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Waste rock materials are becoming widely used in road pavement and building constructions in many countries. In this work, experimental laboratory tests were carried out on the waste rock produced from the extraction of the phosphate in the Kef-Essenoun mine, to study the performance of road pavement foundations built with these types of material. Two types of waste, namely phosphatic limestone (type 1) and limestone (type 2), were initially tested to determine the most suitable one to be used in pavement structures. The characterization tests showed that the presence of carbonate-fluorapatite and carbonate-fluorapatite, and calcite, dolomite, and quartz are predominant in phosphatic limestone and limestone, respectively. The Los Angeles Abrasion (LA) and Micro-Deval (MD) values range from 59.9% to 90.4% and 42.05% to 86.31% for phosphatic limestone and from 43.64% to 95.88% and 38.25% to 75% for limestone. The CBR values of type 1 and type 2 waste were found to be 10.5% and 18.7% respectively. The results show that these materials, classified as B42ts and B42s respectively, could be used cautiously in capping layers and pavement backfilling materials. Furthermore, they must be treated with a hydraulic binder such as cement in order to improve their physical and mechanical properties.

This thesis integrates the general framework of the scientific research theme of the laboratory of hydrometallurgy and molecular inorganic chemistry ex valorization of ores of the USTHB. The work concerns the valorization of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) contained in secondary resources, in particular mining by-products and end-of-life electronic equipment, by innovative and low-cost processes. This work deals with the feasibility of separation techniques for the recovery of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) from an industrial waste resulting from the exploitation of phosphate ores of "Djebel Onk" in the eastern region of Tebessa in Algeria and electronic waste after leaching leading to solutions enriched in rare earth elements followed by an extraction using organophosphorus extractants and/or membrane processes. Samples labelled T1 to T7 of apatite ore from Djebel Onk (Tébessa, Algeria) were provided by the company Somiphos. Based on the analyses that were performed on all samples, sample T1 was selected in this study as containing the highest content of REEs. The solid residues were first leached with three different inorganic acids (HNO3, H2SO4, and H3PO4) at various concentrations and leaching times in an attempt to achieve the optimal parameters. The results of the leaching tests show a very high yield of REEs with HNO3 acid of 3N concentration during 24h, then a liquid-liquid extraction was implemented with two exctactants TOPO and D2EHPA and micro flotation tests using sodium oleate and alkylhydroxylamine as collectors under different conditions. Significant phosphate recovery rates were obtained. In addition, a series of membranes were synthesized or modified (NF270, NF90, NP030 and SB90) with the prospect of being used for rare earth separation. All the elaborated membranes have been characterized. The results obtained allow us to propose a protocol to valorize the REEs contained in the secondary resources. The NF90 membrane modified by PEI/PDA for 48h allowed the best purification yields to be obtained.; Cette thèse intègre le cadre général de la thématique de recherche scientifique du laboratoire d’hydrométallurgie et chimie inorganique moléculaire ex valorisation des minerais de l’USTHB. Le travail concerne la valorisation des éléments de terres rares lourds (ETRLs) contenus dans les ressources secondaires notamment les sous-produits miniers et les équipements électroniques en fin de vie par des procédés innovants et peu coûteux. Ce travail porte sur la faisabilité des techniques de séparation pour la valorisation des éléments de terres rares lourds (ETRLs) à partir d'un déchet industriel issu de l'exploitation des minerais de phosphate de "Djebel Onk" dans la région de Tébessa à l’Est de l’Algérie et les déchets électroniques après lixiviation menant à des solutions enrichies en éléments de terres rares suivie d’une extraction en utilisant des extractants organophosphorés et/ou des procédés membranaires. Des échantillons libellés de T1 jusqu’à T7 du minerai d'apatite provenant de Djebel Onk (Tébessa, Algérie) ont été fournis par la société Somiphos. D’après les analyses qui ont été effectuées sur tous les échantillons, l'échantillon T1 a été sélectionné dans cette étude car contenant la plus forte teneur en ETRs. Les résidus solides ont été d'abord lixiviés avec trois différents acides inorganiques (HNO3, H2SO4 et H3PO4) à des concentrations et des temps de lixiviation variés dans le but d’atteindre les paramètres optimaux. Les résultats des essais de lixiviation montrent un rendement très élevé d’ETRs avec l’acide HNO3 de concentration 3N durant 24h, ensuite une extraction liquide-liquide a été mise en œuvre avec deux exctactants TOPO et D2EHPA et des essais de micro flottaison en utilisant l’oléate de sodium et l’alkylhydroxylamine comme collecteurs dans différentes conditions. D’importants taux de récupération des phosphates ont été obtenus. Par ailleurs, une série de membranes ont été synthétisées ou modifiées (NF270, NF90, NP030 et SB90) dans la perspective d’être utilisées pour la séparation entre terres rares. Toutes les membranes élaborées ont été caractérisées. Les résultats obtenus permettent de proposer un protocole valorisant les ETRs contenus dans les ressources secondaires. La membrane NF90 modifiée par PEI/PDA pendant 48h a permis l’obtention des meilleurs rendements de purification.

