, post-intervention BP levels decreased due to reduction in both systolic BP (from 145,1±14,7 to 135,6±12,3 mm Hg; р=0,02) and diastolic BP (from 83,3±10,2 to 78,1±9,7 mm Hg; р=0,02). In patients with BCA malformation, no significant BP reduction was registered.Conclusion. In BCAS patients, BP elevation was mostly explained by CS and progressed with age, while surgery facilitated BP reduction.

Aim. To investigate principal interrelations between heart, arterial and venous parameters, characterizing the common process of cardiovascular system (CVS) remodeling during arterial hypertension (AH) development and progression.Material and methods. The study included 184 patients with primary AH. CVS structure and function were assessed at baseline and after treatment with antihypertensive medications (AHM).Results. The module approach to AH structural and hemodynamic type description is proposed. Modern AHM are studied in regard to their venotropic action, effects on orthostatic tolerance and interrelations between structural and functional parameters of CVS components in AH patients. Mathematical algorithms assessing modern AHM potential for individual patients, taking into account baseline clinical, functional, structural and hemodynamic parameters, are presented.Conclusion. Antihypertensive therapy could be optimized by taking into consideration modern AHM effects on individual CVS components and their interrelations in AH patients.

Aim. To compare carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate effects on hemostasis in patients with post-infarction chronic heart failure (CHF), receiving complex therapy. To study deep venous thrombosis (DBT) incidence in CHF patients without additional risk factors (RFs) for venous thrombosis.Material and methods. The study included 60 patients, aged 60,58±8,16 years, with Functional Class (FC) II and III CHF (CHF duration 5,17±4,83 years). The main group (n=30) received carvedilol (44,17±7,86 mg/d at the end of follow-up), and the comparison group (n=30) - metoprolol (110,0±39,17 mg/d). Hemostasis parameters and DVT signs were assessed at baseline and after 4 months of the treatment.Results. In the hospital, laboratory thrombophilia was verified in all CHF patients. After 4 months of the therapy, positive hemostasis dynamics was observed in both main and comparison groups. One case of calf DVT, without pulmonary artery thromboembolia, was registered in a female with FC III CHF, who received metoprolol.Conclusion. Additional blockade of alpha-1-receptors and antioxidant activity of carvedilol could explain better hemostasis control in patients from carvedilol group.

Aim. To study the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate on endothelium mono-layer and remodeling of myocardium, large vessels and kidneys in patients with post-infarction chronic heart failure (CHF).Material and methods. The study included 50 patients (33 males, 66 %) with stable post-infarction chronic heart failure (CHF), Functional Class (FC) II-III. Mean CHF duration was 5,22+0,67 years. In 41,7 % patients, FC II CHF was diagnosed, in 58,3 % - FC III CHF. Clinical examination was performed at baseline and after 4 months of beta-adrenoblocker therapy. Main group (n=25) was administered carvedilol, control group - metoprolol tar-trate(n=25). Daily dose was titrated gradually; in carvedilol group, itwas43,ll±l,84 mg/d, in metoprolol group - 128,75+8,63 mg/d. Myocardial structure and function were assessed by echocardiography (EchoCG), vessel wall structure - by measuring intima-media thickness in common carotid arteries (CCA IMT). Endothelium monolayer and kidney function were assessed by measuring microalbuminuria (MAU) level.Results. Four-month carvedilol therapy was associated with a substantial decrease in MAU (-47,4 %) and CCA IMT (-10,6 %); in metoprolol group, these changes were not significant. EchoCG results demonstrated a significant left cardiac chamber reduction.Conclusion. Carvedilol improved endothelial function, facilitated reverse remodeling of myocardium, vessel wall and kidneys. Therefore, carvedilol therapy might be recommended for target organ protection in CHF

Изучались отношения скрещиваемо- сти среди 17 биотипов Elymus trachycaulus, выращенных из семян 5 евроазиатских и 12 северо-американских образцов. Всего было получено 85 гибридных растений F1 в 35 комбинациях скрещивания. На основании результатов анализа семенной продуктивности гибридов в поколениях F1 –F3 были сделаны следующие выводы: а) Е. trachycaulus как вид представляет собой совокупность микровидов аналогично северо-американскому E. glaucus; б) евроазиатские образцы из географически разнесенных точек от Дании до Китая, обладают высокой репродуктивной совместимостью преимущественно на α1-уровне; в) выявлены 4 северо-американских образца, включая сортовой, образующие гибриды с евроазиатскими на α2-уровне, из них наивысшей совместимостью обладал образец PI-432403 (Монтана); г) многочисленные находки отдельных особей и микропопуляций Е. trachycaulus в северной части Евразии могут объясняться заносным путем распространения вида от одного из кормовых сортов.

Hemic hypoxia influence on lipid profile and vasodilating endothelial function in iron-deficiency anemias was studied in 35 patients. Blood lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, blood antioxidant potential, and vasodilating endothelial function were assessed. Anemia, regardless of its etiology, was characterized by antiatherogenic lipid profile dynamics, antioxidant stress, and endothelial dysfunction development, that could be regarded as severe vascular dysfunction predictor. Anemic syndrome severity plays an important role in the development of metabolic dysbalance and endothelial dysfunction.

