Search

Introduction: Professional burnout is a state of mental exhaustion and it is a passive reaction caused by chronic occupational stress that is not properly managed. Physician burnout is more prevalent than in the general population, particularly among residents. The aim of this study is to investigate burnout among the residents of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 214 residents of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, in 2022-2023 based on the Maslach Burnout Questionnaire. Residents were categorized into no, moderate and severe burnout groups using rates of 33% and 66%. Residents’ career choices, including their decision to enter the medical field and choose a specialty, as well as their priorities were also surveyed. Results: A total of 151 residents participated in this study (70.5%) with the mean age of 31.91±5.02 years. The mean burnout score was 51.25±26.97. Professional burnout did not differ significantly by gender, marital status, having children, type of specialty (surgical or non-surgical), or residency level. Burnout was highest in pediatrics, orthopedics and cardiology, and lowest in emergency medicine, infectious diseases and ophthalmology. This difference was significant between the disciplines (P-value=0.003). The most important unmet needs cited by residents were a suitable fellowship (77.5%) and fewer working hours (76.8%). 63 residents regretted their choice of medicine (41.7%) and 38 (25.2%) regretted their choice of specialty. There was no significant association between age and professional burnout (P-value=0.057). Conclusion: More than half of the residents suffer from moderate professional burnout. It is recommended to improve the conditions for residents, to conduct more studies with details and to evaluate this topic regularly.

Considering that the heat required for the Waste heat recovery (WHR) cycle of the engine is provided from two parts of the exhaust gas and the cooling system, the mutual influence of the WHR cycle on the engine performance is undeniable. Therefore, in this numerical study, an attempt has been made to thermodynamically evaluate the effect of the implementation of the WHR cycle on the engine efficiency. For this purpose, the 16 cylinder MTU 4000 R43L heavy diesel engine was simulated and a comparison was made between numerical and experimental results. Finally, the SRC heat recovery cycle was designed and applied in the simulated model according to the desired limits and the temperature range of the engine operation. At low speed with the application of the WHR cycle, the output net power did not drop much, but at the maximum speed and power, a power loss of about 4% is observed. At 1130 rpm, the power did not increase much. At 1600 rpm, the power increase is reduced to about 2.3%. At 1800 rpm, due to the significant increase in exhaust gas temperature, the total power value increased by about 4%.

In waste heat recovery from a heavy-duty diesel engine, with a focus on engine speed's impact, is explored. The critical problem of enhancing energy efficiency and reducing emissions through waste heat utilization is addressed. Waste heat in internal combustion engines, vital for sustainable energy use and environmental preservation, is investigated. Experimental analysis and thermodynamic modeling introduce Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Steam Rankine Cycle (SRC), and Combined Steam and Organic Rankine Cycle (CSO) for waste heat recovery. A non-linear relationship between engine speed and waste heat is identified. Waste heat increases up to 1600 rpm and decreases thereafter. The CSO cycle outperforms ORC and SRC cycles, achieving 43.4% higher efficiency. Fuel energy savings demonstrate CSO's superior economy, along with excellence in Annual Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction (ACO2ER). Waste heat recovery knowledge is advanced by introducing the efficient CSO cycle, contributing significantly to existing research.

Due to the necessity of utilizing renewable energies, the Archimedes screw turbine can be used as a power generation converter for the use of hydropower energy from river flows. A laboratory-scale model of this turbine with a scale of 1:6 has been designed and constructed. In the experimental tests, the performance characteristics of the turbine were investigated based on variations in the flow rate and electrical resistance. The optimal flow rate for the turbine was determined with the aim of achieving maximum efficiency. The performance characteistics of the turbine at this flow rate were evaluated using empirical equations derived from the experimental tests for various parameters. These equations indicated higher values for these parameters at this flow rate. Furthermore, for the scaling of the Archimedes screw turbine, dimensionless numbers such as Froude number and flow rates ratio were introduced. The experimental results were extrapolated to the prototype scale at the optimal flow rate of 2.6 (lit/s), where the maximum turbine efficiency occurs. The results showed that the use of Froude scaling led to approximately 25% higher values for the performance characteristics of the turbine compared to scaling based on flow rates ratio.

