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Forty years after the widespread popularization of residential condominium ownership in the United States, millions of Americans now live in aging, densely occupied structures that are subject to little (if any) ongoing regulation of structural safety. Most structural safety requirements are imposed and enforced at the time of initial construction, thus relegating questions of how to maintain a building’s structural integrity to individual owners and the mechanisms of condominium governance. However, reliance on voluntary action by unit owners too often falters because the divided ownership characteristic of the condominium form deters associations from investing in preventive maintenance. Postponement of critical repairs is especially likely when structural safety risks are neither visibly apparent nor easily understood without structural engineering expertise. But tragically, the failure to address structural deterioration can be a deadly mistake, as demonstrated by the 2021 collapse of Champlain Towers South in Surfside, Florida.This Article tackles the problem of structural deterioration in the large and growing stock of aging residential condominiums. It argues that building codes should be reformed to mandate periodic structural safety certifications, while also recognizing that regulation alone may be insufficient to ensure completion of expensive structural repairs when individual owners are unwilling or unable to pay for them. After explaining how property law’s prioritization of liens impedes condominium associations from developing innovative strategies for financing critical structural repairs, the Article proposes reforms that would incentivize the development of a debt market to enable associations to finance those repairs while allowing cash-strapped owners to remain in their homes.

The ban of antiviral drugs in food-producing animals in several parts of the world, latest by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/1644, has increased the need for food control laboratories to develop analytical methods and perform official controls. However, little is known about antiviral drugs, their use, and its analysis in food-producing animals in the EU. This review aims to provide insights into relevant viruses, antiviral drugs, and animal-derived matrices for analytical method development and monitoring purposes to implement in food control laboratories. For years, animal viruses, such as African swine fever and avian influenza, have caused many outbreaks. Besides, they led to large economic losses due to the applied control measures and a lack of available treatments. Considering these losses and the known effectiveness of authorized human antiviral drugs in different organisms, medicines such as amantadine in Chinese poultry have been misused. Various analytical methods, including screening assays and sensors (published 2016–2023), and mass spectrometry methods (published 2012–2023) have been outlined in this review for the monitoring of antiviral drugs in animal-derived matrices. However, pharmacokinetics information on metabolite formation and distribution of these substances in different animal-derived matrices is incomplete. Additionally, apart from a few countries, there is a lack of available data on the potential misuse of different antiviral drugs in animal-derived matrices. Although a handful of important antiviral drugs, such as influenza, broad-spectrum, antiretroviral, and herpes drugs, and animal-derived matrices, such as chicken muscle, are identified, the priority of the scope should be further specified by closing the aforementioned gaps.

IntroductionExtra-uterine life support technology could provide a more physiologic alternative for the treatment of extremely premature infants, as it allows further fetal growth and development ex utero. Animal studies have been carried out which involved placing fetuses in a liquid-filled incubator, with oxygen supplied through an oxygenator connected to the umbilical vessels. Hence, by delaying lung exposure to air, further lung development and maturation can take place. This medical intervention requires adjustments to current obstetric procedures to maintain liquid-filled lungs through a so-called transfer procedure.MethodsOur objective was to develop obstetric device prototypes that allow clinicians to simulate this birth procedure to safely transfer the infant from the mother's uterus to an extra-uterine life support system. To facilitate a user-centered design, implementation of medical simulation during early phase design of the prototype development was used. First, the requirements for the procedure and devices were established, by reviewing the literature and through interviewing direct stakeholders. The initial transfer device prototypes were tested on maternal and fetal manikins in participatory simulations with clinicians.Results & discussionThrough analysis of recordings of the simulations, the prototypes were evaluated on effectiveness, safety and usability with latent conditions being identified and improved. This medical simulation-based design process resulted in the development of a set of surgical prototypes and allowed for knowledge building on obstetric care in an extra-uterine life support context.

ABSTRACTThis cross-sectional study is the first to describe the prevalence of violence and poly-victimisation among 310 female sex workers (FSWs) who were cisgender in Haiphong, Viet Nam. An adapted version of the WHO-Multi-Country Study on Violence against Women Survey Instrument was administered to assess physical, sexual, economic and emotional forms of violence perpetrated by an intimate partner, paying partner/client, and/or others (e.g. relatives, police, strangers and other FSWs) during adulthood. The ACE-Q scale was administered to assess adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) before age 18 years. Our findings showed that FSWs are exposed to high rates of multiple forms of violence by multiple perpetrators. For any male client-perpetrated violence (CPV), lifetime prevalence was 70.0%, with 12-month prevalence 61.3%. Lifetime prevalence of male intimate partner violence (IPV) was 62.1%, and the 12-month prevalence was 58.2%. Lifetime and prior 12-month prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by other perpetrators (OPV) was 18.1% and 14.2%, respectively. Sixty-five percent of FSWs reported at least one type of ACE. Overall, 21.6 percent of FSWs reported having experienced all three forms of violence (IPV, CPV and OPV) in their lifetime. Policy and programme recommendations for screening and prevention of violence are needed in this setting.

