Search

Vocational training programs are an effective way to combat unemployment, especially for people with low levels of education. An active employment policy in this direction can help reduce the skills mismatch that often leads to long–term unemployment among people with low education. The effectiveness of these programs depends on the quality of the training provided, the length of the program, and the types of training. A study of foreign experience has shown that programs that provide both theoretical and on–the–job training tend to be particularly effective in improving employment outcomes.

Employment of the population — the realization of human rights and freedoms to work. The emergence of the problem of employment in the labor market is one of the problems of the socio–economic situation of Russia, including the national economy. Confirmation of this can be seen in the provisions of economic theories and views of representatives of classical and Keynesian schools, in the implementation of state programs in the field of labor and employment in Russia. A number of areas can help solve problems, including the development of non–standard forms of employment.

This brief report provides an overview of pharmacovigilance information on adverse reactions during post-registration use of medicines recommended for the treatment of mental and behavioral disorders caused by alcohol consumption in the Russian Federation, and its reports were included in the database of the World Health Organizations international drug monitoring program as of January 1, 2023. The safety indicators of benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, butyrophenones, anticonvulsants, thiamine, and magnesium preparations were analyzed. The article may be of interest to pharmacovigilance specialists, doctors, researchers, developers and health regulators, pharmacologists, and clinical pharmacologists.

The review article provides information on a common sweetener - xylitol, ranging from methods of production and purification, to metabolism in the body and practical applications in medicine and other industries. Considering some prejudice with which xylitol is treated in the Russian Federation, safety of use and low prevalence, it was decided to consider the relevance of use in medicine and related industries, affecting the effectiveness of use as one of the preventive measures in diseases of dental caries. Literature search: according to the Scopus, CyberLeninka, PubMed databases, selective, analytical-synthetic, typological. Xylitol is a polyhydric sugar alcohol; it is found in small amounts in fruits and vegetables. For industrial production, xylitol can be obtained by chemical and biotechnological methods. Chemical production is financially costly mainly due to the complex product purification process. In biotechnological production, agricultural and vegetable raw materials are used as raw materials, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of production and its energy intensity. The safety of xylitol has been well studied by the international community since the late 70s and it is included in various WHO recommendations, numerous studies confirm the safety of use during the metabolic processes of the body. Conclusion. Xylitol is used in at least three industries, namely in food (dietary, confectionery, chewing gum), pharmaceutical (xylitol properties are relevant in the production of nasal sprays, syrups, in combination with other medicines) and in dentistry due to its anti-caries effect, suppression growth of pathogenic microflora of the oral cavity and participation in the remineralization of hard tissues of the tooth. In addition, it is actively used among diabetics.

A new route to oxide synthesis on semiconductors, via optimally oxidized metal superstructures, is established. The result is a radical transformation of the oxide film from a polycrystal to a single crystal.

2D magnets have recently emerged as a host for unconventional phases and related phenomena. An intrinsic exchange bias effect accompanies the dimensional crossover indicating coexisting magnetic orders.

The molecular dynamics method is applied to simulate the behavior of two-dimensional electron clusters of various shapes containing about 100 particles. The influence of a magnetic field on the effects of ordering and disordering (melting) in such clusters is studied. The field dependence of the rms displacements of particles in clusters is determined, and the trajectories of electron motion are found as functions of temperature and magnetic field. Ordering and disordering in clusters were fixed by the appearance of characteristic features in the rms displacements of electrons in the system. Hysteresis was observed in the field dependence of these displacements at a fixed temperature. The obtained data are compared with the results for root-mean-square displacements of electrons in a two-dimensional electronic infinite crystal. The qualitative agreement was found with these results; at the same time, the field dependence of root-mean-square displacements in an unbounded crystal is much weaker than in the clusters under study. The influence of the cluster shape on ordering transitions is studied, and it is found that the shape of a defect-free cluster does not affect the transition conditions. The distribution of electron velocities in clusters is studied for various magnetic fields.