Abstract Background One of the most significant demographic challenges over the past three decades has been the substantial reduction in fertility rates, worldwidely. As a developing country, Iran has also experienced a rapid decline in fertility over the past decades. Understanding factors influencing fertility is essential for development programs. Moreover, it’s crucial to study the parameters that affect the intention for childbearing in any society. Therefore, through a systematic scoping review, the present study investigates the factors influencing couples’ decisions toward childbearing. Methods This study was a systematic scoping review conducted in 2023. To design and conduct this scoping review, Joanna Briggs Institute’s Protocol (Institute TJB, The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers ’ manual 2015; methodology for JBI scoping reviews, 2015) was used and the framework presented by Levac et al. (2010) was also used as a guide for conducting this review. Studies were searched in three main databases including ISI Web of Sciences, PubMed, and Scopus, using a predefined search strategy. Google Scholar was also used for complementary search. The search period was from 2002 to 2022. Results A total of 18,454 studies were identified across three primary databases. After evaluating articles in three distinct phases based on title, abstract, and full-text, 46 articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in the scoping review. The qualitative analysis of the collected data from the selected studies through the scoping review led to classifying factors influencing households’ desire for childbearing into eight main themes and 101 sub-themes. The main themes associated with factors impacting households’ intention for childbearing encompass individual determinants, demographic and familial influencing factors, cultural elements, social factors, health-related aspects, economic considerations, insurance-related variables, and government support/incentive policies. Conclusions Comprehensive and holistic attention from governments and officials toward the various factors affecting households’ intention and behavior regarding childbearing appears beneficial and effective. Furthermore, given the relative ineffectiveness of some of the current government’s supportive/incentive policies to increase couples’ desire for childbearing, it seems necessary to review and amend these policies. This review should address the most significant challenges and factors contributing to couples’ reluctance to childbearing or strengthen factors that can play a substantial role in fostering fertility and childbearing desires.

Background: Since the emergence of COVID-19 disease and its spread, many people have been globally infected. Also, evidence has shown that some specific conditions and underlying diseases result in more severe symptoms in the patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and underlying conditions with symptoms in patients with COVID-19 in one of Iran's major hospitals. Methods: The present cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted from February 20th, 2020 to August 20th, 2021. The sampling method was census. The data were collected from the statistics department, medical records, HIS, and they were analysed via SPSS software version 25 using descriptive statistics and statistical tests such as Spearman, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square. Results: Among the 7,236 patients with a definite diagnosis of COVID-19, most (53.2%) of the subjects were men and the total death rate was 8%. There was a positive correlation (p-value=0.000) between age and length of stay. About 69% of the patients had symptoms related to the disease in their CT scan and 39.5% had an oxygen level of less than 93%, which roughly 2.6% of them were intubated. There was a significant relationship between patients' age, sex, and length of stay with their discharge status, first symptoms of disease, and patient’s underlying conditions. Also, there was a significant difference in patients' discharge status based on having some early symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and underlying conditions. Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of early detection and management strategies, especially for individuals with specific risk factors. These insights are crucial in guiding healthcare practices and policies to effectively combat the ongoing pandemic. Also, the study outcomes provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policymakers, aiding in the development of targeted interventions and patient-centered care protocols.

Abstract Background: Infertility is one of the critical health issues in Iran. There are more than 70 specialized infertility treatment centers in Iran, of which the Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, is one of the most important ones. Objective: This study aimed to determine the factors influencing infertile couples' choice of Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 275 infertile couples aged 18 and older, referring to Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Yazd, Iran from September 2021 to March 2022. Data were gathered using a 2-part questionnaire. Data analysis was done through SPSS software. We used descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and t test for data analysis. Results: Most participants were individuals who came from other provinces of Iran (74.9%) and were referred to the Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute. Among the 4 categories that influenced couples' decision to choose this center, factors related to the personnel and treatment staff received the highest score (75.83), while personal factors received the lowest score (65.76). The average score for factors related to doctors was 72.90, and for factors related to the center, it was 73.65. The satisfaction with personnel and treatment staff varied based on participants' education levels, with those who had lower levels of education reporting higher levels of satisfaction (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The primary factors contributing to the success of the Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute in attracting clients were the dedication and expertise of the staff, as well as the esteemed reputation of the doctors at the center.