The aim of the study was to investigate remodeling and stiffness of elastic and muscle-type arterial walls in elderly arterial hypertension (ElAH) patients, in comparison with their relatively healthy peers. The study included 66 ElAH patients and 28 age- and gender-matched controls, with normal blood pressure (BP) levels. Ultrasound examination of brachial and common carotid arteries was performed; ultrasound vascular anatomy and stiffness parameters (pulse wave velocity, Yung and Peterson modules, circumference tension) were assessed. In ElAH, increased arterial stiffness, due to its active and passive components, was observed for both elastic and muscle-type arteries. In ElAH patients, carotid artery remodeling was more advanced than that for brachial artery. The most sensitive parameter of muscle-type artery remodeling was wall: lumen ratio.

Introduction. One of the most important methodological conditions for the growth of technical skills in volleyball already at the early stages of long-term training is the relationship between the structure of movements and the level of development of physical qualities and abilities. Compliance of the level of physical fitness of an athlete with the parameters of his sports equipment possession is the most important condition for an effective method of technical training in volleyball. The article presents the results of a study aimed at the implementation of training programs for the technical training of 9-10 year old volleyball players. Purpose: to develop and experimentally test the effectiveness of exercise complexes for the development of physical and psychomotor abilities of young volleyball players (muscle strength of the hand and phalanges of the fingers, the speed of contraction of the muscles of the hands, the ability to differentiate muscle tension, etc.), which are of decisive importance in the process of technical training of athletes at the initial stage. Methodology. The following methods were used in the study: generalization and analysis of literary sources; pedagogical testing; biomedical; pedagogical observation; statistical data processing. Results. The conducted research confirmed the put forward hypothesis that the development of technical elements in volleyball already at the early stages of training is determined by the proper level of development of special physical qualities and abilities. At the end of the pedagogical experiment using the new methodology, volleyball players from the experimental group significantly outperformed the athletes from the control group in almost all parameters of technical readiness. Application area. The developed sets of exercises can be used by sports teachers when compiling work programs within the framework of basic and additional education at the Volleyball course.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to study the reserves of thermal coal in Eastern Siberia to identify predictive criteria for their use. The main aim of the research is to assess the available resources of thermal coals in the region while allocating resources of low-quality and local coals and the prospects and restrictions for their use for energy needs. Objects: coal deposits, balance reserves, local coals, supply trends and prospects for the use of coals from Eastern Siberia, projects for the construction of energy facilities on coal. Methods: methods of system analysis: classification, structuring and restructuring, analysis, formalization and concretization. Results. The place of coals of Eastern Siberia in the structure of fuel consumption in Russia is shown. An assessment of the resources of low-quality and local coals and the possibilities of their use for energy needs has been made. Analysis of trends in the consumption of thermal coal in Eastern Siberia showed a slight increase in supplies to power plants with relatively stable supplies to other consumers. At the same time, about 30 % of the total volume of supplies to power plants is supplied outside Eastern Siberia. The potential level of coal resources available in the future for the needs of the energy sector was calculated. It is about 400 million tons/year. The demand for resources for the energy sector, both at present and in the future, is significantly lower than the mining opportunities. In the future, the most demanded direction for the use of coal will remain energy, mainly thermal power plants. The region of Eastern Siberia belongs to infrastructure-rarefied systems, and when analyzing the balance reserves of steam coal, a category of local ones was identified. Their feature is their remoteness from settlements and transport communications. The assessment of the prospects for the involvement of local coals in the economic turnover was carried out. The use of local and low-grade coals is only possible in boiler houses and small thermal power plants, where competition with other types of fuel, including imported coal, is minimal. According to the authors' calculations, the possible supply corridor for East Siberian coal is determined by the variant of economic development. The lower limit, compared to the level of 2019, corresponds to a slight increase in supplies, and the upper one – more than twofold, only due to the commissioning of thermal power plants for the export of electricity. Estimated volumes of coal consumption by export CHPPs can range from 35 to 50 million tons. The region's thermal coal production potential significantly exceeds the demand for the upper limit of the possible supply corridor. The results of the analysis of the thermal coal resources of Eastern Siberia show their reliability in the long term as a source of fuel for thermal power plants and for the needs of coal chemistry.

In this study, an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, was used to prepare ionogels with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and halloysite (Hal). SEM, XRD, TG, DSC, FTIR spectroscopy, conductometry and mechanical tests were used to study the morphology, structure, thermal behaviour and electrophysical and mechanical characteristics of synthesised ionogels. XRD analysis showed a slight decrease in the interlayer space of halloysite in ionogels containing MCC, which may have been associated with the removal of residual water molecules resulting from hydrophilic IL anions and polymer macromolecules. A change in conductivity and glass-transition temperature of the ionic liquid was revealed due to intercalation into halloysite (a confinement effect) and modification with cellulose. For triple IL/Hal/MCC ionogels, the characteristic thermal degradation temperatures were higher than the corresponding values for IL/Hal composites. This indicates that the synthesised IL/Hal/MCC ionogels are characterised by a greater thermal stability than those of IL/Hal systems.