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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the nitrogen heterocyclic analogues (N-PAHs) are known to co-exist in environmental samples. Despite the known toxicity in polluted soils, their distribution remains to be elucidated in specific regions. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution PAHs and N-PAHs in soils from the Niger Delta. Physico-chemical analysis shows that Niger Delta soils are calcic, low in cation-exchange capacity (CEC); with ƩPAHs and ƩN-PAHs ranges of 663.9–1,618,821.2 µg/kg and 488.2–3,510.3 µg/kg, respectively. The most abundant PAHs were 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene and 4,7-phenanthroline. Petrogenic-PAHs dominated the crude oil spill sites; while, pyrogenic-PAHs were abundant in drilling and gas flaring sites. Oil spill sites recorded elevated levels of N-PAHs, with 3-rings and carcinogenic-N-PAHs showing dominance. Furthermore, ƩPAHs and ƩN-PAHs in the oil rich region exceeded the Alberta and Canadian soil quality guidelines and, are also higher than PAHs/N-PAHs studies in literature. Risk assessment based on Benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalency (TEQ-B[a]Peq) suggests high ecological risks. This is the first study on the occurrence and distribution of PAHs/N-PAHs in the area, and the data could serve a baseline purpose for risk assessment and remediation of contaminated sites.

A disturbance in the normal physiology of soil macroinvertebrates can cause toxic impacts and/or disruption in mechanisms and rates of respiration. In this work, respiration rates of earthworms exp...

In this study, the biodegradation of phenanthrene was investigated in newly isolated endophytic fungal strains, Fusarium sp. (KTS01), Trichoderma harzianum (LAN03), Fusarium oxysporum (KTS02), Fusarium oxysporum (LAN04), and Clonostachys rosea (KTS05). This was performed under different carbon:nitrogen ratios (10:1, 20:1, and 30:1) using different nitrogen sources (urea and malt extract and ammonium nitrate) over a 30 d incubation period in both static and agitated liquid media. The kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) mineralisation to CO

Numerous harmful chemicals are introduced every year in the environment through anthropogenic and geological activities raising global concerns of their ecotoxicological effects and decontamination strategies. Biochar technology has been recognized as an important pillar for recycling of biomass, contributing to the carbon capture and bioenergy industries, and remediation of contaminated soil, sediments and water. This paper aims to critically review the application potential of biochar with a special focus on the synergistic and antagonistic effects on contaminant-degrading microorganisms in single and mixed-contaminated systems. Owing to the high specific surface area, porous structure, and compatible surface chemistry, biochar can support the proliferation and activity of contaminant-degrading microorganisms. A combination of biochar and microorganisms to remove a variety of contaminants has gained popularity in recent years alongside traditional chemical and physical remediation technologies. The microbial compatibility of biochar can be improved by optimizing the surface parameters so that toxic pollutant release is minimized, biofilm formation is encouraged, and microbial populations are enhanced. Biocompatible biochar thus shows potential in the bioremediation of organic contaminants by harboring microbial populations, releasing contaminant-degrading enzymes, and protecting beneficial microorganisms from immediate toxicity of surrounding contaminants. This review recommends that biochar-microorganism co-deployment holds a great potential for the removal of contaminants thereby reducing the risk of organic contaminants to human and environmental health Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Applying digestate, the residue from anaerobic digestion, to soil as a replacement for inorganic fertiliser is of growing interest in agriculture. However, the impacts of different fractions of digestate on the soil carbon (C) cycle remain unclear and provide the focus for the research reported here. We examined the effects of applying whole digestate (WD) and solid digestate (SD) on carbon dioxide (CO2C) efflux, the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass C (Cmicro) and phospholipid fatty acids, alongside carbon use efficiency (CUE). A 21‐day laboratory microcosm incubation was used to investigate the impacts of digestate when applied to two grassland soils of high versus low initial nutrient content. Application rates for SD and WD were based on recommended nitrogen (N) inputs to grassland soils for these organic materials. Compared to control treatments, cumulative CO2C efflux and the concentration of DOC increased significantly after WD and SD application, although only within the low nutrient soil. Both Cmicro and the fungal‐to‐bacterial ratio increased significantly following SD application, regardless of the initial soil nutrient content. These observations are likely to reflect the larger input of C, alongside the dominance of more strongly lignified compounds, associated with SD compared to WD to achieve a constant N application rate. Our results also indicate that the two digestate fractions generated significantly different CUE. The application of SD led to increases in Cmicro and positive values of CUE, whereas decreases in Cmicro and negative values of CUE were observed following WD application. These findings emphasize the need to carefully plan the management of digestate in agricultural production systems, to minimize negative impacts on C storage within soils whilst maximizing the agronomic value derived from digestate.