Among various types of wave energy converters, the oscillating water column (OWC) has attracted significant research attention. In this paper, a 1:10 scale OWC with dimensions of 100×100×160 cm, variable inlet height and draft was numerically studied. Based on the tests conducted, it was found that the wave amplitude in the range of Caspian Sea waves decreased with the increase of wave frequency, to the extent that at the sloshing frequency, the system efficiency dropped significantly. To solve this problem, changes in the geometry of the device were studied, and numerical simulations were performed at the highest frequency using OpenFOAM software. Using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, numerical simulations were performed in 3D, two-phase, and turbulent flow conditions. Changing the geometry was initially investigated by adjusting the height of the OWC inlet duct, and then by adding an inlet at the different angles of 0, 20, and 40 degrees. The results showed that by increasing the height of the inlet by 10 cm while keeping the water depth and wave conditions constant, the maximum output power of the system increased by 54%. However, after the optimization of the inlet duct, it was found that the best angle for an inlet duct is 30°, compared to the case without an inlet, which increased the maximum output power by up to 13% and slightly reduced the sloshing by more than 50%.

In this paper, the performance of a hybrid humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system is experimentally studied. The system operates as an Open-Air Closed-Water cycle and utilizes a solar air heater to heat the input air to the humidifier. An Ammonia absorption refrigeration cooling cycle is used to condense the humid air, producing fresh water. Parameters such as temperature and relative humidity were measured in different stages of the system by using humidity and temperature sensors, and the thermodynamic analysis was carried out using EES software. The effects of the mass flow rate and temperature of the inlet air flow on the rate of desalination, COP, GOR, and the efficiency of the humidifier and the dehumidifier were studied. The analysis proved that the highest rate of water production and GOR were 150 g/h and 1.2, respectively. It was also perceived that with an increase in the air mass flow rate, the rate of water production and COP increased, while GOR and the efficiency of the dehumidifier diminished. This is while the efficiency of the humidifier remains nearly constant. It was also concluded that an increase in the temperature of the input air, leads to a fall in the GOR, while the other parameters show an increasing trend. Following the economic analysis of the system, the CPL was found to be $0.16 /L.

Renewable energy could solve the problems caused by fossil fuels. The Archimedes hydro screw turbine is a potential tool for generating power from river currents. In this paper, a turbine at a scale of 1:6 has been made. It is installed and tested at various flow rates. The system is optimized using a genetic algorithm to achieve maximum efficiency. Due to the limitations that existed for conducting experimental tests at the optimal flow rate, the turbine at optimal flow rate is studied by CFD. In the turbine numerical simulation, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the turbine, such as rotational speed, power, torque, efficiency, and power coefficient are compared in the optimal flow rate (2.6 (lit/s)) and a flow rate of 2.4 (lit/s) (the closest flow rate to the optimal one). The results show that these values are higher in the optimal flow rate. Furthermore, the behavior of the turbine in these two conditions is compared using velocity, vorticity, pressure, and phase contours, which indicates that the velocity and pressure values are higher, and the vorticity and immersion values are lower in the optimal flow rate. Finally, for economic analysis of operating the turbine at the prototype scale as a hydropower plant, the discounted payback period for the turbine is determined, which varies between 2.55 to 5.93 years depending on the discount rate. It is also shown that operating this turbine at the prototype scale as a hydropower plant in Iran leads to currency savings of 1561 $.

This paper investigates the effect of the immersion ratio parameter on the hydrodynamic performance of three surface-piercing propellers with diameters of 0.125, 0.132 and 0.140m at different advancing speeds. Experimental tests have been carried out in the free surface water tunnel of the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. The results showed that the maximum thrust coefficient of three propellers occurs in the velocity range of 3-3.5 m/s. This interval represents the transition area of the three propellers. Also, the effect of the blockage ratio on the hydrodynamic coefficients of three propellers relative to the advance coefficient has been studied. By increasing the immersion depth raises the propeller's wet surface and increases the thrust and torque hydrodynamic coefficients. However, growing the propeller's diameter to 0.140m causes the effect of the blockage ratio parameter by increasing the immersion and the propeller's torque experiences a decreasing trend. Therefore, maximum propeller efficiency value with diameter 0.140m in immersion ratio 0.60 and 0.70, incresing 38% and 44%, respectively; relative to other proepllers. Also, the curve of the efficiency gradient of three propellers in the optimum immersion ratio of 0.40 compared to the advancing coefficient shows that the maximum efficiency gradient occurs in the range of 0.7 to 0.9.