Aim to evaluate the comparative antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extracts from the aerial organs of the meadowsweet and dropwort. Material and methods. The objects of the research were the aqueous extracts of the aerial organs of the meadowsweet and dropwort. For the preparation of the extracts we used the raw material harvested in 2021 in the village of Alekseevka, Samara Region. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extracts was determined by the method of two-fold dilution in the MuellerHinton broth. Results. According to the results of screening of the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extracts from the aerial organs of the meadowsweet and dropwort, the significant activity against gram-positive bacteria of S. aureus and B. cereus strains was detected. The studied extracts demonstrated not lower antimicrobial activity than the reference samples of 0.1% alcohol solution of levomycetin (chloramphenicol) and freshly prepared 0.1% benzylpenicillin solution. The results have confirmed the prospects for further study of the aerial organs of the meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) and dropwort (Filipendula hexapetala Gilib.) as a possible source of biologically active substances with antimicrobial activity.

The rheological characteristics of systems based on stabilized zirconium dioxide containing previously unused dispersing additives from BYK-Chemie, GmbH, have been studied to obtain photo-cured suspensions with properties that allow 3D-printing of ceramic samples of complex shape by stereolithography. The suitability of the compositions has been demonstrated on prototypes of thin-walled ceramic crucibles for thermal analysis. Ill. 4. Ref. 21. Tab. 2.

The inherent malleability of 2D magnetism provides access to unconventional quantum phases, in particular those with coexisting magnetic orders. Incidentally, in a number of materials, the magnetic state in the bulk undergoes a fundamental change when the system is pushed to the monolayer limit. Therefore, a competition of magnetic states can be expected in the crossover region. Here, an exchange bias state is observed at the crossover from 3D antiferromagnetism to 2D ferromagnetism driven by the number of monolayers in the metalloxene GdSi

To identify features of the taxonomic composition of the oropharyngeal microbiota of COVID-19 patients with different disease severity.The study group included 156 patients hospitalized with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 in the clinical medical center of Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry between April and June 2021. There were 77 patients with mild pneumonia according to CT (CT1) and 79 patients with moderate to severe pneumonia (CT2 and CT3). Oropharyngeal swabs were taken when the patient was admitted to the hospital. Total DNA was isolated from the samples, then V3V4 regions of the 16s rRNA gene were amplified, followed by sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. DADA2 algorithm was used to obtain amplicon sequence variants (ASV).When comparing the microbial composition of the oropharynx of the patients with different forms of pneumonia, we have identified ASVs associated with the development of both mild and severe pneumonia outside hospital treatment. Based on the results obtained, ASVs associated with a lower degree of lung damage belong predominantly to the class of Gram-negative Firmicutes (Negativicutes), to various classes of Proteobacteria, as well as to the order Fusobacteria. In turn, ASVs associated with a greater degree of lung damage belong predominantly to Gram-positive classes of Firmicutes Bacilli and Clostridia. While being hospitalized, patients with severe pneumonia demonstrated negative disease dynamics during treatment significantly more often.We have observed differences in the taxonomic composition of the oropharyngeal microbiota in patients with different forms of pneumonia developed outside hospital treatment against COVID-19. Such differences might be due to the presumed barrier function of the oropharyngeal microbiota, which reduces the risk of virus titer increase.Цель. Выявить особенности таксономического состава микробиоты ротоглотки пациентов с COVID-19 с различной степенью тяжести заболевания. Материалы и методы. Исследуемая группа пациентов включала в себя 156 пациентов, госпитализированных с подтвержденным диагнозом COVID-19 в клинический медицинский центр ФГБОУ ВО МГМСУ им. А.И. Евдокимова в период с апреля по июнь 2021 г., из них 77 пациентов с легкой формой пневмонии по данным компьютерной томографии (КТ) КТ-1 и 79 пациентов с умеренной и среднетяжелой формой пневмонии (КТ-2 и КТ-3). Отбор мазков из ротоглотки осуществляли при поступлении пациента в стационар. Из образцов выделяли тотальную ДНК, затем производили амплификацию V3V4 регионов гена 16s рРНК с последующим секвенированием на приборе Illumina HiSeq 2500. Для получения вариантов ампликонных последовательностей (ASV) использовался алгоритм DADA2. Результаты. При сравнении микробного состава ротоглотки пациентов с различной формой пневмонии обнаружены ASV, ассоциированные с развитием как легкой, так и тяжелой форм пневмонии вне лечения в стационаре. Исходя из полученных результатов можно заключить, что ASV, ассоциированные с меньшей степенью поражения легких, в основном относятся к классу грамотрицательных фирмикут (Negativicutes), к различным классам протеобактерий, а также к порядку Fusobacteria. В свою очередь ASV, ассоциированные с большей степенью поражения легких, относятся преимущественно к грамположительным фирмикутам классов Bacilli и Clostridia. При нахождении в стационаре пациенты с тяжелой формой пневмонии достоверно чаще демонстрировали отрицательную динамику на фоне проводимых терапевтических мероприятий. Заключение. Различия в таксономическом составе микробиоты ротоглотки, наблюдающиеся у пациентов с различной формой пневмонии, развившейся вне стационарного лечения на фоне COVID-19, могут быть связаны с предположительной барьерной функцией микробиоты ротоглотки, которая позволяет снизить риск нарастания титра вируса.