The enhancement of phenanthrene catabolism in soils amended with lignocellulosic waste material (spent brewery grains) was investigated. The soils were pre-treated with five white-rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, Irpex lateus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Bjerkandera adusta). The changes in the kinetics of 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation (lag phases, the fastest rates and the overall extents) were measured in the inoculated, PAH-amended soils over time (1–100 d). Changes in the ligninolytic (laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase) and non-ligninolytic (β-glucosidase and phosphatase) enzymatic activities were also assessed. Overall results revealed that the amendment of fungal pre-treated SBG influenced the kinetics of mineralisation of 14C-phenanthrene as well as the enzymatic activities in soils. Soil inoculated with fungal pre-treated SBG caused reductions in lag phases as well as higher rates and extents of 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation in the following trend T. versicolor > B. adusta > P. chrysosporium = P. ostreatus > I. lateus. Furthermore, the extents of mineralisation generally reduced as levels of ligninolytic enzyme decreased, while the non-ligninolytic enzymes increased with soil-PAH contact time in all amendment conditions. These findings provided an insight on the potential of biological pre-treatment of waste materials for enhanced carbon, energy and nutrients on the bioactivities and biodegradation of organic pollutants which may be applicable during in situ remediations of contaminated soil.

Background Endovascular management of type B aortic dissection has been well established and accepted in the community. However, due to the lack of information on long-term outcome, endovascular management remains controversial in the setting of connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome. Although surgical repair is recommended in type B aortic dissection with connective tissue disorders, recent studies demonstrated both feasibility and safety of endovascular interventions in those patients at least short term. Purpose Single centre experience and documentation of long-term outcomes after endovascular management of aortic conditions in patients with connective tissue disorders. Methods All patients with genetic confirmation of connective tissue disorders who underwent endovascular repair of the thoracic aorta were identified and evaluated retrospectively. Perioperative, procedure-specific and follow-up data were extracted from medical records of a structured surveillance program. Results Between 2002 and 2020, 18 patients were identified having undergone TEVAR procedures and protocol follow-up. The median age was 35.5 (IQL 30.0 – 42.7), and 12 (66.7%) were males; median ACEF II score was 0.6 (IQL 0.5 – 0.925). This cohort comprised 15 (83.3%) patients with genetically confirmed Marfan syndrome, two (11.1%) with Loeys-Dietz, and one (5.6%) with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Of these, 13 (72.2%) patients had undergone aortic root or aortic root/ascending aorta replacement independently in the past. The indication for a TEVAR procedure was seen in one case for degenerative aneurysmal disease (5.6%), in one case for elephant trunk stenosis (5.6%), in five cases for residual aortic dissection (27.8%), and in 11 cases for new type B dissection (61.1%). The most frequently used stent-graft was Valiant™ (Medtronic) in 10 cases (55.6%), followed by TAG® (Gore®) in four cases (22.2%), Zenith® (COOK®) in two cases (11.1%), and for Relay® (Bolton) and Sinus-XL® (Optimed) in one case each (5.6%). The average total covered length was 192.2±40.2 mm. Median follow-up duration was 77.5 months (IQR 35.8 - 131); three (16.7%) cases revealed failure of TEVAR and led to conversion to open surgery. Two patients (11.1%) had died including one patient in the perioperative phase. At the last follow-up, complete thrombosis of the false lumen was observed in 14 cases (82.3%), and 15 cases (88.2%) showed no aortic expansion or progression during the follow-up period resulting in an overall endovascular success rate of 72.2%. Conclusion Thoracic endovascular aortic repair can be performed for selected patients with connective tissue disorders at relatively low long-term mortality and morbidity. With improved devices and technical skills, mid- and long-term surveillance revealed promising outcomes and a low rate of aneurysmal degeneration. Structured surveillance remains crucial to detect emerging late complications and to accumulate more long-term data. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