Surface piercing propellers are special supercavitation propellers operating at free surface. These propellers are designed to have the best performance at the highest speed. The geometric parameters of the number of blades and the pitch ratio will significantly impact the critical advance coefficient range, ventilation and consequently the hydrodynamic performance of the propeller. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of two crucial parameters of pitch ratio and number of blades were experimentally studied in free surface water tunnel. After calibration and evaluation of uncertainty, two 5-bladed propellers with same section profile and pitch ratio of 1.5 and 1.4 used to investigate effect of pitch ratio. The results of two 5-blade and 6-blade propellers with same section profile and pitch ratio of 1.4 were compared. The immersion ratio was 40%, and the shaft inclination angle was zero. Results showed that increasing the pitch ratio increased the thrust and torque coefficients by 30%; while increasing the critical advance coefficient. Consequently that has led to the development of a full ventilation range and improved hydrodynamic performance of the propeller. In addition, by increasing the number of blades, at values greater than the critical advance coefficient, the thrust and torque coefficients were increased by 10%. However, the critical advanced coefficient changes were negligible. Comparing the results in the three-dimensional contours showed that with the change in the number of blades, by increasing the pitch ratio, the critical advance coefficient increased; which led to a further increase in efficiency.

Background: The evidence for the effect of corticosteroid administration on neonates in pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 is rare. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the administration of corticosteroids on pregnant women with COVID-19 on neonatal metabolic outcomes of hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Methods: The present retrospective cohort study was conducted on pregnant women with COVID-19 referred to Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan, Iran in 2020. We compared post-delivery complications in women who had received corticosteroids with a control group. The data were extracted from the medical records of the patients by a resident of the gynecology. The chi-square test was used to compare the rate of hyperbilirubinemia and hypoglycemia between groups. Results: Of a total of 71 investigated patients, only 32 received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),. The mean age of the patients was 29.77±6.87 years and there was not a significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, BMI, education, blood sugar, bilirubin, neonate weight, and 1 and 5-minute Apgar score (P>0.05). In the corticosteroid-receiving group, a significantly higher rate of hypoglycemia (37.5% vs. 7.69%, P=0.002) and hyperbilirubinemia (25% vs. 5.13%, P=0.02) was reported. Conclusion: The results suggested that the administration of corticosteroids as a treatment modality for pregnant women with COVID-19 is associated with an increased rate of neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Therefore, glycemic control is necessary for neonates born from pregnant women with COVID-19 exposed to corticosteroids during the pregnancy.

For decreasing the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines, and also reducing the emissions, investigation of the effective parameters on power, emissions, and the combustion phasing is important. In this study, the influence of adding water to a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine has been numerically investigated. For this purpose, water with different mass fractions was added to the air-fuel mixture. In order to simulate the engine, AVL Fire software was used. The results show that substituting a portion of gasoline fuel with water, up to 10% mass fraction, raises the combustion chamber pressure. In this condition, the production of hydroxyl free radicals, as one of the characteristics for the start of combustion, occurs earlier. Furthermore, Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) remains unchanged. By further increasing the water mass the production of hydroxyl radical decreases, and the high-temperature heat release is delayed; also comparing to when water was not added, average temperature of the combustion chamber reduces, while the amount of CO production does not change. Increasing the number of water moles increases the maximum in-cylinder pressures so that compared to pure gasoline mode, by replacing 20% of gasoline mass with water, the indicated mean effective pressure approximately stays the same.