Environmental problems on a global scale have become more prominent with the population growth. For the removal of organic contaminants, the solar energy and environmentally friendly photocatalysis are needed to substitute the fossil fuels. In this contribution, we report the synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic capability of CuAl2O4 nanoparticles. The spinel was elaborated by nitrate route and characterized physically and electrochemically for their correlations and application in photocatalysis through the degradation of Basic Red 46 (BR 46), a hazardous dye under visible illumination. The effects of several operational factors like the pH, catalyst dose and initial dye BR 46 concentration were optimized. The results revealed that the photocatalytic performance reached 93% at pH 10, 1 g/L of catalyst dose at a concentration of 10 mg/L of BR 46 within 120 min of irradiation. The quasi-total mineralization was confirmed by the total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Additionally, the prepared photocatalyst possesses a good cyclability with no significant change after five successive photocatalytic cycles. Furthermore, the radical scavenger tests revealed that the specie O2·− and the holes h+ have the significant effects on the removal of BR 46. Based on the latest results, a photocatalytic mechanism was proposed.

International audience; Herein, the synthesis, optical, and electrochemical characteristics of the spinel CuAl2O4 synthesized by co-precipitation are the focus of this research. As per to the X-ray diffraction (XRD), the obtained sample crystallizes in a cubic symmetry (SG: fd-3m) with a lattice constant of 8.0790 Å. The TEM image revealed spherical nanoparticles with an average build of ∼9 nm and d-spacing of 0.248 nm of the reticular the planes (3 1 1), suggesting the formation of the CuAl2O4 crystalline structure. The optical and dielectric constants, including the extinction coefficient (k), refractive index n (λ), optical conductivity (σopt), dissipation factor (tan δ) and relaxation time (τ) were determined based on diffuse reflectance. The (C−2 - E) graph, plotted in Na2SO4 showed that CuAl2O4, is feature of n-type conduct with a flat band potential of 0.42 VRHE. The EIS spectroscopy displays a semicircle feature with the presence of a constant phase element (CPE) and a bulk resistance of 558 Ω cm2 that lowers to 462.7 Ω cm2 under visible irradiation. As application, the catalytic performance of CuAl2O4 was examined in the breakdown of Methyl violet dye (MV) under sunlight. Within 3 h, an abatement of 89% was obtained, and the oxidation of MV (10 mg/L) follows a first-order kinetic model with a half-life of 82 min. The catalyst can be reused without loss of activity for the first four cycles where •OH and •O2− are accountable of the MV oxidation. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

The spinel MgFe2O4 synthesized by sol gel method, was characterized by physical and electrochemical methods. The thermal analysis (TG) gives an optimal synthesis temperature of 650 °C where the X-ray diffraction pattern exhibits a single phase crystallizing in a cubic symmetry (Space Group: Fd $$\stackrel{-}{3}$$ m) with spherical crystallites (~ 0.45 µm). The morphology observed through the SEM image shows elliptical and spherical grains of ~ 0.8 µm. The spinel possesses a direct optical transition (2.16 eV) due to electrons transfer Fe3+: d−d transition, coming from the crystal field splitting in agreement with the red color. The low electrons mobility is assigned to a narrow conduction band of Fe3+: 3d parentage with activation energy (0.14 eV) in conformity with a conduction mechanism by small polaron hopping. The semi-logarithmic plot confirms the chemical stability of oxide. Unlike other spinels, the capacitance plot exhibits n type conduction confirmed by chrono-amperometry with a flat band potential (Efb) of 0.27 V. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy displays a semi-circle attributed to the bulk behavior. As application, the photodegradation of methylene blue (10 mg L− 1) was successfully on the spinel suspension; 87% are eliminated after 2 h of exposure to sunlight irradiation.

This chapter aims to address the marketing information system MIS and its role in the face of marketing crises, especially in light of the ongoing changes and what needs him to current information about the surrounding environment. The study concluded that the marketing information system MIS plays an active role in the management of the marketing crisis by properly exploiting the huge amount provided by big data of classified data, and stored according to a database that helps to speed the flow to allow for the response of these crises and predict.

International audience; Nickel is a hazardous metal with a harmful effect on the health and environment. In this work, the photocatalytic reduction of Ni2+ was examined onto the hetero-system CoMn2O4/TiO2 under visible light irradiation. The spinel CoMn2O4 is prepared by co-precipitation and characterized in detail to correlate its structural, textural, morphological, compositional, optical and photoelectrochemical features. The effects of pH, catalyst dose and Ni2+ concentration were optimized. The Ni2+ reduction increased with decreasing both the catalyst dose and pH. The highest performance was obtained at pH 7.4, a catalyst dose of 1 g/L and Ni2+ concentration of 10 mg L-1 with a removal abatement of 88% after 180 min irradiation. The data were suitably fitted by the pseudo-first-order kinetic reaction with an apparent constant of 0.027 min(-1). Besides, the durability and the stability of the hetero-system CoMn2O4/TiO2 were evaluated by four consecutive catalytic cycles.