Introduction. The use of remdesivir in patients with the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is known to improve the prognosis of the disease. But there is not enough data on efficacy and safety of remdesivir use in patients from Russia. Aim. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19.Materials and methods. A comparative prospective study was conducted in two parallel groups. The study enrolled 300 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (grade 1–3 severe pneumonia according to CT scan), who were divided into two groups (n = 150 in each) according to the prescription of remdesivir. Treatment efficacy was assessed by recording cases of disease progression and adverse outcomes. The safety of therapy was assessed by hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Results. Patients receiving remdesivir were significantly less likely to be transferred to the intensive care unit (OR 0.3884, 95% CI: 0.1645–0.9175) and to be on artificial ventilation (OR 0.3830, 95% CI: 0.1539–0.9527). Treatment with remdesivir had no significant effect on mortality (OR 0.4932, 95% CI: 0.08897–2.7346) and complications (OR 0.4391, 95% CI: 0.1623–1.1879), including acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR 0.3919, 95% CI: 0.07483–2.0524). The duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter in group 1 patients – 12.2533 days (95% CI: 11.4101–13.0966) compared to group 2 – 14.5267 days (95% CI: 13.5125–15.5408). Hepatotoxicity with remdesivir (OR 1.5376, 95% CI: 0.8035–2.9426), nephrotoxicity (OR 1.6338, 95% CI: 0.522–5.1141) were noted, but no statistically significant difference was found (p > 0.05).Conclusions. The addition of remdesivir to the basic regimen of patients with new coronavirus infection COVID-19 improved the course of the disease, reducing the risks of patients being transferred to the intensive care unit and of receiving artificial ventilation.

The production of scintillating ceramics can require the utilization of the phosphorus compounds at certain stages of 3D-printing, such as vat polymerization, applied for the formation of green bodies before sintering. The effect of phosphorus additive on the microstructure, optical, and scintillation parameters of Gd1.494Y1.494 Ce0.012Al2Ga3O12 (GYAGG:Ce) ceramics obtained by pressureless sintering at 1650 °C in an oxygen atmosphere was investigated for the first time. Phosphorus was introduced in the form of NH4H2PO4 into the initial hydroxycarbonate precipitate in a wide concentration range (from 0 to 0.6 wt.%). With increasing of phosphorus concentration, the density and the optical transmittance of garnet ceramics show a decrease, which is caused by an increase in the number of pores and inclusions. The light yield of fast scintillation, which is caused by Ce3+ ions, was found to be affected by the phosphorus additive as well. Moreover, an increase in phosphorescence intensity was recognized.

Using the variational and self-consistent approaches, the possibility of the formation of a self-localized polaronic state of an electron in a helium vapor under an increase in its density with increasing temperature is studied. It is shown that such a state arises when the temperature reaches a certain characteristic value. It has been established that, when the trial wave function of a localized electron is chosen in the form of a Gaussian distribution, the procedure for minimizing the free energy of the system leads to a self-localized state formation temperature close to that at which a sharp drop in the charge mobility with increasing temperature is experimentally recorded. It is shown that the application of a self-consistent approach based on the joint solution of the wave equation for an electron and the equation for the density of the surrounding vapor leads to qualitatively the same results as the variational method, although with a higher polaronic state formation temperature.