Introduction and purpose:According to statistics, the share of the global medical tourism market in 2017 was USD 53 billion and is predicted to reach USD 143 billion by 2025 and record an annual growth of 12.9% from 2018 to 2025. Attracting international patients is the core of the medical tourism market, and major representatives will be distinguished by their ability to attract foreign medical travelers as the industry becomes more competitive. Marketing is the key to success in the health tourism industry, and leading hospitals and countries with large numbers of medical travelers have strong marketing strategies that fulfill the needs of patients. Methods: The present applied descriptive study was performed in public and private hospitals in Yazd. A valid checklist with 8 dimensions and 79 items was used to collect data. Mean, standard deviation, and percentage were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26). Results: Public and private hospitals were acceptable in terms of location, people, process, and physicians; however, elements of promotion, prices, and physical attractiveness were moderate. In addition, the product element was acceptable in public hospitals and moderate in private hospitals. Overall, the condition of the public and private hospitals was acceptable. Conclusion: Now that the needs of the patients have changed in the new health environment, hospitals need to use more effective and efficient methods to meet these needs. The marketing system in the new concept can be effective in attracting customers by fulfilling customer needs and paying attention to elements of the marketing mix. Therefore, hospitals need to focus on elements of the marketing mix to satisfy patients and maintain their values. It seems that the studied hospitals are relatively ready to attract medical tourists. Hospitals can cover their weaknesses by investing in their existing strengths and upgrading them, and bringing the factors to an acceptable level.

Ticks are responsible for transmitting of pathogenic microorganisms during their feeding process on the hosts. They also cause significant losses in livestock production and, in many cases, the death of infected animals. In recent decades, many efforts have been carried out to combat ticks by using natural compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of honey bee propolis against Haemaphysalis spp. in vitro. The acaricidal activities of the propolis were considered at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml and negative and positive controls (distilled water and Cypermethrin) following 10, 30, and 60 minutes of exposure. In this experiment the spraying and contact methods were used, and all tests were repeated twice. The chemical composition of propolis was identification by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software version 5.0. According to the results, propolis had an acaricidal effect; however, this effect was more potent in the spraying. The propolis showed a 100% mortality rate at 100 mg/ml concentrations after 60 min exposure. GC-MS investigation showed that Heptanone (48.65%) was the main ingredient of propolis. The results indicated that the hydroalcoholic propolis extract carry potent acaricidal ingredients and might afford new natural acaricidal compounds for the control of Haemaphysalis spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has experimentally investigated the performance of a dual-chamber oscillating water columns (OWC) imposed on Caspian Sea wave’s characteristics. Experimental runs were performed for three water draft depths of 10, 15, and 20 cm and eight wave frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 Hz. Also, if the converter consists of only one chamber, the power generated was 75W; however, by placing the second chamber serial behind the first chamber, the converter power increased to 116 watts (55% improvements). The results showed that if the frequency of the incident wave is not in the natural frequency range, the converter performs is better at the lowest water draft depth (10 cm). Whereas if the frequency of the incident wave is in the natural frequency range, the converter will have the best performance at the maximum water draft depth (20 cm). As the power generated at a water draft depth of 10 cm increased by 3.8% compared to a water draft depth of 20 cm. But within the natural frequency range and by resonance, the power produced at a depth of 20 cm is 27.3% more than the power generated at a depth of 10 cm.

Reducing the occurrence of pipe bursts, reducing leakage, and reducing energy consumption are the three main goals in implementing pressure control programs in water distribution networks. Service pressure regulation strategy is an evolved approach that encompasses all goals of pressure management. This paper has investigated this approach in a rural network with hydraulic complexities as a case study so that some parts of the network have excess pressure and other low pressure. A computer code based on the method of characteristics (MOC) has been developed for network hydraulic analysis. The generated code analyzes unsteady flow, pressure-driven demand analysis, and dynamic adjustment of pressure control valves based on the target node. Also, the experimental results of a laboratory network have been applied to validate and calibrate the numerical simulation. In addition, by measuring the flow rate and pressure of the network and the results of the minimum night flow method, three consumption patterns were used to generate pulsed nodal demands. Studies show that creating pressure-management areas by hydraulic analysis by MOC will determine the best control strategies. The mean pressure decreased 54% by applying this strategy. Furthermore, the average fluctuations of pressure reduced from 9.7 meters to 3.5 meters. HIGHLIGHTS Hydraulic analysis was performed by the MOC based on pulse demand.; The leakage pattern, along with two other consumption patterns, was used to distribute the demand in the nodes.; A laboratory network was used for the calibration of real network parameters.; The service pressure regulation led to a 64% reduction in pressure fluctuations.; RTC-PRV, FO-PRV, and VSD-pump were proposed to control rural network pressure.;