International audience; Rare earths are critical elements in our modern societies and the ever-increasing demand raises fears of supply risks in the coming years. This work dealt with the feasibility of extracting rare earth elements (REEs) from an industrial waste product from the exploitation of phosphate ores of “Djebel Onk” in Tébessa eastern region of Algeria. The solid residue was first leached at room temperature with three different inorganic acids (HNO3, H2SO4 and H3PO4) at various concentrations and leaching times. It was possible to recover almost 100% of La, Ce, Eu, Gd and Y with HNO3 3 N in 24 h. However, only about 10% of Yb were leached. The leachates were further treated with two organophosphorous extractants, trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) at various concentrations in chloroform. A virtually total extraction of Eu, Gd, Y and Yb was achieved with TOPO at 0.3 M. The extraction efficiency of light rare earth elements (LREEs), La and Ce, was only 38 and 55%, respectively. Very good selectivities between heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), and LREEs as well as between medium rare earth elements (MREEs) and LREEs were obtained but TOPO was unable to selectively separate HREEs from MREEs. Although D2EHPA led to lower REEs extraction efficiency than TOPO, it showed interesting performance for the selective separation of REEs into three fractions corresponding to LREEs (La and Ce), MREEs (Eu and Gd) and HREEs (Y and Yb).

In this paper, an experimental facility is implemented with the aim of improving the performance of internal combustion engines working at low ambient temperatures. Pollutant emissions and fuel consumption are one of the major issues that automotive engineers have to face. Cold engine start and warming up analysis have become important topics for researches. In this work, an exhaust heat recovery system for a diesel engine has been proposed as a solution to cold operation negative effects. The energy obtained from the exhaust gases was used to increase the intake air temperature. The experiments were carried out in transient load conditions at three different levels of ambient temperature (up to -7ºC). Exhaust heat recovery was combined with different strategies of exhaust gas recirculation. Intake air heating results with the heat recovery system show a reduction of 65% in unburned hydrocarbons, 40% in carbon monoxide and 10% in fuel use compared to standard air-air intercooler., This research has been partially financed by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain, through project IPT-370000-2010-022 'Investigacion y desarrollo de tecnologias de EGR adaptadas a las nuevas arquitecturas y requerimientos de refrigeracion en motores diesel sobrealimentados para automocion (HIREFIRE)'. The authors gratefully appreciate this support. Authors want to acknowledge the "Apoyo para la investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID)" grant for doctoral studies (FPI S2 2015 1062).

Polyethersulfone (PES) was successfully sulfonated by sulfuric acid and used for membrane synthesis. Silica nanoparticles were functionalized by amine and thiol groups and then introduced in a sulfonated polyethersulfone membrane (SPES) matrix. The effect of silica and functionalized silica particles on ion exchange of lead ion (Pb2+) and cadmium ion (Cd2+) was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis were used to confirm the successful functionalization of silica particles and the effective incorporation of silica and the functionalized silica particles in the membranes matrix. The dialysis process during 8 h,using the SPES-SiO2-(CH2)3-NH2 membrane, leads to a significant elimination rate of Pb2+and Cd2+ ions estimated at 43.2% and 31.6%, respectively. whereas a selective separation of Pb2+ from feed (Pb2+/Cd2+) solution was observed at 2 h of dialysis. On the other hand, the SPES-SiO2-(CH2)3-SH membrane adsorbs more Cd2+ than Pb2+ ions, which represents another outcome for Pb2+/ Cd2+ separation.

This investigation is consecrated to the influence of the shape and curvature radius of the made of steel electrodes on the maximal values of the applied electric field, enabling thus to establish a relation between the minimum approach distance and the shape of the tools used in the pertinent high voltage working area. The obtained results are of a great importance for accurately dimensioning the safety Minimum Approach Distances (MAD) for future live works that can be performed with non normalized tools.

The purpose of this article is to develop an integral derived from the double transfer and excitation theory. The reduced form of this integral, so obtained, can serve in the computation of the transition amplitude which is from numerical point of view difficult to implement. This amplitude is of great interest in the resonant and non resonant transfer and excitation (RTE and NTE) processes.

Current diesel engines are struggling to achieve exhaust emissions regulations margins, in certain cases penalizing the fuel consumption. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) continues to be employed as a technique to reduce NOx emissions. EGR dispersion between cylinders is one important issue when a high pressure (HP) loop is used. Different techniques have been developed in order to analyze the EGR dispersion between cylinders in an engine test bench. In this paper a methodology using the in-cylinder pressure was developed. The in-cylinder pressure was used to calculate a heat release law and combustion parameters that were used to analyze the EGR dispersion between cylinders. Engine test measurements at three different engine speeds and with three different HP-EGR configurations were performed in order to assess the developed analysis methodology. NOx emissions and fuel consumption were also compared between the different HP-EGR configurations to complete the analysis. The developed methodology was successfully used in three different operating conditions for three different HP-EGR configurations, showing the relation between the decrease in EGR dispersion between cylinders and the decrease in NOx emissions, while maintaining and, in some points, improving the fuel consumption.

This paper deals with the generalized integral quadratic method (called GIQ) to the system of Volterra integral equations. The linear treatment of the system as well as the nonlinear treatment have been developed. The numerical examples are also presented.