7 páginas.- 1 figura.- 3 tablas.- 47 referencias.- Supplementary data to this article can be found online athttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150025, There is a strong need for certified reference materials in the quality assurance of nonionic soil contaminant bioavailability estimations through physicochemical methods. We applied desorption extraction, a method recently standardized as ISO16751, to determine the bioavailable concentration of the most commonly regulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), in the reference industrial soil BCR-524 with a certified BaP total concentration of 8.60 mg kg−1. This concentration represented BaP levels found in many PAH-polluted soils. The method, based on single-point extraction of the analyte desorbed into the aqueous phase by a receiving phase (Tenax or cyclodextrin), was applied ten times. The data fulfilled highly demanding quality criteria based on recovery and repeatability. The bioavailable BaP concentration detected through Tenax extraction, 1.82 mg kg−1, was comparable to bioavailable concentrations determined in field-contaminated soils and to environmental quality standards based on previously observed total BaP concentrations. There was good agreement (Student's t-test, P ≤ 0.05) with the bioavailable BaP concentration determined by cyclodextrin extraction (1.53 mg kg−1). The methods were extended to four other certified 4- and 5-ringed PAHs for comparative purposes. We suggest ways of improving of the ISO16751 standard related to further systematic assessment of the Tenax-to-soil ratio and incorporation of mass balances. Furthermore, BCR-524 is suitable for quality-assurance protocols with these methods when used in site-specific risk assessments of PAH-polluted environments., We would like to thank the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2016-77497-R) and Science and Innovation (PID2019-109700RB-C21) for supporting this work.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the nitrogen-containing analogues (N-PAHs) and lead 210 (210Pb) were measured in 2-cm interval core segments from Bodo Creek to evaluate impact of oil pollution in the waterbody. PAHs and N-PAHs were measured by gas chromatography analysis with mass spectrometry detection, and 210Pb activity concentration was determined by alpha spectrometry measurement. Data shows that ƩPAHs and ƩN-PAHs ranged from 12,774.3–18,470.2 µg/kg and 524.0–672.2 µg/kg, respectively. Concentrations were found to increase with increase in depth (cm). Petrogenic PAHs predominated the surface sediment (with elevated levels of 2,3,6-trimethyl-naphthalene, phenanthrene and 1-methyl-phenanthrene), while pyrogenic-PAHs dominated the deeper segments (with high levels of pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[k]fluoranthene). For N-PAHs, benzo[h]quinoline, 4,7-phenanthroline and benzo[a]acridine recorded high values. Chemicals comparison with values measured from Bonny Estuary revealed greater PAHs contamination in the estuary, while N-PAHs recorded elevated values in the creek. 210Pb activity concentration in the creek showed relatively low activity compared to the estuary, and similar distribution with the aromatic hydrocarbons. The measured hydrocarbons were high and exceeded the Canadian sediment quality guidelines. However, there are concerns over toxic ratios > 70% and radioactivity (EPR-D-values) > 3 – 4.E ± 01 Bq measured in the polluted creek. This gives insight on the level of radioactivity, PAHs, N-PAHs and PAHs toxic ratios in Bodo creek which would be useful in future remediation studies and/or monitoring the ability of sediments to recover under natural conditions.