The possibility has been investigated for measuring the viscosity of concentrated superfluid mixtures of 3He in 4He in the temperature range 0.4−2.2 K using commercial quartz tuning forks with a resonance frequency of ≈ 32 kHz. It was found that the temperature dependence of the viscosity coefficient in a mixture with a concentration of 5% of 3He in 4He is in good qualitative agreement with the data obtained using other experimental techniques in the entire temperature range of the research. The same dependence of a mixture with 3He concentration of 15% agrees with the previously obtained data only at temperature T > 1.4 K, and at lower temperatures a difference appears that grows with decreasing temperature. The experimental temperature dependences of the viscosity coefficient obtained by different methods are compared with those calculated within the framework of the kinetic theory for the quasiparticles in superfluid 3He−4He solutions, developed by Landau, Khalatnikov, and Zharkov for the temperature range T > 0.6 K and by Baym, Saam, and Ebner for lower temperature.

Using nuclear magnetic resonance, the stimulated spin-echo method was applied to measure the diffusion coefficient in a 3He monolayer adsorbed inside cylindrical pores (channel diameter 25 Å) of a new-generation nanostructured adsorbent MCM-41. Helium was let into the sample in small portions, which made it possible to change in a controlled way the coverage of the walls of the cavities in the adsorbent. It is found that the measured dependence of the stimulated spin-echo amplitude on the square of the magnetic field gradient is exponential. The nature of this dependence made it possible to determine the diffusion coefficient in the adsorbed monolayer. The value of this coefficient turned out to be close to the diffusion coefficient in solid helium, which indicates that the first 3He monolayer on the inner surface of the cylindrical cavity is solid. This conclusion was confirmed when calculating the pressure acting on the helium monolayer due to the van der Waals forces from the adsorbent substance.

Porphyrins are well-known photosensitizers (PSs) for antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), which is still an underestimated antibiotic-free method to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In the present work, we developed a comprehensive tool for predicting the structure and assessment of the photodynamic efficacy of PS molecules for their application in aPDT. We checked it on a series of water-soluble phosphorus(V) porphyrin molecules with OH or ethoxy axial ligands and phenyl/pyridyl peripheral substituents. First, we used biophysical approaches to show the effect of PSs on membrane structure and their photodynamic activity in the lipid environment. Second, we developed a force field for studying phosphorus(V) porphyrins and performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of their interactions with bacterial lipid membranes. Finally, we obtained the structure-activity relationship for the antimicrobial activity of PSs and tested our predictions on two models of Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. Our approach allowed us to propose a new PS molecule, whose MIC50 values after an extremely low light dose of 5 J/cm2 (5.0 ± 0.4 μg/mL for E. coli and 4.9 ± 0.8 μg/mL for A. baumannii) exceeded those for common antibiotics, making it a prospective antimicrobial agent.

From the experimental point of view, the works on the study of the so-called electrical activity in superfluid helium are analyzed. Based on the analysis of published data on the results of experiments on the appearance of such electrical activity under the propagation of second sound waves, during oscillations of a torsion oscillator filled with helium and microwave electromagnetic pumping of helium, one concludes that the experimental results published before 2016 do not give sufficient reasons to assume the presence of any special electrical activity of helium, and the appearance of an electric signal in a cell with superfluid helium at the propagation of acoustic waves in it can only be said after 2016. The nature of this signal needs further investigation.

2D magnetic materials are at the forefront of research on fundamentals of magnetism; they exhibit unconventional phases and properties controlled by external stimuli. 2D magnets offer a solution to the problem of miniaturization of spintronic devices. A technological target of materials science is to find suitable magnetic materials and scale their thickness down as much as possible, a single monolayer being a natural limit. However, magnetism does not halt at one monolayer - it may persist beyond this boundary, to sparse but regular lattices of magnetic atoms. Here, we report 2D magnetic phases of Eu on the Ge(110) surface. We synthesized two submonolayer structures Eu/Ge(110) employing molecular beam epitaxy. The phases, identified by electron diffraction, differ in the surface density of Eu atoms. At low temperature, they exhibit magnetic ordering with magnetic moments lying in-plane. Strong dependence of the effective magnetic transition temperature on weak magnetic fields points at the 2D nature of the observed magnetism. The results are set against those on the Eu/Si system. The study of Eu/Ge(110) magnets demonstrates that a variety of substrates of different structure and symmetry can host submonolayer 2D magnetic phases, suggesting the phenomenon to be rather general.

The electron state in intercalated silicene stacks evolves from chiral anomalies in multiple layers to 3 types of localization in a few monolayers.