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The present study aims to find out the noise and vibration & compatibility of OPO (orange peel oil) in the common rail direct injection engine. Various injection strategies like FIP (fuel injection pressure), pilot mass, pilot injection timing, and engine speed are examined at idling mode using the design of experiments software. The obtained results are post-processed and computed in the form of perturbation and surface plots based on RSM (response surface methodology) and analysis of variance. Considering the trade-off with combustion parameters, the engine speed is found to be more responsible for crank level vibrations while FIP created more influence in head level vibrations. OPO B20 (20% OPO + 80% diesel by volume) injected 28° CA bTDC (before top dead centre) is predicted to be optimum by using RSM. In the case of diesel fuel, vibrations at the head level show a noticeable increase in all three directions as the FIP is raised. However, when using a OPO B20, the vibrations primarily in the z-direction are significantly affected by the FIP changes. Additionally, for OPO B20 fuel at idling operation, the pilot mass of 20%, engine speed at 979 rpm, and a fuel injection pressure of 300 bar are the optimal setting condition to achieve favourable characteristics of combustion, vibration and noise.

This paper aims to investigate new coincidence point theorems for self‐maps under an extended rational contraction. Our approach uses the p‐adic distance in partially ordered ultrametric spaces. Furthermore, to illustrate our major discoveries, we give a comprehensive numerical analysis. This study expands on prior research in partially ordered ultrametric spaces to provide a more comprehensive understanding of such spaces using rational contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate eutectic liquid-based emulsion-like dispersions for intratympanic injections to augment cinnarizine permeability across round window membrane in a healthy rabbit inner ear model. Methods: Two-tier systematic optimization was used to get the injection formula. The drug concentrations in perilymph and plasma were analyzed via. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method after 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-min post intratympanic injection time points in rabbits. Results: A shear-thinning behavior, immediate drug release (∼98.80%, 10 min) and higher cell viability (>97.86%, 24 h) were observed in dispersions. The cinnarizine level of 8168.57 ± 1236.79 ng/ml was observed in perilymph at 30 min post intratympanic injection in rabbits. Conclusion: The emulsion-like dispersions can augment drug permeability through round window membrane. Article highlights Intratympanic injections containing cinnarizine-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was prepared using camphor-menthol (1:0.97 molar ratio) eutectic liquid. The formula for preparing cinnarizine-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was obtained by applying linear (response surface methodology) and non-linear (artificial neural network) models. The optimized cinnarizine-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was prepared as per the formula suggested by the non-linear model. The MPS, PDI, ZP and drug amount in whole dispersions values of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions were 175.40 ± 5.20 nm, 0.245 ± 0.018, 43.20 ± 3.30 mV and 72.37 ± 5.67% w/v, respectively. The DEE, pH and osmolality values of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions prepared using the optimized formula were 96.50 ± 0.44%, 7.40 ± 0.07 and 299 ± 42.29 mOsm/kg H2O, respectively. The emulsion-like dispersions were found to be shear thinning (0.1 to 100 s-1 shear rate) and was not affected by coalescence and Ostwald ripening till 90 days at 25°C. The MTT test results performed in L-929 cells displayed cell viability values of more than 97.86% for all tested concentrations of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions. The presence of cinnarizine in perilymph and plasma of healthy rabbit inner ear model after intratympanic administration of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was checked using a UPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical method. The intratympanic administration of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions displayed cinnarizine concentrations of 470.10 to 8168.57 ng/ml in perilymph for 30–120 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to introduce a new mixed type quadratic-additive functional equation, to obtain its general solution and to investigate Ulam stability by using Hyers method in random normed spaces.