The present study combined two nutrient management strategies to improve the marketability of a waste-derived fertilizer: (a) isolation of ammoniacal nitrogen and (b) preparation of a bulk soil amendment. The wood fly ash with low content of pollutants was added to an agrowaste anaerobic digestate as alkaline stabilizer, which promoted the volatilization of ammonia and adsorption processes, and as nutrient supplement. The 39.71 ± 1.44 g blend was incubated for 60 hours at 20°C and 100 rpm in a closed chamber (250-mL Schott Duran® bottle) with a 5.21 ± 0.10 mL sulfuric acid trap of 10 different concentrations (0.11, 0.21, 0.32, 0.43, 0.54, 0.64, 0.75, 0.86, 0.96, and 1.07 mol/L). For analytical purposes, the sulfuric acid, water-soluble, and water-insoluble fractions of the blend were isolated after the incubation. The 1.07 mol/L sulfuric acid solution contained 23.69 ± 5.72 % more of ammonical nitrogen than the 0.11 mol/L solutions. However, in all cases the amount of nitrogen in the H2SO4 compartment was lower than the one in the water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. Only the 15.52 ± 2.13 % of the nitrogen accounted after the incubation was found in the H2SO4 trap. The bottleneck of the NH3 stripping process was the rate of mass transfer at the interface between the blended fertilizer and the headspace of the closed chamber. The organic phosphorus was more susceptible to be adsorbed during the alkaline treatment with non-intrusive acidification than the nitrogen and carbon. Activation of the ash as adsorbent before mixing with the digestate should improve the properties of the blend as slow release fertilizer, since more nutrients would end in the water-insoluble fraction.

The addition of wood fly ash to an agrowaste anaerobic digestate has been proposed for improving the carbon to nutrient ratio of the soil organic amendment (C/N/P < 100/10/1). The ash-based treatment also aimed to improve properties of the anaerobic digestate as controlled-release fertilizer by decreasing the availability of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Treated (39.86 ± 0.94 g) and untreated (33.51 ± 0.84 g) digestates were incubated for 7 h at 20 °C and 100 rpm, in a 250-mL chamber with a 0.11 M sulfuric acid trap of 4.38 ± 0.02 mL. By the end of the incubation, the blend of 13.12 ± 2.87% ash and 86.88 ± 2.87% digestate released 8.95 ± 2.19 times more ammonia than the digestate alone. This was in agreement with the lower content of water-soluble ammoniacal nitrogen in the treated digestate (93.35 ± 21.00 mg/kg) than in the digestate incubated without the addition of the ash (357.64 ± 54.10 mg/kg). As per the very low levels of water-soluble nitric nitrogen found in the treated (0.16 ± 0.05 mg/kg) and the untreated (0.06 ± 0.02 mg/kg) digestate, the emissions of nitrous oxide were discarded. The availability of carbon increased 1.43 ± 0.82 times and the availability of phosphorus decreased approximately 100 times due to the addition of the ash to the digestate. The ash-based treatment was successful in improving the C/N/P of the digestate from 121.51 ± 57.18/9.94 ± 4.21/1 to 42.05 ± 9.88/2.48 ± 0.58/1.

The impact of digestate and fresh animal manure (with and without ash) on soil fertility, carrot productivity, and metal uptake from soil to carrot was studied. Ash might contain high concentrations of metals. Since the impact of fiber and whole digestate with ash, on plant growth and metal uptake, remains unclear, their suitability as alternatives to inorganic fertilizer was assessed. Soil treatments included animal manure (AM), whole digestate (WD), fiber digestate (FD), animal manure with ash (AM+A), whole digestate with ash (WD+A), fiber digestate with ash (FD+A), inorganic fertilizer (positive control), and unamended (negative control). Impacts on soil properties were assessed initially and after a 6-week incubation, with plant morphometry and elemental composition, including nutrient and potential toxic element (PTE) uptake, determined. Performance of WD on carrot productivity was better than FD and AM. There was an overall positive effect of wood ash on the soil resulting in higher concentrations of all major elements. However, ash treatments had lower uptake and transfer factors of the metals while IF treatment had the highest transfer factors for Cr (16.3) and Ni (12.2). Also, based on carrot productivity, addition of wood ash mainly improved the performance of FD, having a slightly negative effect on AM. Despite the higher concentrations of trace metals in wood ash, it did not significantly increase the uptake of PTEs. The digestates and wood ash mixture had a positive effect on bioavailability of heavy metals in carrot plant and therefore can be a sustainable alternative amendment for root crops.