Abstract Background Scientific evidence is the basis for improving public health; decision-making without sufficient attention to evidence may lead to unpleasant consequences. Despite efforts to create comprehensive guidelines and models for evidence-based decision-making (EBDM), there isn`t any to make the best decisions concerning scarce resources and unlimited needs. The present study aimed to develop a comprehensive applied framework for EBDM. Methods This was a Best-Fit Framework (BFF) synthesis conducted in 2020. A comprehensive systematic review was done via six main databases including PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE, and ProQuest using related keywords. After the evidence quality appraisal, data were extracted and analyzed via thematic analysis. Results of the thematic analysis and the concepts generated by the research team were then synthesized to achieve the best-fit framework applying Carroll et al. (2013) approach. Results Four thousand six hundred thirteen studies were retrieved, and due to the full-text screening of the studies, 17 final articles were selected for extracting the components and steps of EBDM in Health System Management (HSM). After collecting, synthesizing, and categorizing key information, the framework of EBDM in HSM was developed in the form of four general scopes. These comprised inquiring, inspecting, implementing, and integrating, which included 10 main steps and 47 sub-steps. Conclusions The present framework provided a comprehensive guideline that can be well adapted for implementing EBDM in health systems and related organizations especially in underdeveloped and developing countries where there is usually a lag in updating and applying evidence in their decision-making process. In addition, this framework by providing a complete, well-detailed, and the sequential process can be tested in the organizational decision-making process by developed countries to improve their EBDM cycle.

Objective: To investigate the effects of syringic acid on HEK 293 and HepG2 cells in the absence and presence of exogenous Cu (II) and Fe (II) ions. Methods: The antiproliferative effects of syringic acid on HEK 293 and HepG2 cells in the absence and presence of exogenous Cu (II) and Fe (II) ions were examined by MTT assay. Additionally, colony-forming, reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation, apoptosis induction, autophagy, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial mass were investigated. Results: At 24 and 72 h, no significant differences were observed in the viability of HepG2 cells between the control and syringic acid + Fe (II) groups. However, exposure of HepG2 cells to syringic acid + Cu (II) for 72 h reduced the cell viability significantly. Furthermore, ROS formation, induction of apoptosis, and autophagic vacuoles were significantly increased in HepG2 cells without marked changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial mass. Moreover, syringic acid + Cu (II) reduced the plating efficiency and surviving fraction significantly. Conclusions: The combination of syringic acid with Cu (II) was toxic to cancer cells and showed pro-oxidant activity. In addition, this combination induced autophagy in cancer cells with less cytotoxic effects on normal cells, which is a potential candidate for the development of novel therapeutics towards cancer.

Hyalomma spp. is responsible for the transmission of protozoan, bacterial, rickettsial, and viral diseases and causes huge economic loss to the livestock industry.Recently, there is a wide number of promising attempts to evaluate and use herbal preparations for ticks control.This study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Colchicum autumnale (C. autumnale) rhizome and leaf against the Hyalomma spp. in vitro. The acaricidal activities of the Colchicum leaf aqueous (CLA), Colchicum leaf ethanolic (CLE), Colchicum rhizome aqueous (CRA), and Colchicum rhizome ethanolic (CRE) extracts were evaluated at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg/ml and controls (distilled water and Cypermethrin) following 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 h of exposure. It is worth mentioning that the spraying method was used in these experiments. Data were analyzed through GraphPad Prism 5 software. In addition, the chemical composition of aqueous leaf extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The carbamodithioic acid (30.04%) was the major chemical constituent identified. Based on the results, CLA, CLE, CRA, and CRE extracts had an acaricidal effect; however, this effect was more potent in CLE. The CLE extract showed a 100% mortality rate at 50, 100, and 150 mg/ml concentrations and 1 h of exposure. The effectiveness of CRA on the Hyalomma spp. was very low. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values were obtained at 100 mg/ml. The results indicated that C. autumnaleleaves contained potent acaricidal ingredients and might provide new acaricidal compounds for the effective control of Hyalomma spp. However, further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of C. autumnale in vivo.