ABSTRACTSatellite rainfall products (SRPs) have the potential to overcome the limitations of ground-based rainfall observations and provide an alternative to inadequately or ungauged watersheds. However, due to the relatively poor accuracy and associated uncertainties to SRPs, it is necessary to evaluate their quality and applicability for each investigated watershed. This paper evaluates the usefulness of SRPs as forcing data for hydrological modeling under different scenarios and assesses their applicability for the Kedougou, Mako and Simenti sub-basins of the Gambia River. To achieve this, the “Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier model” (GR4J) hydrological model was employed to simulate the streamflow considering four different scenarios: i) non-calibrated GR4J model run with uncorrected SRPs (Scenario 1); ii) non-calibrated model run with corrected SRPs (Scenario 2); GR4J model was calibrated and validated using uncorrected SRPs, and then they were utilized to drive the model (Scenario 3); GR4J model was calibrated and validated and then run using forcing inputs from corrected SRPs (Scenario 4). Results revealed that under Scenario 1 the SRPs performed poorly over the three sub-basins, while under scenario 2, the simulated daily streamflows showed relative improvement when run using corrected SRPs with 6 or 10 rainfall stations. Under the scenarios 3 and 4, the calibrated model provides significant improvement of the simulated streamflow with both the corrected and non-corrected SRPs. Finally, the SRPs demonstrate potential for use in watersheds where there are no rain gauges. The performance loss from scenario 4 (considered as the reference) to scenario 3 does not exceed 20%. Similarly, the performance loss from scenario 4 to scenario 2 does not exceed 50% when the SRPs are corrected using 3 and 6 rainfall stations (e.g., in the Kedougou sub-basin). Thus, they can be considered acceptable for hydrological simulations when the hydrological model is calibrated with measured streamflow.

Universities have increasingly been subjected to policy- and industry demands to produce multi- and interdisciplinary knowledge. This paper explores the extent to which different higher education policy instruments are used to promote interdisciplinarity in teaching and research at universities in the German higher education system comparing them across different federal states. Based on a manifest content analysis of higher education laws and performance agreements with universities in the 16 German states, we were able to distinguish between three types of states: Those a) with a general use of policy instruments aimed at all universities in a state, whereas considerable differences could be observed with regard to the degree of coercion (enabling versus prescriptive provisions) and scope (teaching or research), b) a directed use of policy instrument, targeting specific universities, and c) a hybrid use of policy instruments using both general and directed elements. This paper provides a novel mapping of the promotion of interdisciplinarity in German higher education policies through a variety of policy instruments and hereby contributes to the extant literature on interdisciplinarity in higher education.

Excess micromotion can be a substantial source of errors in trapped-ion based quantum processors and clocks due to the sensitivity of the internal states of the ion to external fields and motion. This problem can be fixed by compensating background electric fields in order to position ions at the RF node and minimize their driven micromotion. Here we describe techniques for compensating ion chains in scalable surface ion traps. These traps are capable of cancelling stray electric fields with fine spatial resolution in order to compensate multiple closely spaced ions due to their large number of relatively small control electrodes. We demonstrate a technique that compensates an ion chain to better than 5 V/m and within 0.1 degrees of chain rotation.

Abstract Background Angumu health zone in Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo, is a highly malaria-endemic area with an overburdened health system and hosting internally displaced persons (IDP). The World Health Organization recommends mass drug administration (MDA) for malaria in complex emergencies. Therefore, three MDA rounds were implemented by Ministry of Public Health and Médecins sans Frontières from September 2020 to January 2021 in four health areas selected for epidemiological (high malaria incidence) and logistic reasons. Reported mortality and morbidity were compared in locations where MDA has been performed and locations where it has not. Methods A non-randomized controlled population-based retrospective mortality survey was conducted in March 2021. Two-stage cluster sampling was used in villages; all IDP sites were surveyed with systematic random sampling. The main (mortality rates) and secondary (morbidity) outcomes were estimated and compared between locations where MDA had been conducted and where it had not, using mixed Poisson and binomial regression models respectively. Results Data was collected for 2554 households and 15470 individuals, of whom 721 died in the 18-month recall period. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) decreased in the locations where MDA had been implemented from 2.32 [1.48–3.16] “before” the MDA to 1.10 [0.5–1.71] deaths/10,000 children under 5 years/day “after”, whereas it remained stable from 2.74 [2.08–3.40] to 2.67 [1.84–3.50] deaths/10,000 children/day in the same time periods in locations where MDA had not been implemented. The U5MR and malaria-specific mortality was significantly higher in non-MDA locations after MDA was implemented (aRR = 2.17 [1.36–3.49] and 2.60 [1.56–4.33], respectively, for all-cause and malaria-specific mortality among children