In this study, an investigation was carried out to explore the the impact of white-rot fungi (WRF) on enhancing the development of phenanthrene catabolism in soil over time (1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 d). The WRF were immobilised on spent brewery grains (SBG) prior to inoculation to the soil. The results showed that SBG-immobilised WRF-amended soils reduced the lag phases and increased the extents of

Handling of food waste and agro-industrial waste digestates, and fly and bottom wood ashes represents an economic and environmental problem for society and industries where they are produced due to the requirement of large capacity storage facilities with special conditions. Since both materials contain important nutrients for crops, two different blending combinations were examined as potential slow-release fertilizers to enhance the circular economy. High share of biomass ashes were selected aiming the chemical alkaline stabilization of the digestates. The concentrations of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus in the water-soluble extract of the blends, which was obtained by adding ten parts of milli-Q® per each part of sample and subsequent solid–liquid separation, were measured during a 10-h incubation at 22 °C and 100 rpm. The volatilization of ammonia was the main route of losing nitrogen, with the greatest rate of volatilization at the time of blending and approximately 50 mg NH3-N/kg blend/hour by the end of the incubation. The hydrolysis taking place at alkaline pH was found responsible of the conversion of organic nitrogen to ammoniacal nitrogen and of the increase of the amount of water-soluble carbon, which rose progressively during the incubation. The release of CO2 was prevented by the high pH (> 10) of the blends. The drop in the concentration of water-soluble orthophosphate at the time of preparing the mixtures was driven by adsorption onto the ashes. The desorption of some of the orthophosphate was found to be inversely related to the amount of ashes added to the digestates. Graphic Abstract

This study investigated the extractability, bioaccessibility and biodegradation of 14C-phenanthrene and 14C-octacosane in two soils from former oil refinery facilities over 341 days. The impact of biostimulation and bioaugmentation treatments was also evaluated. At 0, 31, 62, 124 and 341 days, the loss and extractability (using dichloromethane, methanol:water and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD)) of the 14C-hydrocarbons were measured. Further at each time point, the mineralisation of the 14C-hydrocarbons was measured respirometrically under the different conditions. In general, extractions with methanol: water and HPCD were similar for both hydrocarbons in the different treatments; however, these values were less that those measured with DCM. Overall, significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) amounts of 14C-phenanthrene were lost, readily extracted and mineralised in the soils, with treatments having little impact upon the degradation of this hydrocarbon over 341 days. Conversely, bioaugmentation significantly increased the loss of 14C-octacosane residues from soils and sustained degradation after 31 days. Surprisingly, HPCD and methanol:water both under-predicted the extent to which the contaminants were degraded at each time point. Determining the likelihood of effective biodegradation by the stimulation of indigenous microorganisms or through bioaugmentation needs to be assessed by both chemical and biological measurements of bioaccessibility, rather than just by that which is totally extractable from soil. However, soils which have high loadings of organic matter and/or organic contaminants may prevent accurate assessment of contaminant bioaccessibility, as measured by HPCD.

Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) related bone disease is a common extra-pulmonary complication associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). It is common practice to undertake routine assessment of BMD using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Andrade et al. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(6):1900066 showed a significant positive correlation (r 0.74, p Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with CF who underwent thoracic CT and lumbar DXA scan within a 12-month interval. HU score was measured in thoracic vertebrae 10–12. Z-scores and BMD (g/cm-2) were recorded for lumbar vertebrae 1–4. Data were tested with Pearson correlation coefficient after normality testing with Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Data is reported as mean (SD). Results 37 paired scans from 36 patients were evaluated (Table 1). Mean BMD by DXA was 1.10 g/cm-2 (0.19) and by CT 234.89 HU (56.26). No significant correlation was observed between these methods in this group (r 0.24, p0.15). A sub-group analysis of paired scans from 27 patients who all underwent CT using identical parameters (120 kV, automatic mA modulation, CT kernel B70f) showed a moderate but significant, correlation (r 0.55, p0.003). Discussion The difference in correlation compared with Andrade et al. may be influenced by discrepancies in patient characteristics, with the pilot study reporting a mean age 16 years and median DXA z-score of 0.65. Andrade et al. set a shorter interval between DXA and CT at 3 months, whilst our study allowed 12 months. Conclusion The data presented here from an interim analysis of 36 patients does not support the use of HU as a measurement of bone density in CF. However, when standardised CT protocols are examined there is evidence of a moderate correlation. At the time of Congress we expect to share results from a five-year period, including longitudinal data for individual patients.

Fluorene, a low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is of immense environmental interest because of its carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, toxicity and persistence to microbial degradation. Existentially, there is paucity of information on PAH degradation by fungi isolated from marine environment. Therefore, this study investigated fluorene degradation efficiency of marine derived filamentous fungus, Mucor irregularis strain bpo1 (GenBank Accession Number: MK373020). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was successfully deployed in the optimization of process parameters (pH-7, temperature-32.5 °C, substrate concentration-100 mg L−1 and dry weight-2 g) resulting in 81.50% fluorene degradation on 5th day. The design and regression model were found to be statistically significant, adequate and appropriate with p < 0.0001, F value = 202.39, and predicted coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9991). Optimization of the vital constituents of the mineral salt medium (MSM) used for the study using RSM-Central Composite Design (CCD) resulted in 79.80% fluorene degradation rate. Enhanced fluorene degradation efficiency (82.50%) was recorded when the optimized process variables were subjected to growth-linked validation experiments. The enzyme activities revealed 87%, 59% and 31% induction of laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase respectively. Four metabolites; 9H-fluoren-9-one, benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol obtained after the experiment were characterized and confirmed with GC-MS analysis. The findings revealed the promising potentials of M. irregularis in PAH degradation and by extension green remediation technology. © 2020 The Authors

Biochar–soil microbiota interactions may occur within a short or long period of time after application, and the behaviour of biochar could determine their impacts on soil. In comparison, modifications in soil microbiota function, structure, biomass and/or ecosystemic function following biochar application could translate to changes in soil fertility leading to positive and/or negative impacts. Amendment of soil with biochar has been evaluated globally as a means of improving soil health, fertility and increase soil microbial biomass. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which biochar modulates soil microbial activity or implications of these interactions. This review unravels possible interactions that may occur during soil–biochar contact time and the impacts on soil microbial function. Furthermore, the paper discusses interactions between biochar and microbial groups (such as bacteria, fungi, nematode, archaea, enzymatic activities), and elucidates possible factors that may influence biochar–microbiota behaviour in the soil environment. It also considers the implications for the associated biota and feasibility of applying biochar in weathered soils and/or contaminated land remediation. Finally, the review highlights knowledge gaps and future research directions.

The indiscriminate disposal of olsalazine in the environment poses a threat to human health and natural ecosystems because of its cytotoxic and genotoxic nature. In the present study, degradation efficiency of olsalazine by the marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus aculeatus (MT492456) was investigated. Optimization of physicochemical parameters (pH. Temperature, Dry weight) and redox mediators {(2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), p-Coumaric acid and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT)} was achieved with Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-Box-Behnken Design (BBD) resulting in 89.43% removal of olsalazine on 7th day. The second-order polynomial regression model was found to be statistically significant, adequate and fit with p